Search

Sumac (Rhus coriaria) is a flowering plant that is widely consumed for its promoting health benefits and used in food preparations as a spice in the Mediterranean region. It is a high shrub or small tree with imparipinnate leaves, villus and red fruits with one-seeded drupe, and small greenish-white flowers. The nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential of sumac makes it a remarkable functional food. In this review, the phytochemical and nutritional properties of sumac as an under valorized functional food have been discussed. Flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and organic acids have been reported as dominant phytochemicals in sumac, which are well known for their pharmacological properties that attract many consumers to commonly choose sumac in their diet as well as food preparations. The remarkable volatile compounds present in sumac give it a unique aroma that increases its acceptance by consumers and potential use in the food industry. Sumac has been evaluated for a broad range of nutritional and pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-infertility, and neuroprotective potential. This review has also briefly outlined the safety concerns concerning the use of sumac in terms of toxicology and interactions.

Background:Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with increasing global incidence. We previously reported the anticancer effect of Rhus coriaria ethanolic extract (RCE) in triple negative breast and colon cancer cells. Herein, we investigated the anticancer effect of RCE on human pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: Cell viability was measured using Cell Titer-Glo and staining of viable and dead cells based on differential permeability to two DNA binding dyes. Cell cycle distribution and annexin V staining was carried out in Muse cell analyzer. Protein level was determined by Western blot. Tumor growth was assessed by in ovo chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. Results: We found that RCE significantly inhibited the viability and colony growth of pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1, Mia-PaCa-2, S2-013, AsPC-1). The antiproliferative effects of RCE in pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1 and Mia-PaCa-2) were mediated through induction of G1 cell cycle arrest, Beclin-1-independent autophagy, and apoptosis. RCE activated both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 apoptotic switch. Mechanistically, we found that RCE inhibited the AKT/mTOR pathway, downstream of which, inactivation of the cell cycle regulator p70S6K and downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein survivin was observed. Additionally, we found that RCE-induced autophagy preceded apoptosis. Further, we confirmed the anticancer effect of RCE in a chick embryo xenograft model and found that RCE inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer xenografts without affecting embryo survival. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Rhus coriaria exerts potent anti-pancreatic cancer activity though cell cycle impairment, autophagy, and apoptosis, and is hence a promising source of anticancer phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albizia coriaria (Fabaceae) crude extracts are key ingredients of several licensed and unlicensed herbal products in East Africa. However, there is limited and often contradicting information regarding its toxicity. We therefore evaluated the acute and subacute toxicity of the ethanolic stem bark extract of A. coriaria in mature healthy Wistar albino rats following Lorke’s method and OECD guidelines 407. The LD50 of the ethanolic stem bark extract of A. coriaria was 2000 mg/kg. The acute toxicity signs observed included piloerection, hyperventilation, lethargy, and loss of righting reflex. There was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, red blood cells and haemoglobin in rats after 28 days at the dose of 500 mg/kg. Histological analyses revealed multifocal random parenchymal necrosis and scattered periportal mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration in the liver, interstitial nephritis in the kidney and multifocal lymphoid accumulation in the peribronchiolar and perivascular lung tissue at 500 mg/kg. The ethanolic stem bark of A. coriaria was therefore moderately toxic to the rats when administered in a single high oral dose within 24 h. The extract caused a dose dependent toxicity with significant damage to the kidney, liver and lung tissues at a dose of 500 mg/kg after 28 days. Herbal medicines containing A. coriaria extracts should be consumed cautiously due to likelihood of toxicity particularly at higher doses greater than 500 mg/kg.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of sumac supplement in biochemical and anthropometric measurements in overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, 45 NAFLD patients were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group received sumac capsules (3 g/day) with a balanced diet for 8 weeks, while the placebo group received placebo with a balanced diet. Anthropometric indices, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde were measured at baseline and at the end of the study.Results: The results revealed a significant decrease in anthropometric indices (weight (p=0.001), body mass index (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.001), body fat mass (p=0.001), body fat percentage (p=0.001), visceral fat score (p=0.001), biochemical levels of total cholesterol (p=0.007), fasting blood sugar (p=0.006), insulin (p=0.004) and HOMA-IR (p=0.002)) after the intervention compared to the baseline. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning anthropometric and biochemical indices.Conclusion: In this study, no significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding anthropometric and biochemical indices. Thus, further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to be conducted on the issue.

This study aimed to assess the impact of the identified phenolic, flavonoid, and fat-soluble vitamin compounds found in Caesalpinia coriaria fruits (EC) aqueous extract on growth performance, helminth parasitic load, feeding behavior, and physiological variables in lambs. The fruits were extracted using water, and three doses of the extract as no extract (EC0 mL/lamb/day), 30 mL of aqueous extract of Caesalpinia coriaria fruits (EC30 mL/lamb/day), or 60 mL of aqueous extract of Caesalpinia coriaria fruits (EC60 mL/lamb/day) were orally administered to 24 growing crossbred lambs weighing 18-20 kg for 60 days. The HPLC analysis revealed that ferulic acid, ellagic acid, syringic acid, quercetin, and hesperidin were the predominant compounds in Caesalpinia coriaria fruits. Additionally, water-soluble vitamin compounds such as thiamine, pantothenic acid, and niacin were detected in the Caesalpinia coriaria fruit extract. The dietary administration of EC improved (P < 0.05) average daily gain and feed and water intake. EC30 lambs spent more time (P < 0.03) eating and less time ruminating. The aqueous extract also showed a dose-dependent reduction (P = 0.048) in fecal parasite egg count, with a steady decrease (P = 0.0001) as the extract was applied. EC0 lambs exhibited the highest (P < 0.0001) respiratory frequency and EC30 the lowest. A strong positive correlation was identified between rectal and abdomen temperature in the morning and afternoon measurements. The presence of phenolic and antioxidants in the aqueous extract of C. coriaria, up to 60 mL, demonstrated beneficial effects, including improved productivity, anti-parasitic activity, and mitigation of body temperature. Thus, farmers without access to synthetic drugs can use this plant extract to treat their animals during fattening to reduce gastrointestinal parasites, improve growth rate, and reduce drug residue in animal products. Further studies need to be carried out on the individual components of Caesalpinia coriaria fruits to ascertain their effect on body temperature/physiology and to know if the effects are individualistic or synergistic.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of sumac supplement in biochemical and anthropometric measurements in overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Materials and Methods: In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, 45 NAFLD patients were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group received sumac capsules (3 g/day) with a balanced diet for 8 weeks, while the placebo group received placebo with a balanced diet. Anthropometric indices, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and malondialdehyde were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Results: The results revealed a significant decrease in anthropometric indices (weight (p=0.001), body mass index (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.001), body fat mass (p=0.001), body fat percentage (p=0.001), visceral fat score (p=0.001), biochemical levels of total cholesterol (p=0.007), fasting blood sugar (p=0.006), insulin (p=0.004) and HOMA-IR (p=0.002)) after the intervention compared to the baseline. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups concerning anthropometric and biochemical indices. Conclusion: In this study, no significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding anthropometric and biochemical indices. Thus, further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to be conducted on the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with increasing global incidence. We previously reported the anticancer effect of Rhus coriaria ethanolic extract (RCE) in triple negative breast and colon cancer cells. Herein, we investigated the anticancer effect of RCE on human pancreatic cancer cells.Methods: Cell viability was measured using Cell Titer-Glo and staining of viable and dead cells based on differential permeability to two DNA binding dyes. Cell cycle distribution and annexin V staining was carried out in Muse cell analyzer. Protein level was determined by Western blot. Tumor growth was assessed by in ovo chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay.Results: We found that RCE significantly inhibited the viability and colony growth of pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1, Mia-PaCa-2, S2-013, AsPC-1). The antiproliferative effects of RCE in pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1 and Mia-PaCa-2) were mediated through induction of G1 cell cycle arrest, Beclin-1-independent autophagy, and apoptosis. RCE activated both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 apoptotic switch. Mechanistically, we found that RCE inhibited the AKT/mTOR pathway, downstream of which, inactivation of the cell cycle regulator p70S6K and downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein survivin was observed. Additionally, we found that RCE-induced autophagy preceded apoptosis. Further, we confirmed the anticancer effect of RCE in a chick embryo xenograft model and found that RCE inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer xenografts without affecting embryo survival.Conclusion: Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Rhus coriaria exerts potent anti-pancreatic cancer activity though cell cycle impairment, autophagy, and apoptosis, and is hence a promising source of anticancer phytochemicals.

Background: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and homocysteine increase along with inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The antioxidant properties of sumac might affect homocysteine and hs-CRP levels. We aimed to examine the effects of sumac powder (Rhus Coriaria L) on homocysteine and hs-CRP in patients with T2DM.Methods: In a single-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial, conducted in Ardekan city, Yazd, Iran; 60 patients with T2DM were randomly divided into 2 groups to consume either low fat yogurt alone in the control group or along with 6 (2×3 grams) grams of sumac powder daily in the intervention group, for 3 months. Fasting blood samples were used to analyze the fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum homocysteine, and hs-CRP at the baseline and after 90 days. P values

Abstract Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is one of the medicinal plants of Anacardiaceae family and widely used as a spice in Iran and Arab countries. Rhus coriaria var. zebaria is a small tree or large shrub, wildly growing in Iraq and described as a new variety with special characteristics. These increase the importance of studying sumac in these areas. Here, the phytochemical variations and the antibacterial activity of 50 accessions of this variety from five different climatic conditions was evaluated in order to identify the best accession to use and the best area for its cultivation. This is the most comprehensive study on this plant. Essential oil compounds were identified using GC–MS method and according to the results, Z, E-2,13-octadecadien, caryophyllene oxide, 2,4-decadienal, E-caryophyllene and nonanoic acid were among the main compounds. Also, the variety is a rich source of minerals including K, Ca, Mg, Na, P, and N. Sumac fruit extract from Akre Xerds had the highest anthocyanin and the lowest amount was from Kavilca region. The radical scavenging effect of extract from Dostic area in the concentration of 400 µg/mL is closer to the effect of ascorbic acid. The largest inhibition was found in the sumac extracted oil of Xasto Zhere area against S. aureus in compared with penicillin and amoxicillin and enrofloxacin antibiotics.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory chronic condition that results in the narrowing of arteries and thrombosis. It is caused by lipid accumulation in arteries. There are limited therapeutic benefits from currently available pharmacotherapy treatments for atherosclerosis. Therefore, sumac (Rhus coriaria (RC)) extract is an excellent candidate for therapeutic applications in anti-atherosclerosis, due to its high tannin contents. Here, sumac extract-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) modified with 3-Aminopropyl tetraethoxysilane (APS) (MSN-NH2/RC) have been exploited for loading and controlled release of sumac extract, potentially in the delivery of topical drugs. Particle size and zeta potential, as the main factors affecting the properties of MSNs, were optimized using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) method, and Design Expert® 13 software was used to analyze the experimental conditions. Furthermore, FE-SEM, TEM, FIIR spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption were used to characterize the MSNs. The in vitro release profile of MSN-NH2/RC nanoparticles also displayed controlled and gradual release of the drug. Excellent biocompatibility and minimal toxicity were the cell viability results after the cytotoxicity assay for the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was confirmed. Moreover, for the first time in the literature, we demonstrated the ability to load such RC extract effectively into MSNs, as well as their suitability as a new therapeutic approach to treat atherosclerosis through controlled release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is currently assumed that around 100 million years ago, the common ancestor to the Fabales, Fagales, Rosales and Cucurbitales in Gondwana, developed a root nodule symbiosis with a nitrogen-fixing bacterium. The symbiotic trait evolved first in Frankia cluster-2; thus, strains belonging to this cluster are the best extant representatives of this original symbiont. Most cluster-2 strains could not be cultured to date, except for Frankia coriariae, and therefore many aspects of the symbiosis are still elusive. Based on phylogenetics of cluster-2 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), it has been shown that the genomes of strains originating in Eurasia are highly conserved. These MAGs are more closely related to Frankia cluster-2 in North America than to the single genome available thus far from the southern hemisphere, i.e., from Papua New Guinea.To unravel more biodiversity within Frankia cluster-2 and predict routes of dispersal from Gondwana, we sequenced and analysed the MAGs of Frankia cluster-2 from Coriaria japonica and Coriaria intermedia growing in Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines. Phylogenetic analyses indicate there is a clear split within Frankia cluster-2, separating a continental from an island lineage. Presumably, these lineages already diverged in Gondwana.Based on fossil data on the host plants, we propose that these two lineages dispersed via at least two routes. While the continental lineage reached Eurasia together with their host plants via the Indian subcontinent, the island lineage spread towards Japan with an unknown host plant.

Previously, from the tannic sumac plant (Rhus coriaria), we developed the Rutan 25 mg oral drug tablets with antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses, adenoviruses, paramyxoviruses, herpes virus, and cytomegalovirus. Here, our re-purposing study demonstrated that Rutan at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg provided a very effective and safe treatment for COVID-19 infection, simultaneously inhibiting two vital enzyme systems of the SARS-CoV-2 virus: 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). There was no drug accumulation in experimental animals’ organs and tissues. A clinical study demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the C-reactive protein and a reduction of the viremia period. In patients receiving Rutan 25 mg (children) and 100 mg (adults), the frequency of post-COVID-19 manifestations was significantly less than in the control groups not treated with Rutan tablets. Rutan, having antiviral activity, can provide safe treatment and prevention of COVID-19 in adults and children.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, ID NCT05862883.

Sumac is the popular name for the genus Rhus, which is a member of the family Anacardiaceae and has over 250 distinct species of flowering plants. Sumac, or Rhus coriaria, is increasingly used in pharmacology, food science, and veterinary medicine, in addition to being used in cooking and human sustenance.In this study, the manufacture of sumac powder and its physicochemical composition of sumac gummy candy were assessed. Additionally, two varieties of sumac gummy candies with different formulations were created.Sumac gummy candies made with 20% agar, 70% sugar, and 190% sumac water in varied ratios of 90% sumac powder with 10% pomegranate juice (for coloring) and 70% sumac powder. Differences in the chemical composition and sensory qualities of the two kinds of candies were analyzed. The Nine-Point Hedonic Scale and Score Card Method were used for sensory evaluation in order to determine the best acceptable product. Based on sensory examination and chemical analysis, the sumac gummy candies (Sample A) received the highest ratings from the panelists for appearance (8.6), color (7.75), texture (8.4), taste (8.1), flavor (8.9), and overall acceptance (8.35). Moisture (32.61), ash (0.26), fat (0.52), protein (0.52), and carbohydrates (66.05) constitute the sumac gummy candy’s physicochemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhus coriaria L., which is from the Anacardiaceae family, is an important as a spice and medicinal plant in Turkey. In recent years, when drugs are insufficient, interest in natural plants has increased and their importance has increased in terms of being a source of raw materials in many industrial areas. In this study, it was aimed to determine the volatile components of sumac fruit samples collected from Kasnak, Kovada Lake, Barla Mountain, Aşağıgökdere and Sütçüler locations in Isparta province and their ethnobotanical use in the region. 159 volatile components of Rhus coriaria, were determined by the Head Void-Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (HS-SPME) technique combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main components were α-pinene (Sütçüler 16.95%; Barla Mount 24.41%, Kovada 16.37%, Kasnak Forest 5.81%, Aşağıgökdere 18.20%, limonene (Sütçüler 7.50%; Barla Mountain 8.35%; Kovada 18.07%; Kasnak Forest 11%, 83; Aşağıgökdere 12.38%), 1,3,6-Octatriene, 3,7-Dimethyl- (Sütçüler 13.76%; Barla Mountain 19.36%; Kovada 7.97%; Kasnak Forest 5.53% ; Aşağıgökdere 15.01%) and β-caryophyllene (Sütçüler 7.70%; Barla Mountain 21.55%; Kovada 12.99%; Kasnak Forest 33.63%; Aşağıgökdere 1.18%). To determine the ethnobotanical use of Rhus coriaria in the region, a face-to-face survey of 22 questions was applied to 150 people selected by the stratified sampling model from the local people. The local people use the leaves and flowers of Rhus coriaria as tea, the fruits as a spice, and the sour sauce obtained from the fruits for food purposes. They also stated that they use it for various ailments, especially against Covid-19, for health purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential effects of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) and of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. bark on the selected serum cytokines as possible serum tumor markers -- interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the rat model of mammary carcinogenesis. R. coriaria and C. zeylanicum bark were used as the chemopreventive-therapeutic agents taken by rats in the powder form in the diet at two different concentrations during the entire period of two experiments carried out separately: lower concentration 1 g/kg -- 0.1% and higher concentration 10 g/kg -- 1%. The serum levels of cytokines of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were determined using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. In the first experiment treated with R. coriaria, a significant decrease in serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α was present at higher concentrations compared to the chemoprevention-free control group. R. coriaria at lower concentrations non-significantly reduced the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α when compared to controls. A significant decrease in serum levels of TNF-α was present at higher concentrations compared to lower concentrations. The significant effect of R. coriaria on the serum levels of IL-10 was not observed. In the second experiment treated with C. zeylanicum bark, a significant decrease in serum levels of IL-6 was observed in lower and higher concentrations compared to the chemoprevention-free control group. C. zeylanicum bark non-significantly reduced the serum levels of TNF-α and had no effect on the serum levels of IL-10. In conclusion, R. coriaria and C. zeylanicum bark demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects by analyzing the selected serum cytokine levels in the rat breast carcinoma model. Observed anti-inflammatory effects of both plant-natural substances were associated with their anticancer activities in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:In our study, it was aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts of the fruits of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) species collected from Gaziantep.Methods:Ethanol extracts of 80% (R2) and 100% (R3) were prepared from Rhus coriaria fruits. Chemical analysis of the extracts were performed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method, their antioxidant activities were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, and their antimicrobial activity was investigated using broth microdilution method.Results:In the chemical analysis of R2 and R3 extracts, fumaric acid, an organic acid with the highest concentration, was found at concentrations of 31076.55 and 23348.37 mg/kg, respectively. While the phenolic components with the highest concentration in R2 were observed as hyperoside (622.24 mg/kg), ellagic acid (343.63 mg/kg) and p-coumaric acid (182.91 mg/kg), the phenolic components with the highest concentration in R3 were observed as ellagic acid (607.30 mg/kg), hyperoside (440.41 mg/kg) and p-coumaric acid (178.61 mg/kg). In antioxidant activities of R2 and R3 extracts, DPPH free radical scavenging activities were found to be 70.78%±0.002% and 11.19±0.001%, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of R2 and R3 extracts were found to be 125 and

Tree pruning is an important tree management option for reducing shading effects and altering whole-tree water use in smallholder farming systems. In this study, sap flow meters (SFM1s) were used to monitor whole- tree water use in Cordia africana (Cordia), Albizia coriaria (Albizia) and Coffea arabica (coffee) trees in two farms in Eastern Uganda. Overstory trees were subjected to a 50% pruning regime at a 6-month interval over a period of 20 months (July 2018–February 2020). Analysis of variance General Linear Model was performed to assess the influence of tree species, management, season and their interaction on mean daily sap flow. Pairwise Pearson correlation coefficients between daily sap flow and leaf phenology were also obtained. Pruning altered the synchrony in the vegetative phenology of Albizia trees, as leaf cover changes occurred earlier in pruned trees than in unpruned trees. Pruned Cordia and Albizia trees respectively used 22.8% and 50.1% less water than unpruned trees whose average daily water use was 76.5L day−1 and 133.7L day−1 respectively. Episodes of reverse flows were observed in Albizia trees (pruned and unpruned) and the pruned Cordia during certain periods of the year. There was a statistically significant main effect of tree species, pruning, season and their interaction on daily tree water use (P < 0.05). Coffee used 0.1 to 4.3 L of water per day over the 20-month period. While unshaded coffee used more water than shaded coffee, coffee growing under pruned trees used more water than coffee under unpruned trees. This could have resulted from more transpiration pull in coffee resulting from increased radiation with reduced shading. Subsequently, canopy pruning reduced the water demand of the tree component and resulted in recharge in the crop-rooting zone, although this seemed to appear later following consistent pruning. The study findings demonstrate that agroforestry tree canopy pruning can regulate water use in smallholder agroforestry systems, the benefits of other tree products notwithstanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract It is currently assumed that around 100 million years ago, the common ancestor to the Fabales, Fagales, Rosales and Cucurbitales in Gondwana, developed a root nodule symbiosis with a nitrogen-fixing bacterium. The symbiotic trait evolved first in Frankia cluster-2; thus, strains belonging to this cluster are the best extant representatives of this original symbiont. Most cluster-2 strains could not be cultured to date, except for Frankia coriariae, and therefore many aspects of the symbiosis are still elusive. Based on phylogenetics of cluster-2 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), it has been shown that the genomes of strains originating in Eurasia are highly conserved. These MAGs are more closely related to Frankia cluster-2 in North America than to the single genome available thus far from the southern hemisphere, i.e., from Papua New Guinea. To unravel more biodiversity within Frankia cluster-2 and predict routes of dispersal from Gondwana, we sequenced and analysed the MAGs of Frankia cluster-2 from Coriaria japonica and Coriaria intermedia growing in Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines. Phylogenetic analyses indicate there is a clear split within Frankia cluster-2, separating a continental from an island lineage. Presumably, these lineages already diverged in Gondwana. Based on fossil data on the host plants, we propose that these two lineages dispersed via at least two routes. While the continental lineage reached Eurasia together with their host plants via the Indian subcontinent, the island lineage spread towards Japan with an unknown host plant.

Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver (hereafter A. coriaria) is a revered medicinal tree whose organs are used by indigenous African societies for managing various ailments. Herein, we assessed the secondary metabolites, total polyphenolics, free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of A. coriaria flowers. The dry powdered sample was extracted serially with ethyl acetate, ethanol and distilled water. Results of classical phytochemical screening showed that saponins, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenes were the dominant phytochemicals. The highest total polyphenolic content (10.37 ± 0.02 mg QE/g DW and 72.09 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DW) and free radical scavenging potential (IC50 = 24.23 ± 0.04 mg/mL) were for the ethyl acetate extract. It also had a higher bacteriostatic activity than the ethanolic extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with diameters of inhibition ranging from 7.00 ± 0.00 to 22.00 ± 1.73 mm. The aqueous extract showed no appreciable antibacterial effect on the tested microorganisms. This is the first report which support the use of floral extracts of this species in the management of ailments in African traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver (A. coriaria) is one of the treasured medicinal plants in Africa. In continuity of our study verifying the claim of using its leaves for managing bacterial diseases and oxidative stress-mediated complications in Ugandan traditional phytomedicine, we characterized its most active (ethanolic) extract using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results UV–Vis absorption peaks occurred between 338 and 664 nm, which indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of O–H, C=O and aromatic–C=C which confirmed the presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids and aromatics in the extract. Four known bioactive triterpenoids: lupeol (1), lupenone (2), betulinic acid (3), betulin (4) along with an aromatic alcohol: benzyl alcohol (5) were tentatively identified in different fractions of A. coriaria ethanolic leaf extract. Compound 4 was identified for the first time in this species. Conclusions All the compounds identified in the fractions of the A. coriaria ethanolic leaf extract have reported pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This supports the traditional use of A. coriaria leaves in the management of oxidative stress-mediated conditions and bacterial diseases in Uganda.

Objective: In our study, it was aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts of the fruits of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) species collected from Gaziantep. Methods: Ethanol extracts of 80% (R2) and 100% (R3) were prepared from Rhus coriaria fruits. Chemical analysis of the extracts were performed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method, their antioxidant activities were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, and their antimicrobial activity was investigated using broth microdilution method. Results: In the chemical analysis of R2 and R3 extracts, fumaric acid, an organic acid with the highest concentration, was found at concentrations of 31076.55 and 23348.37 mg/kg, respectively. While the phenolic components with the highest concentration in R2 were observed as hyperoside (622.24 mg/kg), ellagic acid (343.63 mg/kg) and p-coumaric acid (182.91 mg/kg), the phenolic components with the highest concentration in R3 were observed as ellagic acid (607.30 mg/kg), hyperoside (440.41 mg/kg) and p-coumaric acid (178.61 mg/kg). In antioxidant activities of R2 and R3 extracts, DPPH free radical scavenging activities were found to be 70.78%±0.002% and 11.19±0.001%, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of R2 and R3 extracts were found to be 125 and <3.9 μg/ mL in S. aureus strain ATCC 25923, 15.625 and 31.25μg/mL in A. baumannii strain ATCC 19606, 62.5 μg/mL in H. pylori strain ATCC 43504, 62.5 μg/mL in C. glabrata strain ATCC 2001, <3.9 μg/mL in C. albicans strain ATCC 66027, respectively. Conclusion: The higher antioxidant activity in the R2 extract obtained from R. coriaria fruits grown in our country may be due to the higher phenolic component content compared to the R3 extract. It is thought that the more effective antimicrobial activity detected in the R3 extract may be due to the higher amount of ellagic acid compared to the R2 extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using natural plant extracts on metallic substances is the most frequently studied green corrosion inhibition approach in corrosion science. In this work, Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid (CNSA) has been successfully extracted and characterized by qualitative chemical (Mayer's and Dragendroff's) test and spectroscopic (UV and FTIR) measurement. CNSA has been employed as a green inhibitor for Mild Steel (MS) corrosion subjected to 1 M H2SO4 solution. The corrosion inhibition efficacy has been assessed by weight loss and polarization measurement methods. The effect of inhibitor concentration, immersion period, and temperature on the inhibition efficiency for the MS immersed in both acid and inhibitor solutions of different concentrations have been investigated. The maximum inhibition effect observed for CNSA is 96.4% for MS immersed in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution for 6 h at 18 °C by the weight loss measurement method. Similarly, the polarization measurement method observed a 97.03% inhibition efficiency for MS immersed for 3 h. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the MS surface aligns with the Langmuir model. The free energy of adsorption obtained is −28.75 kJ/mol indicating physical adsorption dominance over chemical adsorption. These findings suggested that CNSA has greater potential as an efficient green inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

سابعه و هدفى: كنذرل بيولورق ؤرسايش در اراضى شيبي دار و شذ-اخت الآرات يذوذهه.1ى كيدى استغاده شده ؛راى ادلاع،راذه، مؤذرذرين و بادداررين روش، ؛راى تغبيت و كتذرل حاهلخعزى خأى در مر|تع ن. سدر درذركيبي يوشش رياهى سببي بوجود آمدن تغيورات بئسذرده در خاصى شده به طورى كه در كوتاه مدت درئت به حالت اوليه با محدوديت دراه است. اورات متقابل كوذهه؛ى كيك ى در خاصى در مطالعات مختلفى دررى شده است. كوتدهاى درخذى با ايجاد لاشورى آثار مثبذى را در خصوصيات رزيكى و شيميايى خاصل دارتد و بين رفنن آتها در نتيجه ءوامل مختذف منجذر به كك شى خعدوصيات كيذى خاصل مىشود. هدف از اين تحقيق دررس ٠ى اذرات كونههاى كياهى كاشته شده دراى اصلاح و احياى اراخ* ى شيبيد|ر حوزه آرخي ز كاخق ور بهبو واًرىهاى خاصل است. ٣٧ كي|.ومذرمربع در شمال ش ٠رق ادران، بين طول جذرقيايى / هواد و رو?سها: حوزه آبخوز كاخذنى با وسعت ٢ 5رار دارد لر1ر؛رفته است. بارش ٣۴°. ۵٨٠٣١ و ءرض جذرفياى"؟. ذ° ٣۴ تأ " ٢٠١٣ ' ۵٨٠٣١ تأ " ١٢ ?. ٨ متورط سالانه حوزه ٢۴٣ ميلى مذ ر مىباشد. دروره اصلاح و يعياء اراضى و م ٠ر|تع تدريبي شده در اين حوزه آبخوز شامل زور،روزدهاى كاشت درختان مثم. ر و غيرمدر، بوتهكارى ٤ بذرياشى، بذركارى و كجهكارى بوده كه از سال ١٣٧٢ دروع و تا سال ١٣٨۵ ادامه د اشته است. نقثدهاى شيبي، جهت شيبي، ارتفاع و زمين شذال- تهيه شده و از روى هجم لندختن آنها نقثه واحدكارى بة ۵ست آمد. محلهاى GIS حوزه را استفاده از ذرملؤز 1ر - ٣٠ و ٣٠ -- ذموذهدرد 1رى تحمت درلاط زم ٠ينشتاليى و دويو؛ذرافى مذ لجه انتخاب شدند. ذم.وذه ردارى از عمق ٠ رلتى مذرى خاصى زور لئكوب كونذهاى دادام، سماق، كاج و منطقه دلمون يودش)شاهد(، به صورت تصادغى ععاره اشباع pH ، ريستماتيآق انجام شد. بكت خاصى به روش هودرومذرى، موزان موادآلى به روش والكى بلاصل مذر، ازت كل به روش كجددال، ق'ذر قابل جذب EC مذر، هدايت الكذريكى ععاره اشباع خاصى با pH خاصل با به روش اولمن، آه.لق، يتاسم، و يى؛ربتات نمونههاى خاصل در آزمايثكاه خاصنذشاى ك1زهكورى شد. دراى مقاوسه بين حتد ك روه مستقل از آذلملوز واريلس يكارفه استفاده شده اسمت. همجدين مغاوسه مياتكوزها و آزمون دانت ذى ٣دررسى ثده اسمت. LSD اخذلأفات بين بذروهها با استفاده از آزمون ٠/و درصد ماده آاًى) ٩۶)mg ۶/٢٧٠ (، ؤسذر) ۶ mg kg(٠(، يتليم / لنا دج: بيثذرون مقدار درصد ازت) ٠۵۴ ٧(در زور اشكوب كاج شاهده شد. كمذرون / در خاق زور اشكوب سماق و بيثذرين مقدار درصد آهق) ٩١ ٢ مربوط به منطقه شلهد بود. نتادج اًذالخز و ارياض نثان / ٣/' و ٨٧ ،١/٩٢ ،٩۶/٣٣ ،'/' مقدار أنها بمسب ١٧ داد اختلاف معذىد|رى در رعل ح ۵ درصد ب ١ين مقدار اديديته، شورى در همه لعماق و بيكذربنات در عمق هاى ٣ و ' - ' ۶ ساذئاًىمذر خاى در تيمارهاى مختلف وجود ندارد. درصد ماسه، سيدت و رس خاى ندز اختلاف ' -۶ ' معنى د ار در سعدح ۵ درصد بين تيمارها در عمق كل خاى) 'تا ' ۶ ساذذك ٠امذر(د ارند. در عمق ' - ' ٣ يانتى مدرى خالى ميانكين مقدار ازت و ماده ألى در منطقه شاهخ ١ تفاوت معذىد|رى در سعدح ۵ د رصد با تيمارهاى باد|مكارى، كاجكاًرى و سماؤدكارى دارد. خاى رراشكوب)'--' ٣ |_لذتىمذر(تيمار كاجكارى تفاوت معذى ۵ارى از نفدر ٨ درصد(بامنحلقه سماقكارى / ' ماده ألى) ۵۵ ا ' درصد(وأهى) ۴ ،)mg/kg ۶٧/ميانكين غلخإت جتاسيم) ١٣٧ ۴ درصد(داردوفقط ازذظ,ر أهى باتيمارباد 1مكارى تفاوت / ١ درصدو ٣٨/٠٧ ،mgg ۶٧/٢٧٨()بهذرتخ ٧ و ماده ألى) ٨۴/' درصد(تيمار باد 1مكارى)mg/kg/۶ معذىد 1رى درطح ۵ درصد دارد. ميعكهن فذر) ٢۶ ١۶ درصد(داشته اماد / ٣٢/' درصد، ۶۶ درصد و ۴ ،١/٨٢ mg/kg تن.اوت معذىد 1رى با منحلقه شاهد)به٠ترتيب منحلقه كاجكارى و سابارى تفاوت معذىد 1رى ندارد. خاى عمق 'تا ' ٣ راذ:ىمذرى منحلقه سماقكارى بيثذرين تفاوت را از ذظر يارامذرهاى شيميايى مورد مطالعه با منحلقه شاهد دادت. متوسط مذنى ار ازت، يتايم، فذر، ماده ألى و ديدت در عمق ' ٣ تا ' ۶ بتتى مذرى خاى تفاوت معذىد 1رى در سحل ج ۵ درصد بين منحلقه خاى در هدج يى از تيمارها و اعماق مورد EC و pH ياد 1مكارى و سم ٠اقكارى نسي. ت به شاهره نثان داد. مقدار مطالعه تفاوت معذىد 1رى با خاى منطقه شاهد در سحدح ۵ درمد نثان ندادند. ننبتجه كيرى: نتاج بهدا-ت أمده از اين تحئذيق نثان داد كدت كونههاى درختى مخندق در حوزه آبخدز كازى دلع ت تفيخ ر در دوخى از خصوصيات فدزندى و شيميادى خاى شده 1ست كونه هاى سماق و؛.ادام، بيثذر از كونه كاج، با فز1يش مواد مدخنى حاصلخخ؛ى خاى زدر اشكوب خود را فر1هم مىذماشد 4 بدون أنكه باع ث ؤزادش معنى د ار شاخرهاى غزرمنيدى ماسد شورى هؤردند. از أنجا كه سماق در 1ر 1ئى سبد1ر ؤل1يلخت استذرار و ردنى و نمو بؤ.ذرى دارد دذا مىتواند به عذوان دى كونه مناسب رى اصه.لاح و احيا مر1تع كوهتانى تدردبشده شؤربتان كناباد بكار رود. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oregano (Origanum syriacum) is popularly called za'atar in the Middle East region. It is widely used in the Mediterranean diet as an aromatic herb. This study aimed to evaluate the preservation effect of natural additives, vacuum packaging, and refrigeration on the quality traits of fresh oregano. In total, 132 fresh oregano samples were formulated and split into 4 groups (n = 33) labeled group A (100% fresh oregano leaves, Control), group B (fresh oregano 63.2%, 15% fresh onion, 20% oil, 1.8% salt), group C (fresh oregano 61.91%, 15% fresh Allium cepa, 20% oil, 1.8% salt, 1.29% sumac), and group D (fresh oregano 59.2%, 15% fresh Allium cepa, 20% corn oil, 1.8% salt, 4% lactic acid, ultimate pH 4.4). Different quality traits such as color index (L*a*b*), microbiological analysis (total aerobic, anaerobic, and psychrotrophic bacteria and yeasts and molds), and sensory features (taste, flavor, appearance, saltiness, and overall acceptance) were assessed during the storage period (42 days) for all groups. Our study showed that the addition of lactic acid (group D) exhibited a strong preservation effect against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In this context, group D had significantly lower aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts (5.12 vs. 6.7, 6, and 6.7 log (cfu/g); p < 0.05) and (4.75 vs. 6.6, 6.1, 6.77 (cfu/g); p < 0.05) than group A, B, and C; respectively. Group D exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower psychrotrophic bacterial count (3.6 log (cfu/g)) during the whole period of storage compared with control. Group B had a lower redness index (a*) (−3.3 vs. −1.8, −1.65, −1.23; p < 0.05) than groups A, C, and D; respectively. In conclusion, our study showed that there is a possibility of improving the preservation of oregano (Origanum syriacum) by using lactic acid and sumac combined with vacuum packaging under refrigeration conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), generally known as sumac, is a commonly used powder spice, condiment, and flavoring agent, especially in the Mediterranean region. Owing to its bountiful beneficial values, R. coriaria (RC) has been used in traditional medicine for the management and treatment of many ailments including hemorrhoids, wound healing, diarrhea, and reduction of blood sugar, cholesterol and uric acid levels. R. coriaria is rich in various classes of phytochemicals including polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, organic acids, and many others. By virtue of its bioactive, R. coriaria possesses powerful antioxidant capacities that have ameliorative and therapeutic benefits for many common diseases including neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, and cancer. The purpose of this study is a brief review of the effects of R. coriaria on diabetes, cancer, hyperlipidemia, as well as the study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of this plant. Due to its mineral elements, neurotransmitters, organic acids and high antioxidant ability, Sumac plant can cause significant changes in various organs of the body when consumed. To sum up, the findings summarized here can be used as a useful dietary supplement and an attractive target for drug discovery.

Aim: This study assessed the effects of topical application of R. coriaria extract on the rate of wound closure. The rate of wound contraction was used to assess the wound healing efficacy of the R. coriaria fruit methanolic extract. Methods: Using excision and burn model of wound repair in diabetic male Wistar rats. Also, hydroxyproline, collagen content, and proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines levels were determined in this study. Results: During the early wound healing phase, interleukin 6 (IL‐6) levels were found to be decreased by R. coriaria treatment and increased the level of interleukin 10 (IL‐10). Increased wound contraction augmented with hydroxyproline and collagen content, supporting the early wound healing exhibited by R. coriaria. The epithelialization, neovascularization and enhanced hydroxyproline and collagen expression were strongly associated with the healing pattern. Conclusion: This study indicating that R. coriaria methanolic fruit extract has a potent wound healing capacity. And may be effective in the topical therapy of wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of sumac, cumin, black pepper and red pepper diethyl ether extracts on the growth of eight foodborne pathogens (FBP) and their biogenic amine (BA) production were investigated in histidine decarboxylase broth. The antimicrobial effect was determined by the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations. Sumac extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against FBP. Enterococcus faecalis and Aeromonas hydrophila were the most susceptible strains to sumac extract. The MBC of spice extracts on the FBP was generally above 50 mg/mL. Cumin extract was the most effective in decreasing bacterial loads, inhibiting significantly the microbial growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Campylobacter jejuni and A. hydrophila. Histamine production ranged from 0.14 (Yersinia enterocolitica) to 39.29 mg/L (S. aureus). Cumin extract significantly inhibited the histamine formation by S. aureus and Salmonella paratyphi A. Black and red pepper extracts promoted the histamine formation by most of FBP under scrutiny. Red pepper extract generally increased formation of BA, while sumac and cumin extracts proved to be the most effective antimicrobials and BA formation inhibitors. This research study allowed to conclude that sumac and cumin extracts can be used as natural preservatives in the agro-food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Owing to the rich phytochemical content of Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), known as Sumac, it may affect blood pressure, glycemic, and anthropometric indices. We, therefore, aimed to examine evidence on effect of Sumac on these factors by conducting a meta-analysis of RCTs. A systematic literature search up to January 2024 was completed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. Heterogeneity tests of the selected trials were performed using the I2 statistic. Random effects models were assessed based on the heterogeneity tests, and pooled data were determined as weighted mean differences (WMD) with a 95 % confidence interval (CI). Fifteen RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Our findings showed that Sumac consumption significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD = −2.88 mmHg; 95 %CI, −4.22 to −1.54; P = 0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD = −5.15 mg/dL; 95 %CI, −8.73 to −1.57; P = 0.005), insulin (WMD = −1.95 uIU/ml; 95 %CI, 3.11 to −0.79; P = 0.001), Hemoglobin A1c (WMD = −0.48 %; 95 %CI -0.84 to −0.12; P = 0.001), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD = −0.71; 95 %CI, −1.14 to −0.27; P = 0.001), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) (WMD = −0.01; 95 %CI, −0.02 to −0.00; P = 0.017). Sumac consumption had no significant effects on weight, body mass index, and waist circumference. We found that Sumac consumption could improve DBP, glycemic indices, and WHR. Also, supplementation of this herb in higher doses or longer durations had more promising effects on FBG, HOMA-IR, and WHR. • Sumac consumption significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure. • Sumac consumption significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, insulin, Hemoglobin A1c, and Insulin Resistance. • Sumac consumption significantly reduced the waist-to-hip ratio. • Sumac consumption did not significantly affect body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to assess the potential dietary effect of grind seeds of Rhus coriaria ‎‎(gsRC) with and without exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on some lipid profiles ‎and ruminal fermentation characteristics of Awassi male lambs. A total of twenty-four Awassi ‎male lambs weighing 21.56±0.77 kg at 3-4 months of age were randomly divided based on BW ‎into four groups with six animals each. Dietary treatments were provided to lambs for 4 ‎months as follows: control group, fed on a concentrate diet at the rate of 2.5% ‎BW with alfalfa hay daily; gsRC-15 group, fed the control group diet supplemented ‎with 15 g/head dried grind seeds of Rhus coriaria daily with diet; EFE-5 group, fed the control ‎group diet supplemented with ‎‎5 g/head of EFE daily with diet; gsRC-EFE group, fed on the ‎control group diet supplemented with ‎15 g/head‎dried grind seeds of Rhus coriaria and 5 g/head ‎of EFE daily with diet. The results showed that serum cholesterol and triglycerides ‎significantly ‎(P‎‎

Background: Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver (A. coriaria) is one of the treasured medicinal plants in Africa. In continuity of our study verifying the claim of using its leaves for managing bacterial diseases and oxidative stress-mediated complications in Ugandan traditional phytomedicine, we characterized its most active (ethanolic) extract using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: UV–Vis absorption peaks occurred between 338 and 664 nm, which indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of O–H, C=O and aromatic–C=C which confirmed the presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids and aromatics in the extract. Four known bioactive triterpenoids: lupeol (1), lupenone (2), betulinic acid (3), betulin (4) along with an aromatic alcohol: benzyl alcohol (5) were tentatively identified in different fractions of A. coriaria ethanolic leaf extract. Compound 4 was identified for the first time in this species. Conclusions: All the compounds identified in the fractions of the A. coriaria ethanolic leaf extract have reported pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This supports the traditional use of A. coriaria leaves in the management of oxidative stress-mediated conditions and bacterial diseases in Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae), generally known as sumac, is a commonly used powder spice, condiment, and flavoring agent, especially in the Mediterranean region. Owing to its bountiful beneficial values, R. coriaria (RC) has been used in traditional medicine for the management and treatment of many ailments including hemorrhoids, wound healing, diarrhea, and reduction of blood sugar, cholesterol and uric acid levels. R. coriaria is rich in various classes of phytochemicals including polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, organic acids, and many others. By virtue of its bioactive, R. coriaria possesses powerful antioxidant capacities that have ameliorative and therapeutic benefits for many common diseases including neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, and cancer. The purpose of this study is a brief review of the effects of R. coriaria on diabetes, cancer, hyperlipidemia, as well as the study of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of this plant. Due to its mineral elements, neurotransmitters, organic acids and high antioxidant ability, Sumac plant can cause significant changes in various organs of the body when consumed. To sum up, the findings summarized here can be used as a useful dietary supplement and an attractive target for drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Rhus coriaria, popularly known as sumac, has been used as a spice powder in the Middle East for centuries. It contains a broad range of naturally occurring compounds such as flavonoids, proteins, anthocyanins and volatile oils. It showed a putative importance in treatment of different disorders including cancers. In the current study, R. coriaria fruit extract was used for green synthesis of silver nanostructures (Ag-NSs) and their anticancer activity was tested against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The aqueous fruit extract was prepared. The synthesis of Ag-NSs under different conditions was optimized. The optimal reaction medium comprised 1:2 concentration of fruit extract and 3 mM concentration of silver nitrate solution. The green-synthesized Ag-NSs were confirmed by using UV-Visible spectroscopy at a range 300-700 nm, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and zeta potential measurements. The anti-proliferative activity of Ag-NSs was confirmed with inhibitory activity on MCF-7 cell line growth. The results showed that the IC50 values at 24 and 48h were 14.27 and 13.4 μg/ml, respectively. In conclusion the results of this study provide a simple, rapid, non-toxic and eco-friendly protocol for green-synthesis of Ag-NSs, which could be used as an alternative and interesting approach for safe and simple synthesis of Ag nanoparticles for biomedical uses.

Background & aims: Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) is a popular spice/herb with several biological functions owing to its antioxidant and insulin-like activities. Many clinical trials have indicated the potent anti-diabetic property of sumac but the results on few glycemic indices were inconclusive. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis were aimed to investigate sumac supplementation effect on glycemic indices. Methods: Systematically searched was performed by two independent reviewers using online databases including: PubMed, Scopus, web of science, EMBASE from inception until November 2020. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 6 potentially relevant clinical trials met the inclusion criteria with total of 278 participants. Random-effects meta-analysis suggested no significant effects on the levels of fasting blood glucose [-7.08 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -14.85 to 0.70,P = 0.07, I2 = 59.8 %], glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) [-0.48 %, 95 % CI: −1.01 to -0.04, P = 0.07, I2 = 0.0 %], homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [-0.97, 95 % CI: -1.96 to 0.02, P = 0.05, I2 = 83.8 %], and insulin [-2.94 Hedges' g, 95 % CI: -6.67 to 0.80, P = 0.12, I2 = 83.1 %] following supplementation with sumac powder. Conclusion: This meta-analysis showed no significant effects on any glycemic indices following supplementation with sumac powder.

The use of fruits waste from tanniniferous trees represents a new technology that aims to solve or mitigate greenhouse gases emission, and to increase the production of food of animal origin in an ecofriendly manner. This study aims to evaluate the production of methane and carbon dioxide, degradability by in vitro ruminal fermentation in goats diet supplemented with nuts (Caesalpinia coriaria Jacq. Willd.) for adoption by livestock farmers. Condensed tannins (CT) of C. coriaria inclusion rates were 0 (CT0 or control, no CT), 1.5 (CT1.5), 3.0 (CT3), 4.5 (CT4.5) and 6.0% (CT6) of the total mixed ration. All CT treatments reduced (linear, quadratic and cubic; P = 0.001) CH4, CO2 and H2 gases, and had some increasing effect on total biogas production. However, CT3 reduced greenhouse gases and had the highest biogas production. Addition of tannins from cascalote fruit waste (C. coriaria Jacq. Willd.) to goats diet at CT3 level reduced methane production, improved fermentation and ruminal degradability in vitro and has potential to be used as ecofriendly feed or feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhus coriaria has been important in the treatment of many diseases in traditional use. In this content, the genotoxic, antigenotoxic, and oxidative stress effects of methanol extract of R. coriaria (RCE) were investigated in this study. Two hundred fifty, 500, or 750 µg/mL concentrations of RCE were not found to have DNA damaging effect on pET22-b(+) plasmid and were unable to induce micronuclei in human lymphocytes (24 or 48 h treatment period). However, it did not inhibit the genotoxic effect of mitomycin-c (0.25 µg/mL). Cytotoxic effects of RCE were investigated using mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI). Five hundred, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg concentrations of RCE did not induce chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells for 12 or 24 h treatment period. In addition, 2000 mg/kg concentration of RCE showed an antigenotoxic effect by decreasing to genotoxic effect of 400 mg/kg urethane at 12 and 24 h treatment periods. RCE showed cytotoxic effects by significantly decreasing NDI. Moreover, RCE increased cytotoxic effect of Mitomycin C (MMC). However, RCE did not induce cytotoxicity in rat bone marrow cells. The highest concentration of RCE reduced total oxidant level in 12 h treatment. Interestingly, the lowest total oxidant level was found in rats blood treated with the lowest concentration RCE and urethane together. Thousand and 2000 mg/kg concentrations of RCE decreased total antioxidant levels of rat blood at 24 h treatment period. Our results showed that RCE possess cytotoxic effect in short-term treatments in vitro. However, it does not demonstrate genotoxic or cytotoxic effects in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression and anxiety are among the most important diseases of human being. The chemical drugs used to treat these diseases have side effects, therefore, the use of medicinal herbs such as Rhus Coriaria can be effective in treating these diseases with regard to properties such as anti-oxidant activity. In this study, the effects of oral administration of Rhus Coriaria fruit essential oil (RCFEO) was investigated on depression and anxiety in male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, adult male Wistar rats were divided into control, RCFEO (50, 100, and 300 mg/kg), fluoxetine (depression reference drug) and alprazolam (anxiety reference drug) groups. In order to evaluate the depression and anxiety, forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests were used, respectively. Results: In the forced swimming test, there were significant differences between the RCFEO (100 and 300 mg/kg) and the control group in aspect of the immobility time (P

Introduction : Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative and microaerophilic bacterium. About half of the human population in the world is infected with this bacterium. Helicobacter pylori is known to be one of the main causes of stomach ulcers and gastric cancer. The increased antibiotic resistance, the high cost of combined treatments and adverse side effects have led to an increase in the tendency to alternative methods such as the use of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, probiotics and herbal medicines. Material and method : In this study the published articles on the effects of 29 plant families, including 69 Iranian plant species against H. pylori in vitro and in vivo conditions were reviewed and categorized. Results : According to the obtained results, plants such as Mentha Piperita, Zataria multiflora, Salvia mirzayanii, Geum Iranicum, Rhus coriaria , Commiphora myrrha, Heracleum persicum, Trachyspermum amm, Artemisia absinthium, Glycyrrhiza glabra L, Olea europaea and Punica granatum are the most affected plants against Helicobacter pylori in vitro condition. Discussion and conclusion: The observed antibacterial effects of the tested herbs in this study suggest that these herbs have the potential to be used as a viable alternative treatement for of the H. pylori infections but antibacterial activity evaluation of herbal extracts against H. pylori should be evaluated both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Also, determining the effective ingredient can help further research in this regard. The effectiveness of the same plant species should be evaluated in the different regions and ultimately concluded in the field of their effect. It is clear that the obtain outcome of the antibacterial effect of the same herbal extract on different strains of a bacterial species might be different so the standard strain of H. pylori must be use.

Background: The present study aimed at determining the efficacy of applying Rhus coriaria (Sumac) solution for the treatment of Permethrin-resistant head louse in patients, who used permethrin for at least 2 consecutive periods, but have not been cured. Methods: This study is a before-after clinical trial performed on 100 patients with pediculosis aged between 2 and 50 years old and both sexes. All patients had used Permethrin at least twice consecutively (with at least 14 days interval) according to correct instructions (on the first and 7th day), but they have not been cured. Each patient received 60ml of Rhus coriaria solution for 3 consecutive days, and the treatment was repeated again for another 3 days; then, the patients were followed-up on the 4th, 10th, and14th days after the treatment. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the severity of head lice infection and itching before the treatment and 14 days after the treatment (P

Oregano (Origanum syriacum) is popularly called za’atar in the Middle East region. It is widely used in the Mediterranean diet as an aromatic herb. This study aimed to evaluate the preservation effect of natural additives, vacuum packaging, and refrigeration on the quality traits of fresh oregano. In total, 132 fresh oregano samples were formulated and split into 4 groups (n = 33) labeled group A (100% fresh oregano leaves, Control), group B (fresh oregano 63.2%, 15% fresh onion, 20% oil, 1.8% salt), group C (fresh oregano 61.91%, 15% fresh Allium cepa, 20% oil, 1.8% salt, 1.29% sumac), and group D (fresh oregano 59.2%, 15% fresh Allium cepa, 20% corn oil, 1.8% salt, 4% lactic acid, ultimate pH 4.4). Different quality traits such as color index (L*a*b*), microbiological analysis (total aerobic, anaerobic, and psychrotrophic bacteria and yeasts and molds), and sensory features (taste, flavor, appearance, saltiness, and overall acceptance) were assessed during the storage period (42 days) for all groups. Our study showed that the addition of lactic acid (group D) exhibited a strong preservation effect against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In this context, group D had significantly lower aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts (5.12 vs. 6.7, 6, and 6.7 log (cfu/g); p < 0.05) and (4.75 vs. 6.6, 6.1, 6.77 (cfu/g); p < 0.05) than group A, B, and C; respectively. Group D exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower psychrotrophic bacterial count (3.6 log (cfu/g)) during the whole period of storage compared with control. Group B had a lower redness index (a*) (−3.3 vs. −1.8, −1.65, −1.23; p < 0.05) than groups A, C, and D; respectively. In conclusion, our study showed that there is a possibility of improving the preservation of oregano (Origanum syriacum) by using lactic acid and sumac combined with vacuum packaging under refrigeration conditions.

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is one of the important forest species dispersed in the northwest of Iran. It is one of the important spice in Iran and the Middle East because of active components containing organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins and terpenoids. This study aimed to investigate population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) extent within Rhus coriaria L. genotypes using ISSR markers and identify molecular markers associated with phytochemical traits using association analysis. In the molecular part of the experiment, the genetic diversity of 75 sumac genotypes from five different areas of northwest Iran was assessed by 18 ISSR primers. In the phenotypic assessment, the fruits of the sumac genotypes were analyzed using HPLC‐LC/MSMS for determining phytochemical components including maleic acid, ellagic acid, maleic acid hexoside, gallic acid, coumaric acid, quercetin, caftaric acid, and linoleic acid. The phenotypic data analysis revealed the great phenotypic diversity among and within Iranian sumac populations for the studied phytochemical traits. The studied sumac genotypes were divided into two subpopulations based on molecular marker‐based structure analysis. A significant level of LD was observed in 11.64% of the ISSR marker pairs (p <.05). The mixed linear model procedure showed that 12 loci had a significant association with investigated traits. The ISSR loci identified in this study can be potentially used in marker‐assisted selection in sumac breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the methanolic extract of Cladophora glomerata macroalga against human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell line and natural cells (Vero cells) as well as evaluating the combined effect of Rhus coriaria (sumac) methanolic extract. We performed the preliminary phytochemical screening of C. glomerata methanolic extract, then we evaluated the cytotoxicity of C. glomerata methanolic extract against MCF-7 and Vero cell lines using MTT assay with determining the value of Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of C. glomerata methanolic extract. According to the results C. glomerata methanolic extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, triterpenoids, and sterols while it is free of phenols. The C. glomerata methanolic extract has a high cytotoxicity activity against MCF-7 cells compared with Vero cells, the IC50 of the methanolic extract of C. glomerata was 116.7 and 120.4μg/ml against MCF-7 cells and Vero cells respectively. The isobologram analysis results showed that there is antagonism between C. glomerata methanolic extracts and sumac methanolic extracts. The results of the DNA fragmentation analysis showed that there was no degradation of the DNA of MCF-7 cells by using any concentrations of both C. glomerata methanolic extracts and sumac methanolic extracts. We concluded that C. glomerata methanolic extract may be of interest in the cancer treatment field, and we also concluded that the use of sumac methanolic extract for combination did not improve the efficiency of C. glomerata methanol extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is related to increased fat deposition in the liver, known as hepatic steatosis. The present study is an evaluation of the anti-oxidative and antihyperlipidemic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Rhus coriaria L. (HARE) in rats on a high-fat diet (HFD). Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, HFD, HFD + HARE 50 mg/kg/day, and HFD + HARE 250 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. Animals were weighed weekly and treated with the HARE extract for 12 weeks by gavage. Subsequently, the histopathological changes, oxidative markers, and lipid profile were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multiple comparisons. First, the active ingredients of the extract were determined by HPLC. Then, the levels in the serum lipid profile (TG, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) in rats fed with the HFD + HARE were analyzed where a significant reduction was observed. The HFD proved to increase the activity of the liver enzymes, the serum lipid levels, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The ferric-reducing antioxidant activity power (FRAP), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalytic activity were reduced in the liver homogenate of HFD rats compared to the controls. Additionally, the aforementioned liver enzymes activities were reduced in response to HARE. Evaluation of oxidative stress determined a reduction in the MDA level while a raised FRAP was confirmed. In accordance with the present results, histopathological observations have also demonstrated that HARE ameliorated grade-1 hepatic steatosis induced by HFD. Taken together, the findings of this study introduce HARE as a future potential therapeutic agent in treating hepatic steatosis and reducing oxidative damages of an HFD in the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the chemical characterisation of two extracts (ethyl acetate, EtOAc-E and hexanic, Hx-E) from Libidibia coriaria fruits and their insecticidal properties on Spodoptera frugiperda . The HPLC analysis in EtOAct-E revealed the presence of ellagic acid and phenolic compounds. The CG-MS analysis in Hx-E revealed the presence of Hexadecanoic acid, 11-Methylheptacosane, Dodecanoic acid and Nonacosane as major compounds. The application of both extracts was performed on the dorsal part of each larva via aspersion. The larval mortality, relative growth and emergence percentage of adults were evaluated. The Hx-E caused a 93.33% mortality at 100 mg/mL at 24 h post-application. A minor relative growth with both EtOAc-E (12.64 mg) and Hx-E (7.90 mg) was observed compared with their respective negative controls (methanol = 25.05 mg and tween20 = 24.53 mg). The lowest emergence percentage of adults with the Hx-E (25%) at 50 mg/mL was observed. Libidibia coriaria fruits exhibit insecticidal properties against S. frugiperda .