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This article conducts an in-depth analysis of key trends in Marxist dependency theory, emphasising its core principles. The central theme is the concept of subimperialism and its significant influence on Brazil's global strategy during the Workers' Party (PT) administrations from 2003 to 2016. Despite widespread discussion of subimperialism, there remains a notable lack of critical examination. This study addresses this gap by engaging with and critically analysing the seminal texts that link Brazil's foreign policy to subimperialism. The research involves a detailed review, critical discussion, and thorough analysis of these pivotal texts, aiming to deepen understanding of the topic. The primary hypothesis challenges the adequacy of the subimperialism framework for categorising Brazil's foreign policy during the specified timeframe, also arguing that some aspects of the systemic perspective inherent in the concept does not align with the actual material conditions of the contemporary global order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last few decades have been marked by profound changes in international trade, which is increasingly organised around global value chains. Theoretical and empirical research shows the benefits associated with increasing participation in global value chains (GVCs) for both developed and developing countries. However, empirical studies on the effects of backward and forward participation in GVCs for the specific case of a country remain limited. This article seeks to examine whether Morocco’s backward and forward participation in GVCs improves the performance of its exports over the period of 1995 to 2018 using different cointegration techniques in panel data. Our empirical results show that forward and backward participation positively impact exports and domestic value added in Moroccan exports. They also indicate that domestic and foreign service inputs contribute positively to this performance. Based on the obtained results, we propose some recommendations for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependency theory had great influence in Latin America between 1940 and 1970, but since then it has lost political and academic relevance. However, in recent years, the dependency agenda has been increasingly revisited, incorporating new analytical axes and conceptual bridges with other theories. Despite this, this agenda remains largely blind to gender and racial-ethnic inequalities. This paper aims precisely to address this gap by combining the dependency school with feminist economics to address the links between gender inequalities and Latin American peripheral position. In particular, I propose to develop two analytical axes resulting from the combination of both currents. First, I argue that gender inequalities function as 'adjustment variables' in the 'up' and 'down' economic cycles of Latin American countries. Thus, women's wages and more precarious working conditions constitute a central axis of peripheral countries in the international competition for attracting capital. Second, I argue that the large wage gap and high informality derived from the productive structure of the periphery catalyse the commodification of 'low-cost' paid domestic work. This 'cheap' care work satisfies the care needs not only of the upper-middle sectors of the peripheries, but also of the central markets through Global Care Chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependency theory suggests that the foreign policy of small island developing countries will be congruent to the preferences and interest of larger and more powerful countries in its sphere of influence. A large body of contemporary scholarship asserts that values not only play a role in the mass public's attitudes toward domestic politics, but that they also help people make sense of attitudes toward international affairs national values, they are influenced by factors such as historical traditions, cultural backgrounds, and the realities of the country. Internal tensions are created when a government pursues a foreign policy that is incongruent with the values of the citizens. This study examined the values of 513 Jamaican citizens using the World Value Survey and discussed these findings within the context of values theory and contemporary foreign policy issues. The secular versus religious divide helps to explain the differences in views on LBGTQ, Abortion and Promiscuity and Abstinence between Jamaica and the hegemon. There is far more congruence in values and culture as it relates to Privacy, Science and Technology, Corruption, and Security. It is important that national culture and values of dependent countries be respected by dominant countries instead of assimilating into one worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to examine the economic dependency of Pakistan, exploring the historical, internal, geopolitical, and structural factors that have contributed to its current reliance on external sources for economic sustenance. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employs a qualitative research method, drawing insights from a systematic review of scholarly articles, reports, historical sources, and policy texts. Findings: Through a comprehensive analysis, this paper probes the reasons behind Pakistan's economic dependency, highlights the implications of this phenomenon, and suggests potential strategies for achieving greater economic self-sufficiency. Pakistan's economic dependency stems from a complex interplay of various factors, including aid dependence, structural weaknesses, geopolitical dynamics, and limited technological advancement. Implications/Originality/Value: Addressing these issues is crucial for achieving sustainable economic growth and reducing vulnerability to external shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A primary premise of the Global IR initiative is its emphasis on world history as a basis for global IR theorising. While non-Western contributions are thus critical, periphery IR disciplinary communities operate under the dominance and homogenising effect of core IR theories based on Western history and intellectual traditions. An importdependent culture takes over periphery disciplinary communities, neutralising their potential for original IR production and theory creation. This study explores these assumptions by focusing on the case of Turkish IR; providing an evaluation of its evolution and current status, and suggesting lessons it might have for other periphery communities and the future of Global IR overall. It offers a longitudinal qualitative investigation of Turkish IR scholars’ perceptions of their community’s evolution. They suggest that Turkish IR has become a dependent consumer of core IR theory and devalued its history base, leaving it bifurcated between a minority ‘core-of-the-periphery’ who operate as ‘compradors’, copying and marketing global core knowledge, and a majority ‘periphery-of-the-periphery’, who remain voiceless, disconnected and resentful. Ultimately, the local community is unable to offer original contributions to the globalisation of IR, and the global IR movement is structurally diminished through the exclusion of large portions of the scholarly community [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was steered to establish how buyer–supplier collaboration's commitment attributes serve as an antecedent for procurement performance in large manufacturing entities in Tanzania. Design/methodology/approach: A parallel, concurrent, mixed method was used in the study. Quantitatively, 52 firms were surveyed from Temeke Municipality, Tanzania, using questionnaire that specified 1 procurement manager and 1 store manager from those firms, totaling a sample size of 104 respondents. Qualitatively, expressive opinions to supplement the numeric data were gathered from supply chain managers using the saturation principle. Explanatory design analyzed the existing cause–effect relationship, and the null hypotheses were tested using binary logistic regression at p values < 0.05 and ExpB > 1. Findings: Fidelity and enthusiasm to suggest improvements to suppliers and the duration of the collaboration antecede the procurement performance of the manufacturing firms in Tanzania, while devotion to invest resources and initiatives on joint problem solving have no significant impact. Research limitations/implications: The causality between buyer–supplier collaboration and procurement performance has been revealed. Since there might be third party logistics in collaborations, future research should center on their moderating effect. Practical implications: A framework has been developed for liberating procurement performance in the context of large manufacturing firms in Tanzania. Originality/value: Based on Transaction Cost Economics and Resource Dependency Theories, the study revealed the root cause of procurement performance in the context of Tanzanian manufacturing firms, while also considering commitment to buyer–supplier collaboration as a prerequisit for the commendable target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tensions between China and Taiwan have been heightened significantly lately. This paper is aimed at investigating the cross-Strait relations from Taiwan's perspective concerning, in particular, Taiwan's economic policy toward China. Indeed, China has long been Taiwan's largest trading partner; yet, political relationship between the two has fluctuated over time. On the one hand, China has been an attractive market for Taiwanese businesses, but one the other hand, there have also been economic and security concerns about Taiwan's dependence on China. This paper shows the connections between political and economic factors which jointly affect Taiwan's economic policy toward China. It argues that there may be a general equilibrium—a median voter—but it has often been distorted by the institutional constraints in Taiwan's political process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power and dependence in economic exchange shape industry structure. When a focal industry faces powerful suppliers or buyers, this can reduce industry rents. The authors argue that these dynamics also affect job quality by reducing the economic surplus available to be shared with workers. Drawing on ideas from power-dependency theory, this article explains industry earnings and job quality differences by examining inter-industry exchange patterns. The authors build on Ronald Burt's seminal analysis of structural constraint in economic exchange using industry input-output tables. They calculate market constraint measures for recent years in the United States and link these with CPS data on wages and benefits. Analyses reveal that workers in more buyer-constrained industries (dependence on powerful buyers) experience lower wages and benefits. Findings also show that market constraint reduces the economic surplus available for union bargaining. Theory and results suggest that market concentration reduces suppliers' economic rents, harming job quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on analysis of Brazilian‐Spanish cooperation in Latin America, this article aims to contribute to the discussion on whether South–South Cooperation (SSC) represents an alternative model with specific and differentiated objectives, or if it largely reproduces the constraints and interests traditionally associated with the North–South model, but with new institutions and actors. We start by analysing the main criticisms levelled at cooperation in the literature, emphasising the identification, review and comparison of the mechanisms of domination and dependency that derive from the bilateral and multilateral practices of traditional development cooperation. We then construct a synthetic dependency index to measure the ability of Spain and Brazil – as representative cases of North–South Cooperation (NSC) and SSC with Latin America – to influence the foreign trade, investment and foreign policy decisions of aid recipients, and to empirically contrast the lower level of verticality that much of the available literature assumes about SSC schemes. The empirical analysis suggests significant differences between NSC and SSC in terms of their ability to reproduce dependency patterns and validate the discourse that tends to identify the latter as an alternative cooperation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction presents an overview of this collection. It aims to clarify the making of the modern world order through the dialectic between the will to dominate and the will to resist. As conventional theories of international relations have been largely focused on the dominating powers, we attempt to highlight the constructive power of the countries from the Global South. By analysing the state-making within, and cooperation among, the Global South countries, we argue that the pursuit of human emancipation and national liberation makes countries in the Global South active agents in the creation of the world order and in human history in general. This paper also presents a short historical contextualisation of the terms 'Third World' and 'Global South'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the benefits and forms of social assistance provided by the state through the plaintiff's community, which are claimed to be in accordance with the objectives of social assistance services. Data collection methods used in this study consisted of interview and observation methods. Data analysis techniques using data reduction, data display and reasoning. As a result, it was found that welfare beneficiaries in Winangun Dua Village, District 1 received welfare in the form of the Family Hope Program (PKH), Smart Indonesia Card (KIP) and Healthy Indonesia Card (KIS). The assistance provided is often used by beneficiary families to help ease the burden on the poor in dealing with their daily lives. This social assistance can improve the standard of living of beneficiary families, help the community's economy, strengthen school spirit, and enable recipient families to open small businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research attempts to explore the connection between wages, compensation, incentives and bonuses, and employee loyalty with the aim to analyze their economic dependence through the lens of how loyal they are to their organizations. In order to validate the suggested model, a survey of Pakistan Stock Exchange employees was undertaken with a structured questionnaire, and responses from a sample of 120 were examined using a PLS-SEM modeling approach. Quantitative methodology was used to collect data from the selected participants through a pre-structured and self-administered questionnaire, which was then analyzed using a specialized statistical analysis tool STATA. The findings of the study suggest that economic dependence has a significant impact on employee loyalty, and in light of these findings to ensure that corporation personnel is devoted, HR managers can establish pertinent procedures and advance organizational rules, as well as employers, could be given the instruments and techniques required to identify more precise methods of mapping economic dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why is the EU cooperating more on migration issues with some third countries than others? What explains this variation? In recent years, the EU has intensified its institutionalised cooperation with third countries in the area of migration, although to different degrees. The extent of migration cooperation is measured in this article by conducting a fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. It looks at the conditions that have triggered more or less cooperation in 23 countries of the Eastern and Southern EU neighbourhood up to 2015, a key moment in the external relations. Theoretically, the article draws on five factors to explain the different levels of cooperation: (1) migration flows; (2) the state of democracy in the partner country; (3) existing relations with the EU; (4) economic dependence of the partner country on the EU; (5) administrative capacities of the partner country. The article advances the argument that a third country's existing relations with the EU or the state of democracy in combination with a high level of economic dependence on the EU are the key factors for understanding why some third countries cooperate more. The number of migrants originating from or transiting through a third country is only of secondary importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: During the eighteenth century, officials from different colonial powers attempted to turn the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada—present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama—into an economically viable territory. The Spanish Crown embraced its most radical jurisdictional reform in centuries to exercise effective state control, extract more revenue, and defend the colonies from foreign incursions. This article explores the particularities of New Granada’s economic governance and argues that colonial officials produced local discourses of political economy to turn unfamiliar spaces into familiar places for economic, political, and military ends. In doing so, producing knowledge about the land and its resources became a key bureaucratic practice that shaped the imagining of a paradoxical territoriality in Northern South America. First, I detail the impact of political economy frameworks on imperial governance and bureaucratic practices. I then showcase how administrative narratives, mapping projects, and fiscal networks reveal the workings of Bourbon economic governance and the search for regional integration. Methodology: This article is built from an analysis of archival documents consisting of a selection of evidence from chorographic texts about New Granada and its provinces produced between 1720 and 1808. Originality: Reflecting on the ways in which the pursuit of knowledge for wealth creation affected the creation of territorialities contributes to uncovering how the imperial political economy was never a top-down imposition. Local officials negotiated it vis-à-vis singular geographical realities and knowledge production practices. Conclusions: Chorographic texts were central devices of imperial reform. The search for wealth production and territorial integration occurred in colonial outposts, not in intellectual treatises in Europe. In forging New Granada as an integrated, potentially rich place, bureaucrats’ experience of moving across the territory and inscribing the landscape on paper shaped perceptions of cohesion and difference, economic dependence, and regional fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Global Strategis is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines donor-driven skills training programmes and projects at the technical and vocational level in post-war Sierra Leone, using dependency theory as an analytical framework. Based on qualitative data collected from fieldwork in 2017, it emerges that such programmes and projects are driven by donor strategies and largely detached from local market demands, are oftentimes based on convenience and historical relationships in regions/sectors rather than evolving needs of the country, promise employment but instead deliver informal self-employment and focus heavily on outputs rather than outcomes. From these empirical observations, it can be argued that donor-driven skills development, as it has manifested in Sierra Leone, is unlikely to create skills that can meaningfully contribute to national growth and development. Instead, these interventions may drive outcomes that lead to continued aid dependency. The article thus presents a renewed argument for skills for self-reliant development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares members of political youth organisations and explains variations in material incentives for enrolment using both organisation-level and individual-level factors. Empirically, it is based on a web survey of about 3,000 members of eight Swedish youth organisations. The analysis shows that young people have a complex combination of concerns, with the main dividing line being whether or not material incentives are important. At the organisational level, the prevalence of material incentives among members is positively related to the size of the mother party and whether it has government experience. Further, we find a positive association between material incentives and economic dependence on the part of the youth organisation on its mother party. At the individual level, we find that members who see the main role of the youth organisation as being to provide support for the mother party and for those politically aligned with it are more likely to have material motives for their enrolment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a reflection on the concept of "world society" by Esteban Torres (2021). First, the articulation between the different social spheres that constitute, according to the author, the world society is problematized through the figure of the Borromean knot. It is argued that this figure gives theoretical support to the properties that define the interaction between those spheres: their irreducibility and inseparability; and at the same time, it allows capturing the triadic movement that this concept involves. Then, this nodal logic is transferred to the problem of dependence to suggest that the type of causality that explains the processes of social change in world society is better understood if it is thought of in terms of Althusserian overdetermination. Finally, the future horizon of what is called dependentista realism -the Latin American translation that Torres suggests of the "capitalist realism" of Mark Fisher- is questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La literatura sobre estructura productiva y crecimiento económico muestra la relevancia de la industria en la expansión del PIB en países desarrollados y en desarrollo. Estudios recientes indican que el sector de los servicios modernos (servicios profesionales) contribuye a la innovación, al aumento de la productividad y, en consecuencia, al crecimiento económico. Este artículo plantea una discusión teórica sobre la importancia del sector de los servicios modernos para América Latina a fin de actualizar la tesis central del enfoque estructuralista latinoamericano. Los datos indican que, aun en el contexto de una transformación productiva caracterizada por una menor participación de la manufactura y el auge del sector terciario, se perpetúa la división internacional del trabajo, sobre la base de la relación centro-periferia. Los resultados muestran que el pensamiento estructuralista resulta adecuado para explicar el persistente subdesarrollo de los países latinoamericanos desde una perspectiva centrada en la economía de servicios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deindustrialization became a pressing political issue and an object of research almost simultaneously in North America. This article inquires into the intellectual origins and radical roots of the deindustrialization thesis in Canada and the United States. Though the two countries share much in common, their distinctive formulations of the deindustrial problem in the 1970s and 1980s reflected key economic and political differences between them. Radical political economists in Canada and the United States turned to dependency theory and capital flight, respectively, in their theorization of deindustrialization. Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison's 1982 book, The Deindustrialization of America , in particular, is a founding text for the burgeoning field of deindustrialization studies. We can learn much from re-engaging with this early scholarship. In doing so, however, we need to bridge the continuing analytical divide between micro-level labour histories of working-class communities and macro-level studies of political economy and the international division of labour. La désindustrialisation est devenue un enjeu politique pressant et un objet de recherche presque simultanément en Amérique du Nord. Cet article interroge les origines intellectuelles et les racines radicales de la thèse de la désindustrialisation au Canada et aux États-Unis. Bien que les deux pays partagent beaucoup de points communs, leurs formulations distinctes du problème désindustriel dans les années 1970 et 1980 reflétaient des différences économiques et politiques essentielles entre eux. Les économistes politiques radicaux du Canada et des États-Unis se sont tournés vers la théorie de la dépendance et la fuite des capitaux, respectivement, dans leur théorisation de la désindustrialisation. Le livre de Barry Bluestone et Bennett Harrison de 1982, The Deindustrialization of America , en particulier, est un texte fondateur pour le domaine en plein essor des études sur la désindustrialisation. Nous pouvons apprendre beaucoup en renouant avec cette première bourse. Ce faisant, cependant, nous devons combler le fossé analytique persistant entre les histoires de travail au niveau micro des communautés ouvrières et les études au niveau macro de l'économie politique et de la division internationale du travail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of causal dependencies in economics is fraught with great difficulties, that it is required to consider not only the object structure, but also take into account a huge number of factors acting on the object, about which nothing is either known or difficult to measure. In this paper, we attempt to overcome this problem and apply the theory of statistical causality for labor productivity management. We suggest new technology that provides the inference of causal relations between the special programs implemented in the company's and employee's labor productivity. The novelty of the proposed technology is that it is based on a hybrid object model, combines two models: 1—the structural object model about its functioning and development to provide a causal inference and prediction the effect of explicit factors; 2—the model based on observed data to clarify causality and to test it empirically. The technology provides integration of the theory of causal Bayesian networks, methods of randomized controlled experiments and statistical methods, allows under nonlinearity, dynamism, stochasticity and non-stationarity of the initial data, to evaluate the effect of programs on the labor effeciency. The difference between the proposed technology and others is that it ensures determination the synergistic effect of the action of the cause (program) on the effect—labor productivity in condition of hidden factors. The practical significance of the research is the results of its testing the proposed theoretical provisions, methods and technologies on actual data about food service company. The results obtained could contribute to the labor productivity growth over uncertainty of the external and internal factors and provide the companies sustainable development and its profitability growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I explore a range of approaches to the colonial heritage (or colonial heritages) in the Americas in both their popular and academic iterations during the Cold War and the post-Cold War era. Overall, I argue that the most obvious elements of the Hispanic colonial heritage are cultural and linguistic, as well as various forms of economic dependence and high levels of socio-economic inequality. Economic dependence and social inequality remain a central, if now diffuse, Hispanic colonial heritage, as does the diverse cultural and linguistic post-colonial milieu that is the New World. Over three decades out from the end of the Cold War, the cultural complexity, shifting economic contours and geographical diffusion of the Hispanic colonial heritage is more apparent than ever at the same time as (contrary to several recent accounts) it hangs no heavier over the present than the Anglo-Protestant colonial heritage; nor should either be deployed to do too much heavy lifting as far as explaining contemporary developmental outcomes is concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roma people are likely Europe’s most discriminated and marginalized minority. In the past years, increasing attention has been paid to their migration to Western Europe and their limited social mobility in their countries of destination. Our article focuses on the “post‐return” experiences of Roma and the changes generated by return migration in their commu‐ nities of origin, a topic largely neglected so far. We build on recent debates around post‐return positionality, asking how adult and old Roma returnees experience return. We thus contribute to the growing literature on return migration and lifecourse that distinguishes between the return migration of children and youth, that of adults, and that of older migrants. Focusing on Roma returnees, we employ an understanding of migration not just as a means of generating resources, but also as a learning process where the Roma population acquires new ideas and a sense of agency and dignity. Informed by long‐term fieldwork in ethnically mixed localities in Romania (including participant observation and 76 semi‐structured interviews), we inquire into the ethnic relations and negotiations between Roma and non‐Roma populations. Migration results in a weakening of the economic dependency of the Roma on the non‐Roma. In this new context, which is still marred by ethnic prejudice and inequality, we analysed how local interethnic relations were reshaped by the returned Roma’s new consumption practices, new modes of communication, and new claims for equality. While adult Roma tend to demand equality and decent treatment, setting in motion a process of ethnic change, older returned Roma tend to maintain more submissive practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly changing security environment has brought a plethora of non-military measures to the fore. These measures have completely changed the nature of hostilities by giving them a hybrid character. With regard to the South Caucasus region, the chasm among the political courses pursued by particular states makes the overall region more susceptible to diverse external threats of a political, economic, military and cultural nature. This paper focuses on the economic component of the hybrid warfare in the South Caucasus region. The issues are considered from a security point of view and not from an economic perspective. The vulnerabilities of particular nations in the region to economic coercion are highlighted in the paper and suggestions for improving them made. The authors underscore the regional unity in the South Caucasus as a prerequisite for eliminating or at least mitigating economic dependence and healing the "regional fracture" that has lasted for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Countries that issue internationally acceptable currencies tend to have lower interest rates and higher price levels than those whose currencies are not internationally acceptable. • Differences in interest rates and price levels are likely to cause asymmetric transfers of biophysical resources from low-income to high-income countries. • Currency hierarchy can be empirically operationalized as a categorical variable based on the liquidity of currencies and the degree of monetary sovereignty of their issuers. • Ecologically unequal exchange is driven not only by diverging monetary compensation for exported resources, but also by the impact of currency hierarchy on countries' trade balances. • Alternative explanations for the empirical correlations between currency hierarchy, interest rates, price levels, and ecologically unequal exchange have theoretically and empirically limited. Asymmetric transfers of biophysical resources from the Global South to the North are a key obstacle to sustainable development. The underlying causal drivers of this 'ecologically unequal exchange' are not well understood. This paper accounts for the causal role of hierarchy between currencies as one driver of ecologically unequal exchange. Drawing on dependency theory, I propose testable hypotheses that explain why countries that issue internationally acceptable currencies create net inflows of embodied labour, land, energy, raw materials, and carbon from countries whose currencies lack international acceptability: Countries with lower-ranking currencies face higher interest rates, which constrain their policy space, drive income outflows, and necessitate resource exports. Such countries also tend to have lower price levels (measured as the ratio between exchange rates and purchasing power parity rates) because their currencies are not demanded internationally, resulting in reduced dollar income per exported resource. To test these hypotheses, I use a novel categorical operationalization of currency hierarchy. I compare different observable correlations to the theoretical correlations implied by the proposed hypotheses, and test multiple regression models against cross-country data. Overall, the results are consistent with the hypotheses. Considering alternative explanations, the conclusion seems justified that currency hierarchy is a significant driver of ecologically unequal exchange, and that this mechanism operates specifically through cross-country divergences in interest rates and exchange rates. In short, the monetary cost of a dollar impacts the biophysical cost of a dollar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung is the property of Leipziger Universitaetsverlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Departing from the regularly made references to Kenya's economy in the post-independence period by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o in his works Matigari (1989) and Wizard of the Crow (2006), this essay argues that Ngũgĩ, under the influence of Marxist aesthetics and Walter Rodney's dependency theory, has both chastised and offered strategies/suggestions to counter the persistent economic problems of Kenya and, to a broader scale, of Africa. Considering the developments in the Kenyan economy in the 20th century onward, this paper comparatively sketches Ngũgĩ's treatment of economy-related problems in their evolving process in Matigari and Wizard of the Crow for Kenyans and syncretizes the changing economic conditions in Kenya with the Ngũgĩ's literary criticisms and approaches to the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapidly growing number of people who find work via online labor platforms are not employees, nor do they necessarily fit traditional conceptualizations of independent contractors, freelancers, or the self-employed. The ambiguous nature of their employment status and its implications for worker well-being have attracted substantial controversy, but to date most empirical research in this area has focused on the market efficiency of a single platform rather than on workers themselves and related human resource management issues. Research progress will require understanding how online labor platform work differs from other types of nonstandard employment arrangements, as well as critical differences across labor platform firms in how work and workers are managed. This paper proposes a conceptual classification framework to facilitate research on the attitudes, experiences, and outcomes of workers who use these platforms. We explore how labor platform firms' operational choices shape how control is allocated across workers, clients, and the firm, and how they influence workers' autonomy, incentives, and degree of economic dependence on the firm. Implications for theory development, research, and managing worker-firm relations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of international behavior is linked spatially and temporally. Yet, analyses of interstate interactions generally either assume independence among units or resort to technical solutions to dependence that "throw away" relevant information. We detail a more informative and satisfying approach to modeling spatial dependence from extra-dyadic linkages in alliance ties and geographical proximity as specific pathways of conflict contagion. Beyond deterrence, the purpose of alliances is to draw other parties into dyadic contests, but most existing research on conflict onset generally only considers alliance ties within an individual dyad or external intervention in the same dispute. We develop new measures on third- and fourth-party alliance ties, demonstrating direct and indirect spatial effects of alliances on conflict onset. Similarly, ongoing contests can spread geographically, but dyads in some locations are much more at risk for conflict onset than others. We provide a new theory of geographic "inbetweenness" in conflict and show that dyads involving specific locations and ties to the ongoing conflict are much more likely to see dispute onset, even accounting for other purely dyadic factors. Beyond the intrinsic interest in the impacts of extra-dyadic position and alliances on conflict, our spatial approach can be applied more broadly to other extra-dyadic ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A dynamic inspection and replacement policy for two-unit production systems. • Integration of economic, stochastic, and structural dependencies into maintenance model. • SMDP formulation based on a matrix-based approximation method. • A policy-iteration based algorithm for solving the joint optimization problem. • The proposed policy outperforms the other widely used CBM policies. This paper proposes a dynamic inspection and replacement policy for a production system composed of two nonidentical units and an inventory system. Unit 1 deteriorates gradually and it is subject to soft failure. Unit 2 experiences hard failures that occur following a general lifetime distribution. The degradation processes of the two units are stochastically interdependent. Condition monitoring is performed to reveal the deterioration state of unit 1 when a certain number of production runs complete or when unit 2 fails, whichever comes first. At each inspection epoch, a decision is made on whether to replace unit 1 and/or unit 2. The objective is to jointly optimize the inspection interval and the replacement policy by minimizing the long-run average cost rate. The optimization problem is formulated in the semi-Markov decision process (SMDP) framework. Economic dependence and structural dependence are also integrated into the maintenance model. A matrix-based approximation method is employed to derive the SMDP quantities. The application of the proposed approach to a fuel oil supply system demonstrates the superiority of the proposed approach in saving operation and maintenance costs. The obtained graphical representation of the obtained policy is supportive during maintenance implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the outcome serves to establish a measurement model to calculate the value of ecosystem services in Lhasa River Basin, China. Following on the principle of resource scarcity, a study paradigm is established according to the influence of natural and socio-economic location differences on the value of ecosystem services. Results show that the total value of ecosystem services in Lhasa River Basin is 104.503 billion yuan. The unit ecosystem service value of natural grassland in the lower reaches is 5.6 times and 1.07 times larger than that in the upper and middle reaches, respectively. The value of ecosystem services is clearly affected by the scarcity of ecosystem services and dependence of economic and social development on the ecosystem. The value of ecosystem services in the upper, middle, and lower reaches were 4.17%, 21.48%, and 74.35%, respectively. It is found that the value of ecosystem services in this particular region differs significantly in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the basin. The scarcity of ecological resources has increased the value of ecosystem services, which is reflected in the highest value of ecosystem services in the middle of Lhasa River Valley and both sides of the river where population, economy, and ecological demand are relatively concentrated. According to the estimated results, this study proposes a variety of methods to improve the ecosystem service value and analysis of the ecological compensation mechanism, derived from the contribution made by ecological services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains how 19th-century radical republicans answered the following question: how is it possible to be free in a social order that fosters economic dependence on others? I focus on the writings of a group of French thinkers called the solidarists who advocated "liberty organized for everyone." Mutualism and social right were two components of the solidarist strategy for limiting domination in commercial/industrial society. While the doctrine of mutualism was rooted in pre-industrial artisan culture, social right was a novel idea that built on Durkheim's analysis of the division of labour. In this article, I describe the main features of the solidarist account: solidarity, social property, quasi-contractual debt, and restorative justice. Classical republicanism was deeply concerned with citizen participation and the balance between popular and elite power, but 19th-century radical republicans thought that these goals must be approached differently in market societies in which enormous power is exercised outside the state. The solidarists cautiously embraced the state as a mechanism for regulating the market in order to ensure equal liberty. Social right and mutualism were also conceived as ways of limiting the centralization of state power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Tourism is a crucial pathway to global poverty reduction and sustainable development. Pro-poor tourism (PPT), which is conducive to the development of the poor, can bring social, environmental, cultural and economic benefits to the poor. The path dependence theory affirms that past choices determine future decisions. Once the path dependence results in a lock-in effect in pro-poor tourism, it is likely to affect pro-poor tourism performance. Here, we quantitatively analyze the characteristics and causes of path dependence in pro-poor tourism in China and investigate how path dependence affects pro-poor tourism performance. We find that the sunk cost (factor input) of pro-poor tourism is a major cause of path dependence. Path dependence in pro-poor tourism takes various forms: cognitive path dependence, institutional path dependence, technological path dependence and economic path dependence. Among these, cognitive dependence and institutional path dependence negatively affect pro-poor tourism performance, whereas technological dependence and economic path dependence positively affect performance. Simultaneously, the factor input of PPT affects PPT performance through the four dimensions of path dependence. The path dependence in PPT mediates the effect of factor input on PPT performance. Our findings reveal the characteristics and regularities of path dependence in the pro-poor tourism strategy implemented by the Chinese government. Findings of this study are important for policymakers that can assist in the implementation of PPT strategies and help improve PPT performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relationship between perception and mental imagery? I aim to eliminate an answer that I call perceptualism about mental imagery. Strong perceptualism, defended by Bence Nanay, predictive processing theorists, and several others, claims that imagery is a kind of perceptual state. Weak perceptualism, defended by M. G. F. Martin and Matthew Soteriou, claims that mental imagery is a representation of a perceptual state, a view sometimes called The Dependency Thesis. Strong perceptualism is to be rejected since it misclassifies imagery disorders and abnormalities as perceptual disorders and abnormalities. Weak Perceptualism is to be rejected since it gets wrong the aim and accuracy conditions of a whole class of mental imagery–projected mental imagery–and relies on an impoverished concept of perceptual states, ignoring certain of their structural features. Whatever the relationship between perception and imagery, the perceptualist has it wrong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo busca contribuir al debate sobre las relaciones entre China y América Latina. Se plantea si las relaciones comerciales entre ese país y la región son mutuamente beneficiosas o refuerzan la dependencia de América Latina en el escenario internacional. Se observan los efectos del crecimiento chino en un grupo de países de América Latina mediante el modelo de equilibrio general computable del Proyecto de Análisis del Comercio Global. El crecimiento chino se simuló mediante una expansión de la masa de capital de este país, según la tendencia observada en las últimas décadas. Los resultados indican un patrón de reprimarización de las exportaciones y una disminución de la actividad industrial de los países latinoamericanos analizados, en particular en los sectores de alta tecnología. Se observa un aumento del bienestar en América Latina, principalmente debido a las mejoras en los términos de intercambio (auge de los precios de los productos básicos). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the implementation of lean production techniques in the Romanian subsidiary of a second-tier automotive supplier. Given the liberal institutional environment of the host country, the company anticipated a smooth transfer of lean production practices. However, the findings show that a host country's economic dependence can be detrimental to the transfer of practices from the home country. The combination of low-complexity production and work intensification led to depressed employee motivation and frequent conflicts. These can be attributed to a mismatch between work organization and national economic profile, which suggests incompatibility between low-wage, low-complexity strategies and Japanese organizational models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For multicomponent products, the maintenance of every component separately will increase the downtime and reduce the availability of products during the warranty period. To solve this problem, the economic dependence between the components is considered in this paper. Firstly, a single-component two-dimensional (2D) preventive maintenance (PM) availability model is established, and the simulated annealing algorithm is adopted to calculate the optimal 2D PM interval to achieve the maximal availability of any single component. Then, to ensure that the warranty cost of each component does not exceed the budget, the PM benchmark interval is introduced, and the PM work is optimized following the method of grouping maintenance. Based on this, the 2D preventive grouping maintenance availability model of multicomponent products is established. Finally, an example is given to verify the proposed method, and the results indicate that the proposed method increases the availability of multicomponent products during the 2D warranty period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research sought to examine whether economic dependence, immediate family characteristics and socio‐religious affiliation predict the health status of the elderly in India. Towards this objective, Government of India's unit‐level Round 71 NSSO data containing responses from more than 27,245 persons aged above 60 were employed. We used ordered logistic regression owing to the categorical and ordinal nature of the output variable. Our findings suggest a direct relationship between income and healthy ageing. Conversely, financial dependence negatively affects health status. With respect to immediate family characteristics, loss of spouse negatively influences health status, while presence of children and presence of at least a son (as opposed to none) positively influence the health status of the Indian elderly. While the increment in the number of sons has no effect, an increase in the number of daughters has a negative influence on elderly health status. Finally, our findings in regards to socio‐religious affiliations suggest that Buddhist elderly report positive and Muslim elderly report negative health status, in comparison with other religions. Furthermore, elderly persons classified as scheduled tribes report positive and those classified as scheduled castes report negative health status, as compared to other social groups. Policy and research implications are discussed. Limitations are acknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When dealing with autonomous regions, states may utilize Unionist Economic Integration (UEI) programs to forge a stronger sense of unionism. However, the literature has not been able to explain why UEIs work differently across regions. With the identical UEI implemented in Macau and Hong Kong, Macau seems to be firmly within Beijing's grasp, yet protests in Hong Kong are still intensive. Why is economic integration effective in appeasing some regions, but not others in the same polity? I argue that what makes UEI effective in appeasing a region is the region's economic dependence on the national center. UEIs add to the expected cost of contention, and thus high economic dependence sets that baseline to a higher degree, leading to effective appeasement with UEIs. I illustrate my argument with empirical analyses of two original datasets of protest counts and discontent with authoritarian institutions in Hong Kong, Macau, and Chinese provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify productive characteristics through the technological indicators adopted by goats farmers at the Comondú municipality, state of Baja California Sur, Mexico. A survey consisting of semi-structured questions was designed to obtain multi-criteria information on the variables of technological, economic, social, and multilevel indicators. The production units (PUs) were classified by the cluster analysis of means statistical method in the SAS software, allowing to identify four groups of producers of 10.33, 69, 10.33, and 10.33 % of them. The social indicator demonstrated differences between UPs regard their education level, non-inclusion of women in the activity, total annual income, and whether or not they are members of an association. The technological indicator revealed differences in their distance from the UPs to the community, road conditions, area of the UP, available area for planting, water sources, herd size, availability to facilities, machinery, and equipment. The economic indicator showed differences between UPs in their agricultural complementary activities, economic dependence, milk production, cheese production, animal wastes, goat production, and their respective sales values. The conclusion is that this information is useful for particularly attending to the needs and will allow defining the precise kind of intervention in the management practices or the required management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the components of regional economic security and their dependence on changes taking place in the external environment is analyzed. It is proved that such components of regional economic security as foreign trade, productive, scientific and technological, and investment components are directly influenced by foreign economic factors, as these life spheres are subject to the rise of primary effects or consequences of external factors. A five-step methodology to study the way foreign economic factors influence regional economic security is developed. At the first step, external environment is analyzed, and a system of indicators is formed taking into account relevant external factors influencing the components of economic security, where the primary effects of the impact of these factors are observed. The second step involves the following: determining the integrated indicator for each component of the regional economic security; assessing the impact of foreign economic factors produced on the change of the relevant integrated indicator by the sensitivity method; and ranking indicators according to the level of threats arising from the deterioration of the correspondence of their actual values to security criteria. The third step is only relevant for the most influential indicators directly related to foreign economic factors. Here, change forecasts are developed. The fourth step concerns indicators with a probability of less than 50% of the optimistic change forecast and more than 50% of the pessimistic change forecast, which requires justification of measures taken to optimize them and ensure compliance with economic security criteria. The fifth step is modeling economic security components for a short term period by the method of change forecasts using hypothetical values of indicators calculated on the basis of forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explored how to determine the water productivity of wetlands in a compact and evolving basis with geographic information systems and agro-climatic models. Our research aimed to use the AquaCrop model to determine the extent to which the wetlands in the Bhagirathi-Hooghly Basin in South West Bengal, India, have used their water productivity to meet human needs. The wetland capacity and productivity are declining over time due to pressure from the growing population with declining land area. Various statistical data obtained from the field are calibrated based on the AquaCrop model. The validity of the information collected from the model depends on the prediction error (Pe), coefficient of determination (R2), index of agreement (d) and model efficiency (ME) and based on which the goodness of fit develops. It is concluded that the economic dependence of the people living along the wetland has shifted from rice production to fishing and other aquatic plant production. The water productivity of aquatic resources is 7% higher than the water productivity of rice. The study marks the success of a future strategy for wetland development and urges the state government to undertake management policies to create a healthy wetland environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therefore, it appears that the Belgian Courts use Article IV.2/1 CEL as an illustration of an unfair market practice (Article VI.104 CEL) rather than as a legal basis in its own right. Moreover, the Court found that there are alternatives to Geberit products and that no economic dependence can be inferred from the fact that these products are less popular ( I first condition i ). Keywords: case law; abuse of economic dependence; Belgium; refusal to supply EN case law abuse of economic dependence Belgium refusal to supply 394 398 5 12/28/21 20211001 NES 211001 I. Introduction Since 22 August 2020, the abuse of economic dependence by an undertaking - without being in a dominant position - is prohibited under Belgian law[1]. In its judgment, the Court first explained that a contractual breach (such as, for example, a breach of the principle that contracts must be performed in good faith) is not necessarily a breach of Article IV.2/1 CEL. [Extracted from the article]