Search

Expanding water shortage, environmental change and decline water table level are the major hindrance for lowland basmati rice variety development in northern parts of India including Haryana. Rice is the absolute most client of fresh irrigated water as it devours 70% of the complete water accessible. More rice is needed to generate to take care of the expanding populace. The promising way to deal with battle the water shortage can be aerobic rice. Aerobic rice is a budding cultivation system that requires no puddling, no transplanting and without need of frequent irrigation than conventional flooded rice. The worth of basmati rice breeding can significantly improve through marker assisted selection (MAS). In the present study, experiments were conducted to assess F2 generation obtained from IB370 × MAS-ARB25 for various agronomic qualities. Grain yield/plant indicated impressive positive relationship (r = 0.25) with root thickness in F2 population. Fifty eight polymorphic SSR markers dispersed on the entire genome of rice were utilized for planning DNA fingerprint data set of the isolating IB370 × MAS-ARB25 F2 population. Composite interval mapping analysis by WinQTL cartographer version 2.5 revealed a sum of 7 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (three QTL for agronomic traits and four for root traits). The selected promising F2 plants were additionally checked for these putative QTLs recognized in the F2 populace, which were available in homozygous/heterozygous state in high frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the strategic importance of wheat being the staple food for the vast majority of people, it was necessary to know reasons for the contraction and decline of its area globally and consequently its lower yield. Among the most important of these problems is the problem of a high level of salinity in both soil and irrigation water coming at the forefront of environmental challenges that hinder its production process at the local and global levels. Therefore, the genetic improvement of wheat for salinity tolerance was one of the most important priorities of this investigation. Results: The seven wheat accessions (Sakha 8 and its six M5 derived mutants) succeeded in drawing unique cases of salinity tolerance and were excellent especially mutants 1, 2, 3, and 5. The rest genotypes were coming in the second rank for this purpose and were very good in this regard. The promising wheat genotypes which recorded high salinity tolerance in the recent investigation exhibited also high genetic stability. This fact was proved after estimating some agro-morphological and physiological traits related to salinity tolerance based on evaluating some important genetic parameters besides salinity tolerance indices under stress experiment compared to the control treatment within two seasons. Data evaluated of expected genetic advance (GA) based on 5% selection proved that all values calculated during the two seasons under both treatments appeared low for all studied traits in this regard. However, it reflects the success of breeding for salinity tolerance in wheat using mutations but in relative terms. Molecular marker analysis profile using the six ISSR primers exhibited a total of 173 markers, 12 of them were monomorphic, while that 161 bands appeared polymorphic included 56 unique bands or positive markers and 7 negative markers with 93.06 % (polymorphism). Conclusion: The original wheat variety (Sakha 8) and its six M5 derived mutants exhibited high tolerance of salinity stress in all studied traits based on all genetic parameters and salinity tolerance indices calculated for both seasons under salinity treatment compared to the normal conditions. DNA fingerprinting analysis as well for the six wheat mutants besides the local variety proved that these genotypes were recorded highly genetic differences among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The range and variation of agronomic characters of wild A. eriantha has been explored. • The specific primers were screened by SSR, can be used for genetic diversity analysis and DNA fingerprinting of A. eriantha. • Genetic diversity analysis of SSR markers showed that the number of alleles detected per pair of primers was 3˜13, with an average of 5.6 alleles and 2.83 effective alleles, the Shannon 's information index was 1.12, and the Ne's gene diversity index was 0.566. • Eight SSR markers with significant correlation with main endoplasmic traits were obtained, which can be used to innovate the germplasm resources of A. eriantha and to improve the genetic characteristics of the cultivars. Abstract In order to establish the link between fruit quality traits and genotypes with specific allelic variations, one hundred and forty five wild kiwifruit (A. eriantha) germplasm resources were used to evaluate the fruit quality, and their SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and also the correlation between the natural variation of their main inner qualities and SSR markers in this study. The results showed that there were abundant variations in the main inner quality of the tested materials, among which the variation coefficient of soluble sugar content (SS) was the largest, followed by carotenoid content (Car) and chlorophyll content (Chl). Sixteen excellent wild A. eriantha germplasms were selected by principal component analysis. Genetic diversity analysis of SSR markers showed that the number of alleles detected per pair of primers was 3˜13, with an average of 5.6 alleles and 2.83 effective alleles, the Shannon 's information index was 1.12, and the Ne's gene diversity index was 0.566. The population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) of the tested materials were analyzed by 40 pairs of SSR markers, after conditional filtration with gene frequency of 0.05, there was significant linkage disequilibrium in some of the SSR polymorphism markers. When P < 0.05, eight markers were found to be associated with five quality traits such as SS, titratable acid content (TA), Chl, dry matter (DM) and soluble solids content (SSC). While when P < 0.01, only a significant correlation was found between the marker A193 and SS. In this study, the relative stable markers associated with the inner quality of wild A. eriantha fruit were excavated, and specific allelic variations were established between phenotypes and genotypes. The results could lay a theoretical foundation for the breeding and genetic improvement of novel varieties of A. eriantha in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice as one of the most important agricultural crops has a putative potential for ensuring food security, The present study was carried out with the objective to assess genetic diversity among 15 rice (Oryza sativa L.)genotypes representative offer tility restorer genes using two specific primers of SSR markers. Results showed that the range of molecular size (147.333 - 344.366) bp. A total of 11 alleles were amplified with a mean of 5 alleles perlocus. The Polymorphic information content PIC values ranged from 0.5198 to 0.8006 with a mean of 0.6602.The lowest value for main allele frequency was 0.2333 in primer RM171 while the highest value was 0.6000 for primer RM216.two primers (RM171 and RM216) gave adistinctive genetic fingerprinting of 4 genotypes understudy Analysis of results obtained from Neighbor-joining dendrogram revealed that, grouped all the 15 rice genotypes into two major groups: one small cluster A and a large cluster B. The major group A comprised 6 varieties, while the cluster B comprised 9. depending on their geographic origin, their ancestor. The results suggest microsatellite markers as a useful tool for the estimation of genetic diversity and cultivar differentiation and present invaluable genetic information for future breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to evaluate genetic relatedness of 27 citrus cultivars and 6 wild citrus accessions using AFLP fingerprinting. The 27 citrus cultivars belonged to Citrus sinensis, C. aurantifolia, C. aurantium, C. paradise, C. reticulata, C. limon, C. latifolia, C. maxima, C. limettoides, C. limetta, C. medica and C. Jambhiri. The wild cultivars were obtained from Oman while the other cultivars originated from Oman and other countries. AFLP analysis using 4 primer pair combinations resolved 910 polymorphic alleles. All citrus cultivars and accessions had low genetic diversity (H = 0.0281 to 0.1300), with the percent polymorphic loci ranging from 8 to 35%. Populations of the six wild citrus accessions showed a very low level of genetic diversity (< 0.0700). Cluster analysis of the 33 cultivars and accessions showed that they share a high level of genetic similarity (81-99%; mean = 92%). The six wild accessions clustered into two main clusters, with the analysis indicating that the six wild accessions may make up six distinct cultivars. The study provides information on the phylogeny of citrus cultivars and citrus diversity in Oman, a country through which citrus moved in the past from Asia to different African and European countries. In addition, it shows that some distinct citrus cultivars are present in this part of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa beans are rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as alkaloids, anthocyanins, as well as monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ols. A high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for a fast analysis of a fingerprint of bioactive compounds present in cocoa beans depending on genotype and origin. Evaluation was performed using HPTLC followed by densitometry. The best separation for a fingerprint consisting of eight phenolic compounds as markers was achieved on silica gel 60 F 254 HPTLC plates with a solvent mixture of ethyl formate, formic acid, water, toluene 30/4/3/1.5 (v/v/v/v). Staining with Fast Blue Salt B enabled visualization and quantitative evaluation. Compounds of interest were confirmed by eluting zones using a TLC-MS interface. LODs were ≤ 100 ng/zone for all compounds. The fingerprints obtained are useful for quality control of cocoa beans allowing their differentiation according to cocoa or chocolate sorts, varieties, and origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome counts suggest that the three varieties of the SE French and NW Italian Leucanthemum vulgare subsp. glaucophyllum (var. glaucophyllum: decaploid; var. esterellense: octoploid; var. subglaucum: hexaploid) deserve acknowledgement as independent species. Here we use AFLP fingerprinting and sequence information from two chloroplast regions (psbA-trnH, rpl16) to gain insight into the evolutionary relationships among those species, along with those with the co-occurring and ecologically similar L. pallens (hexaploid) and the closely related L. ircutianum subsp. leucolepis (tetraploid). Both genetic marker systems reveal a geographical differentiation pattern in L. pallens with the Rhône valley forming a suture zone between the western (SW France, Spain) and eastern (SE France, NW Italy) populations, arguing for the existence of two lineages in the species that may have survived the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in refugia on the Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas. Transgressions of this suture zone are observable in the case of the hexaploid L. subglaucum from the Massif Central, which shows genetic relationships to the more eastern decaploid L. glaucophyllum from the Alps Maritimes, and the octoploid L. esterellense from the Esterel Massif (Côte d´Azur), for which relationships to the more western populations of the hexaploids L. pallens and L. subglaucum are observable. The genetic and cytological survey of a mixed stand of L. pallens and L. glaucophyllum on Monte Bignone (Liguria, NW Italy) reveals patterns of recent hybridisation of these two species with intermediate octoploid and nonaploid cytotypes that are, however, genetically distinct from L. esterellense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the great economic importance of coconut palm in Brazil and the development of a coconut breeding program intended to produce intravarietal hybrids, the present work aimed to ease the production of hybrids with the same morphological heritage. DNA was extracted from leaf samples of 13 dwarf coconut populations from Brazil, and PCR amplification was performed using 21 previously selected microsatellites. Furthermore, this study selected nine microsatellite markers with the potential to identify Green Dwarf x Yellow Dwarf hybrids and 16 microsatellites with the potential to identify Red Dwarf x Yellow Dwarf hybrids. In conclusion, SSR marker based on DNA Fingerprinting allowed the accurate identification of legitimate intravarietal hybrids since, for those crosses, the methodology of identification based on seedling color is not a viable alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to establish a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint of Chinese prickly ash ( Zanthoxylum ) based on acid amide components, 38 specimen were collected from Western China. Similarity analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out to analyze the obtained fingerprints. Furthermore, uncertainty and reliability values of the established HPLC fingerprints were evaluated. Similarity values ranged between 0.587 and 0.999 for specimen of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and between 0.991 and 0.999 for specimen of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. 17 samples from different habitats were classified by HCA into three groups, i.e. Group I (8 samples), Group II (6 samples) and Group III (3 samples) and were divided into three clusters by PCA. The compound of peak 6 was identified as hydroxyl- β -sanshool. The characteristic compounds of peaks 5, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 13 were tentatively identified by LC–MS as other acid amide compounds. As for credibility analysis, the results showed that the values of macroscopic qualitative reliability and macroscopic quantitative reliability of the reference chromatogram fingerprint were more than 0.9772. Statistical analysis indicated that the HPLC fingerprint technology may be applied for quality assessment and classification of Zanthoxylum . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA fingerprinting is a powerful tool for plant diversity studies, cultivar identification, and germplasm conservation and management. In breeding programs, fingerprinting and diversity analysis provide an insight into the extent of genetic variability available in the breeding material, which in turn helps breeders to maintain a pool of highly diverse genotypes by avoiding the selection of closely related parents. Oblong-long tubers with russeting skin characterize Russet potato, a primary potato market class in the United States, and especially in the western production regions. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of genetic diversity within this market class potato, utilizing clones and varieties from various breeding programs across the United States. A collection of 264 Russet and non-Russet breeding clones and varieties was fingerprinted using 23 highly polymorphic genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, resulting in 142 polymorphic alleles. The number of alleles produced per SSR varied from 2 to 10, with an average of 6.2 alleles per marker. The polymorphic information content and expected heterozygosity of SSRs ranged from 0.37 to 0.89 and 0.50 to 0.89 with an average of 0.77 and 0.81, respectively. Out of these 23 markers, we propose nine SSR markers best suited for fingerprinting Russet potatoes based on polymorphic information content, heterozygosity and ease of scoring. Diversity analysis of these clones suggest that there is significant diversity across the breeding material and the diversity has been evenly distributed among all the regional breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify plants of the Alps through analysis of their roots is currently extremely difficult when using traditional identification methods such as dichotomous keys and/or illustrated atlases. Besides genetic analysis, other analytical methods, such as chromatographic analysis, could also be useful for root identification. Chromatographic fingerprints of root extracts of six species (Betula pendula, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Fraxinus excelsior and Corylus avellana) were analyzed in order to understand whether these species have a chromatographic fingerprint that identifies them, and hence to ascertain whether they can be identified by applying the method of analysis presented below. One hundred and sixty-two root samples were collected in various areas of the Alps and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Multivariate analysis techniques (e.g. cluster analysis) were employed for statistical analysis of chromatographic fingerprints. This study revealed that the chromatographic fingerprints of birch, spruce and larch samples were similar and that the method can therefore clearly identify the respective species. Instead, chromatographic fingerprint samples of beech, hazel and ash presented greater variability. Research proposals based on the results obtained in this study were also developed in order to implement and facilitate studies regarding plant roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to establish the rapid discrimination system of cybrid callus lines by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy without genetic fingerprinting analysis. Genomic DNA isolated from two parental lines (Brassica oleracea var. capitata and Raphanus sativus L.) and their cybrid callus lines were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy in the spectral region from 4000 to 400 cm−1. Several spectral differences between the two parental lines were detected in the frequency regions of N-H stretching (amide I), C=O stretching vibrations (amide II), and PO2− ionized asymmetric and symmetric stretching. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to discriminate cybrid cell lines from the two parental species at the genomic DNA level. PLS-DA analysis provided more clear discrimination between the two parental lines and their progeny cybrid lines in the score plot. PCA loading values also showed that obvious spectral differences played a significant role in discrimination between the two parental lines and their cybrid lines. These spectral differences might be directly related to subtle changes in the base functional groups and backbone structures of genomic DNA. Considering these results, this technique could provide a research foundation for the FT-IR spectral-based diagnosis, selection, and discrimination of parental lines and their cybrids. Furthermore, this technique could be applied in the hybrid seed industry for rapid screening with high heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gossypium hirsutum is one of the main tetraploid cotton species that is cultivated throughout the world. Due to continuous selection of cotton cultivars for specific agronomic traits, the genetic variability within the cultivars decrease that lead to genetic erosion. To tackle the problem of reduced genetic variability, we should track all available genetic diversity within cotton germplasm and use them for inter-specific and intra-specific hybridization and produce new elite cotton cultivars. Therefore, the present study used ISSR molecular markers to illustrate genetic variability in 13 tetraploid cotton genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and to categorize these genotypes based on genetic affinity. 65 cotton plants were studied. The results identified private bands in the studied genotypes, while Network and STRUCTURE analyses of molecular data obtained grouped the genotypes with genetic affinity together. Some of the genotypes differed in their genetic content from the others; therefore, studying the genetic and agronomic variability within available cultivars is very important and produced data to broaden the gene pool for planning further hybridization in cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventeen mustard cultivars were subjected to SSR assay to identify the efficient primers for developing DNA fingerprinting. Two SSR primers of mustard Ra1H11 and Ra1F03 revealed a considerable DNA polymorphism of 41.17% and 35.29% respectively. The SSR primer Ra1H11 (0.772) of mustard had showed highest discriminating power followed by Ra1F09 (0.617) then Ra1F03 (0.558), Ra2B02 (0.382) and Ra1G07 (0.228) respectively. The highest PIC value had showed by Ra1F03 (0.525), then followed by), Ra1H11 (0.363), Ra2B02 (0.359), Ra1F09 (0.290) respectively. The primer Ra1H11 had showed highest MI value (0.423) then followed by Ra1F03 (0.262), Ra1F09 (0.193), Ra2B02 (0.119) and Ra1G07 (0.071) respectively. Among all the mustard SSR primers Ra1H11, Ra1F09, Ra1F03 followed a descending order of their efficiency to discriminate the mustard cultivars so that they can be used for developing DNA finger printing patterns for these cultivars. A combination of SSR primer Ra1F03 with Ra1F09 had distinguished the cultivar Bhagirathi from Panchali and Sanjukta, Ra1F09 with Ra1H11 had distinguished the cultivar kranti from Agrani and PT-303, Ra1F03 with Ra1F09 had distinguished the cultivar JD-6 from Pusa Bold, and Ra1F03 with Ra1H11 had distinguished the cultivar YST-151 from Jhumuka by producing a unique banding pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the degree of variations in DNA fingerprints associated with slight altitudinal change of Schinus molle grown in Abha region, Saudi Arabia. Seven populations from Schinus molle plants located at 2193.0, 2246.0, 2197.7, 2441.0, 2372.0, 2250.6 and 2175.0 meters had been investigated. The degree of genetic variability was evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), mixed RAPD and intersimple sequence repeat markers (ISSR). The genetic similarity coefficients from RAPD analysis revealed the maximum similarity value (89.9%) was between population at 2250.6 m and population at 2175.0 m. The genetic similarity coefficients from mixed RAPD primers displayed the highest similarity value (87.6%) between population at 2246.0 m and population at 2197.7 m. Similarity coefficients from ISSR analysis revealed the highest similarity value (86.2%) among populations at 2193.0 m, 2246.0 m, 2441.0 m and at 2250.6 m. Super tree analysis (RAPD + mixed RAPD + ISSR) showed the highest similarity value (85.5%) between population at 2441.0 m and population at 2250.6 m. In conclusion, marker systems including RAPD, mixed RAPD and ISSR, alone or combined can be effectively used in determining the genetic relationship among Schinus molle plants even at very close populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is classified into three main varieties in Sri Lanka as tall, dwarf and intermediate with each variety including several forms of coconut. Sri Lanka Yellow Dwarf (SLYD) is a coconut form included under the variety dwarf and it is a parent of the improved coconut hybrid CRIC65. Morphological differentiation of SLYD from Sri Lanka Yellow Semi Tall (SLYST) and a mixed morphological group (ML) of SLYD and SLYST is impossible at the seedling stage. The objective of the present study was to derive DNA fingerprints for SLYD and SLYST for distinct identification at any stage during its life cycle. A total of 30 palms were genotyped with sixteen polymorphic SSR primer pairs and data were analysed with the PowerMarker V3.25 software. The results revealed SLYD specific DNA fingerprints at SSR loci CAC65, CAC4, CNZ10, CnCirD8 and CNZ6. These markers scored specific homozygous alleles for SLYD with very high allelic frequency, and scored very low frequencies in SLYST and ML phenotypes. SLYD formed a clear separate cluster in the UPGMA dendrogram while SLYST and ML formed separate mixed clusters. Thus the present study was successful in generating specific DNA fingerprints for SLYD and this information will be of practical use in differentiating SLYD at the seedling stage, especially in the establishment of isolated coconut seed gardens for mass production of improved coconut cultivars having SLYD as a parent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum kanehirae Hay. is endemic in Taiwan and is severely threatened due to intensive utilization and illegal logging. To combat illegal logging, suitable identification markers are needed, which are usable in a court of law, such as microsatellite marker for genotyping. In the present paper, a genetic fingerprinting database was generated based on 15 microsatellites, which are suitable to assess the timber's origin and its population genetic structure. The quality of DNA extractions from C. kanehirae timbers was assessed by comparing cpDNA trnL-trnF sequence lengths. The cumulative probability of identifying unrelated individuals in these microsatellites was 5.151 x 10-17. The results indicate that the low genetic diversity is a consequence of illegal logging and that there is a significant genetic differentiation among C. kanehirae populations. It was possible to trace back the geographical origin of unknown C. kanehirae timbers based on a genetic reference database, i.e. all blind wood samples were assigned to their true geographical origins. Accordingly, microsatellites are a useful tool to identify the population origins of timbers and can be considered as a tool for combating illegal logging of C. kanehirae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selection through molecular markers for seed Zn accumulation might be an efficient complementary breeding tool in barley breeding. To develop a specific molecular markers, 150 DH lines derived from a cross between Clipper (low-Zn-accumulator) and Sahara-3771 (high-Zn-accumulator) were screened under field and glasshouse conditions. Microsatellite-anchored fragment length polymorphism (MFLP) fingerprint generated by SSR-anchor primer MF128 in combination with AFLP primer MseI-AGA (5´-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAAAGA-3´) was identified as a candidate marker for tagging seed Zn accumulation gene. The sequencing of the band showed a marker of 369 bp with the sequence of SSR anchor primer MF128 and MseI-AGA at the two ends as expected. The MFLP marker associated with higher seed Zn accumulation has potential to be converted to a simple, sequence-specific, PCR-based, low-cost marker amenable to large populations, making it potentially viable for marker-assisted selection in barley breeding. This marker might be useful in the improvement of barley productivity and nutritional quality in Zn-deficient environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of a gene flow assessment, we investigated the natural hybridization rate between Gossypium hirsutum (AADD genome) and G. herbaceum (AA genome). The latter species, a diploid progenitor of G. hirsutum, is spontaneously present in South Africa. Reciprocal crosses were performed without emasculation between G. herbaceum and G. hirsutum. Neither examination of the morphological characteristics nor flow cytometry analysis of the 335 plants resulting from the G. hirsutum G. herbaceum cross showed any hybrid features. Of the 148 plants produced from the G. herbaceum G. hirsutum cross, three showed a hybrid phenotype, and their hybrid status was confirmed by SSR markers. Analysis of DNA content by flow cytometry and morphological traits clearly showed that two of these plants were triploid (AAD). The third plant had a flow cytometry DNA content slightly higher than G. hirsutum. In addition, its morphological characteristics (plant architecture, presence and size of petal spots, leaf shape) led us to conclude that this plant was AAAD thus resulting from fertilization with an unreduced AA gamete of the female G. herbaceum parent. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and meiotic behavior confirmed this hypothesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of such gametes in G. herbaceum, and it opens new avenues in breeding programs. Furthermore, this plant material could provide a useful tool for studying the expression of genes duplicated in the A and D cotton genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to estimate genetic diversity of hybrid produced by two major carps (Labeo rohita and Catla catla) using DNA fingerprinting RAPD-ISSRs assay. A total of 65 RAPD-ISSR combinations were studied to check polymorphism among the accessions. 866 loci were amplified with an average of 13.32 loci per primer and 45.26% were found informative. Primers: DDA31-ISSR1 and DDA32-ISSR2 were most informative producing 12 polymorphic bands each. A similarity of 82% and 63% was exhibited by C. catla and their hybrids and L. rohita and their hybrids, respectively. Similarity analysis resulted 92% similarity among L. rohita parents' group and 84% similarity for their hybrids. Cluster analysis divided all accessions into two clusters: A and B; placing L. rohita in-group A, while B cluster was divided into two Sub groups B1 and B2 having C. catla and hybrids, respectively. The low level of genetic diversity, clearly signposted the alarming need of diverse parental populations for fish breeding programs and saving hybrid gene pool losses. It is the first report molecular program for the selection of major carps for breeding of fish in seed hatcheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A core set of 21 simple sequence repeats ( SSR) markers was developed for Pak-choi ( Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis var. communis) variety identification. We initially selected 74 SSR markers which exhibited high polymorphism and reproducibility in SSR detection from 2129 SSRs. Using the 74 SSR-based dendrogram for 45 inbred lines as calibration, 21 core SSRs were selected out. The utility of this core set SSRs was firstly tested in 45 inbred lines and finally verified in 102 commercial varieties. We also constructed a molecular ladder for each core SSR as a reference standard. Diversity analysis of this core SSR panel in 102 varieties demonstrated that each marker generates 2-3 alleles (averaged 2.33), with polymorphism information content values ranging from 0.01 to 0.56 (averaged 0.31). The averaged values of Shannon information index, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and Wright's fixation index were 0.59, 0.43, 0.38 and −0.09, respectively. Furthermore, the 21 SSR-based classifications for 102 varieties were consistent with traditional classification based on morphology. This core SSR panel represents an effective tool for genetic variation analysis in Pak-choi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) is in need of inexpensive high-throughput DNA fingerprinting methods for genetic research and germplasm purity testing for agricultural purposes. Therefore, we designed and validated 16-multiplexing panels containing 61 evenly distributed simple sequence (SSR) markers, with non-overlapping allele ranges, throughout the 12 cranberry linkage groups. Several important cranberry cultivars and selections (n = 18) and a diploid accession of V. oxycoccos were genotyped with the multiplexing panels and separated through principal component analysis (PCA) to demonstrate their effectiveness for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity analysis. A subset of three multiplexing panels containing 12 SSR markers was used to genotype 174 seedlings from fruits collected in a commercial cranberry bed of the cultivar Stevens, and identification of intra-cultivar heterogeneity was investigated in the bed to validate the use of the markers in such future applications. Furthermore, determining the likelihood that each seedling was self- or cross-pollinated provided the first quantitative evidence ( p < 0.0001) that the majority of seeds within commercial cranberry beds are self-pollinated. These multiplexing panels represent an important, applicable resource for cranberry researchers and farmers of the North American industry. These markers can be used to assess the genetic homogeneity of grower and licensed propagators’ cranberry beds, to protect the intellectual property rights of plant breeders, and to enable cranberry researchers to monitor the genetic identity of genotypes within their breeding programs and genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rampant highly heterozygous aspen (Populus tremula L.) clone “Meshabash” has been revealed in course of population genetic diversity analysis in a native stand in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Here we report the results of karyological analysis showing that this highly vigorous clone is diploid (2n=38) while typically triploid aspen demonstrates increased growth rate and resistance to aspen trunk rot caused by fungus Phellinus tremulae. By means of DNA identification of a series of model trees using 14 SSR loci we outlined the area occupied by this clone (at least 1.94 ha) and demonstrated that its ramets constitute 40 out of 48 genotyped trunks on the plot with the maximal distance between ramets 254 m. Since aspen is able to regenerate after cutting or die-off of maternal tree by root suckers at a distance up to 20–35 m this assumed that current stand appeared as a result of such spreading from an ortet tree during at least 5 generations. Trunk rot damage in the wood of model trees indicated low influence of this pathogen on viability and performance of the studied clone that can be associated with its extreme heterozygosity level (0.926) exceeding all the studied trees in this research plot and in three other control samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complexity and variation of the chemical constituents in authentic black cohosh ( Actaea racemosa) and its potential adulterant species, an accurate and feasible method for black cohosh authentication is not easy. A high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) LC-MS fingerprinting method combined with chemometric approach was employed to discover new marker compounds. Seven hydroxycinnamic acid amide (HCAA) glycosides are proposed as potential marker compounds for differentiation of black cohosh from related species, including two Asian species ( A. foetida, A. dahurica) and two American species ( A. pachypoda, A. podocarpa). These markers were putatively identified by comparing their mass spectral fragmentation behavior with those of their authentic aglycone compounds and phytochemistry reports. Two isomers of feruloyl methyldopamine 4- O-hexoside ([M + H] 506) and one feruloyl tyramine 4- O-hexoside ([M + H] 476) contributed significantly to the separation of Asian species in principle component analysis (PCA) score plot. The efficacy of the models built on four reasonable combinations of these markers in differentiating black cohosh and its adulterants were evaluated and validated by partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Two models based on these reduced dataset achieved 100% accuracy based on the current sample collection, including the model that used only three feruloyl dopamine- O-hexoside isomers ([M + H] 492) and one feruloyl dopamine- O-dihexoside ([M + H-hexosyl] at m/ z 492). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato vine decline (TVD) in south-western Ontario is a disease with symptoms that include premature plant senescence, root browning and rotting, and fruit yield reduction. Soilborne fungi cause similar vine decline symptoms in melons and potatoes. To identify which potential pathogens might be associated with TVD, we undertook both a DNA and culture based survey of the fungi found in roots and rhizospheres of field and lab grown plants. DNA finger printing revealed that roots are colonized by significantly different fungal populations than those found in rhizospheres or the soil in which they are grown. The fungal species associated with TVD resistant ‘Beaufort’ and ‘RST-04–105-T’ rootstocks were also consistently different from those in the TVD susceptible commercial variety ‘Heinz 2401ʹ. Mycobiomes in ‘Heinz 2401ʹ roots and rhizospheres changed significantly when plants were grown in sterile sand, TVD infested soil, or in the same soil that had been amended with molasses. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences derived from PCR product clones or fungal cultures isolated from roots identified 53 different fungal species. Annotated DNA fingerprints showed that roots of all plants grown in soil containedVerticillium dahliae, a destructive vascular pathogen of tomatoes, while only susceptible ‘Heinz 2401ʹ roots were infected with the obligate parasiteOlpidium virulentus. While these two pathogens may both be reducing tomato yields in Ontario, it appears that existing tomato rootstock varieties may be resistant to infection byO. virulentus. This poorly characterized soil-transmitted Chrytidiomycete may be contributing to TVD. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Millions of people are killed by viral hepatitis every year in the world, whereas many relevant medicines are too expensive to purchase. Swertia mileensis, a medicinal plant for hepatitis in the system of traditional Chinese medicine, has been vanishing gradually because of overexploitation. Objective: To find substitutes of S. mileensis and reduce the cost of purchasing drugs for hepatitis patients, the similarity of phytochemical constituents between S. mileensis and other three Swertia species was compared. Materials and Methods: Both ultra high performance liquid chromatographies and ultraviolet-vis fingerprints of four Swertia species were developed. Methanol extracts of the stems and leaves were used as samples to establish the fingerprint. The calibration curve was drawn for quantitative analysis of swertiamarin. The data of ultra high performance liquid chromatographies were evaluated statistically using similarity analysis and principal component analysis. Results: The result shows a significant difference at area of 204-290 nm in the ultraviolet fingerprint. Swertiamarin, the only one common peak, was defined in chromatographic fingerprints of four Swertia species. The quantitative analysis suggested that the highest concentration of swertiamarin is in S. davidii. The similarity indexes between different samples were almost under 0.60. In the principal component analysis, separate points not only represent the distinction among different species, but also perform chemical discrepancies in content between stems and leaves of one same species. Conclusions: S. angustifolia, S. davidii, and S. punicea are not suitable as substitutes of S. mileensis because of their remarkable differences in entirety and local part. In order to address issues about substitutes and high cost of purchasing drugs, more studies need to undertake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Macamideswith a benzylalkylamide nucleus are characteristic andmajor bioactive compounds in the functional foodmaca(LepidiummeyeniiWalp). The aim of this studywas to explore variations in macamide content amongmacafromChina and Peru. Twenty-seven batches of maca hypocotyls with different phenotypes, sampled from different geographical origins, were extracted and profiled by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection/tandemmass spectrometry (LC-UV/MS/MS). RESULTS: Twelvemacamides were identified byMS operated in multiple scanning modes. Similarity analysis showed thatmaca samples differed significantly in their macamide fingerprinting. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to differentiate samples according to their geographical origin and to identify the most relevant variables in the classification model. The prediction accuracy for raw maca was 91% and five macamides were selected and considered as chemical markers for sample classification. CONCLUSION:When combinedwith a PLS-DA model, characteristic fingerprinting based on macamides could be recommended for labelling for the authentication of maca fromdifferent geographical origins. The results provided potential evidence for the relationships between environmental or other factors and distribution of macamides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amongst the various DNA fingerprinting methodologies, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to estimate genetic diversity and relationship amongst 22 black gram genotypes. A total of 25 randomly selected decamers were screened, out of which only 16 got amplified. A total of 133 amplified bands were obtained, out of which 120 were polymorphic. The average percentage of polymorphism was 90.23. The total number of amplified bands varied between 3 (primer OPK-03) and 15 (primer OPC-08) with an average of 9 bands per primer. The overall size of PCR amplified products ranged between 200 bp to 2600 bp. The average PIC was 0.30 ranging from 0.17 to 0.43. Five unique bands (ranging from 200-1200 bp) were detected in four genotypes using 5 RAPD primers. Jaccard's similarity coefficient values for RAPD primers ranged from 0.58-0.85 with an average of 0.71. Based on dendrogram generated through UPGMA method and PCA, most of the genotypes got divided into three main clusters. Genotypes U-17 and STY-2289 were lying close and thus showed minimum genetic distance while genotypes UH-177 and IPU99-233 had minimum similarity value of 0.42, thus showing maximum divergence. Thus, these results could be used to assess other black gram accessions in the Vigna germplasm pool that can provide useful information towards molecular classification and the genetic marker assisted breeding for crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hybridization of species belonging to the genusMenthais quite common. However, the indicators of hybridity are many and makeMenthahybrids' identification difficult. By using the same molecular strategy that allowed us to unequivocally identify someMenthaspecies, we amplified the Not-Transcribed-Spacer (NTS) of the 5S-rRNA gene to characterize the industrial crop peppermint,M. × piperitaand some importantMenthainterspecific hybrids:M. × dalmatica,M. × dumetorum,M.× rotundifolia,M. × maximilianea,M. × smithiana,M. × verticillata,M. × villosa. DNA amplification, sequence and cluster analysis revealed differences in the 5S-rRNA NTS region ofMenthahybrids. Peppermint and all other hybrids were unequivocally discriminated by RFLP analysis by usingTaqI restriction enzyme, while a further discrimination betweenM.× dumetorumandM. × verticillatawas obtained byXhoI restriction enzyme. Essential oil composition showed clustering patterns similar to DNA fingerprint, with a clear discrimination between plants producing menthofuran (e.g.M. aquaticaand its related hybrids, including peppermint) and those containing piperitenone oxide (M. longifoliaand its related hybrids). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (FOC) is a destructive disease of Brassica crops, which results in severe yield losses. There is little information available about the mechanism of disease resistance. To obtain an overview of the transcriptome profiles in roots of R4P1, a Brassica oleracea variety that is highly resistant to fusarium wilt, we compared the transcriptomes of samples inoculated with FOC and samples inoculated with distilled water. RNA-seq analysis generated more than 136 million 100-bp clean reads, which were assembled into 62,506 unigenes (mean size = 741 bp). Among them, 49,959 (79.92%) genes were identified based on sequence similarity searches, including SwissProt (29,050, 46.47%), Gene Ontology (GO) (33,767, 54.02%), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (KOG) (14,721, 23.55%) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database (KEGG) (12,974, 20.76%) searches; digital gene expression analysis revealed 885 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between infected and control samples at 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours after inoculation. The DEGs were assigned to 31 KEGG pathways. Early defense systems, including the MAPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling and salicylic acid-mediated hypersensitive response (SA-mediated HR) were activated after pathogen infection. SA-dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR), ethylene (ET)- and jasmonic (JA)-mediated pathways and the lignin biosynthesis pathway play important roles in plant resistance. We also analyzed the expression of defense-related genes, such as genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, UDP-glycosyltransferase (UDPG), pleiotropic drug resistance, ATP-binding cassette transporters (PDR-ABC transporters), myrosinase, transcription factors and kinases, which were differentially expressed. The results of this study may contribute to efforts to identify and clone candidate genes associated with disease resistance and to uncover the molecular mechanism underlying FOC resistance in cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response and adaption to salt remains poorly understood for beach morning glory [Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb], one of a few relatives of sweetpotato, known to thrive under salty and extreme drought conditions. In order to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying salt tolerance of a Convolvulaceae member, a genome-wide transcriptome study was carried out in beach morning glory by 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 286,584 filtered reads from both salt stressed and unstressed (control) root and shoot tissues were assembled into 95,790 unigenes with an average length of 667 base pairs (bp) and N50 of 706 bp. Putative differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as transcripts overrepresented under salt stressed tissues compared to the control, and were placed into metabolic pathways. Most of these DEGs were involved in stress response, membrane transport, signal transduction, transcription activity and other cellular and molecular processes. We further analyzed the gene expression of 14 candidate genes of interest for salt tolerance through quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and confirmed their differential expression under salt stress in both beach morning glory and sweetpotato. The results comparing transcripts of I. imperati against the transcriptome of other Ipomoea species, including sweetpotato are also presented in this study. In addition, 6,233 SSR markers were identified, and an in silico analysis predicted that 434 primer pairs out of 4,897 target an identifiable homologous sequence in other Ipomoea transcriptomes, including sweetpotato. The data generated in this study will help in understanding the basics of salt tolerance of beach morning glory and the SSR resources generated will be useful for comparative genomics studies and further enhance the path to the marker-assisted breeding of sweetpotato for salt tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]