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In my study, I examine how the newly established communist government in the Kecskemét Reformed Church County, located in the central part of Hungary, deprives the congregations of their landholdings, which are one of their most important financial bases. As a result of increasing pressure from the party-state, the "nationalization" of the church lands took place gradually, up until 1951, when all remaining areas had to be offered to the state for "purchase", under strictly fixed conditions. During the process, congregations lost their financial independence and became vulnerable to state funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Christian churches control substantial areas of land in Africa. While intensifying struggles over their holdings are partly due to the increased pressure on land in general, they also reflect transformations in the relations through which churches' claims to land are legitimized, the increased association of churches with business, and churches' unique positioning as both institutions and communities. This article presents the trajectory of relations between church, state and community in Uganda from the missionary acquisition of land in the colonial era to the unravelling of church landholding under Museveni. Drawing on long‐term ethnographic fieldwork, the authors argue that claims to church land in contemporary Uganda draw on: 1) notions of belonging to the land; 2) views about the nature of churches as communities; 3) discontent regarding whether customary land owners gave churches user rights or ownership; and 4) assessment of the churches' success in ensuring that the land works for the common good. The article develops a novel approach to analysing the changing meaning of the landholdings of religious institutions, thus extending ongoing discussions about land, politics, development and religion in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of Fordington Old Vicarage, including its literary and personal resonances and especially its connection to author Thomas Hardy. The previous Vicarage was sold into private hands and, from this point onward, became known as Old Vicarage. Situated in Salisbury Field, surrounded by copper beeches and sycamore trees, stood Fordington Vicarage.

This article examines the French Catholic missionaries' property acquisitions in late imperial China. It traces the historical trajectory leading up to the construction of the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Guangzhou and the purchase of real estate in the neighborhood surrounding it. It argues that while colonialism contributed greatly to the creation of a real estate empire, the mission's adoption of pragmatic methods as an economic player helped in the process, but by doing so the mission largely ignored regulations regarding church property acquisition both from the Chinese government and Sino-French agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article follows the course of the prolonged land dispute within the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem between the Greek religious establishment and the local Arab laity from the late Ottoman period to the end of the British Mandate (1875–1948). The article examines state policies in relation to Church-owned property and assesses how the administration of this property affected the inter-communal relationship. It is argued that both the Ottoman and the British authorities effectively adopted a pro-Greek stance, and that government refusal of the local Arab lay demands was predominantly predicated on regional and global political priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses aspects of time in relation to the gardens and landscapes, focusing on the Mission San Gabriel near Pasadena, California. A brief history of the establishment of Spanish Franciscan missions in California is provided. Topics include both vernacular and Catholic iconography incorporated into the gardens, the choice of both native and imported plants, and the use of garden rooms as opposed to a more traditional patio setting.

The British Mandatory government established in 1921 a commission in order to control the finances and the vast landed property of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. This paper sketches out the commission's early activity, arguing that its significant powers and its operation at the expense of the clerical apparatus were not so much grounded on the need to facilitate the recovery of the historic church, but were in fact determined by the socio-political developments, at a local and international level, as well as by the necessity to strengthen the British authority in Palestine during a fluid period for public order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article consists of a detailed study of a series of extraordinary diplomas issued by King Æthelred ‘the Unready’ during the 990s. These diplomas restore lands and rights to churches which had earlier been despoiled by the king and his advisors and their wording indicates that they were intended as a conscious gesture of penitence. As such, the documents were of central political importance and it is argued that they can be fruitfully mined for evidence of Æthelred's own thoughts and feelings in these years; these diplomas might well be considered to preserve Æthelred's own ‘voice’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the Domesday survey of 1086, information on the inputs and output of most production units in the English economy was carefully collected by questionnaire survey and verified in court. In this paper, Essex estate data are used to assess whether similar production functions describe production for the three major classes of production unit in the economy - king's, ecclesiastical, and lay estates. A data envelopment analysis is undertaken to determine whether production on one class of estate was more efficient than on the others. The evidence suggests that production processes and management performance were similar on the three classes of estate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article recounts the history of Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) and address the terms of the unreasonable limitations provision, its legislative history, and applicable cases. It analyzes the unreasonable limitations under RMCCII, it discusses Boulder County, Colorado's land use policy, its rationales for restricting church growth. It addresses the unreasonable limitations provision's application when a religious claimant tried to expand its facilities.

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En la primera mitad del siglo XIX hay una evolución a la respuesta del problema que plantea la pobreza y la ingente masa de pobres, que ya se viene produciendo, sobre todo, desde el siglo XVI. Es el paso de una caridad Cristiana a una beneficiencia estatal acentuado y agudizado por la secularización de la sociedad, la desamortización, las guerras, etc.. A ello hay que darle respuestas, que antes eran dadas, prioritariamente, por y desde la Iglesia y que ahora las acaparará el Estado.In the first haif of 19" centurythe response ti the probiem of poverty and the immense amount of impoverished people evolved. The increa in povery has beeen progressively growing, especially since the 1st century. It is the transition from christiam charity to State assistance, supported by the secularization ofsociety, the sale of church lands, wars, etc.. To this answers had to be given by the State that were previorisly given by the church.

The article focuses on the application of locus amoenus, a pleasant virtuous place of repose, which functions as a formulaic topos recognized by readers as a structural device in medieval and classical literature in the 16th century. It states that the modifications in the structures and practices of government emerging in the early 16th century as well as the comprehensive redistribution of church land are the two of the most crucial catalysts for the activation of the locus amoenus topos. It cites the poem "To the Angel Spirit of the Most Excellent Sir Philip Sidney," by Mary Sidney Herbert Pembroke that uses salient metaphors like "goodly building" to counsel Queen Elizabeth I of England to consider seriously the militant Protestant position Sir Philip Sidney advocated.

The text focuses on the ties between society and the urban development of the Royal mining town of Kutná Hora [from the perspective of the history of Art] during the period of the last two decades of the 13th century, up to the beginning of the Hussite Revolution in the early decade the 15th century. It mainly focuses on well-preserved architectectural objects and their appearance and relationship in the urban context of the historical town core. The town was formed on Sedlec Cistercian Church land under the patronage of the King, but the decisive social entity that determined the appearance and significance of the town were mining entrepreneurs of patrician origin - miners. For four generations, they formed the image of a town in which they could live and work, but at the same time express the position which they hoped to achieve within medieval feudal society. Identification of this social entity with the name and location of their working activity, and the source of their status and wealth, was typical and is in my analysis the key point interpreting of the urban and social perspective of Kutná Horn and its' particular components. The image of town and society which I focus on has its own composition, structure, hierarchy, function, form and content, as well as its own historical and aesthetic value, subsistence and existential significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the church land, which is considered as a sacred remnant, in the fast track resettlement program in Zimbabwe. The attention of the international media was attracted to the compulsory acquisition of white owned farms from year 2000 to 2003. Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe denied accusations of racism, insisting that black peasants needed the land for survival. Mugabe allegedly resorted to theological arguments to justify his radical land acquisition.

Describes the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act as a battle ground for religious freedom in the United States. Vehicle for religious institutions to challenge adverse zoning laws; Enacted to counteract the unchecked authority that zoning boards and municipalities have wielded over religious groups.

Describes the formation and evolution of the Spanish Catholic church's landed property. Origins of the land held by the church at the end of the Ancien Regime; Donations from monarchs, nobility, clergymen and citizens; Ways of farming and profits; Criticisms against the growing tendency to expropriate church property, especially in rural areas.

Discusses the issue of ownership of church property in the Catholic Church during the nineteenth century. How bishops used their diocesan power over real property disputes; Conflict between nuns and bishops regarding the exercise of power in the Catholic church; Information on the 1880's case in which the Sisters of Charity of Montreal protected their order's interest against what they regarded as arbitrary usurpation of Bishop Gilmour of Cleveland.

Focuses on the challenge of jubilee to the situation of church land in South Africa during the World Council of Churches Harare assembly. History and political background of the church land; Objections to Leviticus 25 message as a utopia; Discussion of the theological text of the jubilee legislation; Consequences of the jubilee concept.

The article focuses on the Roman Catholic Church in Vietnam. It cites the historical work of Cardinal Van Thuan, who narrates the development of Christianity in Vietnam over 400 years, and reflects on the persecution and martyrdom suffered by Vietnamese Roman Catholic Christians. The author comments on religious persecution during the communist government of Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh, notes the confiscation of Roman Catholic properties during the Vietnam War and points out the struggle to regain those properties at the beginning of the 21st century.