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The Meyer–Neldel compensation law, observed in a wide variety of chemical reactions and other thermally activated processes, provides a proportionality between the entropic and the enthalpic components of an energy barrier. By analyzing 31 different polymer systems, we show that such an intriguing behavior is encountered also in the slow Arrhenius process, a recently discovered microscopic relaxation mode, responsible for several equilibration mechanisms both in the liquid and the glassy state. We interpret this behavior in terms of the multiexcitation entropy model, indicating that overcoming large energy barriers can require a high number of low-energy local excitations, providing a multiphonon relaxation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crisis that occurs in a company has the potential to damage the company's reputation. However, if the crisis can be handled properly, then the crisis will not harm the company. The purpose of this research is to find out the crisis communication steps and efforts made by the Public Relations of Daop 2 Bandung in dealing with the crisis situation caused by the train accident. Researchers use a descriptive analysis approach because it is considered capable of describing something clearly and each part can be studied one by one, so that the facts of a case can be revealed transparently. Data collection techniques in the form of interviews, in this study the data source consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from interviews with Mr. Ayep Hanapi as Public Relations Manager of PT KAI Daop 2 Bandung. The results showed that PT KAI Public Relations has made several efforts to maintain the company's image, namely: First, pre-crisis PT KAI applies the zero accident principle by increasing employee competence and discipline as well as maintaining facilities and infrastructure. Second, PT KAI's crisis team collaborates with stakeholders, provides solutions, is responsive in serving the media by preparing accurate data and fact information. Third, post-crisis to improve the image by providing compensation to employees and accident victims and conducting evaluations to improve train safety and security in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Fifth amendment ruling in Baker v. City of McKinney, where the court invoked a "necessity exception" to deny compensation under the Takings Clause after police destroyed Vicki Baker's home during an emergency involving a fugitive kidnapper. It found that the court's application failed to properly align with historical precedents. It suggests the future courts to apply the necessity exception more carefully.

In February 2022, the International Court of Justice handed down its decision in Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda) which determined claims against Uganda for its unlawful military activities in the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The decision is significant for the law of reparations, with the Court adopting a controversial 'global sum' methodology in fixing compensation which was guided by equitable considerations. Also at issue (which the Court did not decide) was whether claims for high‐level 'macroeconomic' loss are recoverable in principle under international law. This note argues that the Court's global sum methodology is a permissible (and welcome) use of equity to determine compensation where there are evidential difficulties. It also takes the view that macroeconomic loss should be recoverable in principle: a position which is consistent with the teleological design of compensation, and with the more flexible approach to economic loss which some international tribunals have taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a poignant saga of American history, Henrietta Lacks stands as an emblem of both scientific triumph and ethical controversy. In 1951, Mrs. Lacks, a tobacco farmer and mother of five, visited Johns Hopkins Hospital for treatment of what was later discovered to be advanced stage cervical cancer. Her doctors treated her with radium, which was standard practice at the time. However, Mrs. Lacks's cancer rapidly metastasized and she ultimately passed away just months later on October 4, 1951, at the age of 31. During the course of her treatment, Mrs. Lacks's cells were non-consensually removed for purposes of scientific research. The cell line, coined "HeLa cells," have in many ways immortalized Mrs. Lacks, playing an instrumental role in numerous medical breakthroughs, including the development of Covid vaccines. Despite the immense contributions her cell line made to scientific research, Mrs. Lacks and her family never received acknowledgement or compensation for the non-consensual taking and continued usage of HeLa cells. Decades later, her family filed a lawsuit against Thermo Fisher Scientific, seeking damages in profits gained from the commercialization of her cell line. This article explores the legal precedent governing the ownership of human biological materials and compares them to cases involving entrusted goods and stolen art. It scrutinizes the hurdles encountered by the Lacks family in their quest for accountability and compensation. Ultimately, the Lacks family settled with the biotech giant, sparking discussions about the ethical implications of using human biological materials in research and the need for greater protections of patient rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-motor synchronous drive system is increasingly widely used in industry and manufacturing, where its control structure and control strategy affect the quality and efficiency of production. In order to solve the contradiction between fastness and overshoot, and the difficulty in determining the compensation law in the conventional PID, cross-coupling control, and master-slave control strategies used in multi-motor control, this paper proposes a self-coupling PID control strategy based on ring adjacent compensation to reduce the complexity of the control structure. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the self-coupling PID parameter tuning rules and establishes the control structure of the ring coupling strategy, and proves its validity mathematically. The simulation results verify that the proposed strategy provides a fast response speed, high control precision, good disturbance rejection, and synchronization performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Work accidents occurred upstream and downstream company project activities. PT. Pertamina would be one of the causes of disruption or cessation of project work activities. The risk of failure always existed in every work activity, and when a work accident occured, no matter how small, it could result in detrimental effects, therefore as much as possible and as early as possible, potential work accidents must be prevented or at least reduced in their impact. The lack of knowledge about occupational safety and health was largely due to the belief that occupational safety and health programs would be an additional burden on company costs, even though if we took into account the amount of compensation and compensation funds for work accident victims were smaller than the profits. This research aimed to identify and analyze the occurrence of work accidents at PT. Pertamina in terms of counterproductive work behavior. The approach used in this research was a qualitative approach with a case study research design. The results of the research concluded that the adoption of counterproductive work behavior was starting to be widely implemented in the field of occupational safety and health in order to minimize the number of work accidents and prevention of work accidents could be carried out using methods of elimination, substitution, technical engineering, administrative control and the used of personal protective equipment for workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the legal policy of nuclear damage compensation laws. As a specialised sector of nuclear law, the legal regimes on nuclear civil liability aim to provide timely and effective compensation to third parties, while also addressing the special policy concern of ensuring the sustainable development of the global or national nuclear industry. The paper examines the international methods of establishing major principles of liability with the corresponding rules and regimes to balance the interests of the parties involved. Comparatively, there is great uncertainty surrounding Chinese rules and principles of nuclear liability. Therefore, this paper suggests accelerating the enactment of a Chinese law specifically addressing nuclear damage compensation, aligning it with the national strategy and prospects of civil nuclear energy in China. Additionally, issues closely related to nuclear damage compensation, such as nuclear insurance policies, operation and supervision of national public funds and the use of alternative dispute resolution to settle nuclear disputes, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the medical injury law and compensation systems in Taiwan. Topics discussed include civil and criminal medical malpractice law, procedures and trends in medical malpractice litigation, aspects of medical compensation systems, economics of Taiwan's medical injury compensation system, criminal law and physician's pursuit of criminal medical liability reform, amendment of Article 82 of the Medical Care Act and its intended and actual impact.

This paper proposes a novel neural-network-based (NN-based) adaptive composite terminal sliding mode (TSM) control scheme for a class of spacecraft systems with mismatched disturbances and input uncertainties. The key point of the proposed scheme is that the multiple uncertainties are considered and well-handled by the combined second-order disturbance observer (SODO) method and an NN. First, for the purpose of handling the mismatched disturbances, a SODO is applied to obtain the exact estimation of the mismatched disturbances. Second, for satisfying the output constraints and avoiding the computational complexity, the constrained output signals are transformed into unconstrained ones by error transformation. Moreover, to ensure the fast convergence characteristic of the considered system, a SODO-based composite nonsingular terminal sliding mode (SODO-NTSM) manifold is designed. Furthermore, the external disturbances, the input uncertainties, and the unknown nonlinearities are considered by several adaptive laws. As a result, by combining the SODO-NTSM manifold, the external disturbances adaptive compensation laws, the adaptive compensation laws of the input uncertainties, and the NN weights adaptive update laws, the novel new NN-based adaptive composite TSM control scheme is established for the spacecraft system. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme presents the satisfactory control performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reach high-quality attitude control and large-amplitude slosh suppression when a typical liquid-filled spacecraft executes three-axial large-angle maneuvers, by applying a wave-based attitude controller (WBAC). First, the sloshing dynamics is modeled by using a spherical pendulum, whose motion is expressed by splitting its coordinates. Thus, the large-amplitude lateral sloshing and the rotary sloshing as well as the over-all rigid motion of a liquid with respect to the tank in spacecraft can be approximately described. Second, the dynamics equations of system in terms of hybrid coordinate for the liquid-filled spacecraft are derived via the Lagrangian formulation. Third, an improved WBAC for three-axial large-angle maneuvers of in-orbit liquid-filled spacecraft is designed by adding a derivative control law and a gravity-gradient-torque compensation law to a wave-based control law. Simulations of three-axial large-angle maneuver demonstrate good performance of the WBAC in shortening completion time of attitude maneuvering, suppressing the jitter in the angular velocity of spacecraft, and accelerating the large-amplitude slosh suppression, simultaneously. The results indicate the potential applications of the proposed WBAC in the large-angle attitude maneuvering of liquid-filled spacecraft when there exists large-amplitude liquid slosh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radical principles behind the 1967 Woodhouse Report were eclipsed by shifting political styles--and gradually abandoned as heretical. We can now turn to Sir Owen's own notion, that "the apparent heresies of one generation become the orthodoxies of the next", to explore how core Woodhouse heresies might themselves perform this transition: providing fresh support for a generation grappling with headline challenges of climate change and pandemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I aspire to answer two questions regarding the concept of a corrective duty. The first concerns what it means to wrong others, thus triggering a demand for corrections (the ground question). The second relates to the proper content of corrective duties. I first illustrate how three prominent accounts of corrective duties—the Aristotelian model of correlativity, the Kantian idea that wronging corresponds to the violation of others' right to freedom, and the more recent continuity view—have failed to answer the two questions satisfactorily. I then introduce my proposal, which holds that we wrong others when we fail to treat their status as moral agents as a source of stringent constraints on our action. I call it the moral neglect account. Once we have identified a common aim of corrective duties (counterbalancing moral neglect), we can fill their content in the various contexts in which wronging has occurred. I conclude by observing that it is not the primary role of corrective justice to assign responsibilities for damage reparations; in fact, requests for compensation make more sense if framed in distributive rather than corrective terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Special Fees in Germany - Part 2" deals with the agreement and remuneration of medical and non-medical elective services under German law, as well as the effects of contract design on remuneration and medical liability. Three typical contract constellations for the provision of elective services in hospitals are described. The contractual freedom of the parties is restricted by the Hospital Remuneration Act. The article discusses the written form and the obligation to inform in elective service agreements. Furthermore, the additional physician contract is explained, which is concluded in addition to the hospital admission contract with a specific physician. It is emphasized that the provisions of the Hospital Remuneration Act only apply to the elective service agreement and not to the additional physician contract. The text deals with the topic of split hospital admission contracts and their effects on medical liability. In a split hospital admission contract, nursing services are provided by the hospital, while medical services are solely the responsibility of the treating physician. This means that in case of medical errors, only the physician is liable and not the hospital. Case law considers the hospital admission contract with an additional physician contract as the regular case and the split hospital contract as the exception. High requirements are placed on the effective agreement of a split hospital contract, as the patient usually expects all medical services from the hospital. An ineffective elective service agreement is not void, but can still remain in effect. The article deals with the regulations for the agreement and remuneration of elective services in the German healthcare system. It is stated that a violation of the statutory formal requirements only leads to the invalidity of the remuneration provisions, while the elective service agreement otherwise remains in effect. It is also argued that a violation of the obligation to inform has the same effects as a formal violation. It is emphasized that there is no legal entitlement of the patient to conclude a contract for elective services and that the decision to offer such services lies solely with the hospital operator. The remuneration of elective services is based on the medical fee schedule (GOÄ) or the fee schedule for dentists (GOZ). The article deals with the implementation of the essential steps in treatment by elective physicians. It is emphasized that the elective physician must be closely involved in the treatment and should give it their personal touch. The delegation of medical elective services is limited, as professional instructions can only be given by physicians with the corresponding expertise. It is also pointed out that certain services can only be billed if they were actually provided by the elective physician or their permanent medical representative. The article also mentions the target performance principle, according to which only the target performance may be billed if there are overlaps with other services. It also discusses compensations such as travel expenses and travel allowances, as well as expenses that can be reimbursed. The text deals with the costs that can arise in connection with medical treatments. According to the fee schedule for physicians (GOÄ), certain costs such as accommodation costs and material costs cannot be charged. Shipping and postage costs are also mentioned. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the problem of assessing pain in non-communicative intensive care patients. It discusses how the amount of compensation for pain can be determined when the injured party can no longer feel pain. Case law has evolved in this matter and in some cases also grants compensation for pain when the injured party can no longer feel pain. The exact assessment of pain in the absence or limited perception is carried out by experts. The article also discusses the question of whether, in the case of harm to one's personality, an immaterial damage in the form of compensation for pain can be claimed. Part of the doctrine supports this case law and emphasizes that the violation of physical integrity itself is an intangible damage that cannot be equated with the loss of pain experiences. However, another part of the doctrine argues that compensation for pain is not justified in such cases, as it cannot fulfill its compensatory function. [Extracted from the article]

Historians have long argued that arbitration was the preferred means of resolution for most disputes in later medieval England; but does this apply also to the settlement of homicides? Despite the strenuous efforts of the English legal system after the Norman Conquest to force homicides through the royal courts, historians have argued that homicide continued to be settled out-of-court throughout the medieval period. This study examines six cases of arbitration centred on homicide from the fifteenth century to demonstrate that arbitration was rarely implemented as a means to resolve homicides. When it was, it was a relatively small, inter-related group of gentry who exploited the provision because they were well placed to manipulate the law and because their behaviour was supervised by the kingdom's magnates only once problems had arisen. Accordingly, arbitration for homicide was unusual and the practice was anything but inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores concepts of loss and reparations under the Australian legal system, examining whether either conceptualisation adequately attends to First Nations ' experiences of intangible loss. Using two case studies - the Stolen Generations and dust disease - this article critiques the typical approaches taken by the Australian legal system in response to injustices inflicted on First Nations Peoples. This article advocates for the Australian legal system to approach reparations and compensation by centring intangible loss. This will allow for a framework to be developed that can cater for First Nations ' distinctive experiences of loss, in contrast to the current system which has limited consideration and understanding of such experiences and losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses legal issues in the healthcare industry in Pennsylvania, particularly on the possible rise of medical malpractice cases and how to prevent it. Other topics include the history of malpractice in the U.S. ad their effects to healthcare providers and the proposed pilot program comparing the medical-injury patient compensation systems in a major healthcare system in the state.

The medical certificate from the Maison Départementale des Personnes Handicapées (MDPH) provides the essential information for the MDPH multidisciplinary team to assess the child's compensation needs. This assessment, combined with consideration of the child's life project and environmental factors, will be decisive in the choice of compensation measures to be put in place. It is therefore important that GPs are able to complete the certificate in a relevant manner. Intellectual disability often gives entitlement to specific compensatory measures. Indeed, it affects general intellectual functioning, leading to a reduction in the child's adaptive capacities, and to significant difficulties in carrying out the activities of daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the repercussions of wrongful convictions and the inadequacy of existing compensation statutes. It discusses the background of wrongful convictions and the challenges exonerees face in obtaining compensation. It further proposes a holistic approach to righting the wrongs of inadequate compensation laws and advocates for legal and financial support for wrongfully convicted individuals.

The article examines the question of whether the principles for treatment contracts with protective effects in favor of third parties also apply to nursing home contracts. The Higher Regional Court of Graz denied in a judgment the inclusion of close relatives in the protective effects of the nursing home contract, while the Supreme Court in another judgment did not give a clear assessment on this matter. It is explained that protection and duty of care obligations from a contractual relationship exist not only between the contracting parties but also towards certain third parties. The inclusion of third parties in the protective effects of a contract is explained based on certain conditions. The article discusses the question of whether nursing home contracts should include protection and duty of care obligations in favor of close relatives. It is argued that, similar to treatment contracts, the emotional state of relatives should also be protected in nursing home contracts. It is pointed out that nursing services can have a similar potential for danger as medical treatments. If nursing home contracts are interpreted as contracts with protective effects in favor of third parties, close relatives could claim damages for grief or shock. This would facilitate the assertion of claims for damages and the reversal of the burden of proof according to § 1298 ABGB would apply. It is also noted that the circle of persons entitled to claim should be narrowly defined to prevent abuse. The article addresses the question of whether children of nursing home residents are entitled to damages for grief. It is stated that a typically close family relationship is crucial for the entitlement to damages for grief. Parents and children belong to the closest circle of relatives, regardless of the age of the child or the dissolution of the household community. However, it is up to the tortfeasor to prove that there was no close relationship. It is also noted that the question of whether children of nursing home residents are covered by the protective effects of the nursing home contract has not yet been finally clarified. It remains to be seen whether the nursing home contract actually has protective effects for third parties. The correspondence is from Martina Brugger, a research assistant at the Institute for Civil Law at the University of Innsbruck. Her email address is Martina.Brugger@uibk.ac.at. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the concept of regulatory takings and ripeness in the context of property rights and land use regulations. It discusses how the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions have shaped the understanding of takings as either physical or regulatory. It also addresses the evolution of regulatory takings law and its impact on property owners' rights, particularly regarding just compensation and due process.

In this paper a robust adaptive controller for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems is developed with additive disturbance and unknown time‐varying input delay. The control law is composed of a Desired Compensation Adaptation Law (DCAL) based feedforward term for the adaptation of uncertain plant parameters and two robust feedback terms based on the integral of the past control to compensate the input delay. The sufficient conditions on controller gains and limit on delay bound are derived through stability analysis by choosing suitable Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functionals which gives a globally uniformly ultimately bounded (GUUB) tracking. The performance of the controller is evaluated by performing simulation on a two link robot manipulator system for different values of the input delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Art 4:202, in: European Group on Tort Law (ed), Principles of European Tort Law [2005] no 21). In 2005, the European Group on Tort Law (EGTL) published the text and commentary of its Principles of European Tort Law (PETL). 7 See I BA Koch i , Strict Liablity, in: European Group on Tort Law (ed), Principles of European Tort Law (2005) no 4. 8 See I Koch i (fn 7) no 4. [Extracted from the article]

As survivors of state harm, exonerees are often woefully undercompensated compared to present jury awards for wrongful incarceration. Furthermore, by prectuding exonerees who have falsely confessed or pled guilty from receiving state compensation, lawmakers squander an opportunity to increase police accountability going forward, further stacking the deck against those who have already been failed by the system. This Note proceeds as follows: Part I provides a background of false confessions, why they occur in the context of police interrogation, and their consequences for an exoneree seeking compensation from the state for their wrongful incarceration. Part II investigates avenues of legal redress for the wrongly incarcerated and explores whether meaningful compensation may reform the underlying procedures which often lead to false confessions. Part III argues for legislative amendments to meaningfully increase the availability and amount of exoneree compensation. This Part proposes the adoption of budgetary arrangements in which law enforcement agencies bear the burden of settlements and judgments against them, thus facing financial constraints when litigation is costly. In addition, it proposes state statutory establishment of Wrongful Conviction Trust Funds with annual contributions determined by the state's rate of incarceration, and contributions either diverted from or directly tied to law enforcement agency budgets. Such budgetary constraints provide long-term incentives for law enforcement to adopt procedures which increase accuracy in investigation and minimize the risk of wrongful conviction. Moreover, prosecutors may further the objectives of such reforms by lobbying for the establishment of Wrongful Conviction Trust Funds and the legislative abolishment of mandatory minimum sentencing, limiting over-charging practices, and better staffing Conviction Integrity Units, where prosecutors have largely failed to promote police accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compensatory damages for non-pecuniary harms have traditionally only been granted to individuals. When they started to be granted for legal entities in Continental Civil Contract Law, courts would typically rule on symbolic quantum. U.S. Law has only relatively recently followed this path, and until today, compensatory damages for non-pecuniary harm remain very discrete in contract law. This results in highly unpredictable outcomes and quantum; often undercompensating the actual harm and sometimes overcompensating it. The case law sample analyzed shows a converging trend toward the recognition of non-pecuniary harms to legal entities in the U.S.A. and France, results which are consistent with those of my previous comparative study on breaches of preliminary agreements in the same jurisprudences.1 I first demonstrate a clear negative correlation between the quantum of the plaintiff’s claim and the likelihood of a plaintiff outcome. Second, I establish that the methodology, or evidentiary level of sophistication used by the claimant in support of their claim, has a concrete positive impact on the outcome. Third, I explain why claimants operating in mature industries seem to have better chances to be granted damages than those operating in riskier businesses. However, contrary to my previous general findings, smaller or medium law firms obtain better win rates and recovery rates than larger law firms.2 Based on the results of an empirical analysis, this article formulates simple and practical suggestions for parties seeking to improve their chances of success in recouping damages to reputation and goodwill. It also shows how implementing more quantitative valuation methods developed in other fields of research are likely to reduce the uncertainty of the recovery of damages and assist the judiciary power in reaching a fair and equitable assessment of the amount of damages decisions (to the benefit of all the constituencies). Once validated on a larger and more widely shared sample, those results may not only benefit the academic debate on whether damages for non-pecuniary losses should be granted to legal entities, — but also address how to properly assess the appropriate monetary compensation to be awarded. In addition, the results also depict how courts and judges may use those methods to assist their future rulings, while parties and lawyers may use them in deciding whether to settle or litigate. Continuous empirical research on certain types of damages in a commercial setting combined with the use of AI – particularly natural language processing and machine learning techniques – have the potential to lead to compensatory schedules with high predictive power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legal issues about sexual harassment and sexual assault injury in the workplace and how plaintiffs can recover damages outside of workers' compensation. Other topics include the statutory systems of workers' compensation, the exclusivity of workplace injury claims, and some laws by U.S. states like the Michigan Workers' Disability Compensation Act and Pennsylvania's Workers' Compensation Act.

Within their different mandates, the ICJ and the ICC have decided on compensation for mass atrocities, including the same factual scenarios and related dual state/individual responsibility. However, no publication has examined these developments jointly and comparatively. Thus, this article seeks to determine how both courts are and should be developing compensation jurisprudence on mass atrocity cases. This article suggests that these two courts should construe a coherent, principle-based, and human rights-oriented international law of compensation for mass atrocities. Despite the differences in the compensation law and practice of the ICJ and the ICC, there are common elements such as the violation of an international obligation (wrongful act/international crime), damages, and the causal link between them. There are also some similarities concerning compensation goals, proof matters, and damage valuation. Both courts can and should conduct an adapted use of each other's jurisprudence, considering their different mandates rather than doing so mechanically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article first investigates robust iterative learning control (ILC) problem of a class of large‐scale interconnected systems, which consist of many subsystems described by two‐dimensional linear discrete first Fornasini–Marchesini systems with iteration‐dependent uncertainties arising from not only boundary states, disturbances, but also reference trajectory. A decentralized P‐type ILC law without any information exchanges with other subsystems is proposed such that the ultimate ILC tracking error of each subsystem can converge to a bounded range, the bound of which depends continuously on the bounds of all iteration‐dependent uncertainties considered. Especially, if these iteration‐dependent uncertainties are convergent progressively along the iteration direction, perfect ILC tracking on 2‐D reference trajectory can be obtained. Additionally, a modified ILC law with compensation technique is used to a class of large‐scale interconnected systems composed of many subsystems represented by two‐dimensional linear discrete second Fornasini–Marchesini systems. Two simulation examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the obtained ILC results. Finally, some comparative discussions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No-fault vaccine injury compensation systems have developed over the course of the twentieth century, mostly in the richest countries in the world. Acknowledging that severe reactions to vaccines are rare. but can result in serious and sometimes complex injury, these systems provide financial and social support for those suffering these rare side effects. During the COVID-19 pandemic, and the rapid development and deployment of vaccines using novel technologies, these systems have proliftrated not only among wealthy countries, where in their modern form they originated and spread, but also low- and middle-income ones. Adopting varying approaches to funding. eligibility, administration, process, and components of compensation and rights of appeal, these new systems offer protections to populations in low- and middle-income countries that until 2020 covered only those in relatively wealthy states. especially Europe and North America. The purpose of this Article is twofold. First, it provides the.first comprehensive landscape analysis of no-fault vaccine injury compensation systems since before the COVID-19 pandemic. That analysis identifies twenty-five such systems, almost all ojwhich were established fbr routine inimunizations. Second, it provides an accessible resource. for advocates and planners in low- and middle-income countries that may benefit, from an analysis of administrative, funding eligibility. and compensation alternatives that they may consult when considering whether and how to construct their own no-fault vaccine in.jury compensation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the impact of employer's fault on the rights of the injured employee for compensation as well as its amount in the Jordanian labor law and the Jordanian social welfare law. The Jordanian legislator decided to give the injured worker a compensation that is guaranteed by the power of law without considering the faultof employer in causing it; it is a compensation that is characterized by automation, where the worker has the right to get it when he is exposed to work injury as a worker. It is also characterized by being arbitrary as it is previously restricted by law and considering it as a partial compensation that doesn't compensate for all the harm in some cases. The legislator didn't exclude the employer's fault, where it was considered in determining the amount of compensation and allowed the injured worker to obtain a complementary compensation if the injury resulted from the employer's fault. However, the legislator considered the simple error of the employer in the labor law and his massive faultin the social welfare law without a justification for such a distinction. The study concluded about the necessity of unifying the degree of employer's error in the laws of labor and social welfare as a basis on which the injured worker can obtain a complementary compensation instead of considering the massive faultin the social welfare law and the small fault in the labor law. The study also recommended the necessity of not considering the error of the injured worker to deprave him from the main worker's compensation in order to achieve the idea of his right in physical safety, saving him from risk and promote his role in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Output feedback control without using velocities is an effective way of dealing with problems caused by unmeasurable velocities and noise magnification by numerical difference, which are practical issues associated with crane control. This article proposes a new adaptive dynamic output feedback control approach for double-pendulum ship-mounted cranes in the presence of unknown parameters (e.g., cargo masses). The problems caused by the unknown masses are addressed through a new adaptive gravitational compensation law. Also, the input constraints are tackled by introducing bounded functions. Specifically, to handle the complicated disturbances caused by ship motions, new state variables are constructed to transform the dynamic model. Then, Lyapunov-based stability analysis is proceeded to design the controller and the adaptive law. To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first control method proposed for double-pendulum ship-mounted crane systems without using velocity signals, which can simultaneously eliminate steady errors, suppress unexpected cargo swing, achieve accurate gravitational compensation, and satisfy input constraints. The closed-loop system’s state variables asymptotically converge to the equilibrium point, which is rigorously proven. A series of experiments are implemented on a hardware testbed, which further illustrate the satisfactory performance of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the bedrock principles of American property law is that all property owners and all property are protected equally. We do not believe--when it comes to compensation for loss--that poor owners are compensated rigidly and rich owners are not, or that property in private homes is protected rigidly and property in commercial or industrial structures is not. When it comes to compensation due to public or private fault, we believe in absolute equality. Equal treatment of property is at the heart of the liberal state and is the promise of American property law. This Essay challenges that bedrock idea. The ultimate inadequacy of finite resources limits government decisions about their distribution, including compensation of private owners for their loss under takings law and other theories. In fact, the idea that public payment for private loss is "resource neutral," particularly in the context of government fault-based claims, has always been a mythical one. When it comes to legal protection and rights to public compensation, ideas of equal protection for all kinds of property loss are neither currently implemented by American law, nor should they be. When loss occurs, and the adequacy of public resources fails, all property is not equal. It is not equal in origin, societal value, or deserved compensation. If there has been plausible deniability of this truth in the past, it will be shattered by the looming demands of global-warming catastrophe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In England, fraudulent misrepresentation is governed by English common law and damages are provided under the Tort of Deceit whereas negligent and innocent misrepresentation is governed by the Misrepresentation Act, 1967. In India, fraud is governed by s 17 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (ICA) and misrepresentation by s 18 of the ICA. Notably, unlike in England where the remedies for fraud and misrepresentation are provided at separate avenues, in India, the relief to the innocent party in both cases is provided under s 19 of the ICA. This article discusses fraudulent misrepresentation & negligent/innocent misrepresentation and the quantification of damages thereof in contracts under the two legal regimes mentioned above. To that extent, the authors attempt to illustrate certain nuanced differences between the two legal regimes while also highlighting the similarities between English law and Indian law. For the purposes of this article, the authors refer to the Misrepresentation Act, 1967 and the seminal judgments of Derry v Peek, Doyle v Olby, East v Maurer and Smith New Court Securities Ltd. v Scrimgeour Vickers and discuss the "date of transaction rule" as enunciated by Lord Steyn while juxtaposing it with the judgments of the High Court of Delhi, and the Supreme Court of India. In the Indian context, the authors highlight the position of law as is apparent from two recent judgments of the Delhi High Court in NHAI v Pune Sholapur Road Development and Daiichi Sankyo v Malvinder Mohan Singh and Ors and also focus on the judgment of the Supreme Court of India in Avitel Post Stuidoz v HSBC Holdings (Mauritius). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the distributed prescribed-time coordination problem for the attitude system of multiple spacecraft subject to actuator saturation under the communication topology containing a directed spanning tree. The prescribed-time coordination requires that every spacecraft in a formation reaches an agreement state in a preset time. This preset time is set by the user and independent of any other control parameters and the initial state of spacecraft. To achieve this goal, we first design a distributed prescribed-time observer for every follower spacecraft to estimate the state of leader spacecraft. Next, a prescribed-time attitude control law is proposed by utilizing the estimated state of the leader spacecraft. In the proposed control law, an adaptive compensation law is used to compensate the input saturation. Furthermore, the prescribed-time stability of multispacecraft system subject to input saturation under the proposed scheme is analyzed in theory and simulation. The simulation results show the high reliability and effectiveness of the scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tort liability is one of the important legal institutions in civil law seeking compensation for damage, and in certain circumstances, we also find it in employment relationships as a form distinct from patrimonial liability, the objective of which is also compensation for damage. Given the onerous nature of the employment relationship, in the cases that we will analyze about the admissibility of tort liability, we start from the same rights and obligations of the parties in the sense that the damage caused by the employee or the employer is due a failure in fulfilling the obligations in the employment relationship. Although the patrimonial liability as regulated by Art. 254 of the Labor Code is a special responsibility of the employment relationship, the text of the law does not qualify this type of liability as exclusive in the case of the employment relationship, which is why the caselaws identify situations where tort liability is also generated in the context of such employment relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the Vaccination Damage Act in Austria, which provides compensation for damages caused by COVID-19 vaccinations. Individuals who have been harmed by a vaccination can apply for compensation. In 2021, approximately 370 applications were submitted, mainly related to COVID-19 vaccinations. The article explains the requirements for a compensation claim and provides an overview of similar systems in other countries. The law regulates compensation for vaccination damages, including a lump sum compensation and a disability pension for long-term effects. There is also the possibility to make claims outside of the law. [Extracted from the article]