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The exclusion of certain tribes in an educational system can be best understood from the context of national educational policy. The new national education policy in Indonesia causes the exclusion of minority tribes such as Samin community in Indonesia. This study investigates how the National Education law (SISDIKNAS) was implemented, the position of minority groups in the national education system, and the outcomes of the implementation of the national education system for minority groups. This study incorporates the qualitative method to describe the phenomenon that occurs within the minority groups. The results show that some articles of SISDIKAS indicate the detribalization of ethnic minority communities. This research is limited because of its site and scope; therefore, further research can be carried out on Samin community in responding to government policies with a broader research site and scope to produce more comprehensive analysis.

Soviet nationality policy was one of several political responses to cultural diversity in the interwar period. The author situates that policy in its comparative context, contrasting the Soviet Union to its eastern European neighbors and to British and French rule in Africa. Contrary to the nationalizing policies of the new states of eastern Europe, which sought national unity at the expense of ethnic minorities, Soviet nationality policy was initially based on practices of diff erentiation. Contrary to the colonial policies of Britain and France, which were based on ethnic and racial diff erentiation, Soviet policy sought to integrate all peoples into one state. In the mid-to-late 1930s, however, Soviet policy took a nationalizing turn similar to its neighbors in eastern Europe, without completely abandoning policies of ethnic diff erentiation. We should thus understand the Soviet approach as a unique hybrid of contradictory practices of nationalization and diff erentiation.

On 20 April 1936, the Narragansett runner Ellison "Tarzan" Brown collapsed as he crossed the finish line winning the fortieth annual Boston Marathon. But for the runner and the indigenous community from which he hailed, the marathon meant much more than a race and victory and fame. Success in this renowned contest portended a pathway out of obscurity for a people who had, for more than fifty years, sought to proclaim the continuance of their collective indigenous identity in the wake of a forced detribalization by the state of Rhode Island. This article illuminates what Brown's victory meant to and did for a small and mostly forgotten indigenous community. More specifically, it is about how Brown and other Narragansett parlayed the runner's physical accomplishments into meaningful, community-wide social, economic, and political advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanin-based coloration is associated with aspects of phenotype, including conspecific aggression and hormone concentrations. These relationships could arise as a result of genetic and/or biochemical links between melanin production and other traits. Additionally, anthropogenic change, including urbanization, exposes animals to novel conditions that can alter pigmentation, behaviour or hormones, potentially disrupting relationships between coloration and other traits. We examined relationships among the extent and darkness of melanin spotting on the breast of male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia , territorial behaviour, plasma testosterone and corticosterone concentrations to determine whether coloration was reliably associated with phenotype in this species. We conducted this study in urban and rural populations to determine whether relationships between coloration, behaviour and hormones varied between habitats. Males in urban habitat had more extensive brown spotting than rural males. The relationship between melanin coloration and territoriality differed in urban and rural habitats. In rural sparrows, territoriality was negatively correlated with spotting area, while in urban sparrows territoriality was positively associated with spotting darkness. Regardless of habitat, males with more extensive spotting increased testosterone secretion more in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration and males with darker spotting had greater handling restraint-induced release of corticosterone. This suggests that plumage coloration is associated with underlying physiology, but the relationship between coloration and behaviour may shift between habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a case-study approach to examine the complex and contradictory nature of diagnoses like neurasthenia in colonial Africa. Drawing on the case notes of European and African patients diagnosed with neurasthenia at the Church Missionary Society's Mengo Hospital, Uganda, it argues that in practice, and outside the colonial asylum in particular, ideas about race and mental illness were more nuanced than histories of psychiatry and empire might imply. At Mengo, the tales of pain and suffering recorded by the doctors remind us that there is more to the history of neurasthenia than colonial anxieties and socio-political control. This was a diagnosis that was negotiated in hospital examination rooms as much as in medical journals. Significantly, it was also a diagnosis that was not always reserved exclusively for white colonisers—at Mengo Hospital from the early 1900s neurasthenia was diagnosed in African patients too. It became part of a wider discussion about detribalisation, in which a person's social environment was as important as race. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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Copyright of Revista FAMECOS - Mídia, Cultura e Tecnologia is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last few decades there has been a considerable growth in materials that focus on Métis identities, legal rights, cultures, and histories. However, an examination of academic materials shows that there is little that explores Métis population geographies. In this paper I use the data on Aboriginal identities collected through the Canadian census to explore the distribution of Métis between and within provincial boundaries, and the implications of changes in those distributions in the last decade. The focus then turns to cities, with an analysis of Métis urbanization, changes in urban Métis populations, socio-economic characteristics, and settlement patterns. By way of conclusion, I argue that the population geographies and changes in Métis population patterns cannot be extrapolated from those of First Nations people, and that they require additional research. Their growing numbers means that Métis people will have an increasing influence on public policy, and the heterogeneity of Métis populations will create challenges for governments and Métis representative organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Western Toba and other hunter-gatherers of the South American Gran Chaco managed to retain a certain degree of political autonomy well into the nineteenth century. Between 1915 and 1918, Western Toba, Wichí, and Pilagá warriors formed alliances to expel Argentine and Bolivian settlers from their traditional lands. The few authors who recorded this "rebellion" failed to mention that the warriors' active resistance to colonization was rooted in a revitalization movement comparable to other indigenous millenarian revivals. This new interpretation is based on oral stories collected in the field in the 1990s. The uprising, the doctrine of the charismatic shaman who fueled the movement, and the outcomes of the clash with the Argentine Army are described herein. The prophet's doctrine was rooted in a mythology of cosmic cataclysms. By following it, believers would be able to persuade Cadet'á to "have pity on them." The native concept of Cadet'á may belong to a cosmology that is earlier than the introduction of the biblical idea of "God, Our Father." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the retribalization of urban Indian communities. Definition of Indian, tribe and urban; Origins of Indian activism; Effect of increased federal funding and related organizational growth in urban areas on Indian communities; Effect of demographic changes and the associated political changes in the retribalization in urban Indian communities.

This article presents information on effects of modernization on Libyan family and culture. It is informed that universities, aside from peoples' divergent attitude, have presented uniquely great challenge for which one can scarcely find an antecedent in Libyan cultural history. They simply have permeated every corner of the peoples' life. The changes to which they have led, although hard to cover include rising feminine liberty, secularism, social mobility, augmenting professional ambition, declining polygyny and patriarchy, detribalization and most importantly a more global outlook. The exemplary preoccupation of the traditional Libyan family with kinship and religion is fairly discernible in native socialization. This double-sided concern would seemingly lead to the formation of a character well fitted to the tribal social structure. In tribal families, adulthood is depicted to children as being inextricably connected with marriage. People thus think celibacy to be quite unnatural and is sometimes taken as a sign of immaturity. Furthermore, childlessness is regarded a curse and often lowers one's position. Nomadic and peasant families are fiercely strict about women's chastity. Girls normally remain virgin till their wedding. Infringement, although quite rare, of this highly upheld norm would dash the girl's hope for marriage, as had been reported in other cultures.

It has become common knowledge that the European conquest of this continent resulted in the dispossession of its Aboriginal peoples, forcing most of the survivors onto the fringes of colonial society. It is less well known, though, that throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries many of the indigenes faced a second onslaught, from agents of European 'civilisation' who sought to change and reshape their minds and hearts, making them anew. While this could be regarded as a peaceful process, it was as far-reaching in impact as the earlier, more obvious invasion; furthermore, in the very nature of its practitioners' belief in their own cultural superiority, their assumption that they had a right to 'civilise', and their desire to regulate and control the colonised, it too was violent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the details of the detribalization of the Narragansett Indians of Rhode Island in 1880. Problems involved in giving up tribal status and land; Information on practices and attitudes of the Indians; Social history involved in the detribalization of the Narragansett Indians; History of the Narragansetts after the advent of Europeans.

This paper offers a contextualized analysis of the way in which three Islamic constitutions—in Egypt (2014/2019), Tunisia (2014), and Yemen (2015)—came to a similar self-declaration of a "civil state" (dawla madaniyya), following the Arab uprisings. This self-expressive proclamation, which did not exist in their former constitutions, nor in any other constitution worldwide, is the product of the ongoing internal struggles of Muslim societies over the definition of their collectivity between conservatism and modernity, religiosity and secularism. In Egypt, the self-definition of a civil state enshrines the one-sided narrative of the June 2013 coup regime and the Armed Forces' intrusive move into the field of state–religion relations; in Tunisia, the constitutionalization of the civil state reflects a settlement between Islamists and non-Islamists regarding the role of Islam in politics and legislation; in Yemen, it expresses an aspiration of detribalization and modernization within an Islamic model of statehood. The paper further seeks to trace the path of migration of this idea from one country to another, and the interconnectedness between the three cases, while pointing out possible implications on future constitution making in other Muslim countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]