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Organic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted immense interest as solution‐processable optical signal‐capturing devices due to their various advantages, such as adjustable response range, excellent weak light response, lightweight, flexibility, and ease of processing on diverse substrates. Low dark current density (Jd) and high responsivity (R) are key requirements necessary for achieving a high specific detectivity (D*). Here, an effective strategy for preparing high‐performance OPDs with potential micro p‐i‐n structure by introducing insulating poly(aryl ether) (PAEN) into the organic photosensitive layer is reported. The PM6:PC71BM‐based OPDs are capable of significantly suppressing Jd while increasing R, which can be attributed to the multiple optimizations of morphology and charge transport caused by the addition of PAEN. As a result, the value of Jd (3.63 × 10−10 A cm−2) is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the device without PAEN (1.00 × 10−8 A cm−2) at −1 V bias. Combined with the increased R of 0.376 A W−1, the optimized device achieves a high D*of 3.45 × 1013 Jones (−1 V at 620 nm). The optimized OPDs demonstrate high performance that is comparable to commercial Si photodetectors (Hamamatsu S1133), paving the way for the direct market development of this cost‐effective organic photodetection technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the uncovered interest parity puzzle in Central and Eastern European countries. Apart from investigating baseline UIP regressions, we check for structural breaks in this relationship, scrutinize deviations from the UIP, and employ different estimation methods and models augmented with various risk measures. Moreover, we offer several extensions to the common UIP testing that account for foreign-exchange interventions, the implied volatility of exchange rates, and the limited availability of data on direct measures of market expectations. The study shows that the choice of the reference currency matters for the outcome of the interest parity tests in the CEE economies. In particular, we demonstrate that inconsistencies between the results of the UIP tests vis-à-vis the euro and the US dollar that appear in CEE economies may be accounted for by the movements of the euro-dollar risk premium. This regularity has not been documented in previous studies. Additionally, we show that (a) the FX interventions in Czechia distorted the UIP, (b) the directly measured exchange rate expectations (granular survey data) in Poland do not seem to be informed by the UIP relationship, (c) the limited resilience of CEE economies to rare disasters may plausibly explain deviations from the UIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are used to reduce yield losses and to enhance the visual quality of products. However, pesticide use raises concerns due to negative health and environmental effects, hence ambitious policy goals for their reduction have been established. Reducing pesticides which mainly focus on visual quality of products could be an efficient strategy to contribute to these goals, without reducing food production. However, the role of "cosmetic" pesticide use is so far not well documented and understood. Here, we quantify cosmetic pesticide use and the influence of supply chain characteristics on their use. We focus on table apple production, where the visual quality of products is a key aspect. Using a sample of 196 apple growers in Switzerland, we find that 23.5%–59.2% of growers use cosmetic pesticides for the apples' visual appearance. Farms mainly marketing via intermediaries are 23.9‐29.6% more likely to spray cosmetic pesticides for visual purposes compared to farms mainly direct marketing. Our findings highlight the role of supply chains in farmer decision‐making, recommending a decrease in the focus on visual product quality, especially in retail environments, thus minimizing unnecessary and irreversible risks of pesticide exposure by farmers without compromising food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we derive a simple transportation scheme by post-optimizing the costs of a modified problem. The strategy attempts to make the original (mainly feasible) option more practicable by adjusting the building components' costs. Next, we employ the previously mentioned cell or area cost operators to gradually restore the modified costs to their initial levels, while simultaneously implementing the necessary adjustments to the "optimal" solution. This work presents a multi-goal, multi-item substantial transportation problem with interval-valued fuzzy variables, such as transportation costs, supplies, and demands, as parameters to maintain the transportation cost. This research addresses two circumstances where task ambiguity may occur: the interval solids transportation problem and the fuzzy substantial transportation issue. In the first scenario, we express data problems as intervals instead of exact values using an interval-valued fermatean neutrosophic number; in the second case, the information is not entirely obvious. We address both models when uncertainty solely affects the constraint set. For the interval scenario, we define an additional problem to solve. Our existing efficient systems have dependable transportation, so they are also capable of handling this new problem. In the fuzzy case, a parametric technique generates a fuzzy solution to the preceding problem. Since transportation costs have a direct impact on market prices, lowering them is the primary goal. Using parametric analysis, we provide optimal parameterization solutions for complementary situations. We provide a recommended algorithm for determining the stability set. In conclusion, we offer a sensitivity analysis and a numerical example of the transportation problem involving both balanced and imbalanced loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct-to-customer sales provide higher returns, maximising the profitability of wine businesses. While recent research has expanded the understanding of the sales relationship developed during a cellar door experience, individual influences on this relationship remain under-researched. The current study examines the direct-tocustomer sales relationship co-created with staff during a cellar door experience. The influence of a participant's personality, mood, and emotion on onsite sales and intention to recommend the experience was captured through an online questionnaire completed by 136 customers during their cellar door experience. A Bayesian Network was produced to determine the influence of states and traits on purchase and loyalty behaviours. Results showed all outcome variables were sensitive to wine-evoked emotions, aroused mood, and neuroticism. Additionally, results show that cellar door staff make an invaluable contribution to maximising profitability. The developed framework provides cellar door managers and staff with a valuable guide to create engaging cellar door experiences which are essential to maximising overall winery profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article reviews the opinions and counterarguments within the scientific argument on the causal linkage between the components of marketing strategy and client loyalty. The systematization of the literary sources demonstrated that the causal connections from the components of marketing strategy to client loyalty are different. However, nearly none of the research projects have rated and compared the differences among the components of marketing strategies in improving client loyalty. Therefore, the key purpose of this article is to weigh the relative importance of the components of marketing strategy to client loyalty. The current research developed research hypotheses based on experiential learning theory, resource dependency theory, and social exchange theory. Vietnam was chosen as a case study because it is one of the fastest emerging economies. The research data were gathered by employing a structured questionnaire. For this research, responses from 210 enterprises were collected using the simple random sampling method from 1128 firms publicly listed on the main stock exchanges in Vietnam. Finally, this research yielded 222 suitable replies with satisfactory compulsory information. Then, this project employed the procedures of the analytic hierarchy to assess the comparative importance of the components of Product, Price, Place and Promotion of marketing strategy to client loyalty. The results show that Price strategy is first, Pricing is second, Sales promotion is third, Advertising is fourth, Allowances is fifth, Discounts is sixth, Public relations is seventh, Channels is eighth, Direct marketing is ninth, Payment terms are tenth, Features are eleventh, Quality is twelfth, Market coverage is thirteenth, Assortment is fourteenth, Branding is fifteenth, Packaging is sixteenth, Location is seventeenth, Inventory is eighteenth, Sercies is nineteenth, Warranties is twentieth, and Transport is the last in improving client loyalty. This research is expected to provide researchers with a better understanding of the comparative significance among the components of marketing strategy for client loyalty. The results of the current research can also support business executives by helping them make better decisions on suitably planning the components of Product, Price, Place and Promotion of marketing strategy in business so that they can gain the best possible efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this publication is to look at the other side of the profit equation to explore opportunities for Florida’s small and medium-sized farmers to find ways to improve revenues. We can do this by identifying markets where farmers have some measure of control over how much to charge for their food products. Economists describe markets in which businesses may set their own prices as “imperfectly competitive.” The authors aim to answer these common questions: Why are markets considered imperfect? What does this mean to farmers and buyers? What are the added costs and benefits to farmers who decide to sell into imperfect markets?