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Due to the increasing reliance on networks, defending a cyber system is of vital importance. In this paper, we consider an important mechanism of early warning for defending a cyber system that has become a key component of constructing network defense in practice. We study the reliability of a system under attack from single or multiple sources. In particular, we discuss the effect of an early warning mechanism on the system reliability. We then propose the optimal strategy for defending a cyber system with early warning components in the worst attack scenario. The theoretical results are further validated by simulation evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the increasing digitalization of our society and amalgamation of embedded devices into the everincreasing facets of our daily life (e.g., in smart and intelligent vehicles, smart cities and smart nations, and critical infrastructure sectors) have resulted in improved productivity and quality of life, the trend has also resulted in a trend of increasing frequency and sophistication of cyber exploitation and cyber threats. Hence, there is a need for coordinated efforts from the research community to address resulting concerns using both cryptographic and non-cryptographic solutions, such as those presented in this special section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore instructional design of a cyber classroom for secondary students' basic English language competence. A paucity of support for low or under achieving students' English learning exists particularly at the secondary level. In order to bridge the gap, there has been demand for online educational resources considered to be an effective tool in improving students' selfdirected learning and motivation. This study employs a comprehensive approach to instructional design for the asynchronous cyber classroom with the underlying premise that different learning theories can be applied in a complementary manner to serve different pedagogical purposes best. Gagné's conditions of learning theory, Bruner's constructivist theory, Carroll's minimalist theory, and Vygotsky's social cognitive development theory serve as the basis for designing instruction and selecting appropriate media. The ADDIE model is used to develop online teaching and learning materials. Twenty-five key grammatical features were selected through the analysis of the national curriculum of English, being grouped into five units. Each feature is covered in one cyber asynchronous class. An Integration Class is given at the end of every five classes for synthesis, where students can practice grammatical features in a communicative context. Related theories, pedagogical practices, and practical web-design strategies for cyber Basic English classes are discussed with suggestions for research, practice and policy to support self-directed learning through a cyber class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) may interact and manipulate objects in the physical world, and therefore formal guarantees about their behavior are strongly desired. Static-time proofs of safety invariants, however, may be intractable for systems with distributed physical-world interactions. This is further complicated when realistic communication models are considered, for which there may not be bounds on message delays, or even when considering that messages will eventually reach their destination. In this work, we address the challenge of proving safety and progress in distributed CPSs communicating over an unreliable communication layer. We show that for this type of communication model, system safety is closely related to the results of a hybrid system's reachability computation, which can be computed at runtime. However, since computing reachability at runtime may be computationally intensive, we provide an approach that moves significant parts of the computation to design time. This approach is demonstrated with a case study of a simulation of multiple vehicles moving within a shared environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber-physical systems have become more prevalent in recent years. Computer control is increasingly being considered for use in applications which are operationally resource-constrained and are very cost-sensitive, while requiring very high reliability. The primary approach to building ultra-reliable systems is to deploy massive redundancy. However, the constraints just mentioned make it very difficult to use the massive everywhere-redundancy approaches used in such traditional (relatively cost-insensitive) applications as aerospace. In this paper, we address such problems by adaptively adjusting fault-tolerance levels according to the current state of the controlled plant. Such an approach imposes far less thermal stress on the computer, thereby enhancing reliability, and thus requiring a smaller number of line-replaceable units to maintain required levels of reliability over any given period of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most countries in Central America have HIV epidemics concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW), with prevalence in these populations ranging from 8% in Nicaragua to 26% in El Salvador. High levels of stigma and discrimination coupled with this heavy HIV burden create a major challenge for efforts to reach these populations and combat the epidemic. The Pan-American Social Marketing Organization (PASMO) developed a combination prevention intervention in Central America that delivers HIV prevention behaviour change communication (BCC) messages, products, services, and referrals to promote improved condom and condom-compatible lubricant use, HIV testing, violence reporting and the use of complementary services. As part of this program, an online ?cyber-educator? intervention for MSM, consisting of virtual one-on-one BCC and HIV counseling and testing referrals, was launched through existing chat-rooms and websites. Participants were tracked using a confidential unique identifier code (UIC). In 2013, 7,219 MSM UICs were recorded. Created as a response to social media evolution, this intervention successfully illustrates how innovative HIV prevention education can reach populations most-at-risk for HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the World Wide Web contains close to 500 exabytes, it is clear that securing it is a very important and difficult task. Security specialists and analysts are faced with challenges regarding the sheer quantity of data which has to be analyzed. As the quantity of data grows, automated analysis within a single piece of equipment is not feasible anymore. This is why security analysts are divided between a dozen of consoles from a dozen of pieces of equipment from different vendors, each with its own standards and rules for representing data. Unfortunately human operators cannot efficiently take decisions based on the output of a dozen consoles, each with a different data representation pattern. This is why the cognitive abilities of a human being to reason analytically have to be used. This can be offered to an operator only with the aid of an interactive visual experience on a single large console. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astronomy is undergoing a methodological revolution triggered by an unprecedented wealth of complex and accurate data. The new panchromatic, synoptic sky surveys require advanced tools for discovering patterns and trends hidden behind data which are both complex and of high dimensionality. We present DAMEWARE (DAta Mining & Exploration Web Application REsource): a general puipose, web-based, distributed data mining environment developed for the exploration of large data sets, and finely tuned for astronomical applications. By means of graphical user interfaces, it allows the user to perform classification, regression, or clustering tasks with machine learning methods. Salient features of DAMEWARE include its ability to work on large datasets with minimal human intervention, and to deal with a wide variety of real problems such as the classification of globular clusters in the galaxy NGC 1399; the evaluation of photometric redshifts; and, finally, the identification of candidate Active Galactic Nuclei in multiband photometric surveys. In all these applications, DAMEWARE allowed us to achieve better results than those attained with more traditional methods. With the aim of providing potential users with all needed information, in this paper we briefly describe the technological background of DAMEWARE, give a short introduction to some relevant aspects of data mining, followed by a summary of some science cases and, finally, provide a detailed description of a template use case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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21st century is an age for learning and it declared to be the age of information and communication technology due to the revolution of mobile technology. The practice of providing education with the help of modern technologies is termed as e-education or e-learning or m-learning. Today the mobile technology has become an integral part of our live and we cannot work in the society without mobile phone, internet etc. everybody is using online technology in day today working progress. Obviously the combination of wireless technology and mobile computing is resulting in escalating transformations of the educational world. The question is, how are the wireless, mobile technologies affecting the learning environment, pedagogy, and campus life? To answer this question, we must assess the current state of affairs, surveying cyber culture globally and historically. This paper seeks to clarify the meaning of mobile learning by applying its key concepts to learning experiences in post-school education. In other words, it seeks not to discuss one fixed meaning of mobile learning but to disassemble the basic components and provide an interpretation of the model in the context of higher education. In particular, Mobile Learning, or M-learning as it is often called, is a relatively new tool in the pedagogical arsenal to assist students and teachers as they navigate the options available in the expanding of learning world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the sensor deployment pattern problem in cyber physical systems. When designing the sensor deployment pattern, the network lifetime maximization while covering the given area/targets and forwarding sensor data to a sink node is an important issue. In order to prolong the network lifetime by balancing energy depletion across all sensors, we propose a novel nonuniform sensor distribution strategy. Since sensors located closer to the sink are more involved in data forwarding, sensor densities in different areas should be varied according to the distance to the sink. Based on the nonuniform sensor distribution, we propose sensor deployment patterns to satisfy the coverage and connectivity requirements and prolong the network lifetime. A numerical computation is performed to validate and compare the effectiveness of the proposed deployment patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'U-Business' is a novel type business environment, which can provide various services via many mobile devices. In order to provide personalized service to different users, user model (UM) can play an important role in U-Business. UM reflects some characteristics of users to a certain degree, which is used widely in U-Business, like personalized recommendation, social computing, information retrieval services, and so on. Currently, there are more and more researchers who focus on the building and update of UM based on the activities of people. However, as too many UM appeared, the number of UM in cyber space is increasingly large, which takes a lot of space and cost. Furthermore, after some users disappear in the physic world, their models are still working in the cyber world. This case is not reasonable obviously, but few researches take care about it. Therefore, one of important issues, the death of UM should be taken into account in the whole life-cycle of user model. This paper proposes a specific user modeling method for the Cyber Individuals (Cyber-I) in U-Business. The essential difference between this UM and traditional ones is that it has a life, that is, birth, growth, and demise, like a life-cycle of Cyber-I. Specially, the significance of UM life ending and five states of UM death are described from an organic viewpoint. In addition, there is a framework of the whole life process of UM. Finally, the proposed idea is applied to the field of personalized service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue is devoted to recent research findings in the field of Cyber Physical Systems. The special issue follows 'The IEEE 26th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA-2012)', held at the Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan, March 26-29, 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of wireless communication, the deployment of cyber-physical system (CPS) is increasing day by day. As a cyber physical system involves a tight coupling between the physical and computational components, it is critical to ensure that the system, apart from being secure, is available for both the cyber and physical processes. Traditional methods have generally been employed to defend an infrastructure system against physical threats. However, this does not guarantee that the availability of the system will always be high. In this paper, we propose a multi-cyber (computational unit) framework to improve the availability of CPS based on Markov model. We evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed framework in terms of availability, downtime, downtime cost and reliability of the CPS framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capturing program and data traces during program execution unobtrusively on-the-fly is crucial in debugging and testing of cyber-physical systems. However, tracing a complete program unobtrusively is often cost-prohibitive, requiring large on-chip trace buffers and wide trace ports. This article describes a new hardware-based load data value filtering technique called Cache First-access Tracking. Coupled with an effective variable encoding scheme, this technique achieves a significant reduction of load data value traces, from 5.86 to 56.39 times depending on the data cache size, thus enabling cost-effective, unobtrusive on-thefly tracing and debugging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a Monte-Carlo optimization technique for finding system behaviors that falsify a metric temporal logic (MTL) property. Our approach performs a random walk over the space of system inputs guided by a robustness metric defined by the MTL property. Robustness is guiding the search for a falsifying behavior by exploring trajectories with smaller robustness values. The resulting testing framework can be applied to a wide class of cyber-physical systems (CPS). We show through experiments on complex system models that using our framework can help automatically falsify properties with more consistency as compared to other means, such as uniform sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CPS is a complex system, all the calculation module, communication module, network node, physical entity, including human itself, are regarded as physical components of the system. Since the CPS is a new kind of interconnected system, it's behavior consists of the communication, interaction, and co-operation among its heterogeneous units, therefore, to model and forecast the behavior of CPS is a difficult point. Based on the theory of hybrid system, we proposed a kind of hybrid Petri net (HPN) to analyze the state transformation and behavior of CPS. Through the modeling and quantitative analysis of a typical behavior of the CPS, the communication, collaboration and control of the dynamic behavior of the entities and heterogeneous components are studied, and the simulation results verified the effectiveness of HPN in the state analysis and behavior prediction of CPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The emergence of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) heralds the ubiquitous and autonomous globally interconnected networks of embedded devices with their own means of interaction with the physical environment. The complex interactions with the physical environment significantly increase security risks. Especially, for mission-critical CPSs, sensitive data are closely related to security issues and are accessed only by authorized users. Role based access control is an essential component for protecting CPSs from unauthorized access. However, existing mechanisms are inadequate. We argue that role assignment should not depend on the remaining energy of a node but its reputation. This paper proposes a role-based access control model, R2BAC, for CPSs using reputation. The definitions and evaluation metrics of trust and reputation are given in order to evaluate the behavior of the nodes. Then reputation evaluation scheme and role assignment scheme are presented, respectively. In addition, we give the proofs of correctness and complexity analysis for R2BAC. Eventually, a wide set of simulations are provided to evaluate its performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article assesses the reach of the First Amendment, focusing on whether students can be disciplined for off-campus cyberspeech. It explores the free speech protections afforded by the First Amendment to students and reviews court opinions on cases involving online postings targeted at school administrators and students. It examines the right and abilities of administrators to discipline students for making defamatory and derogatory statements through social networking or cyber posts.

Abstract: Across two studies we show that engaging in violent video game play diminishes perceptions of our own human qualities. In addition, when other players are the targets of this violence it reduces our perceptions of their humanity also. In Study 1, we demonstrate that playing Mortal Kombat against another player reduces the perceived humanity of the self as well as the humanity of one''s opponent (compared to playing a non-violent game). In Study 2 we replicate this effect on perceived humanity of the self when playing a violent game with a co-player. However, we find no dehumanization of co-players who are not the targets of violence. We demonstrate these effects cannot be reduced to mood, self-esteem, gender, or other characteristics of the game such as excitement and enjoyment. The findings provide a broader perspective from which to view previous work on the adverse effects of violent video games. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recently, the integrated control systems with computing, Internet, and the electronic equipment with embedded sensors or identification device, called Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs), have gradually attracted more and more attention in a variety of different areas. It is efficient to manage, control, monitor, and query on machinery, equipment, and personnel state. Based on the CPS technology, creating smart living space becomes an important trend of future development. However, the electronic devices nowadays execute different communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, RF, and infrared, and even some traditional devices have no communication function. As a result, the real-time information and status of devices in smart spaces could not be effectively integrated, and thus will increase the difficulties to establish smart living space with CPSs. To improve this problem, this paper designs and implements an Intelligent Control Box to convert different wireless signals. The developed Intelligent Control Box can be treated as a multiple control platform which integrates the systems of lighting, air conditioning, access control, video surveillance, alarm, and so on, further decreasing the difficulties in establishing smart living space with CPSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is an integration of distributed sensor networks with computational devices. CPS claims many promising applications, such as traffic observation, battlefield surveillance, and sensor-network-based monitoring. One important topic in CPS research is about the atypical event analysis, that is, retrieving the events from massive sensor data and analyzing them with spatial, temporal, and other multidimensional information. Many traditional methods are not feasible for such analysis since they cannot describe the complex atypical events. In this paper, we propose a novel model of atypical cluster to effectively represent such events and efficiently retrieve them from massive data. The basic cluster is designed to summarize an individual event, and the macrocluster is used to integrate the information from multiple events. To facilitate scalable, flexible, and online analysis, the atypical cube is constructed, and a guided clustering algorithm is proposed to retrieve significant clusters in an efficient manner. We conduct experiments on real sensor datasets with the size of more than 50GB; the results show that the proposed method can provide more accurate information with only 15% to 20% time cost of the baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few years, we have witnessed a growing interest in cyber physical systems (CPSs) that rely on a strong synergy between computational and physical components. CPSs are expected to have a tremendous impact on many critical sectors (such as energy, manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and aerospace) of the economy. CPSs have the ability to transform the way human-to-human, human-to-object, and object-to-object interactions take place in the physical and virtual worlds. The increasing pervasiveness of wireless sensor networking (WSN) technologies in many applications makes them an important component of emerging CPS designs. We present some of the most important design requirements of CPS architectures. We discuss key sensor network characteristics that can be leveraged in CPS designs. In addition, we also review a few well-known CPS application domains that depend on WSNs in their design architectures and implementations. Finally, we present some of the challenges that still need to be addressed to enable seamless integration of WSN with CPS designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Technology stems from humanity." This sentence is a good description of modern life. The interaction between humans and physical devices and objects in the real world is gaining more attention and requires a natural and intuitive methodology to employ. Cyber physical systems refer to a new generation of systems that integrate computational and physical capabilities and are capable of interacting with humans through many new modalities. Thus, this study examines the ability of computation, communication, and control technologies to improve human interaction with pets. This study proposes a mobility-aware algorithm to enable digital home technology for pets and implements the proposed system to prove that it meets the needs of pet owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of smart grid, distribution automation system poses new requirements on fault-tolerant capacity. The emerging cyber-physical system provides a revolutionary solution for smart distribution grid. This paper presents a self-healing architecture for distribution automation system based on collaborative diagnosis modeling and gives a macrostructure on the basis of cyber-physical computing to facilitate new computing paradigms in distribution system, and this design is aiming to give suggestion on the issue of distribution automation system's fault recovery. We analyze the feasibility of the model in theory and test it in a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital media are characterized by offering many interactive tools for the audience. However, it is the user who decides what his level of participation is and how makes use of them. In this paper we analyze the case of Formula 1 in the Valencian cybermedia and we look at two types of users: active user and passive user. The active user prefers to participate in the most controversial news and writes comments, mostly when he disagrees with the point of view of the information. In other words, maintaining a combative attitude. For his share, passive user consumes news which deals with lighter themes. In case of political news, he likes to read these ones which strengthen his ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cyber-physical systems, communications, computing, and information about the system's requirements and operational state are used to streamline and fortify physical operations. Techniques exist for assessment, modeling, and simulation of physical and cyber infrastructures, respectively, but such isolated analysis is incapable of fully capturing the interdependencies that occur when they intertwine to create a CPS. Our research seeks to develop models that capture these interdependencies, while accurately reflecting the operation and attributes of the cyber and physical infrastructures. In this paper, we use intelligent water distribution networks (WDNs) as a model problem. We propose an agentbased qualitative model for a WDN, as well as a Markov decision process model, which is quantitatively analyzed using SHARPE. Our models facilitate comparison of the reliability of purely physical systems to their intelligent counterparts - an important task in light of the increasing reliance of critical infrastructure systems on computing and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These recommendations for use of intrusion detection systems products for most network installations, depending on the specific needs of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital ecosystems offer cost-effective digital services that attract and benefit the species within them (i.e., humans, organizations, and computers). As a cornerstone technology for digital information delivery, data broadcast provides a strong backbone for the digital ecosystem infrastructure. Its scalability feature is highly significant for various digital ecosystem applications, including mobile broadcast services. This paper proposes a novel structure and access for mobile data broadcast. The proposed scheme addresses the tradeoff for minimizing query-access and tuning times by specifying a new message structure. Correspondingly, a new access and processing mode for mobile clients is required. We study the effectiveness of the proposed approach in minimizing query-access time while maintaining low tuning time. The results of our experiments are used to make comparisons with existing approaches. The results affirm the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For children growing up in today's world, Information Communication Technologies (ICT) has become a normalised feature of that world. Although ICT offers children wonderful opportunities for learning, it exposes them to risks and dangers unknown to previous generations. This article contends that, as soon as young children begin to engage with cybertechnologies, they should also begin cybersafety education. This should include strategies both to protect the child and to form an understanding of the ethical responsibilities needed for cybercitizenship (Berson & Berson, 2004) when using cybertechnologies. For this education to be effective it is suggested that early childhood centres use a multi-layered approach and work in partnership with parents. This article discusses the potential risks for children and the role of the teacher in cybersafety education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the evidential basis for a cyberworld where cyberlife evolves. It mentions how cyberlife differentiates from traditional pre-cyberlife and explains the infiltration and scope of cyberculture into subjectivity and psyche. It discusses the challenges to the tenets of psychoanalysis and recommends a Freudian take on social and physical impacts of a cyberlife.

The article presents studies related to cyberpsychology including the virtual reality environments to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for criminal violence victims and online psychotherapy and clinical virtual environments for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) treatment. In a study of to treat PTSD for criminal violence victims through Virtual Reality Environment, it is arranged in two phases with the development of four virtual environment related to traumatic events for exposure treatment of PTSD, aiming to expose patient to the memories of the trauma. In a study of online psychotherapy, it describes the development, implementation and evaluation of the project Online Psychotherapy that aims three objectives.

The article presents studies related to cyberpsychology and cybertherapy including a study in Parkinson's disease, influence of the tracking feedback in the users' motor responses and the potential of immersion in stressful 3-D games. In the study of Parkinson's disease, a Virtual Reality (VR) version of the Multiple Errand Test (VMET) is used to evaluate decision making ability in 12 patients and 14 controls. In a study of users' motor responses with and without the use Tracking Feedback to complete movements in Virtual Rehabilitation Therapy, two different conditions (with and without tracking feedback) were applied in 20 patients and analyzed their motor responses.

An interview with American spymaster Mike McConnell is presented. When asked about the threats of cyber-exploitation, he refers to the stealing of information from competitors, denial of service and the prevention from access to information. He mentions the use of internet wherein information can be accessed by few seconds; however, computer networks are susceptible to attacks or exploitation. He cites several countries with excellence in cyber computers including Russia, Israel and France.

Changes in access to data are leading to rapid 'data wealth' in some scientific fields, even as others remain 'data-poor'. Furthermore, the current attention towards developing computer-based infrastructures and digital access to common data sets—the basics of scientific 'cyberinfrastructures'—are too-focused on fields of study characterized by data wealth. To better understand the implications of this twin pursuit of data wealth and cyberinfrastructure, I articulate how data-poor scholarly fields differ from data-rich fields. I then suggest four actions that scholars in data-poor fields can take to improve their work's value to science and society in lieu of being data-rich and propose three design considerations for cyberinfrastructures that can better support data-poor scholarly endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on research on the cybersecurity policy as amended in the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) in the U.S. It agrees with the principles governed by the ECPA for which it protects the privacy and the interest of research entities but asked for an exception for research driven projects. It suggests various measures for improving the data sharing including legal, institutional and technological aspects.

The article discusses the use of community cyberinfrastructure within the science and engineering fields, describing the way such an infrastructure would enable multidisciplinary research, collaboration, and knowledge-sharing. Other topics include a generic and transparent cyberinfrastructure that would foster the significant analysis of data and the more efficient handling of data.

Abstract: This study examined the causal relationships between the number of cyber-friends participants had and their social anxiety or loneliness. We predicted that participants who gave low self-evaluations of physical attractiveness would be able to lower their social anxiety or reduce their loneliness through Internet-based interpersonal relationships. Also, such effects would be more prominent if the cyber-friends were of the opposite sex. A two-wave panel study was conducted with 178 Japanese undergraduate students (63 men and 115 women; mean age was 20.29). Results showed that for those who gave a low evaluation of their physical attractiveness, having a large number of cyber-friends lowered their social anxiety and reduced the loneliness felt in friendships. These effects differed by gender of the cyber-friends. In particular, for those who gave a low evaluation of their physical attractiveness, having a large number of cyber-friends of the same sex had a positive effect on social anxiety. In contrast, cyber-friends of the opposite sex had no effect on social anxiety, but had a complex effect upon loneliness. Namely, while a large number of cyber-friends of the opposite sex reduced the loneliness felt in friendships, it also heightened the loneliness felt in family relationships. Implications of these results for further research and practice are provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Cyberloafing is the personal use of email and the Internet while at work. The purpose of this study is to identify the different forms of cyberloafing and their antecedents. We propose that cyberloafing has two primary forms: minor cyberloafing (e.g., sending and receiving personal email at work) and serious cyberloafing (e.g., online gambling, surfing adult oriented web sites). Additionally, we hypothesize that employees’ perceptions of coworker and supervisor norms supporting cyberloafing are related to minor cyberloafing but not serious cyberloafing. We also hypothesize that external locus of control (i.e., a belief that chance and powerful others determines one’s outcomes), as an antecedent of other counterproductive work behaviors, will be related to both minor and serious cyberloafing. Two hundred and twenty two employed graduate business students were surveyed. Two forms of cyberloafing were identified: one composed of minor cyberloafing behaviors and one composed of the more serious cyberloafing behaviors. As predicted, employees’ perceptions of their coworkers’ and supervisor’s norms were positively related to minor cyberloafing, but not related to serious cyberloafing. Also as predicted, belief in chance was positively related to both minor and serious cyberloafing. A belief in powerful others was not related to minor or serious cyberloafing. Implications for policy development to regulate cyberloafing in organizations are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the contributions of chemistry in e-science, or cyberscholarship. According to the author, e-science supports multidisciplinary science through its tools, while cyberscholarship creates ways on how human and machines can interact, and create innovative knowledge resources. It also discusses the history of the relationship among chemistry and science technology through information about American Chemical Society, Chemical Abstract Service, and social computing, and collaboration.

Purpose - The purpose of his paper is to define the role of cyber-intermediaries based on several theories such as transaction cost analysis, agency, social exchange, and relationship marketing. Design/methodology/approach - This is a conceptual piece that uses arguments from well-established theories in marketing and management Findings - This paper suggests that cyber-intermediaries will continue to add value to the producer-consumer chain, benefiting both the producers and the consumers. Practical implications - The nature and type of products and services will define the role of the intermediary. They may be more useful in the low cost but frequently purchased product categories. Originality/value - The paper presents an integration of existing theories to understand the role of cyber-intermediaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore students' understanding of cyber copyright laws. This study developed a two-tier test with 10 two-level multiple-choice questions. The first tier presented a real-case scenario and asked whether the conduct was acceptable whereas the second-tier provided reasons to justify the conduct. Students in Taiwan (123 college students and 121 high school students) were selected to answer these questions. The results indicated that 66.16% correctly answered the first-tier questions, but only 36.84% students correctly chose the second-tier reasons. The researchers found that college students had significantly higher scores on both tiers than did high school students, but gender made no difference between the two groups. Three alternative conceptions that students have regarding cyber copyright laws were concluded from this study: (1) the Internet content is entirely open for the public to use; (2) the Internet is always free; and (3) all educational use is fair use. Implications of these results for college and high school courses and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article synthesizes a range of sociological views on time and space, and presents a departure point for future research on cyber social reality. Using basic sociological categories of culture, structure, and interaction, the cyber social reality is drawn into a matrix that further illustrates the embeddedness in technology, time, and space. The matrix is a theoretically and empirically grounded tool for exploring, describing, analyzing, and comparing the variety existing within online communities and communication. In the article, the matrix is illustrated step by step to show its inherent dimensions, and in conclusion it is proposed to be a useful systematic for, on the one hand, ensuring ethnographically thick descriptions of online social life, and on the other, comparing the various reality constructions found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, many movies have presented on-screen a struggle between machines and human beings. Typically, the machines have come to rule and threaten the existence of humanity. They must be conquered to ensure the survival of and to secure the freedom of the human race. Although these movies appear to expose the dangers of an autonomous and hegemonic technology and to champion the human being, they do not. Humans do not in the end triumph over technology but merge with the machine. Instead of liberation from technological domination, the movies in question depict as inevitable the total surrender and absorption of humanity to and into technology. These movies lead to a denial of the true conditions of our existence in technology. Many films could serve to illustrate the problem, but this study focuses on two representative film trilogies: The Terminator and The Matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the risk assessment of cybersecurity associated with information technology, systems and services. Information on traditional risk assessment; Process for developing data classification rules; Additional benefits of data classification approach.