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866 results on '"*CROCODYLUS"'

1. SCULPT A REPTILIAN CREATURE WITH BITE.

Author: Jusuf, Richard
Subjects: CROCODYLUS, TEXTURE mapping, SCULPTURE
Abstract: The article provides a step-by-step instruction on the creation process of the 3D character, Crocodylus and covers various stages, including sculpting, adding details, retopology, UV mapping, and texturing.
Published: 2024

2. Ice Age effects on genetic divergence of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) in Panama: reconstructing limits of gene flow and environmental ranges: a reply to O'Dea et al.

Author: Avila-Cervantes, Jose and Larsson, Hans C E
Subjects: *GLACIAL Epoch, *GENE flow, *INTERGLACIALS, *CROCODILES, *GLACIATION, *LAST Glacial Maximum
Abstract: O'Dea et al. (2022) (Pleistocene sea level changes and crocodile population histories on the isthmus of panama: a comment on Avila-Cervantes et al. (2020). Evolution , 76(11), 2778–2783. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14610) question our hypothesis that sea-level changes during the past glaciation played a role in restricting gene flow between Pacific and Caribbean Crocodylus acutus in Panama. They argue that an error in sea-level high-stand reconstruction during the last interglacial period (118–130 ka) does not support our hypothesis. Although they are correct in our high-stand reconstruction error, overlooked the point in that we were presenting a model of restricted gene flow across the Panamanian Isthmus during low sea levels. We review the assumptions of gene demographic methods, emphasizing that we were focusing on times of genetic divergence. We expand here why gene flow between these coastal populations could have been restricted during the last glacial maximum (19–26.5 ka) and the 50,000 years preceding it when sea levels were lower than today. O'Dea et al. suggest local climates may have played larger roles than sea levels. We demonstrate that paleoclimate estimates for the past 3.3 Ma in Panama are within the bounds of extant C. acutus. The importance of Ice Age Sea-level dynamics on Neotropical species was likely profound and should be incorporated into evolutionary studies of these taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2023
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3. How many fathers? Study design implications when inferring multiple paternity in crocodilians.

Subjects: *CROCODILIANS, *PATERNITY, *EXPERIMENTAL design, *ALLELES, *GENOTYPES
Abstract: Up to 10 males were reported to sire clutches of crocodilian eggs but review of the underlying study designs raised questions of potential upward bias of inferred sire numbers. To test this premise, different scenarios were explored using a published dataset of 16 known single‐sire saltwater crocodile pairs and their offspring which were originally confirmed using a 11 loci microsatellite panel in CERVUS. Varying the number of microsatellites, omitting one or both parental genotypes and using different parentage analysis techniques revealed that total allele number, rather than number of loci, determined inferred sire accuracy in two opposing ways. Using the single‐locus minimum method and GERUD, which both require prior knowledge of family groupings (i.e., nests), fewer alleles (and loci) accurately inferred only one father. In contrast, CERVUS and COLONY required all 11 loci (65 alleles) and both parental genotypes to (a) assign correct family groups and (b) infer the correct sire number, except in one family where two sires were equally assigned based on their number of homozygous loci. When less genotype information was provided, CERVUS and COLONY inferred up to six and seven sires, respectively. Given this data is from confirmed single‐sire matings, and yet up to seven sires could be inferred, the significance of inappropriate study design is clearly demonstrated. Consideration should be carefully given to genotype data, particularly those collected specifically for population diversity studies, which are also used to infer multiple paternity because the underlying data collection assumptions are not equivalent between the two outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2022
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4. Detectability and impact of repetitive surveys on threatened West African crocodylians

Author: Michel N. Ahizi, Christine Y. Kouman, Allassane Ouattara, N’Dri Pascal Kouamé, Azani Dede, Emilie Fairet, and Matthew H. Shirley
Subjects: cataphractus, Côte d’Ivoire, Crocodylus, detection probability, Mecistops, niloticus, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Abstract West African crocodylians are among the most threatened and least studied crocodylian species globally. Assessing population status and establishing a basis for population monitoring is the highest priority action for this region. Monitoring of crocodiles is influenced by many factors that affect detectability, including environmental variables and individual‐ or population‐level wariness. We investigated how these factors affect detectability and counts of the critically endangered Mecistops cataphractus and the newly recognized Crocodylus suchus. We implemented 195 repetitive surveys at 38 sites across Côte d’Ivoire between 2014 and 2019. We used an occupancy‐based approach and a count‐based GLMM analysis to determine the effect of environmental and anthropogenic variables on detection and modeled crocodile wariness over repetitive surveys. Despite their rarity and level of threat, detection probability of both species was relatively high (0.75 for M. cataphractus and 0.81 for C. suchus), but a minimum of two surveys were required to infer absence of either species with 90% confidence. We found that detection of M. cataphractus was significantly negatively influenced by fishing net encounter rate, while high temperature for the previous 48 h of the day of the survey increased C. suchus detection. Precipitation and aquatic vegetation had significant negative and positive influence, respectively, on M. cataphractus counts and showed the opposite effect for C. suchus counts. We also found that fishing encounter rate had a significant negative effect on C. suchus counts. Interestingly, survey repetition did not generally affect wariness for either species, though there was some indication that at least M. cataphractus was more wary by the fourth replicate. These results are informative for designing future survey and monitoring protocols for these threatened crocodylians in West Africa and for other endangered crocodylians globally.
Published: 2021
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5. How many fathers? Study design implications when inferring multiple paternity in crocodilians

Author: Sally R. Isberg
Subjects: Alligator, Caiman, crocodilian, Crocodylus, microsatellites, multiple paternity, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Abstract Up to 10 males were reported to sire clutches of crocodilian eggs but review of the underlying study designs raised questions of potential upward bias of inferred sire numbers. To test this premise, different scenarios were explored using a published dataset of 16 known single‐sire saltwater crocodile pairs and their offspring which were originally confirmed using a 11 loci microsatellite panel in CERVUS. Varying the number of microsatellites, omitting one or both parental genotypes and using different parentage analysis techniques revealed that total allele number, rather than number of loci, determined inferred sire accuracy in two opposing ways. Using the single‐locus minimum method and GERUD, which both require prior knowledge of family groupings (i.e., nests), fewer alleles (and loci) accurately inferred only one father. In contrast, CERVUS and COLONY required all 11 loci (65 alleles) and both parental genotypes to (a) assign correct family groups and (b) infer the correct sire number, except in one family where two sires were equally assigned based on their number of homozygous loci. When less genotype information was provided, CERVUS and COLONY inferred up to six and seven sires, respectively. Given this data is from confirmed single‐sire matings, and yet up to seven sires could be inferred, the significance of inappropriate study design is clearly demonstrated. Consideration should be carefully given to genotype data, particularly those collected specifically for population diversity studies, which are also used to infer multiple paternity because the underlying data collection assumptions are not equivalent between the two outcomes.
Published: 2022
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6. Taking the bait: Developing a bait delivery system to target free‐ranging crocodiles and varanid lizards with a novel conservation strategy.

Author: Aiyer, Abhilasha, Bunuba Rangers, Bell, Tina, Shine, Richard, Somaweera, Ruchira, Bruny, Miles, and Ward‐Fear, Georgia
Subjects: *CROCODILES, *RHINELLA marina, *FISHING baits, *LIZARDS, *CAPTIVE wild animals, *BODY size
Abstract: In tropical Australia, conditioned taste aversion (CTA) can buffer vulnerable native predators from the invasion of a toxic prey species (cane toads, Rhinella marina). Thus, we need to develop methods to deploy aversion‐inducing baits in the field, in ways that maximize uptake by vulnerable species (but not other taxa). We constructed and field‐tested baiting devices, in situ with wild animals. Apparatus were set next to waterbodies and baited concurrently at multiple locations (over water, water's edge, and on the bank). Baits were checked and replaced twice daily during the trial; remote cameras recorded visitation by native predators. Bait longevity was compared at sun‐exposed and shaded locations over 12 h. The strength required to remove baits from apparatus was measured in varanids and crocodiles. The device promoted high rates of bait uptake by freshwater crocodiles (47% baits consumed), varanid lizards (19% baits consumed), and non‐target taxa (34% baits consumed). Targeting specific predators can be achieved by manipulating bait location and time of deployment, as well as the force required to dislodge the bait. Crocodiles were best targeted with over‐water baits, whereas varanid lizards preferred baits located at the edges of waterbodies. When testing bait longevity in ambient conditions, during the daytime baits desiccated fully within 12 h, and faster in the sun than in the shade. Based on studies using captive animals, the "pulling force" strength of reptilian predators scaled with body size and was greater in crocodiles than in varanid lizards. We present the first conservation baiting protocol designed specifically for reptiles. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of widespread and taxon‐specific deployment of aversion‐inducing baits to buffer the impacts of invasive cane toads, and our methods are applicable (with modification) to other research and management programs globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2022
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7. Taking the bait: Developing a bait delivery system to target free‐ranging crocodiles and varanid lizards with a novel conservation strategy

Author: Abhilasha Aiyer, Bunuba Rangers, Tina Bell, Richard Shine, Ruchira Somaweera, Miles Bruny, and Georgia Ward‐Fear
Subjects: Bufo marinus, conditioned taste aversion, Crocodylus, invasive species, Varanus, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract: Abstract In tropical Australia, conditioned taste aversion (CTA) can buffer vulnerable native predators from the invasion of a toxic prey species (cane toads, Rhinella marina). Thus, we need to develop methods to deploy aversion‐inducing baits in the field, in ways that maximize uptake by vulnerable species (but not other taxa). We constructed and field‐tested baiting devices, in situ with wild animals. Apparatus were set next to waterbodies and baited concurrently at multiple locations (over water, water's edge, and on the bank). Baits were checked and replaced twice daily during the trial; remote cameras recorded visitation by native predators. Bait longevity was compared at sun‐exposed and shaded locations over 12 h. The strength required to remove baits from apparatus was measured in varanids and crocodiles. The device promoted high rates of bait uptake by freshwater crocodiles (47% baits consumed), varanid lizards (19% baits consumed), and non‐target taxa (34% baits consumed). Targeting specific predators can be achieved by manipulating bait location and time of deployment, as well as the force required to dislodge the bait. Crocodiles were best targeted with over‐water baits, whereas varanid lizards preferred baits located at the edges of waterbodies. When testing bait longevity in ambient conditions, during the daytime baits desiccated fully within 12 h, and faster in the sun than in the shade. Based on studies using captive animals, the “pulling force” strength of reptilian predators scaled with body size and was greater in crocodiles than in varanid lizards. We present the first conservation baiting protocol designed specifically for reptiles. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of widespread and taxon‐specific deployment of aversion‐inducing baits to buffer the impacts of invasive cane toads, and our methods are applicable (with modification) to other research and management programs globally.
Published: 2022
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8. Evaluation of the use of drones to monitor a diverse crocodylian assemblage in West Africa.

Author: Aubert, Clément, Le Moguédec, Gilles, Assio, Cindy, Blatrix, RumsaÏs, N'dédéAhizi, Michel, Hedegbetan, Georges Codjo, Kpera, Nathalie Gnanki, Lapeyre, Vincent, Martin, Damien, Labbé, Pierrick, and Shirley, Matthew H.
Abstract: Context. West African crocodylian populations are declining and in need of conservation action. Surveys and other monitoring methods are critical components of crocodile conservation programs; however, surveys are often hindered by logistical, financial and detectability constraints. Increasingly used in wildlife monitoring programs, drones can enhance monitoring and conservation efficacy. Aims. This study aimed to determine a standard drone crocodylian survey protocol and evaluate the drones as a tool to survey the diverse crocodylian assemblage of West Africa. Methods. We surveyed crocodile populations in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, and Niger in 2017 and 2018, by using the DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone and via traditional diurnal and nocturnal spotlight surveys. We used a series of test flights to first evaluate the impact of drones on crocodylian behaviour and determine standard flight parameters that optimise detectability. We then, consecutively, implemented the three survey methods at 23 sites to compare the efficacy of drones against traditional crocodylian survey methods. Key results. Crocodylus suchus can be closely approached (>10 m altitude) and consumer-grade drones do not elicit flight responses in West African large mammals and birds at altitudes of >40-60 m. Altitude and other flight parameters did not affect detectability, because high-resolution photos allowed accurate counting. Observer experience, field conditions (e.g. wind, sun reflection), and site characteristics (e.g. vegetation, homogeneity) all significantly affected detectability. Drone-based crocodylian surveys should be implemented from 40 m altitude in the first third of the day. Comparing survey methods, drones performed better than did traditional diurnal surveys but worse than standard nocturnal spotlight counts. The latter not only detected more individuals, but also a greater size-class diversity. However, drone surveys provide advantages over traditional methods, including precise size estimation, less disturbance, and the ability to cover greater and more remote areas. Drone survey photos allow for repeatable and quantifiable habitat assessments, detection of encroachment and other illegal activities, and leave a permanent record. Conclusions. Overall, drones offer a valuable and cost-effective alternative for surveying crocodylian populations with compelling secondary benefits, although they may not be suitable in all cases and for all species. Implications. We propose a standardised and optimised protocol for drone-based crocodylian surveys that could be used for sustainable conservation programs of crocodylians in West Africa and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2022
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9. The stuffed crocodile of 'Castel Nuovo' in Naples (Italy): new insights from ancient DNA and radiocarbon

Author: T. Fioravanti, E. Casafredda, A. Splendiani, and V. Caputo Barucchi
Subjects: ancient dna, crocodylus, radiocarbon dating, species identification, taxidermy, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract: In the present study, a stuffed crocodile displayed for centuries at the “Castel Nuovo” (New Castle) in Naples was radiocarbon dated and examined using ancient DNA analysis. The specimen was classified as Crocodylus niloticus based on its large body size and the mitochondrial DNA haplotype obtained, already described for a living population in Lake Nasser (Egypt). Radiocarbon analysis indicated an age of 585 ± 40 14C year BP, which coincides with the end of the Middle Ages. These results are commented in the light of Medieval religious symbolism and ancient legends which link the crocodile to the history of Naples during the mid-fifteenth century. The data obtained seem to confirm the explanation found in an old guidebook to Naples, according to which the stuffed crocodile was offered by a soldier returning from Egypt as an ex-voto to the image of the “Madonna del Parto” in the chapel of the castle. In addition, the radiocarbon dating shows that the individual analysed could be the oldest taxidermied vertebrate in Europe.
Published: 2020
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10. Detectability and impact of repetitive surveys on threatened West African crocodylians.

Author: Ahizi, Michel N., Kouman, Christine Y., Ouattara, Allassane, Kouamé, N'Dri Pascal, Dede, Azani, Fairet, Emilie, and Shirley, Matthew H.
Subjects: *FISHING nets, *HIGH temperatures, *CROCODILES
Abstract: West African crocodylians are among the most threatened and least studied crocodylian species globally. Assessing population status and establishing a basis for population monitoring is the highest priority action for this region. Monitoring of crocodiles is influenced by many factors that affect detectability, including environmental variables and individual‐ or population‐level wariness. We investigated how these factors affect detectability and counts of the critically endangered Mecistops cataphractus and the newly recognized Crocodylus suchus. We implemented 195 repetitive surveys at 38 sites across Côte d'Ivoire between 2014 and 2019. We used an occupancy‐based approach and a count‐based GLMM analysis to determine the effect of environmental and anthropogenic variables on detection and modeled crocodile wariness over repetitive surveys. Despite their rarity and level of threat, detection probability of both species was relatively high (0.75 for M. cataphractus and 0.81 for C. suchus), but a minimum of two surveys were required to infer absence of either species with 90% confidence. We found that detection of M. cataphractus was significantly negatively influenced by fishing net encounter rate, while high temperature for the previous 48 h of the day of the survey increased C. suchus detection. Precipitation and aquatic vegetation had significant negative and positive influence, respectively, on M. cataphractus counts and showed the opposite effect for C. suchus counts. We also found that fishing encounter rate had a significant negative effect on C. suchus counts. Interestingly, survey repetition did not generally affect wariness for either species, though there was some indication that at least M. cataphractus was more wary by the fourth replicate. These results are informative for designing future survey and monitoring protocols for these threatened crocodylians in West Africa and for other endangered crocodylians globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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11. A study on the oral and cloacal bacterial flora of Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) in the Negour protected area, Iran.

Author: Gholamhosseini, Amin, Sharifiyazdi, Hassan, Rakhshaninejad, Mostafa, Soltanian, Siyavash, Salighehzadeh, Reza, and Kordestani, Hesamodin
Subjects: CROCODYLUS, LACTOCOCCUS, POLYMERASE chain reaction, BACTERIAL diversity, ANTIBACTERIAL agents, PROTECTED areas
Abstract: Mugger crocodile is the only crocodile existing in Iran. The present study was aimed to investigate the bacterial flora in oral and cloacal cavities of wild Mugger crocodiles in Negour protected area, Iran. The isolation and molecular characterization of oral and cloacal bacterial flora were performed in 22 Mugger crocodiles captured in Negour protected area, Iran. Ten bacterial species from all oral samples and six bacterial species from all cloacal samples were recovered. The most commonly isolated bacteria in oral samples were Burkholderia contaminans and Lactococcus garvieae, respectively; whereas, in cloacal samples, it was Lactococcus lactis. It is likely that the isolated bacteria would pose a threat to both crocodiles and humans health. It can threaten crocodiles during stressful conditions; while, humans would be susceptible if they are bitten by crocodiles, consume their meat or spend time near their natural environment. This study provides useful information about bacterial diversity which could help to select the most appropriate anti-bacterial when dealing with infections caused by crocodiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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12. Effect of the Central American Isthmus on gene flow and divergence of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus).

Author: Avila‐Cervantes, Jose, Arias, Carlos, Venegas‐Anaya, Miryam, Vargas, Marta, Larsson, Hans C. E., and McMillan, W. Owen
Subjects: *AMERICAN crocodile, *GENE flow, *LAST Glacial Maximum
Abstract: The final formation of the Central American Isthmus (CAI) about 3.5 million years ago altered global ocean circulation, connected North and South America terrestrial biotas, and established the Caribbean Sea. The nature of this event creates a natural scenario to test vicariance, divergence, and speciation by allopatry. Studies have shown the effect of the CAI on marine and terrestrial species, but none have examined a large‐bodied amphibious taxon. We used RAD sequencing on populations of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) to study the genomic variation of C. acutus on both sides of the CAI, infer its demographic history, and measure the effect of the opening of the Panama Canal. Our results showed three genomic clusters: (1) Caribbean and the Panama Canal, (2) Pacific coast, and (3) Coiba island. The estimated divergence times between the Caribbean and Pacific populations are about 20,000 years ago, which is younger than the formation of the CAI, coinciding with the Last Glacial Maximum. We hypothesize the glacial/interglacial cycles facilitated gene flow between the Caribbean and Pacific crocodile populations after the formation of the CAI, masking any genomic divergence the CAI may have caused. There is no evidence of gene flow associated with the opening of the Panama Canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2021
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13. The stuffed crocodile of "Castel Nuovo" in Naples (Italy): new insights from ancient DNA and radiocarbon.

Author: Fioravanti, T., Casafredda, E., Splendiani, A., and Caputo Barucchi, V.
Subjects: *FOSSIL DNA, *CARBON isotopes, *CROCODILES, *RADIOCARBON dating, *BODY size, *MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
Abstract: In the present study, a stuffed crocodile displayed for centuries at the "Castel Nuovo" (New Castle) in Naples was radiocarbon dated and examined using ancient DNA analysis. The specimen was classified as Crocodylus niloticus based on its large body size and the mitochondrial DNA haplotype obtained, already described for a living population in Lake Nasser (Egypt). Radiocarbon analysis indicated an age of 585 ± 40 14C year BP, which coincides with the end of the Middle Ages. These results are commented in the light of Medieval religious symbolism and ancient legends which link the crocodile to the history of Naples during the mid-fifteenth century. The data obtained seem to confirm the explanation found in an old guidebook to Naples, according to which the stuffed crocodile was offered by a soldier returning from Egypt as an ex-voto to the image of the "Madonna del Parto" in the chapel of the castle. In addition, the radiocarbon dating shows that the individual analysed could be the oldest taxidermied vertebrate in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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14. People's perceptions of crocodiles in Nigeria.

Author: Eniang, Edem A., Akani, Godfrey C., Dendi, Daniele, Fa, John E., and Luiselli, Luca
Subjects: *OSTEOLAEMUS tetraspis, *CROCODILES, *CROCODYLUS
Published: 2020
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15. Crocodylus porosus Schneider 1801

Author: Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y., and Lim, Kelvin K. P.
Subjects: Crocodylia, Reptilia, Crocodylus porosus, Crocodylidae, Animalia, Biodiversity, Chordata, Crocodylus, Taxonomy
Abstract: Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 — Native. Crocodilus porosus Schneider, 1801: 159–160. Lectotype: ZMB 278, designated by Wermuth (1954: 485); paralectotypes (2): ZFMK 40955–56, according to B̂hme (2010: 107); type material as “cited by Schneider (1801) included this specimen [lectotype] from the Bloch collection, three specimens from the &Gcirc;ttingen Museum [the two paralectotypes], and specimens figured by Seba (1734: pl. 104, fig. 12) and Knorr (1766: vol. 2: pl. 5, fig. 4)” according to Bauer & &Gcedil;nther (2006: 245). Type locality: None stated/traced; later designated as “the East Indies” by Deraniyagala (1939: 278); later restricted to “ India ” via lectotype designation; later restricted to “Mainland of Hither India ” by Wermuth (1960: 26); later restricted to “ Ceylon ” (= Sri Lanka) by Mertens (1960: 271). Estuarine Crocodile (Figure 7G) Singapore records. Crocodilus porosus — Cantor, 1847a: 622.— Cantor, 1847c: 1067.— Boulenger, 1889a: 285.— Flower, 1896: 862 (Pandan River; Serangoon).— Hanitsch, 1898: 9.— Flower, 1899: 623, 625 (Tanjong Pagar Wharf [= Tanjong Pagar Terminal]).—Ridley, 1899: 189.—Hanitsch, 1908: 40.— Hanitsch, 1912b: 14.— de Rooij, 1915: 337–338.—D.S. Johnson, 1964: 25 (Jurong-Pandan Area).— Chuang, 1973: 3.— Harrison & Tham, 1973: 253.—L.M. Chou et al., 1980: 71.—L.M. Chou & T.J. Lam, 1989: 92.—D.S. Johnson, 1992: 34. “Alligators”—Oxley, 1849: 596. “[A]lligators”— Crawfurd, 1856: 398. Crocodilus biporcatus —M̧ller, 1878: 749. “Crocodile”— Knight, 1887: 99 (“Ponggol-river” [= Sungei Punggol]).— Moulton, 1922: 567 (Pandan River).—K. Lim, 1989h: 40.—M.E.Y. Low & Pocklington, 2019: 20. Crocodylus porosus —Sharma, 1973: 233.—F.L.K. Lim, 1984: 18.— Gremli, 1988: 62.—K. Lim & F. Lim, 1988c: 75 (Woodlands).—K. Lim, 1989e: 39 (Sungei Seletar Reservoir).—K. Lim, 1990a: 11 (Sungei Buloh Bird Sanctuary [= SBWR]).—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 56.—K.K.P. Lim, 1991a: 4 (Sungei Seminei [Pulau Tekong]).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 123–124, 151.— K.K.P. Lim & Subharaj, 1992: 9 (Kranji Reservoir; Marina East).—P.K.L. Ng, 1992a: 143.—P.K.L. Ng, 1992b: 143.—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 105.—K.K.P. Lim, 1994b: 224, 331.—J.K.Y. Low et al., 1994: 158.—K. Lim, 1995: 19 (Johor Straits [Woodlands]; Pulau Seletar; Punggol Estuary).— P.K.L. Ng et al., 1995: 124.—R. Subaraj, 1995: 33, 36 (Pulau Ubin).—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 392 (MacRitchie Reservoir; Upper Seletar Reservoir).—Sharma, 1998: 149.—Chan-ard et al., 1999: 41.—P.K.L. Ng & Sivasothi, 1999: 147.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 151.— Anonymous, 2003: 32, 93 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—E.K. Chua, 2007b: 165.—K.K.P. Lim et al., 2008: 173, 266 (Kallang River Estuary; Kranji Reservoir; Pulau Tekong; Singapore River Estuary; Seletar Reservoir; Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 121, 159.— Das, 2010: 166.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2008: 170.—T.H. Ng & K.K.P. Lim, 2010: 119 (Lower Seletar Reservoir; Sarimbun Reservoir).—H.T.W. Tan et al., 2010: 1117.—Webb et al., 2010: 99.—L.M. Chou, 2011: 75.—M.A.H. Chua, 2011: 278 (Semakau Landfill [PS]).—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 281.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 121, 159.— Davison et al., 2012: 88.— Jaafar et al., 2012: 82.—M.F.C. Ng, 2012: 146.—M. Ng & Mendyk, 2012: 34–37 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—The Straits Times, 2014 (East Coast Park; “Strait of Johor off Admiralty Road”; Sungei Buloh [= SBWR]; Sungei Seletar Reservoir [= LS]; Tampines River canal [= Sungei Tampines]).— Chan-ard et al., 2015: 296.—T. Lim, 2015: 36 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—K.K.P. Lim, 2016: 176 (Pulau Tekong).—L. Lam, 2017 (National Sailing Centre [= ECP]).—A. Tan, 2017 (Sungei Tampines).—W. Wong, 2017: 81.— Fukuda et al., 2018: 812.—M.L. Kwak et al., 2019a: 128 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—M.E.Y. Low & Pocklington, 2019: 192.—Mumpuni et al., 2019: 85.—Pocklington, 2019: 5–24 (Kallang River; Lim Chu Kang; Potong Pasir; Punggol; “Rochore” River; Sungei Kadut; Whampoa River).— Begum, 2019 (Sungei Kadut).—Z. Tee, 2019b (Lower Seletar Reservoir).—J. Aw & M.E.Y. Low, 2020: 26.—Pocklington, 2021: 46–70 (“14th mile, East Coast” [= Changi]; Anson Road; Arthur Road; Balai Quarry, Pulau Ubin; Berlayer Hill [= LNR]; “Between Fairy Point and Pulo Obin” [= SJ]; Boon Lay Road [= Jalan Boon Lay]; Botanic Gardens Lake [= Swan Lake, SBG]; Bukit Chermin; Bukit Sembawang; “Canal alongside Campong Java Road” [= Sungei Rochor]; Causeway, Johore Straits [= SJ]; Central Beach, Sentosa [= Pulau Blakang Mati]; “Chan Chu-Kang, Selitar” [= Sungei Seletar]; “Changhie” [= Changi]; Changi Beach Park; Changi Ferry [= Changi Point Ferry Terminal]; Changi Road; Chinese Garden Lake [= Jurong Lake]; Chinese Swimming Club [= Tanjong Katong]; Chua Chu Kang; Crescent Road; Dalhousie Pier [= Asian Civilisations Museum Green]; “Diving stage, Swimming Club” [= Tanjong Rhu]; East Coast beach [= ECP]; Esplanade; Fort Road; Garden Club, Katong [= Tanjong Katong]; Gaylang [= Geylang]; Gaylang River [= Sungei Geylang]; Geylang Swamp, Grove Estate [= Chung Cheng Lake]; Harbour [= Keppel Harbour]; “Harbour, Master Attendant’s pier” [= Collyer Quay]; Impounding Reservoir [= MacRitchie Reservoir]; “In river close to Adamson, Gilfilan and Co’s godown” [= Collyer Quay]; “In sea off the Causeway” [= SJ]; Jalan Teck Whye; Johor Strait [= SJ]; “Johore Straits near Kranji” [= SJ]; “Johore Straits near Senoko Way” [= SJ]; Jurong; Jurong Lake; Jurong Prawn Ponds [= Sungei Jurong]; Jurong River [= Sungei Jurong]; Jurong Road; Kallang Basin [= Mountbatten Road]; Kallang District [= Kallang]; Kallang River [= Sungei Kallang]; Kampong Java Road; Kampong Pond, Kankar Fishing Village [= Sungei Serangoon]; Katong [= Tanjong Katong]; Katong Lake [= Chung Cheng Lake]; “Katong, near the Swimming Club” [= Tanjong Katong]; Katong Park; Keppel Harbour; Khatib Bongsu [= KBNP]; Kranji; Kranji Dam; “Kranji extension” (Sungei Buloh WR) [= KCNP]; Kranji Nature Trail [= KCNP]; Kranji Reservoir; Kranji River [= Sungei Kranji]; “Kranji River to Bukit Timah” [= Sungei Pang Sua]; Kranji Sports Fishing Ground [= KR]; Kranji Way; Kuala Johore [= SJ]; Lim Chu Kang; Lim Chu Kang Fish Farm; Lim Chu Kang Jetty; Lorong Chuntum [= Lor Lada Hitam]; Lorong Gambas; Lorong Halus; MacRitchie Reservoir; Marina East; Marina Reservoir; McPherson Road; “Mouth of small river between Changie and Pasir Ris” [= Sungei Selarang]; “Mr Lim Koh Eng’s bungalow, 6¾ mile, Pasir Panjang” [= WCP]; “Muddy creek running past Ice Works at Sirangoon, 3rd milestone” [= Sungei Rochor]; “Nearby river of Jalan Gemala off Lim Chu Kang” [= Sungei Simpang Mak Wai]; Pandan River [= Sungei Pandan]; Park Road; “Pasa Labar” [= Pasir Laba]; Pasir Panjang; Pasir Panjang Beach; Pasir Panjang Road; Pasir Ris Beach; Pasir Ris Park; Ponggol [= Punggol]; Pongol [= Punggol]; Pongol Beach [= Punggol Beach]; Pongol River [= Sungei Ponggol]; Pongol Road [= Punggol Road]; Powder Magazine [= Alkaff Quay]; Pulau Buloh; Pulau Retan Laut [= Pasir Panjang Terminal]; Pulau Saigon [= Sungei Singapore]; Pulau Seletar; Pulau Tekong, Sungei Seminei [= PT]; Pulau Tekong Besar; Pulo Obin quarry [= Pekan Quarry]; Pulau Ubin Jetty; Pulo Sirimbun [= Pulau Sarimbun]; Pulo Tekong [= PT]; Punggol Estuary; Raffles Country Club; “River off Lim Chu Kang” [= Sungei Kangkar]; River Valley Road; Robertson Quay; Robinson Road; Rochore Canal [= Sungei Rochor]; Rochore River [= Sungei Rochor]; Sarimbun Reservoir; “Seabeach opposite old Fort near Swimming Club, Katong” [= Tanjong Katong]; Sea View Hotel [= Tanjong Katong]; Seletar; Seletar Reservoir; Semakau Landfill [= PS]; “Sembawang waters” [= Sembawang Park Fishing Pier]; Serangong [= Serangoon]; Serangoon River [= Sungei Serangoon]; Serangoon Swamp (near Lavender Street) [= Bendemeer]; “Side of Grove Road” [= Tanjong Rhu]; “Side of the river in Pongol” [= Sungei Serangoon]; Siglap; Singapore River [= Sungei Singapore]; Sirangoon [= Serangoon]; Sirangoon River [= Sungei Serangoon]; “Small lake in the plantation at McPherson Road” [= Potong Pasir]; “Southeastern coast line” [= Singapore Strait]; St John’s Island [= Pulau Sekijang Bendera]; Straits of Johore [= SJ]; Straits of Singapura [= SJ]; Sungei Battu Belyhar [= Berlayer Creek]; Sungei Buloh [= SBWR]; Sungei Buloh Besar; Sungei Buloh Bird’s Sanctuary [= SBWR]; Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve; Sungei Jurong; Sungei Jurong Road [= Jurong Canal Drive]; Sungei Kadut; Sungei Kechil, Serangoon Road [= Sungei Whampoa]; Sungei Kranji; Sungei Pandan; Sungei Seletar Reservoir [= Lower Seletar Reservoir]; Sungei Sembawang; Sungei Tampines; “Swamp near 6th milestone, Swimming Club” [= Tanjong Katong]; Tampines; Tampines farm; Tampines River Canal [= Sungei Tampines]; Tanglin Barracks; Thompson Road [= WNP]; Tanjong Balai [= Pulau Ubin]; Tanjong Katong; Tanjong Kling; Tanjong Pagar; Tanjong Pagar Wharf [= Tanjong Pagar Terminal]; Tanjong Rhoo [= Tanjong Rhu]; Tanjong Rhu; Telok Mata Ikan [= Changi South Ave 3]; Tengah Reservoir; Tengah Reservoir Golf Course [= Raffles Country Club]; “Thompson Road Stream” [= TRF]; Thomson Road; “Trafalgar Estate, cocoa-nut plantation” [= Buangkok]; Tuas; Tuas River [= Tengah Reservoir]; Tuas Shipyard; Ulu Pandan River [= Sungei Pandan]; Ulu Sungei Pongol [= Sungei Punggol]; Upper Seletar Reservoir; Vaughan Road; Victoria Dry Dock [= Tanjong Pagar Terminal]; West Coast Rise; West Coast Road; Whampoa River [= Sungei Whampoa]; Wilkinson Road; Woodlands Causeway; Woodlands Town Garden [= Marsiling Park]; Woodlands Town Park [= Woodlands Town Park East]; Woodlands Waterfront Park).—E.K. Chua, 2022: 57 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— Kurniawan et al., 2022: 108.—M.L. Kwak & A. Ng, 2022: 929. “Estuarine crocodile”—Qing, 2021 (East Coast Park).— Lean, 2022a (“Lim Chu Kang waters between S’pore & M’sia”).—Zheng, 2022a (“Choa Chu Kang canal”). Remarks. Recently, there were two books published on crocodiles in Singapore. The first is Buayapura (Pocklington 2019), a short historical and philosophical examination of C. porosus that imparts that the first mention of crocodiles from Singapore comes from the book, Hikayat Hang Tuah, which was written between 1641 and 1739. In there, the author declared that “…the Straits of Singapura was infested with man-eating crocodiles…” (Pocklington 2019). This represents the earliest reference of any herpetofauna from Singapore, and although no specimen was collected and no description was provided, we can be assured that the identity of the species was C. porosus since it is the only native crocodilian to Singapore. The second book, Beast, Guardian, Island: The Saltwater Crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 ) in Singapore, 1819–2017, explored human interactions with crocodiles in Singapore, and collated newspaper records between 1819 and 2017 providing the most comprehensive historical distribution and analysis for any herpetofauna species in Singapore (Pocklington 2021). Prior to the first report of C. porosus from Singapore in the scientific literature (Cantor 1847a), Pocklington (2021) listed two additional earlier records. The first is from sometime between 1819 and 1823 and involves a crocodile Farquhar hung from a fig tree along the Rochor River that ate his dog. The second was of a crocodile that ate someone along the Rochor Canal in March 1842. Early in history, C. porosus was considered quite abundant (Flower 1899), but due to coastal development and a government initiative to rid Singapore of crocodiles (Sharma 1973; Pocklington 2021), this species became quite rare and was even considered extinct (Chuang 1964; Lim 1984; Webb et al. 2010). Correspondingly, the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group assigned C. porosus as regionally extinct in Singapore in 1996 (Pocklington 2021). In the scientific literature, after Moulton (1921) reported an “ 11 ft. ” specimen that was killed in the Pandan River and donated by Choo Seng Yen, C. porosus was not reported from Singapore until 43 years later (Table 2) by Johnson (1964) who described it as rare, but noted that some individuals were occasionally seen in the Jurong-Pandan area. Shortly thereafter is when Chuang (1973) classified C. porosus as extinct. Thereupon, wild individuals from the early 1990s were believed to be a mixture of escaped individuals from breeding farms and abandoned pets (Teo & Rajathurai 1997; Ng & Lim 2010). Sharma (1973) remarks that the Singapore population may have been sustained by individuals swimming over from Johor Bahru, Malaysia. However, Pocklington (2021) discloses a conflicting reality, one where C. porosus was still frequently encountered. Thus, there appears to be no credible evidence that C. porosus was ever truly extinct in Singapore (Pocklington 2021). Although, C. porosus once occupied much of Singapore (Pocklington 2021), today the only resident population persists in SBWR. Yet, the first record from SBWR is only from November 1990 (Lim 1990a; Pocklington 2021). On occasion, some individuals will stray away from SBWR to explore new areas such as one sighted at LS in July 1989, one seen at ECP in December 1992, one seen swimming in the Straits of Johor off Admiralty Road in June 1995, one seen at Sungei Tampines in August 2008 (The Straits Times 2014), one photographed basking along Sungei Tampines on 1 August 2017 (Tan 2017), likely the same individual seen in a drain adjacent to the National Sailing Centre at ECP on 8 November 2017, one seen at LSR on 23 February 2019 (Tee 2019b), one found in Sungei Kadut drain on 21 June 2019 (Begum 2019), one filmed at ECP near Fort Road on 5 October 2021 (Qing 2021), and one floating in Choa Chu Kang canal on 16 May 2022 (Zheng 2022a). Given the extent of reclamation, urban development, and barriers such as dams, sluice gates, litter traps, and float booms restricting access inland along waterways, it seems unlikely that C. porosus will establish populations elsewhere in Singapore. Occurrence. Restricted to a few confined locations. Uncommon. SBWR represents the stronghold. Singapore conservation status. Critically Endangered. Conservation priority. Highest. IUCN conservation status. Least Concern [2021]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH 1883.11.28.3–12 (no date), ZRC.2.304– ZRC. 2.306 (8-22-1897); Sungei Seletar Reservoir [USR] : ZRC.2.2556 (1988); Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve : ZRC.2.6841– ZRC.2.6843, ZRC.2.6848 (8-Apr-2009). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): NMW, RBINS, ROM, SAMA, ZMB. Singapore localities. Alkaff Quay*—Anson Road*—Arthur Road*—Asian Civilisations Museum Green*— Berlayer Creek*—Bendemeer*—Buangkok*—Bukit Chermin*—Bukit Sembawang*—Changi*— Changi Beach Park*—Changi Point Ferry Terminal*—Changi Road*—Changi South Ave 3*—Choa Chu Kang*—Chung Cheng Lake*—Collyer Quay*—Crescent Road*—East Coast Park*—Esplanade*—Fort Road*—Geylang*—Jalan Boon Lay*—Jalan Teck Whye*—Jurong*—Jurong Canal Drive*—Jurong Lake*—Jurong-Pandan Area*—Jurong Road*—Kallang*—Kampong Java Road*—Katong Park*— Keppel Harbour*—Khatib Bongsu Nature Park—Kranji—Kranji Coastal Nature Park—Kranji Dam— Kranji Reservoir*—Kranji Way—Labrador Nature Reserve*—Lim Chu Kang—Lim Chu Kang Fish Farm*—Lim Chu Kang Jetty—Lor Lada Hitam*—Lorong Gambas*—Lorong Halus*—Lower Seletar Reservoir*—MacRitchie Reservoir*—Marina East*— Marina Reservoir *—Marsiling Park*—McPherson Road*—Mountbatten Road*—Park Road*—Pasir Laba*—Pasir Panjang*—Pasir Panjang Beach*— Pasir Panjang Road*—Pasir Panjang Terminal*—Pasir Ris Beach*—Pasir Ris Park*—Pekan Quarry*— Potong Pasir*—Pulau Blakang Mati*—Pulau Buloh—Pulau Sarimbun—Pulau Sekijang Bendera*— Pulau Seletar*—Pulau Semakau*—Pulau Tekong*—Pulau Tekong Besar*—Pulau Ubin*—Pulau Ubin Jetty*—Punggol*—Punggol Beach*—Punggol Estuary*—Punggol Road*—Raffles Country Club*— River Valley Road*—Robertson Quay*—Robinson Road*—Sarimbun Reservoir*—Seletar*—Seletar Reservoir*—Sembawang Park Fishing Pier—Serangoon*—Siglap*—Singapore Botanic Gardens*— Singapore Strait*—Sungei Buloh Besar—Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve—Sungei Geylang*—Sungei Jurong*—Sungei Kadut*—Sungei Kallang*—Sungei Kangkar*—Sungei Kechil*—Sungei Kranji*— Sungei Pandan*—Sungei Pang Sua*—Sungei Punggol*—Sungei Rochor*—Sungei Selarang*—Sungei Seletar*—Sungei Sembawang*—Sungei Serangoon*—Sungei Simpang Mak Wai*—Sungei Singapore*— Sungei Singapore Estuary*—Sungei Tampines*—Sungei Whampoa*—Straits of Johor—Tampines*— Tanglin Barracks*—Tanjong Katong*—Tanjong Kling*—Tanjong Pagar Terminal*—Tanjong Rhu*— Tengah Reservoir*—Thomson Ridge Forest*—Thomson Road*—Tuas*—Tuas Shipyard*—Upper Seletar Reservoir*—Vaughan Road*—West Coast Park*—West Coast Rise*—West Coast Road*—Wilkinson Road*—Windsor Nature Park*—Woodlands—Woodlands Causeway—Woodlands Town Park East*— Woodlands Waterfront Park*. 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Published: 2023
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16. Crocodylus palustris

Author: Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y., and Lim, Kelvin K. P.
Subjects: Crocodylia, Reptilia, Crocodylidae, Animalia, Biodiversity, Crocodylus palustris, Chordata, Crocodylus, Taxonomy
Abstract: Crocodylus palustris (Lesson, 1831) — Erroneous. Mugger Crocodile Singapore records. Crocodilus trigonops — Gray, 1844: vii, 62, 63. Crocodilus palustris — Boulenger, 1889a: 286.— Flower, 1896: 862.— Flower, 1899: 625.—Ridley, 1899: 189.— Boulenger, 1912: 5. Bombifrons siamensis (non-Schneider, 1801)— Gray, 1867: 144.— Gray, 1872: 13. Bombifrons indicus — Gray, 1873: 102. Bombifrons siamensis var.— Gray, 1873: 103. Remarks. Crocodylus palustris ranges from Iran east to Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar (da Silva & Lenin 2010). Gray (1844) first listed C. palustris as occurring in Singapore based on a young, stuffed specimen at NHMUK. Cantor (1847a) described C. palustris from Penang, but it is believed he confused it with C. porosus (Flower 1899; Boulenger 1912). In his account of C. palustris, &Gcedil;nther (1864) only mentioned specimens from India and Sri Lanka, but did not discuss the species purported presence in southeast Asia. Shortly thereafter (Boulenger 1912), the presence of C. palustris in southeast Asia was discontinued, first by Flower (1914) who stated that “[n]o absolutely unimpeachable evidence appears to exist of its occurrence in the Malay Peninsula or Archipelago” and by Smith (1930, 1931) who delimited its distribution to the Indian Subcontinent. No other publication references the C. palustris specimen from Singapore, and furthermore, there are three additional specimens from 1910 stored at MCZ that have Singapore as locality, but with a question mark. Thus, the only explanation must be that the specimens were traded in Singapore or the locality is incorrect (Pocklington 2021). LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH (no #) (no date). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): MCZ., Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 258-259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7960319, {"references":["Lesson, R. P. (1831) s. n. In: Traite d'ornithologie ou Tableaux methodiques des ordres, sous-ordres, familles, tribus, genres, sous-genres et races d'oiseaux. Vol. 1. Livre 8. Levrault, Paris, 561 - 659.","Gray, J. E. (1844) Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodilians, and Amphisbaenians in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, vii + 80 pp.","Boulenger, G. A. (1889 a) Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New edition. Taylor and Francis, London, x + 311 pp.","Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46.","Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37.","Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813","Gray, J. (1867) Synopsis of the species of recent crocodilians or emydosaurians, chiefly founded on the specimens in the British Museum and the Royal College of Surgeons. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 6 (4), 125 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1867. tb 00575. x","Gray, J. E. (1872) Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphisbaenians. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, vi + 41 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1873) Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. Eighth Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, iv + 124 pp.","da Silva, A. & Lenin, J. (2010) Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus palustris. In: Manolis, S. C. & Stevenson, C. (Eds.), Crocodiles: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. 3 rd Edition. Crocodile Specialist Group, Darwin, pp. 94 - 98.","Cantor, T. E. (1847 a) Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and islands, collected or observed by Theodore Cantor, Esq., M. D. Bengal Medical Service. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 16 (Part 2, No. 180), 607 - 656, pl. 20. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5057","Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012"]}
Published: 2023
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17. Crocodylus siamensis Schneider 1801

Author: Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y., and Lim, Kelvin K. P.
Subjects: Crocodylia, Reptilia, Crocodylidae, Animalia, Crocodylus siamensis, Biodiversity, Chordata, Crocodylus, Taxonomy
Abstract: Crocodylus siamensis Schneider, 1801 — Erroneous. Siamese Crocodile Singapore records. Crocodylus siamensis —K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 56.—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 151.— L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 105.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 151.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 168.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 168.—Chan-ard et al., 2015: 296. Remarks. Lim & Chou (1990) included C. siamensis in their checklist of Singapore’s herpetofauna, but listed its presence as doubtful. Although the authors do not provide references or annotation for the species, we suspect that they included it based on early confusions over C. palustris and C. siamensis. Chan-ard et al. (2015) designated C. siamensis as extinct in Singapore. Nonetheless, there are no verifiable records showing that C. siamensis ever existed in Singapore. Crocodylus siamensis is native to Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Kalimantan, but may have also existed in Java, Peninsular Malaysia, and Myanmar (Platt et al. 2018). LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. No specimens. Additional Singapore museum specimens. No specimens. Order Testudines Batsch, 1788 (1 species) Family Trionychidae Gray, 1825 (1 species) Genus Nilssonia Gray, 1872 (1 species), Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on page 259, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7960319, {"references":["Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp.","Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. & Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106.","Lim, K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (2002) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Revised Edition. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp.","Lim, K. K. P. & Chou, L. M. (1990) The herpetofauna of Singapore. In: Chou, L. M. & Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), Essays in Zoology: Papers commemorating the 40 th Anniversary of the Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore. National University of Singapore, Singapore, pp. 49 - 59.","Gray, J. E. (1872) Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part II. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphisbaenians. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, vi + 41 pp."]}
Published: 2023
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18. Quantification of plasma corticosterone in juvenile farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) using current Australian Code of Practice guidelines.

Author: Isberg, Sally R., Finger, John W., and Thomson, Peter C.
Subjects: *CROCODYLUS porosus, *CROCODYLUS, *BLOOD sampling, *ANIMAL welfare, *CORTICOSTERONE
Abstract: Highlights • Plasma corticosterone in different sized farmed saltwater crocodiles were measured. • No seasonal effects on CORT were observed. • Farmed saltwater crocodiles are not inherently stressed. Abstract Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) across three size categories (hatchlings, grower and harvest-size) were repeatedly blood sampled on two farms in the Northern Territory, Australia to determine reference plasma corticosterone (CORT; crocodilian stress hormone) levels. The mean CORT values for hatchlings (<1 year old), growers (1–3 years) and harvest-size individuals (2 + years) were 1.65 ± 0.15 ng/ml, 2.73 ± 0.21 ng/ml and 2.19 ± 0.16 ng/ml, respectively. No inter-farm differences within the hatchling or harvest-size crocodiles were detected, but growers on Farm 2 had significantly lower plasma CORT than those on Farm 1. However, the grower growth rate coefficients were the same across both farms so the repeated blood sampling design most likely contributed to the difference in CORT values rather than any management procedures. Plasma corticosterone levels significantly increased with time of day. Substantial variation in plasma CORT was observed at each sampling which is not unprecedented in the literature but requires further elucidation. Irrespective, as CORT values were generally low, our results suggest that the farming environment and husbandry practices, as implemented under the Australian industry Code of Practice, are effective as baseline animal welfare measures although they should be viewed as a foundation for further welfare research and not considered static. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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19. Roads and railways: An emerging threat to the Mugger (Crocodylus palustris) populations of Gujarat, India

Author: Vishal Mistry, Pranav Vaghasiya, and Raju Vyas
Subjects: Fishery, Geography, biology, biology.animal, General Medicine, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, Crocodylus
Published: 2021

20. New Recorded of Saltwater Crocodile Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 from East Coast Mangrove Ecosystem in Surabaya, East Jawa, Indonesia

Author: Sapto Andriyono and Agustin Sukistyanawati
Subjects: Estuarine crocodile, East coast, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Wildlife, Wetland, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, Crocodylus, Fishery, Geography, Habitat, biology.animal, Mangrove
Abstract: A single specimen of saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 (1.50 cm in length) was captured and photographed by a local fisherman by gill net at fishpond around mangrove ecosystem of east coast Surabaya on December 2020. The location where the estuarine crocodile caught is an important wetland area in Surabaya with an excellent mangrove cover. Wonorejo mangrove location is about 10 km from the centre of Surabaya, the second-largest city in Indonesia. This finding is considered as a first reported of C. porosus in Surabaya, and at the same time is proof of the importance of the mangrove area on the east coast of Surabaya as a habitat for wildlife that must be conserved appropriately. Routine monitoring of mangrove areas, including their wildlife, is essential so that they are not displaced by the development of the city which changes the land function to become a residential area.
Published: 2021

21. THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF RAWA AOPA WATUMOHAI NATIONAL PARK, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI

Author: Ani Mardiastuti, Mirza Dikari Kusrini, Mohammad Ali Ridha, and Nancy E. Karraker
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Habitat, National park, Ecology, Limnonectes modestus, Species evenness, Mangrove, biology.organism_classification, Endemism, Crocodylus, Riparian zone
Abstract: Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (105.194 ha) in Southeast Sulawesi is one of the important conservation areas in Wallacea. This study aimed to measure the diversity of herpetofauna, relative abundance and community similarity in four different habitats. Survey were conducted in January-April 2018 using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) based on time and transects in savanna, riparian, lowland forest, and mangrove. Forty-two species from 17 families were found consisting of 10 species of amphibians and 32 species of reptiles, in which 9 species are endemic i.e. Papurana celebensis and Draco beccarii. The highest diversity (H’) and evenness (E) indexes was found in lowland forest (H’ = 2.497, E = 0.555). The most abundant amphibian was Limnonectes modestus with 85 individuals (23.8%), while the most abundant reptile was Crocodylus porosus with 24 individuals (6.7%). The similarity of communities between the four habitats was low (
Published: 2021

22. A comparison of calcium and phosphorus in components of fertile and size-matched unbanded Nile crocodile eggs

Author: Pbc Forbes, Johan O. Nothling, Jan G. Myburgh, and Geoffrey James Brown
Subjects: food.ingredient, Nile crocodile, biology, Phosphorus, chemistry.chemical_element, Calcium, biology.organism_classification, Crocodylus, Animal science, food, chemistry, biology.animal, Yolk, Animal Science and Zoology, Optical emission spectroscopy, Inductively coupled plasma, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Research in other species suggests that the source of embryonic calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) for Crocodylus niloticus is likely yolk and shell. Using inductively coupled plasma optical emission ...
Published: 2021

23. Fragilaria crocodylus Van de Vijver & C. E. Wetzel 2022, sp. nov

Author: Vijver, Bart Van De and Wetzel, Carlos E.
Subjects: Chromista, Bacillariophyceae, Fragilariaceae, Fragilaria crocodylus, Biodiversity, Bacillariophyta, Fragilaria, Taxonomy, Fragilariales
Abstract: Fragilaria crocodylus Van de Vijver & C.E.Wetzel sp. nov. (Figs 1–19 LM, 20–25 SEM) Frustules rectangular in girdle view (Fig. 1), solitary although valves connected to each using small conical spines also observed (Fig. 21). Valves linear to weakly linear-lanceolate with almost parallel margins. Valves occasionally bent. Apices clearly protracted, typically capitate in longer valves (Figs 2–19). Smaller valves with more rostrate apices (Figs 18–19). Continuous series of small, solid, conical spines, each located in a pit-like depression, present on the valve margin (Figs 20, 23–24). At the apices, short series of spines present above the apical pore field (Fig. 22). Large mantle plaques present on the mantle edge (Figs 22, 25). Valve dimensions (n=25): length 40–110 µm, width 2.5–3.0 µm. Sternum narrow but distinct, linear, very gradually widening towards the central area. Central area small, asymmetrical with a rectangular unilateral fascia on one side and slightly shortened striae on the opposite side (Fig. 24). Striae uniseriate, composed of relatively large, rimmed rounded areolae externally covered by individual vola (Fig. 22). Near the sternum, striae terminating in short shallow slits (Fig. 24). Mantle striae composed of 3–4 rounded areolae (Figs 20–21). Apical pore field large, well, delimited, of ocellolimbus type, composed of up to 7 rows of small, squarish pores (Figs 22, 23). One rimoportula present, located in a fairly deep depression, transapically elongated (Figs. 22, 23). Internally, rimoportula large, raised (Fig. 25). Due to the rarity of the species in the sample, the dominance of other needle-shaped Fragilaria species in the sample and the age of the sample (late 19 th century), we did not find any valves with girdle bands. Observations on the girdle bands were therefore not possible. Type:— AUSTRIA. Attersee, Upper-Austria, Grunow sample 2646 (acc. number W0127051), coll. date VII.1862, leg. Von Mörl (n°48) (holotype slide BR-4736= Fig. 6, isotype slide 2646a in W, W0164874). PhycoBank registration: http:// phycobank.org/103275 Etymology:— The specific epithet “ crocodylus ” refers to the continuous series of conical marginal spines and the 5 spines at the apices, resembling the teeth of a crocodile (crocodylus). Ecology & associated diatom flora:— Sample 2646 was collected from stones in the Attersee, the largest lake in the province of Upper-Austria (Austria). The lake, situated at 470 m a.s.l., has a total surface of 45.9 km 2 with a maximum depth of 170 m (Dokulil & Teubner 2002). The sample is dominated by several Achnanthidium spp., Brachysira neoexilis LangeBertalot (in Lange-Bertalot & Moser 1994: 51), Denticula tenuis Kützing (1844: 43), Eucocconeis flexella (Kützing 1844: 80) F. Meister (1912: 95), Fragilaria perdelicatissima Lange-Bertalot & Van de Vijver (in Lange-Bertalot & Ulrich 2014: 19) and Humidophila perpusilla (Grunow 1860: 552) R.L. Lowe et al. (2014: 358). Following the ecological preferences of the observed species, based on literature data in Lange-Bertalot et al. (2017), this diatom flora points to oligotrophic, calcium bicarbonate enriched, low saprobity lake conditions. The Attersee has always been ultra-oligotrophic and therefore been considered a reference ecosystem for alpine lakes in the Austrian Salzkammergut district following the rules of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) (Dokulil & Teubner 2002). Unfortunately, recent diatom data are lacking that could be used to compare the present-day diatom flora with the historic (19 th century) flora. The (European) distribution of the new species is unclear, most likely due to confusion with similar, needle-shaped Fragilaria species. Taxonomic comments:— Fragilaria crocodylus can hardly be confused with any other needle-shaped Fragilaria species. Fragilaria tenera lacks the distinctly developed, capitate apices but instead had narrow, weakly capitate apices (Lange-Bertalot & Ulrich 2014, Almeida et al. 2016). Moreover F. tenera has narrower valves (1.8–2.5 µm versus 2.5–3.0 µm) and therefore also a more needle-shaped valve outline with gradually tapering margins, contrary to the almost linear valve outline with parallel margins in F. crocodylus. The spines in F. tenera are shark-tooth like and are directly connected to the valve margin, whereas in F. crocodylus, the spines are conical and located in pit-like depressions (Almeida et al. 2016). Other longer Fragilaria species such as F. neotropica P.D.Almeida, E.Morales & C.E.Wetzel (in Almeida et al. 2016: 171) and F. salvadoriana K.J.Krahn & C.E.Wetzel (in Krahn et al. 2021: 5) sufficiently differ by their thin, linear-lanceolate valve outline, their lower valve width (, Published as part of Vijver, Bart Van De & Wetzel, Carlos E., 2022, A new Fragilaria Lyngbye species (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta) from a historic Grunow sample from the Attersee, Austria, pp. 210-214 in Phytotaxa 561 (2) on pages 210-213, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/7059546, {"references":["Dokulil, M. T. & K. Teubner. (2002) Assessment of ecological integrity from environmental variables in an impacted oligotrophic alpine lake: Whole lake approach using 3 D-spatial heterogeneity. Water Air Soil Pollution, Focus 2: 165 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1020320428487","Lange-Bertalot, H. & Moser, G. (1994) Brachysira. Monographie der Gattung und Naviculadicta nov. gen. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 29: 1 - 212.","Kutzing, F. T. (1844) Die kieselschaligen Bacillarien oder Diatomeen. W. Kohne, Nordhausen, 144 pp., 30 pls. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 64360","Meister, F. (1912) Die Kieselalgen der Schweiz. Beitrage zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz. Materiaux pour la flore cryptogamique suisse. Vol. IV, fasc. 1. Bern: Druck und Verlag von K. J. Wyss, pp. [i] - vi, [1] - 254, 48 pls.","Lange-Bertalot, H. & Ulrich, S. (2014) Contributions to the taxonomy of needle-shaped Fragilaria and Ulnaria species. Lauterbornia 78: 1 - 73.","Grunow, A. (1860) Uber neue oder ungenugend gekannte Algen. Erste Folge, Diatomeen, Familie Naviculaceen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 10: 503 - 582.","Lowe, R. L., Kociolek, P., Johansen, J. R., Van de Vijver, B., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Kopalova, K. (2014) Humidophila gen. nov., a new genus for a group of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) formerly within the genus Diadesmis: species from Hawai'i, including one new species. Diatom Research 29 (4): 351 - 360. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2014.889039","Lange-Bertalot, H., Hofmann, G., Werum, M. & Cantonati, M. (2017) Freshwater benthic diatoms of Central Europe: over 800 common species used in ecological assessment. English edition with updated taxonomy and added species. Koeltz Botanical Books, Schmitten- Oberreifenberg, 942 pp.","Almeida, P. D., Morales, E. A., Wetzel, C. E., Ector, L. & D. C. Bicudo (2016) Two new diatoms in the genus Fragilaria Lyngbye (Fragilariophyceae) from tropical reservoirs in Brazil and comparison with type material of F. tenera. Phytotaxa 246 (3): 163 - 183. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 246.3.1","Krahn, K. J., Schwartz, A., Wetzel, C. E., Cohuo-Duran, S., Daut, S., Marcario-Gonzales, L., Perez, L., Wand, J. & Schwalb, A. (2021) Three new needle-shaped Fragilaria species from Central America and the Tibetan Plateau. Phytotaxa 479 (1): 1 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 479.1.1"]}
Published: 2022
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24. MUGGER CROCODILE CROCODYLUS PALUSTRIS LESSON, 1831 (REPTILIA: CROCODILIA: CROCODYLIDAE) IN RIVER SABERI OF GODAVARI SYSTEM IN SOUTHERN ODISHA, INDIA: CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS.

Author: Debata, Subrat, Purohit, Swetashree, Mahata, Anirban, Jena, Sudheer Kumar, and Palita, Sharat Kumar
Subjects: CROCODYLUS, WILDLIFE conservation, ENDANGERED species
Abstract: A biodiversity survey was conducted in Koraput District of southern Odisha between August 2014 and July 2017. During the survey, occurrence of Mugger or Marsh Crocodile Crocodylus palustris was ascertained from five localities in a stretch of 23km of river Saberi, a tributary of the Godavari River system. The area is in the Gupteswar proposed reserve forest of Odisha, and forms a boundary with Kanger Ghat National Park of Chhattisgarh State. The geographic region offers possible scope for long term ecological monitoring jointly by wildlife organizations of Odisha and Chhattisgarh in collaboration with Central University of Orissa. For long-term conservation of the species, activities may be initiated with annual monitoring of crocodile populations involving local people, and creating awareness about the Schedule-I status of crocodiles under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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25. The Nile crocodile.

Author: Pooley, C., Gans, Carl, Pooley, A C, and Gans, C
Subjects: NILE crocodile, CROCODILES, CROCODYLUS, CROCODILIANS, REPTILES
Abstract: The article focuses on the behavior of the Nile crocodile. The crocodile has many social behavior including parental protection of the young. Nile crocodile's success can be traced to its adaptation to the environment. Cooperation has been observed in studies of crocodiles. This suggests a high level of nervous integration in the Nile crocodile.
Published: 1976
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26. Effects of stocking density on growth and skin quality of grower Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)

Author: Jan G. Myburgh, E.C. Webb, Devon Marie Veldsman, and Gerry E. Swan
Subjects: Stocking, Animal science, Intensive farming, media_common.quotation_subject, Animal Science and Zoology, Quality (business), Biology, biology.organism_classification, Feed conversion ratio, Crocodylus, media_common
Abstract: Intensive Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) farming operates with considerable variation in housing and stocking density. In this study, current commercial stocking densities for crocodilians were investigated using 261 grower-phase crocodiles (15 months old, average total body length 94.5 cm, and average weight 2.7 kg). Low (2.60 m2 per crocodile), medium (1.24 m2 per crocodile), and high (0.41 m2 per crocodile) stocking densities were tested. Growth, morphometric measures, Fulton’s condition scores and skin qualities were assessed over a six-month (May - November 2017) period. High stocking density had no adverse effects on the growth of grower Nile crocodiles. Crocodiles stocked at medium and high densities outperformed those that were stocked at low density in Fulton’s body condition scores, change in body condition from the start to the end of the trial, and feed conversion efficiencies. However, the high and, to a lesser extent, the medium stocking densities resulted in lower skin quality scores compared with those in the low-density treatment because of teeth marks from more aggressive behaviour. The results indicated that the medium pen density treatment is closer to the ideal than either the high or low stocking density groups. Stocking densities that provide 0.41 m2 per crocodile or less should be avoided because of lower skin quality scores, which weigh more heavily than growth and feed efficiency responses in the financial viability of commercial crocodile farming in typical South African production systems.
Published: 2021

27. Characterisation of sperm production and morphology in the male Philippine crocodile

Author: Jessi Krebs, Andy Reeves, Jason R. Herrick, Shelley E. S. Sandmaier, Teresa Shepard, and Kaytlin Bohr
Subjects: Male, Philippines, Fishing, Population, Zoology, Reproductive technology, Crocodile, Critically endangered, Endocrinology, biology.animal, Reproductive biology, Genetics, Animals, education, Molecular Biology, Alligators and Crocodiles, education.field_of_study, biology, Reproduction, biology.organism_classification, Spermatozoa, Sperm, Crocodylus, Reproductive Medicine, Animal Science and Zoology, Developmental Biology, Biotechnology
Abstract: Philippine crocodiles Crocodylus mindorensis are critically endangered due to agricultural and fishing threats that have severely fragmented their habitat and population in the Philippines. Captive management plans are important to safeguard against their extinction, but the current population in US zoos is small, and breeding is hampered by the slow growth of this species and the danger of introducing differently sized animals for breeding. There is little information regarding the sperm characteristics of crocodilians, and none for Philippine crocodiles. In this study, we sought to characterise sperm production in the male Philippine crocodile (n = 1) by performing voluntary (without sedation or restraint) collections (n = 181) over a 3.5-year period. Peak sperm production in this individual occurs from January to July, when the mean (±s.e.m.) total number of spermatozoa recovered was 10.2 × 106 ± 3.8 × 106 (n = 104), compared with 0.3 × 106 ± 0.2 × 106 (n = 71) for all other months of the year. Analysis of sperm morphology indicated that 15.9% of spermatozoa exhibited normal morphology. A bent tail was the most common abnormality (48.2%) observed. Understanding the basic reproductive biology of the male Philippine crocodile will facilitate the development of artificial reproductive technologies to improve captive propagation and genetic management of this species.
Published: 2021

28. Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas recruitment into the St Lucia Estuary, South Africa, after prolonged mouth closure, and the first observation of a neonate bull shark preyed on by a Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus

Author: Ryan Daly, J.M. Olbers, M. Ziembicki, P. Le Noury, Bruce Q. Mann, G.M. Brokensha, and T.N. Hempson
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Nile crocodile, biology, Estuary, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, Bull shark, Crocodylus, Fishery, biology.animal, Carcharhinus, Juvenile, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nursery habitat, Apex predator
Abstract: Estuaries provide critical nursery habitat for juvenile bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas, as they have the ability to withstand a wide range of salinities. St Lucia is the largest estuarine lake in Africa and was once a key nursery for bull sharks until a prolonged and near-continuous period of mouth closure and drought between 2002 and 2021. The estuary mouth was opened for the first time in 13 years on 6 January 2021, and, within 10 days, bull shark pups recruited into the estuary. On 16 January, an adult Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus was observed preying on a live neonate bull shark which it swallowed whole. This observation provided the first photographic evidence in Africa and highlighted a unique interaction between these species, which are top predators in the freshwater and coastal environments, respectively. Estuaries remain important nursery habitats for bull sharks in the region and we assembled the known records of bull shark occurrence in all South African estuaries. In summary, the rapid recruitment of bull shark pups into St Lucia Estuary is notable for the management and conservation implications for this important estuarine system, as well as for regional bull shark populations.
Published: 2021

29. Significance of the Egyptian Crocodile on the Roman Imperial Coinage

Author: Wessam Fekry Ibrahim Moussa
Subjects: History, biology, media_common.quotation_subject, Subject (philosophy), Ancient history, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, The arts, Crocodylus, Symbol, biology.animal, Good and evil, Demon, Cult, media_common
Abstract: No other creature in ancient Egypt was perhaps as feared, revered and frequently depicted as the crocodile. It was one of the first animals to be early portrayed. It also appeared in ancient texts from the Old Kingdom onwards to symbolize the conflict between good and evil. It was mainly worshipped as Sobek, regarded as both a protector and a demon. This is because there were two types of crocodiles, represented in arts, both lived in Egypt. The Crocodylus Suchus and Crocodylus Niloticus. One of them was considered totally sacred, yet the other one was hated and even eaten by others. The Ptolemaic kings paid great attention to the crocodile cult, for the Romans it was the regular symbol of Egypt and its fertile Nile, especially on coins. This study analyzes some selected coins to assess the various representations of the Egyptian crocodile on coins produced during the Roman Imperial. The findings of the research analysis will highlight the significance of the crocodile as a subject sometimes appeared in the field of numismatic studies, to make it possible to answer some questions concerning interpretations and issues related to its various representations on the Roman coinage.
Published: 2021

30. Basking behavior of Marsh Crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) in Pond Deva, Anand District, Gujarat, India

Author: Nikunj Bhatt and Urvi Dave
Subjects: Fishery, Geography, Marsh, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Crocodylus
Published: 2021

31. MAPPING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SALTWATER CROCODILE (Crocodylus porosus) AND RISKS OF HUMAN-CROCODILE CONFLICTS IN SETTLEMENTS AROUND KUTAI NATIONAL PARK, EAST KALIMANTAN

Author: Mirza Dikari Kusrini, Ramdani Manurung, and Lilik Budi Prasetyo
Subjects: Shore, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, National park, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, Swamp, Crocodylus, Fishery, Geography, Habitat, Human settlement, biology.animal, Mangrove
Abstract: Human-crocodile conflicts (HCC) are problems affecting crocodile conservation. Scientific publications on crocodile attack cases in Indonesia are few with low validation which hinder optimal conflict mitigation efforts. The estuarine river of Kutai National Park is a natural habitat for saltwater crocodiles and mostly nearby dense settlements. This study aims to map the distribution of saltwater crocodiles and potential conflicts in the Kutai National Park area. To predict the distribution of saltwater crocodiles, we used Maximum Entropy MAXENT with its environmental predictors i.e. slope, altitude, distance from shore, distance from river, temperature, and habitat types (mangrove forest, freshwater swamp, and shrubs). MAXENT prediction showed that elevation was the most influential variable with AUC (Average Under Curve) value of 0.952. Settlements with activities occurring within one kilometer from the river and those adjacent to coastal areas proved to be the highest in human conflicts with crocodiles. Key words: conflict, crocodile, human, MAXENT
Published: 2021

32. When the flathead mullet left St Lucia

Author: Alan K. Whitfield
Subjects: education.field_of_study, biology, Nile crocodile, Mugil, Population, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, Crocodylus, Fishery, Ramsar site, Geography, Pelican, biology.animal, Haliaeetus vocifer, Flathead, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: The St Lucia estuarine system on the east coast of South Africa is a declared World Heritage Site and Ramsar Site of International Importance. A major ecological feature of St Lucia during the last century was the annual spawning migration of the flathead mullet Mugil cephalus down the system in the first half of each year. Top predators, such as the African fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus and Zambezi shark Carcharhinus leucas, have made extensive use of adult M. cephalus as a food resource. With the advent of prolonged closure of the St Lucia mouth in the first decade of the 21st century, caused by the lack of St Lucia system connectivity with the Mfolozi River and a prolonged drought, this spawning migration has ceased to exist. The almost complete disappearance of M. cephalus was reinforced in the second decade of this century by a continued lack of any estuarine–marine connectivity. This loss of connectivity between Lake St Lucia and the sea for more than 12 years is longer than the normal life cycle of M. cephalus, and the possibility exists that the putative subpopulation of this species that occupied the system prior to the turn of the century may have been rendered locally extinct. In January 2021, the berm at the mouth of the estuary was artificially breached and the outflow of St Lucia estuarine waters into the sea occurred for the first time since 2002. However, it remains to be seen whether the recovery of the M. cephalus population to pre-2000 levels will occur over the short term (year) or longer term (decade). It is strongly recommended that an adaptive management strategy, rather than a fixed management approach, be adopted for the sake of future connectivity of the St Lucia system to the marine environment.
Published: 2021

33. Post-testicular sperm maturation in the saltwater crocodile

Author: Elizabeth G. Bromfield, Matthew D. Dun, Andrew L. Eamens, Brett Nixon, David A. Skerrett-Byrne, Jacinta H. Martin, Geoffry N. De Iuliis, Shenae L. Cafe, Stephen D. Johnston, and Amanda L. Anderson
Subjects: endocrine system, Motility, Zoology, Reproductive technology, Crocodile, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, biology.animal, Genetics, medicine, Molecular Biology, Sperm motility, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, biology, urogenital system, Epididymis, Sperm bank, biology.organism_classification, Sperm, Crocodylus, medicine.anatomical_structure, Reproductive Medicine, Animal Science and Zoology, Developmental Biology, Biotechnology
Abstract: Conservation efforts to secure the long-term survival of crocodilian species would benefit from the establishment of a frozen sperm bank in concert with artificial breeding technologies to maintain genetic diversity among captive assurance populations. Working towards this goal, our research has focused on the saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus as a tractable model for understanding crocodilian sperm physiology. In extending our systematic characterisation of saltwater crocodile spermatozoa, in this study we examined the development of motility during sperm transport through the excurrent duct system of the male crocodile. The results show that approximately 20% of crocodile testicular spermatozoa are immediately motile but experience a gradient of increasing motility (percentage motile and rate of movement) as they transit the male reproductive tract (epididymis). Moreover, we confirmed that, as in ejaculated crocodile spermatozoa, increased intracellular cAMP levels promoted a significant and sustained enhancement of sperm motility regardless of whether the cells were isolated from the testis or epididymis. Along with the development of artificial reproductive technologies, this research paves the way for the opportunistic recovery, storage and potential utilisation of post-mortem spermatozoa from genetically valuable animals.
Published: 2021

34. Septicaemic form of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in a mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)

Author: V. Beena, C. K. Athira, S. Mohan Chandra, Abhijit M. Pawde, Rahul Kadam, A. K. Sharma, M. Karikalan, Sandeep Ghatak, and Manish Kumar
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, Aeromonas hydrophila, Biology, Mugger crocodile, biology.organism_classification, Crocodylus
Published: 2021

35. Ontogenetic habitat use and seasonal activity of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Lake Albert delta, East Africa

Author: Luca Luiselli, Stephen Kigoolo, Daniele Dendi, Raymond Katumba, Samuel Mutebi, Richard Magala, David Ochanda, Daniel F. Hughes, and Mathias Behangana
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Delta, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Population, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Crocodylus, Geography, Habitat destruction, Ramsar site, Habitat, biology.animal, Threatened species, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Crocodiles play important roles in many ecosystems, but their populations worldwide are threatened by human exploitation and habitat destruction. We studied ontogenetic changes in habitat use and seasonal activity patterns in a population of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) inhabiting the Lake Albert Delta Wetland System, a Ramsar Site of international importance in Murchison Falls National Park of western Uganda. A total of 186 crocodile observations were made from monthly surveys of five transects during October 2017 to September 2018. Crocodiles exhibited a marginally bi-modal seasonal pattern, with the fewest observations from July to August and October to November, and the highest observations from January to February and April to May. Crocodiles were most frequently encountered along the north shore of the delta, especially on riverbanks with woody vegetation, followed by Cyperus papyrus-Vossia dominated habitats, while crocodiles were infrequently observed on islands and muddy banks. Habitat niche breadth was narrowest in hatchlings and widest in sub-adults, with juveniles and large adults exhibiting intermediate values. Overlap in habitat resource use across size classes was generally high, with the lowest overlap between hatchlings and juveniles, and the highest between large and sub-adult crocodiles. Our study on Nile crocodiles in the Lake Albert delta provides insights into habitat partitioning among different demographic segments of this population that can be utilized to improve its management in one of Africa’s Great Lakes by spatially and temporally focusing conservation efforts on the most used habitats and seasonal aggregations, respectively.
Published: 2020

36. Nesting of Morelet's crocodile, Crocodylus moreletii (Dumeril and Bibron), in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico.

Author: Villegas, A., Mendoza, G. D., Arcos-García, J. L., and Reynoso, V. H.
Subjects: CROCODILES, EGG incubation, NEST building, CROCODYLUS, ANIMAL behavior
Abstract: Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Published: 2017
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37. Chronic effects of an invasive species on an animal community.

Author: Doody, J. Sean, Rhind, David, Green, Brian, Castellano, Christina, McHenry, Colin, and Clulow, Simon
Subjects: *TROPHIC cascades, *INTRODUCED species, *TOP predators, *DENDRELAPHIS, *CROCODYLUS, *MONITOR lizards, *VARANUS
Abstract: Invasive species can trigger trophic cascades in animal communities, but published cases involving their removal of top predators are extremely rare. An exception is the invasive cane toad ( Rhinella marina) in Australia, which has caused severe population declines in monitor lizards, triggering trophic cascades that facilitated dramatic and sometimes unexpected increases in several prey of the predators, including smaller lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Persistence of isolated populations of these predators with a decades-long sympatry with toads suggests the possibility of recovery, but alternative explanations are possible. Confirming predator recovery requires longer-term study of populations with both baseline and immediate post-invasion densities. Previously, we quantified short-term impacts of invasive cane toads on animal communities over seven years at two sites in tropical Australia. Herein, we test the hypothesis that predators have begun to recover by repeating the study 12 yr after the initial toad invasion. The three predatory lizards that experienced 71-97% declines in the short-term study showed no sign of recovery, and indeed a worse fate: two of the three species were no longer detectable in 630 km of river surveys, suggesting local extirpation. Two mesopredators that had increased markedly in the short term due to these predator losses showed diverse responses in the medium term; a small lizard species increased by ~500%, while populations of a snake species showed little change. Our results indicate a system still in ecological turmoil, having not yet reached a 'new equilibrium' more than a decade after the initial invasion; predator losses due to this toxic invasive species, and thus downstream effects, were not transient. Given that cane toads have proven too prolific to eradicate or control, we suggest that recovery of impacted predators must occur unassisted by evolutionary means: dispersal into extinction sites from surviving populations with alleles for toxin resistance or toad avoidance. Evolution and subsequent dispersal may be the only solution for a number of species or communities affected by invasive species for which control is either prohibitively expensive, or not possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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38. Detection of a synthetic sex steroid in the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus): Evidence for a novel environmental androgen.

Author: Murray, Christopher M., Merchant, Mark, Easter, Michael, Padilla, Sergio, Garrigós, Davinia B., Sasa Marin, Mahmood, and Guyer, Craig
Subjects: *AMERICAN crocodile, *ANDROGEN drugs, *METHYLTESTOSTERONE, *EMBRYOS, *ENDOCRINOLOGY, *ANIMAL aggression
Abstract: Endocrine-disrupting contaminants (EDC's) are well known to alter sexual differentiation among vertebrates via estrogenic effects during development, particularly in organisms characterized by temperature-dependent sex determination. However, substances producing androgenic effects typically lack potency when tested in laboratory settings and are virtually unstudied in field settings. Here, we assay levels of a synthetic androgen, 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), in a heavily male-biased population of American crocodiles in the Tempisque River Basin of Costa Rica based on the recent hypothesis that this chemical is an EDC in developing crocodilian embryos. The presence of MT was documented in all field-collected samples of egg yolk and in plasma of all age classes in among population of crocodiles. Hatchlings exhibited higher plasma MT concentrations (102.1 ± 82.8 ng/mL) than juveniles (33.8 ± 51.5) and adults (25.9 ± 20.8 ng/mL). Among populations, crocodiles captured in the Tempisque River (62.9 ± 73.7 ng/mL) were higher in MT concentration than those from Tarcoles (13.3 ± 11.4 ng/mL) and negative controls (0.001 ± 0.0002 ng/mL). A mechanism for the bio-transport of MT and its subsequent effects is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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39. Total length and head length relationship in Mugger Crocodiles Crocodylus palustris (Reptilia: Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) in Iran

Author: Malihe Erfani, Asghar Mobaraki, Colin Stevenson, and Elham Abtin
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, biology, Crocodylidae, 010607 zoology, Zoology, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Crocodilia, Crocodylus, Head length, Animal Science and Zoology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: This study quantifies the morphometric relationship between total length (TL) and head length (HL) for a sample of 53 Mugger crocodiles (43–280 cm TL) in Iran. Across the size range of crocodiles sampled, the relationship was best described by a linear regression (TL= 15.52 + 6.283HL). The average TL/HL ratio was 7.034, which is similar to that reported for other crocodilian species and confirms its usefulness for estimating TL based on HL during population surveys.
Published: 2021

40. A new crocodylid from the middle Miocene of Kenya and the timing of crocodylian faunal change in the late Cenozoic of Africa

Author: Jennifer H. Nestler, Adam P. Cossette, Monte L. McCrossin, Stephanie K. Drumheller, Brenda R. Benefit, Amanda J. Adams, Rose Nyaboke Juma, Christopher A. Brochu, and Frederick K. Manthi
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010506 paleontology, biology, Paleontology, Rainforest, Crocodile, Late Miocene, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Crocodylus, Type species, Geography, biology.animal, East African Rift, Cenozoic, Euthecodon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Brochuchusis a small crocodylid originally based on specimens from the early Miocene of Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. Here, we report occurrences ofBrochuchusfrom several early and middle Miocene sites. Some are from the Lake Victoria region, and others are in the Lake Turkana Basin. Specimens from the middle Miocene Maboko locality form the basis of a new species,Brochuchus parvidens, which has comparatively smaller maxillary alveoli. Because of the smaller alveoli, the teeth appear to be more widely spaced in the new species. We also provide a revised diagnosis forBrochuchusand its type species,B.pigotti. A phylogenetic analysis supports a close relationship betweenBrochuchusand tube-snoutedEuthecodon, but although relationships among crocodylids appear poorly resolved in the set of optimal trees, this is becauseBrochuchusandEuthecodon, along with early Miocene “Crocodylus”gariepensisfrom the early Miocene of Namibia, jointly adopt two distinct positions—either closely related to the living sharp-nosed crocodile (Mecistops) or to a group including the living dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus). Character support for a close relationship withMecistopsis problematic, and we suspect a closer relationship toOsteolaemuswill be recovered with improved sampling, but the results here are ambiguous. In either case,Brochuchusis more closely related to living groups not currently found in East Africa. This material helps constrain the timing of crocodylian faunal turnover in the East African Rift Valley System, with endemic lineages largely being replaced byCrocodylusin the middle or late Miocene possibly in response to regional xerification and the replacement of continuous rainforest cover with open grasslands and savannas.UUID:http://zoobank.org/e6f0b219-5f3e-44e5-bdb9-60a4fae8d126
Published: 2020

41. Late Miocene remains from Venta del Moro (Iberian Peninsula) provide further insights on the dispersal of crocodiles across the late Miocene Tethys

Author: Plini Montoya, Jorge Morales, Alejandro Pérez-Ramos, Madelaine Böhme, Emanuel Tschopp, Juan Abella, David M. Alba, Massimo Delfino, Àngel H. Luján, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, European Commission, and Università di Torino
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, biology, Paleontology, Postcrania, Late Miocene, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Crocodylus, Cretaceous, Geography, Biological dispersal, Diplocynodon, Gavialis, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The dispersal of Crocodylus from Africa to Europe during the Miocene is not well understood. A small collection of cranial fragments and postcranial elements from the latest Miocene (6.2 Ma) site of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain) have previously been referred to Crocodylus cf. C. checchiai Maccagno, 1947 without accompanying descriptions. Here we describe and figure for the first time the crocodylian remains from Venta del Moro, which represent at least two individuals. Our comparisons indicate that this material clearly does not belong to Diplocynodon or Tomistoma - the only two other crocodylians described so far for the European late Miocene. The material is only tentatively referred to cf. Crocodylus sp. because the apomorphies of this genus are not preserved and a referral to C. checchiai cannot be supported on a morphological basis. However, it is likely that this late Miocene species, originally described from Libya (As Sahabi) and later identified also in Kenya, could have dispersed across the Mediterranean Basin multiple times and colonized the southern areas of Mediterranean Europe, as evidenced by several Crocodylus or Crocodylus-like remains described during the past years., This research has beenfunded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PGC2018-094122-B-100), the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (CGL2016-76431-P; AEI/FEDER, UE), the Research Groups CSIC 64 1538 and CAM-UCM 910607, and the Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA Programme, consolidated research group 2017 SGR 116 GRC to D.M.A., and Beatriu de Pinós contract 2017BP 00223 from AGAUR to J.A.). E.T. contributed to thisproject while funded by the European Union’s FP7programunder the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no.609402 - 2020 researchers: Train to Move (T2M). À.H.L.isfinancially supported through a postdoctoral grant from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education—Project‘ Postdoc@MUNI’ (no. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/16_027/0008360). M.D. acknowledges also the University of Turin (Fondi di Ateneo 2018 and 2019).
Published: 2020

42. Using environmental niche modelling to investigate abiotic predictors of crocodilian attacks on people

Author: George Powell, Sonia Tiedt, Simon Pooley, Thomas M. M. Versluys, and Jessica J. Williams
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Abiotic component, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, Nile crocodile, Human–wildlife conflict, Ecology, Alligator, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Crocodylus, Environmental niche modelling, Geography, biology.animal, Ectotherm, American alligator, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Crocodilians are distributed widely through the tropics and subtropics, and several species pose a substantial threat to human life. This has important implications for human safety and crocodilian conservation. Understanding the drivers of crocodilian attacks on people could help minimize future attacks and inform conflict management. Crocodilian attacks follow a seasonal pattern in many regions, but there has been limited analysis of the relationship between attack occurrence and fine-scale contemporaneous environmental conditions. We use methods from environmental niche modelling to explore the relationships between attacks on people and abiotic predictors at a daily temporal resolution for the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus in South Africa and Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), and the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis in Florida, USA. Our results indicate that ambient daily temperature is the most important abiotic temporal predictor of attack occurrence for both species, with attack likelihood increasing markedly when mean daily temperatures exceed 18 °C and peaking at 28 °C. It is likely that this relationship is explained partially by human propensity to spend time in and around water in warmer weather but also by the effect of temperature on crocodilian hunting behaviour and physiology, especially the ability to digest food. We discuss the potential of our findings to contribute to the management of crocodilians, with benefits for both human safety and conservation, and the application of environmental niche modelling for understanding human–wildlife conflicts involving both ectotherms and endotherms.
Published: 2020

43. Major diseases of nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) with focus on current status in Arba Minch crocodile ranch, Ethiopia

Author: Haben Fesseha, Alemayehu Lemma, and Kasahun Delene
Subjects: Fishery, Geography, Food Animals, biology, Nile crocodile, biology.animal, Animal Science and Zoology, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, Crocodylus
Published: 2020

44. Calcium and phosphorus in unbanded eggs of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)

Author: Patricia B.C. Forbes, Jan G. Myburgh, Geoffrey James Brown, and Johan O. Nothling
Subjects: food.ingredient, biology, Nile crocodile, Phosphorus, chemistry.chemical_element, Zoology, Aquatic Science, Calcium, biology.organism_classification, Crocodylus, food, chemistry, Yolk, biology.animal
Published: 2020

45. Genetic structure and diversity of Australian freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) from the Kimberley, Western Australia

Author: Ruchira Somaweera, Jaime Gongora, Nancy N. FitzSimmons, Katherine Brittain, Arthur Georges, and Rui Cao
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, education.field_of_study, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Range (biology), Demographic history, Population, Drainage basin, Biology, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Crocodylus, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Effective population size, biology.animal, Genetic structure, Genetics, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: The Australian freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni) is endemic to the northern mainland tropics of Australia and is widespread across the Kimberley region in the northwest Australia. Currently, there is limited understanding of the genetic structure and diversity of these populations, which impacts on our ability to evaluate the conservation status of the species. Population genetic analyses of 173 freshwater crocodiles from the Ord River, Fitzroy River, and Lennard River basins were conducted using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After filtering, 1185 SNPs were retained for downstream population genetic analysis. STRUCTURE and principal component analyses identified three clusters consistent with the three river basins. Population differentiation gave an FST of 0.15 between western and eastern Kimberley and the pairwise FST range was 0.06–0.18 among the three river basins. Assignment tests identified three migration events between the adjacent Fitzroy River and Lennard River basins, which may be explained by possible overland movement across these river basins. The population structure found here indicates that delimitation of management units should be based on river basins with the proximity of adjacent river basins taken into consideration when gene flow exists. Estimates of effective population size showing a low ratio of effective population size to census size in Lake Argyle may raise the concern of future monitoring in this area. Further population genetic studies across the species’ full range are required to better understand the extent of river basins acting as discrete population units, gene flow, population dynamics, and demographic history.
Published: 2020

46. The stuffed crocodile of 'Castel Nuovo' in Naples (Italy): new insights from ancient DNA and radiocarbon

Author: Andrea Splendiani, Tatiana Fioravanti, V. Caputo Barucchi, and E. Casafredda
Subjects: Taxidermy, biology, media_common.quotation_subject, radiocarbon dating, species identification, taxidermy, Art, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, Archaeology, Crocodylus, law.invention, Ancient DNA, law, biology.animal, lcsh:Zoology, Species identification, crocodylus, Animal Science and Zoology, Radiocarbon dating, ancient dna, lcsh:QL1-991, media_common
Abstract: In the present study, a stuffed crocodile displayed for centuries at the “Castel Nuovo” (New Castle) in Naples was radiocarbon dated and examined using ancient DNA analysis. The specimen was classified as Crocodylus niloticus based on its large body size and the mitochondrial DNA haplotype obtained, already described for a living population in Lake Nasser (Egypt). Radiocarbon analysis indicated an age of 585 ± 40 14C year BP, which coincides with the end of the Middle Ages. These results are commented in the light of Medieval religious symbolism and ancient legends which link the crocodile to the history of Naples during the mid-fifteenth century. The data obtained seem to confirm the explanation found in an old guidebook to Naples, according to which the stuffed crocodile was offered by a soldier returning from Egypt as an ex-voto to the image of the “Madonna del Parto” in the chapel of the castle. In addition, the radiocarbon dating shows that the individual analysed could be the oldest taxidermied vertebrate in Europe.
Published: 2020

47. Monitoring a breeding Mugger (Crocodylus palustris) population in the Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary near Junagadh, Gujarat, India

Author: Pranav Vaghashiya, Devedra Chauhan, and Raju Vyas
Subjects: Fishery, education.field_of_study, Geography, biology, Population, Wildlife, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, education, Crocodylus
Published: 2020

48. Spermatozoa morphometry and ultrastructure in estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)

Author: Ab Aziz Abdul Malek, Yawah Donny, Putra Tengku Rinalfi, Wan-Nor Fitri, Latip Qayyum, Dana Raj, and H. Wahid
Subjects: Estuarine crocodile, endocrine system, lcsh:Medicine, Semen, Plant Science, Biology, Crocodile, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, medicine, Acrosome, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, spermatozoa, scanning electron microscopy, morphology, crocodile, cytoplasmic droplets, General Veterinary, urogenital system, lcsh:R, 0402 animal and dairy science, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, 040201 dairy & animal science, Crocodylus, medicine.anatomical_structure, Reproductive Medicine, Ultrastructure, Animal Science and Zoology, Snout, Penis
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate normal spermatozoa morphometry and ultrastructure in estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Methods: Four adult male crocodiles aged between 12-15 years, with an average snout to tail length of (3.15±0.01) m were selected for this study. Manipulation of the phallus digitally from the base of the penis was performed on four adult male crocodiles to facilitate the flow of semen to the sulcus. Semen was collected from all individuals for spermatozoa morphometry and ultrastructure study. Morphometry analysis was performed from eosin-nigrosin stained spermatozoa sample. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to observe the surface ultrastructure of spermatozoa. Results: The morphology of crocodile spermatozoa was made up of acrosome, head, and tail which corresponded to (5.55±1.20) μm, (12.74±1.57) μm, and (70.67±4.40) μm, respectively. The total length of spermatozoa in estuarine crocodile was measured at (88.96±0.52) μm. The most common spermatozoa abnormalities found in the samples were cytoplasmic droplets. Conclusions: Normal morphology, morphometry of spermatozoa in estuarine crocodile which are vermiform shaped-head with a long tail along with questionably high cytoplasmic droplets count are described in this study.
Published: 2020

49. Blood Biochemical of Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Kano Zoological Garden, Nigeria

Author: K M Adelakun, A Dalha, O laoye, A A Ihidero, and A S Kehinde
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, Creatinine, Globulin, Nile crocodile, Reference range, Biology, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, Blood proteins, Crocodylus, Biochemical, clinical information, plasma, enzymes, physiological, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, biology.animal, biology.protein, Uric acid
Abstract: The potential application of blood reference range for crocodile is a basis that can provide important clinical information about health and physiological condition of the animal. This study investigates serum biochemistry of Nile crocodile from Kano Zoological Garden, Kano, Nigeria. Six (6) adult Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) were captured from crocodile pond in the zoo. Blood was collected from post-occipital sinus of the physically restrain crocodile and used for serum biochemical parameters. The results revealed the Total Serum Protein (TSP) concentration of 9.2g/Ɩ, albumin concentration which is a common plasma protein is 43g/Ɩ while globulin concentration is 54g/Ɩ. Cholesterol concentration measure is registered at 5.2mmol/Ɩ with High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) of 1mmol/Ɩ and 1.35mmol/Ɩ respectively. Creatinine: a breakdown product of creatinine which is an important part of muscle tissue is 44umol/Ɩ. Uric acid which is a primary catabolic end product of protein is 0.18mmol/Ɩ while glucose and triglyceride are 4.94mmol/Ɩ and 2.24mmol/Ɩ respectively while enzymes which include Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration is 6U/Ɩ, Aspartate aminotransferase concentration is 5U/Ɩ while Alkaline Phosphatase is 20U/Ɩ. The biochemical values recorded were compared with available data on farm Nile crocodile. Clearly, nutritional status, age, gender, season, physiology and environment should be considered if clinical pathology is to be employed as a diagnostic tool.
Published: 2019

50. Use of diet and body condition assessments as intermediate indicators of translocation success in the Critically Endangered Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis)

Author: Amante Yog-yog, Joseph C. Brown, Bernard A. Tarun, Matthew H. Shirley, Marites G. Balbas, Merlijn van Weerd, and Cameron D. Siler
Subjects: Ecology, Endangered, Philippines, Crocodylus Mindorensis, Endangered species, Zoology, Invasive Species, Conservation, Aquatic Science, Biology, Crocodile, biology.organism_classification, Headstart, Southeast Asia, Invasive species, Crocodylus, Southeast asia, Critically endangered, biology.animal, Crocodylians, Philippine Crocodile, Body condition, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: Intermediate metrics of translocation success are useful for long-lived, slow to mature species where survival and reproduction happen over decades. With fewer than 150 individuals in the wild, the Critically Endangered Philippine crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) is one of the most threatened species on Earth. This study presents the first analysis of diet and body condition of wild Philippine crocodiles and headstarted (i.e. captive-reared) individuals released into the wild over the last decade, and uses these results to show how diet and body condition can be pertinent intermediate metrics of translocation success. Analyses of stomach contents revealed 17 different aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate and vertebrate prey species. Interestingly, 70% of Philippine crocodiles showed snails to be the predominent prey type, followed by fish (36.7%), birds (33.3%) and reptiles (33.3%). More than 50% of crocodiles consumed the invasive golden apple snail, a leading agricultural pest. Regardless of crocodile history (wild vs. headstarted) or size class (juvenile vs. adult), no evidence was found for dietary differences in percentage occurrence, percentage composition or prey diversity. Body condition was significantly higher in wild compared with headstarted individuals when analysed together in a pooled group, although neither group differed significantly from the standardized expectation, and headstarted individuals were not significantly different when body condition was derived independently for the two groups. This study provides a working example of how assessing the convergence of diet and body condition between translocated and wild individuals can provide complementary monitoring parameters to demonstrate post-release establishment of translocated crocodylians. The congruent dietary composition and comparable body condition observed in this study suggest that headstarted crocodiles adapt well following release. Crocodylus mindorensis survives in an agricultural landscape and is likely to play an ecologically important role by exploiting invasive species, reinforcing the importance of this species to local communities.
Published: 2021

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