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Chaerilus pulcherrimus sp. n. (Figures 51���83, 85���86, Table 1) http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D808FDFC- 2B57-4BB1-84D1-8A62BE6B63F6 TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Laos, Champasak Province, FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL (FKCP). Laos, Champasak Province, 5.VIII.2019, 1♂ (holotYpe, 1852, Figs. 51���55, 57���71, 80��� 83), 1♀ (paratYpe, damaged, Figs. 56, 72���79, scorpion born 15.VIII.2020), leg. V. Fura, 14 juvs. (paratYpes, offspring of the female paratYpe 15.VIII.2020, 2 nd ecdYsis 21.IX.2020, 3 rd ecdYsis 20.X.2020, still alive), bred bY F. Kovař��k. ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin nominative, singular adjective pulcherrimus (masculine), a superlative of pulcher = beautiful, in reference to the colorful maculose patterns on the carapace, tergites, metasoma and telson of this diminutive species. DIAGNOSIS (♂ ♀). Total length 16���19 mm; two pairs of lateral eYes and one pair of median eYes; ventral surface of cheliceral fixed finger with 4 denticles; chela length/width ratio ♂ 2.57, ♀ 2.69; movable pedipalp finger with 8 imbricated granule rows; fingers straight in both sexes; pedipalp chela with 7 carinae; pectinal tooth count ♂ 4, ♀ 3; carapace and mesosoma granulated in both sexes; all sternites smooth without carinae and granules; metasoma I���IV with 6 or 8 carinae, ventral carinae reduced or absent. DESCRIPTION. Total length ♂ 18.8 mm, ♀ 16.4 mm; color reddish orange to brown, maculose; chelicerae sparselY finelY granulated dorsallY, Yellow and stronglY reticulate, anteriorlY black; male differs from female in having pedipalp chela slightlY narrower with short fingers; chela length/width ratio ♂ 2.57, ♀ 2.69; male with larger pectines; no sexual dimorphism in shape of metasoma and telson; trichobothrial pattern as shown in Figs. 63���69, measurements in Table 1. Carapace and mesosoma (Figs. 54���55). Carapace covered bY large granules in both sexes; anterior margin of carapace almost straight; two well developed pairs of lateral eYes and one pair of median eYes present; mesosomal tergites irregularlY granulated, mainlY on tergite VII; all sternites smooth without carinae and granulation; sternite V with smooth patch indicated; pectinal tooth count ♂ 4, ♀ 3. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 56���60). Metasoma I���IV with 6 or 8 incomplete carinae, ventral carinae reduced to absent, dorsal carinae are composed of strong denticles; metasoma V with 5 carinae; intercarinal surfaces sparselY, irregularlY granulated, more so on lateral surfaces of all segments and ventral surfaces of segment V; all segments verY sparselY hirsute; telson elongate, ampullate, smooth, verY sparselY hirsute. Pedipalps (Figs. 63���79). Pedipalp chela rather stout with swollen manus mainlY in female; movable finger with 8 and fixed finger with 7 imbricated rows of granules; chela with 7 carinae, smooth in both sexes; dorsal and internal surfaces of chela with reticulate granulation patterns; patella with 4���5 smooth, reduced carinae, or carinae absent; surfaces of patella smooth except for internal surface which is sparselY granulated; femur denselY granulated with four incomplete carinae. Legs (Figs. 61���62). Hirsute, without bristlecombs and carinae; femora and patellae smooth; tarsomeres with two rows of spiniform setae; spiniform seta formula 5���6/5���7: 6���7/6���7: 7���8/7���8: 7���8/7���9. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 80���83). Fusiform; distal lamina short, broad, weaklY tapered, apex rounded; capsule with distal carina weaklY sclerotized; sperm hemiduct delineated bY two thin, sclerotized carinae, of which the distal is longer, the basal shorter; capsule elongate, ca. 50% longer than distal lamina; trunk long, as broad as capsule. Measurements of left hemispermatophore (mm): distal lamina length 0.35, capsule length 0.53, trunk length 1.10, pedicel length 0.22, capsule width 0.30. Right hemispermatophore similar to the left hemispermatophore. Karyotype (Figs. 85���86). Male holotYpe was analYzed. The diploid complement is 102 chromosomes in the mitotic metaphases (Fig. 85). During metaphase I, 51 bivalents were observed (Fig. 86), implYing that 2n=102. Chiasmata were not observed during meiosis. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish C. pulcherrimus sp. n. from all other species of the genus. C. pulcherrimus sp. n. is similar to C. celebensis Pocock, 1894 (see keY in Kovař��k & Ojanguren, 2013: 131���133). These two species can be differentiated bY pedipalp chela granulation. The chela has smooth carinae in C. pulcherrimus sp. n. (Fig. 63) vs. granulated carinae in C. celebensis (fig. 42 in Kovař��k, 2019: 8). C. pulcherrimus sp. n. is reliablY distinguished from all other Chaerilus species bY the following unique combination of four characters: movable finger of pedipalp with 8 imbricated granule rows; total length 16���19 mm; pedipalp chela length/ width ratio ♂ 2.57, ♀ 2.69; and sternite VII smooth. OnlY one other species of the genus was reported from Laos: C. laoticus Louren��o & Zhu, 2008. This species differs in having the male pedipalp chela verY narrow, with length/ width ratio 4.0���4.2., Published as part of Kova����k, Franti��ek, Lowe, Graeme, Stockmann, Mark & ������hlavsk��, Franti��ek, 2020, Two new Chaerilus from Thailand and Laos (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae), pp. 1-20 in Euscorpius 324 on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4648882, {"references":["KOVARIK, F. 2019. Chaerilus alberti sp. n. from MalaYsia (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Euscorpius, 274: 1 - 9."]}

Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Figures 1���86, Table 1) http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:52 CAD 12D- 165A-470D-BD01-9589DC5EFCB6 Chaerilus Simon, 1877: 238; Kovař��k & Ojanguren, 2013: 131���145, figs. 617���776 (complete reference list until 2013); Kovař��k et al, 2015: 1���21, figs. 1���91, tables 1���3; Kovař��k et al., 2018: 1���27, figs. 1���125, tables 1���2; Kovař��k, 2019: 1���9, figs. 1���58, table 1. = Chelomachus Thorell, 1889: 583 (sYn. bY Kraepelin, 1899: 157). = Uromachus Pocock, 1890: 250 (sYn. bY Kraepelin, 1899: 157). TYPE SPECIES. Chaerilus variegatus Simon, 1877 DIAGNOSIS. Total length 16���80 mm; trichobothrial pattern orthobothriotaxic tYpe B; pedipalp femur d 3 ���d 4 trichobothrial axis angled toward dorsoexternal carina; patella with 3 ventral trichobothria, femur with 9 trichobothria (4 dorsal); cheliceral fixed finger with median and basal denticles flush on surface, not fused into bicusp; ventral margin of cheliceral movable finger crenulated, dorsal margin with single subdistal denticle; ventral surface of cheliceral fixed finger with 4���8 denticles; sternum, type 1, exhibiting subtle, wide horizontal compression; lateral eYes usuallY composed of 2 large major ocelli, eYespot present; maxillarY lobes I spatulate; hemispermatophore fusiform; ovariuterus 6-celled, embrYonic development apoikogenic; lateral lYmphoid organs absent; stigmata oval or round; median denticle row (MD) of pedipalp chela finger arranged in oblique groups; pedipalp chela with 8-carina configuration; legs without tibial spurs, but with prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs; tarsi of legs with 2���4 rows of ventral setae and a median row of spinules; fifth metasomal segment with a single ventral carina; telson without subaculear tubercle; sclerotized cuticle of integument with weak or no autofluorescence emission under ultraviolet (UV) excitation., Published as part of Kova����k, Franti��ek, Lowe, Graeme, Stockmann, Mark & ������hlavsk��, Franti��ek, 2020, Two new Chaerilus from Thailand and Laos (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae), pp. 1-20 in Euscorpius 324 on page 1, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4648882, {"references":["SIMON, E. 1877. Etudes Arachnologiques. Part X. Arachnides nouveaux et peu connus. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (7): 225 - 242.","KOVARIK, F., G. LOWE, D. HOFEREK, M. FORMAN & J. KRAL. 2015. Two new Chaerilus from Vietnam (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae), with observations on growth and maturation of Chaerilus granulatus sp. n. and C. hofereki Kovarik et al., 2014. Euscorpius, 213: 1 - 21.","KOVARIK, F., G. LOWE & F. STAHLAVSKY. 2018. Three new Chaerilus from MalaYsia (Tioman Island) and Thailand (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae), with a review of C. cimrmani, C. sejnai and C. tichyi. Euscorpius, 268: 1 - 27.","KOVARIK, F. 2019. Chaerilus alberti sp. n. from MalaYsia (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Euscorpius, 274: 1 - 9.","THORELL, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanie e regioni vicine. XXI. - Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885 - 1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 27: 521 - 729.","KRAEPELIN, K. 1899. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. In Dahl, F. (ed.), Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Berlin: R. Friedlander und Sohn Verlag, 8. Lieferung, 265 pp.","POCOCK, R. I. 1890. Description of a new genus and species of scorpion belonging to the group Jurini. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (5): 250 - 252."]}

Chaerilus kautti sp. n. (Figures 1–50, 84, Table 1) http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8275997C- 69A8-4494-A6F1-ED502A69E1FF TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Khao Ma Rong Cave, 11.2021900°N 99.4946250°E, 56 m a. s. l., FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL (FKCP). Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Khao Ma Rong Cave, 11.2021900°N 99.4946250°E, 56 m a. s. l. (Fig. 48), 19.VIII.2018, 1♂ (holotYpe, 1770, Figs. 1, 3–4, 7–8, 15, 20–32, 44–47), leg. Peter Kautt, 1♀ (paratYpe, Figs. 2, 5–6, 9–14, 16–19, 33– 43, 49–50, scorpion born 27.IX.2020), leg. Britta & Mark Stockmann, 16 juvs. (paratYpes, Figs. 49–50, offspring of the female paratYpe 27.IX.2020, still alive), bred bY F. Kovařík and M. Stockmann. ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is a patronYm honoring Peter Kautt, the collector of the male holotYpe of the new species. DIAGNOSIS (♂ ♀). Total length 37–43 mm; two pairs of lateral eYes and one pair of median eYes; ventral surface of cheliceral fixed finger with 4 denticles; male differs from female in having pedipalp chela much narrower; chela length/width ratio ♂ 4.55, ♀ 2.88; movable finger of pedipalp with 11 imbricated rows of granules; fingers straight in both sexes; pedipalp chela with 7–8 carinae; pectinal tooth count ♂ 6, ♀ 4; carapace granulated sparselY in male, denselY in female; mesosomal tergites granulated, mainlY in the female; all sternites smooth without carinae and granules; metasoma I–III with 6 or 8 carinae, ventral carinae maY be absent. DESCRIPTION. Total length ♂ 37 mm, ♀ 43 mm; color reddish orange to brown, maculose; chelicerae (Figs. 42–43) sparselY granulated dorsallY, Yellow and stronglY reticulate, anteriorlY black; male differs from female in having pedipalp chela much narrower with short fingers; chela length/width ratio ♂ 4.55, ♀ 2.88; male with larger pectines (Figs. 8 and 10); no sexual dimorphism in shape of metasoma and telson; trichobothrial pattern as shown in Figs. 23–29, measurements in Table 1. Carapace and mesosoma (Figs. 7–10). Carapace covered bY large granules in female, almost smooth in male; anterior margin of carapace weaklY concave; two well developed pairs of lateral eYes and one pair of median eYes present; mesosomal tergites irregularlY granulated in female, almost smooth in male; all sternites smooth without carinae and granulation; sternite V with smooth patch present; pectinal tooth count ♂ 6, ♀ 4. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 15–22). Metasoma I–II with 6 or 8 incomplete carinae, ventral carinae reduced or absent; metasoma IV with 8 carinae, metasoma V with 5 carinae; all carinae composed of sparse, large granules; intercarinal surfaces sparselY, irregularlY granulated, more so on lateral surfaces of all segments, and ventral surfaces of segment V; metasomal segments I–III ventrallY smooth; all segments verY sparselY hirsute; telson elongate, ampullate, smooth, verY sparselY hirsute. Pedipalps (Figs. 23–41). Pedipalp chela elongated in male, rather stout in female; movable finger with 11 and fixed finger with 10 imbricated rows of granules; chela with 7 or 8 carinae, smooth in male, partlY finelY granulated in female; carina on dorsoexternal surface of the manus maY be incomplete; dorsal and internal surfaces of chela with reticulate granulation patterns; patella with 5–6 smooth carinae, surfaces of patella smooth except internal surface which is finelY granulated; femur denselY granulated with 4 carinae. Legs (Figs. 11–14). Hirsute, without bristlecombs and carinae; femora and patellae granulated dorsallY, other surfaces smooth; tarsomeres with 4 rows of spiniform setae; spiniform seta formula of inner rows 6–7/7–8: 7–8/6–7: 7–8/8–9: 6–8/8–9; of outer rows 3–4/3–4 on all legs. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 44–47). Fusiform; distal lamina short, broad, weaklY tapered, apex rounded; capsule with distal carina weaklY sclerotized; sperm hemiduct delineated bY two thin, sclerotized carinae, of which the distal is longer, the basal shorter; trunk long, as broad as capsule. Measurements of right hemispermatophore (mm): distal lamina length 0.64, capsule length 0.72, trunk length 1.96, pedicel length 0.42, capsule width 0.63. Left hemispermatophore with shorter trunk, length 1.70. Karyotype (Fig. 84). Male holotYpe was analYzed. During metaphase I 59 bivalents were observed (Fig. 84), implYing that 2n=118. Chiasmata were not observed during meiosis. AFFINITIES. Chaerilus kautti sp. n. is reliablY distinguished from all other Chaerilus species bY the following unique combination of two characters: movable pedipalp finger with 11 imbricated granule rows; and pedipalp chela length/width ratio 4.55 in the male. A movable pedipalp finger with 11 (or 10–11) imbricated granule rows is also found in six other species of the genus (C. cimrmani Kovařík, 2012 from Thailand, C. hofereki Kovařík, 2014 from Vietnam, C. julietteae Lourenço, 2011 from Vietnam, C. neradorum Kovařík et al., 2018 from Thailand, C. robinsoni Hirst, 1911 from MalaYsia and Indonesia, and C. stockmannorum Kovařík et al., 2018 from Thailand). However, males of all of these species have a pedipalp chela length/width ratio between 1.84 (C. hofereki) and 3.13 (C. julietteae). COMMENTS ON LOCALITIES AND LIFE STRATEGY. The tYpe localitY is located on an isolated karst mountain close to the eastern coast of Thailand, west of Bang Saphan. The entire mountain is clothed in primarY forest, but is surrounded bY cultivated farmland with mostlY oil palms and gumtrees. The tYpe localitY is close to two extensive caves, but C. kautti sp. n. does not appear to be associated with them. Climate conditions are warm and verY wet during the wet season from MaY to November, and slightlY cooler and drier during the drY season from December to April. Even during the drY season, the area is verY humid and water is alwaYs present. The male from 2018 was collected during heavY rain on a dark night, the female from 2019 on a drY night without wind during a new moon. The average temperatures on both nights were ca. 25–26°C with verY high humiditY. Both specimens were found at night on the ground, between leaf litter or sitting openlY on rocks. In captivitY, the scorpions concealed themselves under bark or in moss. The probablY do not excavate burrows, but instead shelter between rocks, or in wood and leaf litter in their habitat. Other scorpions observed in this habitat were Heterometrus cimrmani Kovařík, 2004, Lychas scutilus Koch 1845, and Liocheles australasiae Fabricius, 1775. An adult gravid female collected in 2019 gave birth in captivitY to 48 juveniles after 11 months.

Chaerilus kautti sp. n. (Figures 1���50, 84, Table 1) http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8275997C- 69A8-4494-A6F1-ED502A69E1FF TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Khao Ma Rong Cave, 11.2021900��N 99.4946250��E, 56 m a. s. l., FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL (FKCP). Thailand, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Khao Ma Rong Cave, 11.2021900��N 99.4946250��E, 56 m a. s. l. (Fig. 48), 19.VIII.2018, 1♂ (holotYpe, 1770, Figs. 1, 3���4, 7���8, 15, 20���32, 44���47), leg. Peter Kautt, 1♀ (paratYpe, Figs. 2, 5���6, 9���14, 16���19, 33��� 43, 49���50, scorpion born 27.IX.2020), leg. Britta & Mark Stockmann, 16 juvs. (paratYpes, Figs. 49���50, offspring of the female paratYpe 27.IX.2020, still alive), bred bY F. Kovař��k and M. Stockmann. ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is a patronYm honoring Peter Kautt, the collector of the male holotYpe of the new species. DIAGNOSIS (♂ ♀). Total length 37���43 mm; two pairs of lateral eYes and one pair of median eYes; ventral surface of cheliceral fixed finger with 4 denticles; male differs from female in having pedipalp chela much narrower; chela length/width ratio ♂ 4.55, ♀ 2.88; movable finger of pedipalp with 11 imbricated rows of granules; fingers straight in both sexes; pedipalp chela with 7���8 carinae; pectinal tooth count ♂ 6, ♀ 4; carapace granulated sparselY in male, denselY in female; mesosomal tergites granulated, mainlY in the female; all sternites smooth without carinae and granules; metasoma I���III with 6 or 8 carinae, ventral carinae maY be absent. DESCRIPTION. Total length ♂ 37 mm, ♀ 43 mm; color reddish orange to brown, maculose; chelicerae (Figs. 42���43) sparselY granulated dorsallY, Yellow and stronglY reticulate, anteriorlY black; male differs from female in having pedipalp chela much narrower with short fingers; chela length/width ratio ♂ 4.55, ♀ 2.88; male with larger pectines (Figs. 8 and 10); no sexual dimorphism in shape of metasoma and telson; trichobothrial pattern as shown in Figs. 23���29, measurements in Table 1. Carapace and mesosoma (Figs. 7���10). Carapace covered bY large granules in female, almost smooth in male; anterior margin of carapace weaklY concave; two well developed pairs of lateral eYes and one pair of median eYes present; mesosomal tergites irregularlY granulated in female, almost smooth in male; all sternites smooth without carinae and granulation; sternite V with smooth patch present; pectinal tooth count ♂ 6, ♀ 4. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 15���22). Metasoma I���II with 6 or 8 incomplete carinae, ventral carinae reduced or absent; metasoma IV with 8 carinae, metasoma V with 5 carinae; all carinae composed of sparse, large granules; intercarinal surfaces sparselY, irregularlY granulated, more so on lateral surfaces of all segments, and ventral surfaces of segment V; metasomal segments I���III ventrallY smooth; all segments verY sparselY hirsute; telson elongate, ampullate, smooth, verY sparselY hirsute. Pedipalps (Figs. 23���41). Pedipalp chela elongated in male, rather stout in female; movable finger with 11 and fixed finger with 10 imbricated rows of granules; chela with 7 or 8 carinae, smooth in male, partlY finelY granulated in female; carina on dorsoexternal surface of the manus maY be incomplete; dorsal and internal surfaces of chela with reticulate granulation patterns; patella with 5���6 smooth carinae, surfaces of patella smooth except internal surface which is finelY granulated; femur denselY granulated with 4 carinae. Legs (Figs. 11���14). Hirsute, without bristlecombs and carinae; femora and patellae granulated dorsallY, other surfaces smooth; tarsomeres with 4 rows of spiniform setae; spiniform seta formula of inner rows 6���7/7���8: 7���8/6���7: 7���8/8���9: 6���8/8���9; of outer rows 3���4/3���4 on all legs. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 44���47). Fusiform; distal lamina short, broad, weaklY tapered, apex rounded; capsule with distal carina weaklY sclerotized; sperm hemiduct delineated bY two thin, sclerotized carinae, of which the distal is longer, the basal shorter; trunk long, as broad as capsule. Measurements of right hemispermatophore (mm): distal lamina length 0.64, capsule length 0.72, trunk length 1.96, pedicel length 0.42, capsule width 0.63. Left hemispermatophore with shorter trunk, length 1.70. Karyotype (Fig. 84). Male holotYpe was analYzed. During metaphase I 59 bivalents were observed (Fig. 84), implYing that 2n=118. Chiasmata were not observed during meiosis. AFFINITIES. Chaerilus kautti sp. n. is reliablY distinguished from all other Chaerilus species bY the following unique combination of two characters: movable pedipalp finger with 11 imbricated granule rows; and pedipalp chela length/width ratio 4.55 in the male. A movable pedipalp finger with 11 (or 10���11) imbricated granule rows is also found in six other species of the genus (C. cimrmani Kovař��k, 2012 from Thailand, C. hofereki Kovař��k, 2014 from Vietnam, C. julietteae Louren��o, 2011 from Vietnam, C. neradorum Kovař��k et al., 2018 from Thailand, C. robinsoni Hirst, 1911 from MalaYsia and Indonesia, and C. stockmannorum Kovař��k et al., 2018 from Thailand). However, males of all of these species have a pedipalp chela length/width ratio between 1.84 (C. hofereki) and 3.13 (C. julietteae). COMMENTS ON LOCALITIES AND LIFE STRATEGY. The tYpe localitY is located on an isolated karst mountain close to the eastern coast of Thailand, west of Bang Saphan. The entire mountain is clothed in primarY forest, but is surrounded bY cultivated farmland with mostlY oil palms and gumtrees. The tYpe localitY is close to two extensive caves, but C. kautti sp. n. does not appear to be associated with them. Climate conditions are warm and verY wet during the wet season from MaY to November, and slightlY cooler and drier during the drY season from December to April. Even during the drY season, the area is verY humid and water is alwaYs present. The male from 2018 was collected during heavY rain on a dark night, the female from 2019 on a drY night without wind during a new moon. The average temperatures on both nights were ca. 25���26��C with verY high humiditY. Both specimens were found at night on the ground, between leaf litter or sitting openlY on rocks. In captivitY, the scorpions concealed themselves under bark or in moss. The probablY do not excavate burrows, but instead shelter between rocks, or in wood and leaf litter in their habitat. Other scorpions observed in this habitat were Heterometrus cimrmani Kovař��k, 2004, Lychas scutilus Koch 1845, and Liocheles australasiae Fabricius, 1775. An adult gravid female collected in 2019 gave birth in captivitY to 48 juveniles after 11 months., Published as part of Kova����k, Franti��ek, Lowe, Graeme, Stockmann, Mark & ������hlavsk��, Franti��ek, 2020, Two new Chaerilus from Thailand and Laos (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae), pp. 1-20 in Euscorpius 324 on pages 3-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4648882, {"references":["KOVARIK, F., G. LOWE & F. STAHLAVSKY. 2018. Three new Chaerilus from MalaYsia (Tioman Island) and Thailand (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae), with a review of C. cimrmani, C. sejnai and C. tichyi. Euscorpius, 268: 1 - 27."]}

Chaerilus pulcherrimus sp. n. (Figures 51–83, 85–86, Table 1) http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D808FDFC- 2B57-4BB1-84D1-8A62BE6B63F6 TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Laos, Champasak Province, FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL (FKCP). Laos, Champasak Province, 5.VIII.2019, 1♂ (holotYpe, 1852, Figs. 51–55, 57–71, 80– 83), 1♀ (paratYpe, damaged, Figs. 56, 72–79, scorpion born 15.VIII.2020), leg. V. Fura, 14 juvs. (paratYpes, offspring of the female paratYpe 15.VIII.2020, 2 nd ecdYsis 21.IX.2020, 3 rd ecdYsis 20.X.2020, still alive), bred bY F. Kovařík. ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin nominative, singular adjective pulcherrimus (masculine), a superlative of pulcher = beautiful, in reference to the colorful maculose patterns on the carapace, tergites, metasoma and telson of this diminutive species. DIAGNOSIS (♂ ♀). Total length 16–19 mm; two pairs of lateral eYes and one pair of median eYes; ventral surface of cheliceral fixed finger with 4 denticles; chela length/width ratio ♂ 2.57, ♀ 2.69; movable pedipalp finger with 8 imbricated granule rows; fingers straight in both sexes; pedipalp chela with 7 carinae; pectinal tooth count ♂ 4, ♀ 3; carapace and mesosoma granulated in both sexes; all sternites smooth without carinae and granules; metasoma I–IV with 6 or 8 carinae, ventral carinae reduced or absent. DESCRIPTION. Total length ♂ 18.8 mm, ♀ 16.4 mm; color reddish orange to brown, maculose; chelicerae sparselY finelY granulated dorsallY, Yellow and stronglY reticulate, anteriorlY black; male differs from female in having pedipalp chela slightlY narrower with short fingers; chela length/width ratio ♂ 2.57, ♀ 2.69; male with larger pectines; no sexual dimorphism in shape of metasoma and telson; trichobothrial pattern as shown in Figs. 63–69, measurements in Table 1. Carapace and mesosoma (Figs. 54–55). Carapace covered bY large granules in both sexes; anterior margin of carapace almost straight; two well developed pairs of lateral eYes and one pair of median eYes present; mesosomal tergites irregularlY granulated, mainlY on tergite VII; all sternites smooth without carinae and granulation; sternite V with smooth patch indicated; pectinal tooth count ♂ 4, ♀ 3. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 56–60). Metasoma I–IV with 6 or 8 incomplete carinae, ventral carinae reduced to absent, dorsal carinae are composed of strong denticles; metasoma V with 5 carinae; intercarinal surfaces sparselY, irregularlY granulated, more so on lateral surfaces of all segments and ventral surfaces of segment V; all segments verY sparselY hirsute; telson elongate, ampullate, smooth, verY sparselY hirsute. Pedipalps (Figs. 63–79). Pedipalp chela rather stout with swollen manus mainlY in female; movable finger with 8 and fixed finger with 7 imbricated rows of granules; chela with 7 carinae, smooth in both sexes; dorsal and internal surfaces of chela with reticulate granulation patterns; patella with 4–5 smooth, reduced carinae, or carinae absent; surfaces of patella smooth except for internal surface which is sparselY granulated; femur denselY granulated with four incomplete carinae. Legs (Figs. 61–62). Hirsute, without bristlecombs and carinae; femora and patellae smooth; tarsomeres with two rows of spiniform setae; spiniform seta formula 5–6/5–7: 6–7/6–7: 7–8/7–8: 7–8/7–9. Hemispermatophore (Figs. 80–83). Fusiform; distal lamina short, broad, weaklY tapered, apex rounded; capsule with distal carina weaklY sclerotized; sperm hemiduct delineated bY two thin, sclerotized carinae, of which the distal is longer, the basal shorter; capsule elongate, ca. 50% longer than distal lamina; trunk long, as broad as capsule. Measurements of left hemispermatophore (mm): distal lamina length 0.35, capsule length 0.53, trunk length 1.10, pedicel length 0.22, capsule width 0.30. Right hemispermatophore similar to the left hemispermatophore. Karyotype (Figs. 85–86). Male holotYpe was analYzed. The diploid complement is 102 chromosomes in the mitotic metaphases (Fig. 85). During metaphase I, 51 bivalents were observed (Fig. 86), implYing that 2n=102. Chiasmata were not observed during meiosis. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish C. pulcherrimus sp. n. from all other species of the genus. C. pulcherrimus sp. n. is similar to C. celebensis Pocock, 1894 (see keY in Kovařík & Ojanguren, 2013: 131–133). These two species can be differentiated bY pedipalp chela granulation. The chela has smooth carinae in C. pulcherrimus sp. n. (Fig. 63) vs. granulated carinae in C. celebensis (fig. 42 in Kovařík, 2019: 8). C. pulcherrimus sp. n. is reliablY distinguished from all other Chaerilus species bY the following unique combination of four characters: movable finger of pedipalp with 8 imbricated granule rows; total length 16–19 mm; pedipalp chela length/ width ratio ♂ 2.57, ♀ 2.69; and sternite VII smooth. OnlY one other species of the genus was reported from Laos: C. laoticus Lourenço & Zhu, 2008. This species differs in having the male pedipalp chela verY narrow, with length/ width ratio 4.0–4.2.

International audience; The study of an important collection of scorpions, belonging to the genus Chaerilus, recently collected from a cave in the Palawan Island, Philippines, allows the clarification of the identity of this population, often misidentified with Chaerilus chapmani Vachon & Lourenço, 1985 known from caves in the Gunong Mulu National Park in Sarawak (Borneo). Chaerilus agnellivanniorum sp. n. is described from the Puerto Princesa Underground River Cave in Palawan Island based on 14 specimens, males, females, and juveniles. The new species is totally distinct morphologically from Chaerilus chapmani, a true troglobitic species. Chaerilus agnellivanniorum sp. n. may also be a true troglobitic element, but with a less marked degree of regression for several characters. Some comments on the ecology of the new species and on regional biogeography of Borneo and Palawan islands are also proposed.; L’étude d’une importante collection de scorpions appartenant au genre Chaerilus, récemment collectée dans une grotte de l’île de Palawan, aux Philippines, permet désormais de clarifier l’identité de cette population souvent incorrectement identifiée comme Chaerilus chapmani Vachon & Lourenço, 1985 connue des grottes du Gunong Mulu National Park au Sarawak (Bornéo). Chaerilus agnellivanniorum sp. n. est décrite de la grotte de Puerto Princesa, dans l’île de Palawan, à partir de 14 spécimens, mâles, femelles et juvéniles. Par sa morphologie, la nouvelle espèce est globalement distincte de Chaerilus chapmani, une véritable espèce troglobie. Chaerilus agnellivanniorum sp. n. pourrait également représenter un véritable élément troglobie, mais avec un moindre dégrée de régression pour plusieurs caractères. Des commentaires sont également ajoutés sur l’écologie de la nouvelle espèce et sur la biogéographie de Bornéo et de l’île de Palawan.

Chaerilus cimrmani Kovař��k, 2012 Thailand: Phetcha Buri, 2 km N of Ban Sa Yoi Non, 12��56'58"N 99��47'44"E, 40 m a.s.l., 16.-18.I.2006, 1♂ (holotype) 1♀ (allotype) 1im. (paratype), leg. S. Bečv��ř & R. Fouqu��; 20 km E of Trang, XI.1998, 1♀ (paratype), leg. Kozm��k, FKCP; 50 km W of Phetcha Buri, I. 2016, 1♀ leg. V. Fura, 4♂ 1♀ (Figs. 68, 105; 1279), offspring of the female, bred by F. Kovař��k; Koh Phangan / Thong Nai Pan Yai, 9.773194��N 100.056271�� E, 1♀, leg. M. Stockmann. KARYOTYPE (Fig. 121). We analyzed two males from the locality 50 km W of Phetcha Buri. Both specimens have 2n=104 (Fig. 121). Chromosome pairs 1���49 gradually decrease in length from 2.59% to 1.56% of the haploid set. The last three pairs of chromosomes are distinctly shorter (1.38%, 1.27% and 1.16% of the haploid set). The phases obtained did not allow characterization of the morphology of chromosomes. We did not observe chiasmata during postpachytene and metaphase I., Published as part of Kova����k, Franti��ek, Lowe, Graeme & ������hlavsk��, Franti��ek, 2018, Three new Chaerilus from Malaysia (Tioman Island) and Thailand (Scorpiones Chaerilidae) with a review of C cimrmani C sejnai and C tichyi, pp. 1-27 in Euscorpius 268 on page 25, {"references":["KOVARIK, F. 2012. Five New Species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Euscorpius, 149: 1 - 14."]}

International audience; The study of an important collection of scorpions, belonging to the genus Chaerilus, recently collected from a cave in the Palawan Island, Philippines, allows the clarification of the identity of this population, often misidentified with Chaerilus chapmani Vachon & Lourenço, 1985 known from caves in the Gunong Mulu National Park in Sarawak (Borneo). Chaerilus agnellivanniorum sp. n. is described from the Puerto Princesa Underground River Cave in Palawan Island based on 14 specimens, males, females, and juveniles. The new species is totally distinct morphologically from Chaerilus chapmani, a true troglobitic species. Chaerilus agnellivanniorum sp. n. may also be a true troglobitic element, but with a less marked degree of regression for several characters. Some comments on the ecology of the new species and on regional biogeography of Borneo and Palawan islands are also proposed.; L’étude d’une importante collection de scorpions appartenant au genre Chaerilus, récemment collectée dans une grotte de l’île de Palawan, aux Philippines, permet désormais de clarifier l’identité de cette population souvent incorrectement identifiée comme Chaerilus chapmani Vachon & Lourenço, 1985 connue des grottes du Gunong Mulu National Park au Sarawak (Bornéo). Chaerilus agnellivanniorum sp. n. est décrite de la grotte de Puerto Princesa, dans l’île de Palawan, à partir de 14 spécimens, mâles, femelles et juvéniles. Par sa morphologie, la nouvelle espèce est globalement distincte de Chaerilus chapmani, une véritable espèce troglobie. Chaerilus agnellivanniorum sp. n. pourrait également représenter un véritable élément troglobie, mais avec un moindre dégrée de régression pour plusieurs caractères. Des commentaires sont également ajoutés sur l’écologie de la nouvelle espèce et sur la biogéographie de Bornéo et de l’île de Palawan.

3.36 Genus Electrochaerilus Santiago-Blay, Fet, Soleglad & Anderson, 2004 Electrochaerilus Santiago-Blay, Fet, Soleglad & Anderson, 2004a: 4. Type species: Electrochaerilus buckleyi Santiago-Blay, Fet, Soleglad & Anderson, 2004., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 261, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Santiago-Blay, J. A., Fet, V., Soleglad, M. E., Anderson, S. R. 2004 a. A new Genus and Subfamily of scorpions from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 9: 3 - 14."]}

50) Electrochaerilus buckleyi Santiago-Blay, Fet, Soleglad & Anderson, 2004 Electrochaerilus buckleyi Santiago-Blay, Fet, Soleglad & Anderson, 2004a: 4. Type specimen(s). H (♀): Specimen number not assigned (RBAC)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 261, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Santiago-Blay, J. A., Fet, V., Soleglad, M. E., Anderson, S. R. 2004 a. A new Genus and Subfamily of scorpions from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 9: 3 - 14."]}

A new species of the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 is described from a cave in Dien Bien District, West of Dien Bien Phu city in northern Vietnam. The new species is morphologically similar to other Chaerilus species distributed only in the south of Vietnam and Cambodia and suggests a case of a vicariant species between northern and southern populations in the Southeast Asian peninsula.

Chaerilus hofereki sp. n. from Vietnam is described and compared with C. cimrmani Kovařik, 2012 from Thailand. C. hofereki sp. n. is characterized mainly by sexual dimorphism. Chela of pedipalp is wide and ampullar, fingers shorter in male than in female. Ratio of chela length to movable finger length 2.2 in males and 1.7–2 in females. Movable finger of pedipalp with 9 or 10 cutting edges. Our study brings the first data on chromosomes of chaerilid scorpions. The karyotype of male paratype of C. hofereki sp. n. consists of high number of chromosomes (2n = 90).

Chaerilus ceylonensis Pocock, 1894 (Figs. 13, 200, 428–457) Chaerilus ceylonensis Pocock, 1894: 83–84; Vachon, 1982: 102, figs. 94–95; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 326–332, figs. 925–939; Fet, 2000: 325 (complete reference list until 1998); Kovařík, 2000: 44–45, fig. 14; Lourenço & Huber, 2002: 273; Kovařík & Ojanguren, 2013: 135, 284, figs. 732–733. TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Trincomalee; BMNH. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, Trincomalee, 1♂ (holotype, figs. 732–733 in Kovařík & Ojanguren, 2013: 284), BMNH No. 1893.10.20.4. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. Sri Lanka, North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, ca 35 km from Dambula, 07°57'15.1"N 080°54'45,4"E, 132 m a.s.l. (Locality 15CD, Fig. 578), 22.IV.2015, 2♂ (Figs. 200, 428, 430– 431, 436, 438, 440–442, 446–449, 454) 1♀ (Figs. 429, 432–435, 437, 439, 443–445, 450–453, 455), FKCP, 1♂ 1♀ 1juv., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Polonnaruwa District, near Kaudulla National Park, 08°08'40.6"N 080°51'04"E, 101 m a.s.l. (Locality 15CF, Fig. 581), 23.IV.2015, 1♂ 1♀ 1juv., FKCP, 1♂ 1juv., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al.; North Central Province, Puttalam District, Eluwankulam, 08°17'15"N 079°50'38.7"E, 38 m a.s.l. (Locality 15CO, Fig. 592), 28.IV.2015, 2♂, FKCP, 3juvs., UPSL, leg. Kovařík et al. DIAGNOSIS. Total length 27–45 mm. Two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes. Movable fingers of pedipalps with 11–12 rows of granules. Fingers straight and short. Trichobothrium d 2 of pedipalp patella located on dorsal surface, trichobothrium id on internal surface. Pedipalp chela with 9 carinae. Pectinal teeth number 4– 6. Entire carapace evenly covered by granules. Ratio of median eye distance from anterior and posterior margins of carapace = 1: 1.55–1.60. Mesosoma without carinae. Sternites smooth. First and second metasomal segments with 10 carinae, third and fourth segments with 8 carinae, fifth segment with 7 carinae. All carinae consist of large, denticulate granules. DISTRIBUTION. Sri Lanka., Published as part of Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David & Š, V. A., 2016, Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n, pp. 1-133 in Euscorpius 220 on page 96, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7124466, {"references":["POCOCK, R. I. 1894. A small contribution to our knowledge of the scorpions of India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (13): 72 - 84.","VACHON, M. 1982. Les scorpions de Sri Lanka (Recherches sur les scorpions appartenant ou deposes au Museum d`Histoire naturelle de Geneve III.). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 89: 77 - 114.","TIKADER B. K. & D. B. BASTAWADE. 1983. The Fauna of India: Scorpions. Scorpionida, Arachnida. Vol III. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 668 pp.","FET, V., W. D. SISSOM, G. LOWE & M. E. BRAUNWALDER. 2000. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York: The New York Entomological Society, 689 pp.","LOURENCO, W. R. & D. HUBER. 2002. New addition to the scorpion fauna (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of Sri Lanka. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 109 (2): 265 - 275.","KOVARIK, F & A. A. OJANGUREN AFFILASTRO. 2013. Illustrated catalog of scorpions Part II. Bothriuridae; Chaerilidae; Buthidae I., genera Compsobuthus, Hottentotta, Isometrus, Lychas, and Sassanidotus. Clairon Production, Prague, 400 pp."]}

Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Figs. 13, 200, 428–457) Chaerilus Simon, 1877: 238; Fet, 2000: 323–328 (complete reference list until 1998); Kovařík & Ojanguren, 2013: 131–145, figs. ZN.1–7, 617–776 (reference list until 2013); Kovařík et al., 2015: 1–21, figs. 1–91. = Chelomachus Thorell, 1889: 583 (syn. by Kraepelin, 1899: 157). = Uromachus Pocock, 1890: 250 (syn. by Kraepelin, 1899: 157). TYPE SPECIES. Chaerilus variegatus Simon, 1877. DIAGNOSIS. Total length 15–75.4 mm. Orthobothriotaxy type B; pedipalp femoral d 3 – d 4 trichobothria configuration points toward dorsoexternal carina; pedipalp patella with 3 ventral trichobothria and pedipalp femur with 9 trichobothria, 4 of them dorsal. Cheliceral fixed finger with median and basal denticles flush on surface, not conjoined on common trunk; ventral edge of cheliceral movable finger crenulated; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with a single subdistal denticles; ventral surface of cheliceral fixed finger with denticle. Sternum, type 1, exhibits subtle wide horizontal compression; maxillary lobes I spatulate. Hemispermatophore fusiform. Pedipalp patella with "6-carinae" configuration. Median denticle row of pedipalp chelal finger arranged in oblique groups; pedipalp chela exhibits "8-carinae" configuration. Fifth metasomal segment with single ventral carina. Legs without tibial spurs, but with prolateral and retrolateral pedal spurs. Tarsi of legs bear two rows of ventral setae and median row of spinules. Telson without subaculear tubercle. DISTRIBUTION. Oriental region from India to Melanesia., Published as part of Kovařík, František, Lowe, Graeme, Ranawana, Kithsiri B., Hoferek, David & Š, V. A., 2016, Scorpions of Sri Lanka (Scorpiones Buthidae, Chaerilidae, Scorpionidae) with description of four new species of the genera Charmus Karsch, 1879 and Reddyanus Vachon, 1972, stat n, pp. 1-133 in Euscorpius 220 on pages 88-96, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2016.vol2016.iss220.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7124466, {"references":["SIMON, E. 1877. Etudes Arachnologiques. Part X. Arachnides nouveaux et peu connus. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 5 (7): 225 - 242.","FET, V., W. D. SISSOM, G. LOWE & M. E. BRAUNWALDER. 2000. Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). New York: The New York Entomological Society, 689 pp.","KOVARIK, F & A. A. OJANGUREN AFFILASTRO. 2013. Illustrated catalog of scorpions Part II. Bothriuridae; Chaerilidae; Buthidae I., genera Compsobuthus, Hottentotta, Isometrus, Lychas, and Sassanidotus. Clairon Production, Prague, 400 pp.","KOVARIK, F., G. LOWE, M. SEITER, J. PLISKOVA & F. STAHLAVSKY. 2015. Scorpions of Ethiopia (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part II. Genus Babycurus Karsch, 1886 (Buthidae), with description of two new species. Euscorpius, 196: 1 - 31.","THORELL, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmanie e regioni vicine. XXI. - Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885 - 1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 27: 521 - 729.","KRAEPELIN, K. 1899. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. In: F. DAHL (ed.), Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Berlin: R. Friedlander und Sohn Verlag, 8. Lieferung. 265 pp.","POCOCK, R. I. 1890. Description of a new genus and species of scorpion belonging to the group Jurini. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (5): 250 - 252."]}

One more new species of the genus ChaerilusSimon, 1877 is described from Hon Ba Nature Reserve, which is located about 60 km to the south-west of Nha Trang, in the Khanh Hoa Province in the south of Vietnam. The new species is placed in the variegatus Species Group and compared with other Chaerilus species previously described from Vietnam. Relationships are discussed with Chaerilus longimanusKovařik & Lowe, 2015, also described from the Nha Trang region. As in previous studies, the present one suggests that different species of Chaerilus are not strongly morphologically distinct but rather correspond with micro-endemic populations. Future molecular studies should provide further evidence for or against this hypothesis.

The scorpion fauna of the Island of Côn Son (Poulo Condore), Vietnam is briefly discussed and a new species, Chaerilus phami sp. n. is described. The new species is morphologically distinct from all the other species of Chaerilus described from the mainland in Vietnam.

A new species belonging to the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877, Chaerilus spinatus sp. n. is described from the Island of Halmahera, Indonesia. Chaerilus celebensis Pocock, 1894, originally described from Luwu, Celebes (Sulawesi) Island, is confirmed as a distinct species and as a possible endemic element to the Celebes. Two species of Chaerilus are at present known to Halmahera, the second one being Chaerilus telnovi Lourenco, 2009.

A new species, Chaerilus mainlingensis sp. nov., is described from Xizang in China. The present new species is distinguished from the congeners by chela with width/length ratio more than 2.4, seven rows of denticles on fixed and movable fingers of pedipalp chelae, three or four pectinal teeth in females, and almost smooth teguments of the seventh sternite and all of the metasomal segments.

Biological observations on Chaerilus philippinus were based on specimens from the region of Appari, North of Luzon in the Philippines. The total duration of embryonic development was estimated as being between 110 to 136 days, while the moults between successive juvenile instars and adulthood took place at ages that averaged 7, 39, 73, 190 and 327 days. These developmental periods are shorter and different from those previously observed among species of non-buthid scorpions. They prove to be rather similar to those observed in buthid scorpions, however. Morphometric growth values of the different instars are similar or smaller than those of other species of scorpions that have been studied. Aspects of maternal care and social behaviour are also commented.

A new species, Chaerilus pseudoconchiformus sp. n., is described from Xizang, China. The present new species is distinguished from its congeners by a body length of 32−40 mm, carapace with the anterior margin straight, chela with length/width ratio average of 3.3 in males (3.2−3.4, two adults), and 2.5 in females (2.3−2.6, nine adults), eight or nine (eight usually) rows of denticles on fixed and movable fingers of pedipalp chelae, five pectinal teeth in males and three or four in females. To date, the chaerilid species fauna of China consists of nine species. An updated identification key to Chaerilus from China is presented.

Chaerilus terueli Kovař��k, sp. n. (Figs. 48���61) TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Vietnam, C��n Son Island (Poulo Condore); FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL. Vietnam, C��n Son Island (Poulo Condore), III.2012, 1♂ (holotype) 2♂ (paratypes), leg. V. Fura, FKCP. ETYMOLOGY. Named after my colleague and friend Rolando Teruel Ochoa, who has contributed to our knowledge of scorpions in many ways. DIAGNOSIS. Total length 31���37 mm. Two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes. Movable finger of pedipalp with 7���8 cutting edges composed of granules. Chela of pedipalp wide and ampullar, adult male has fingers strongly flexed. Manus of pedipalp in male robust. Chela of pedipalp with 4 complete carinae, patella with 4 or 5 carinae, femur with 4 carinae. Pectinal teeth 5���6 in males. Entire carapace granulated. Larger granules form two symmetrical, longitudinal carinae. Mesosomal tergites granulated. Several large, symmetrical granules on posterior margins of tergites II��� VI may be interpreted as incomplete carinae. Sternites smooth, without carinae. First metasomal segments lack ventral carinae; ventral side of first metasomal segment smooth, but may bear several solitary granules. First through third metasomal segments with 6���8 carinae; dorsally with a pair of rows of granules, which may form incomplete carinae. Fourth metasomal segment with 8 carinae and irregular granules on lateral surface. DESCRIPTION. Total males length 31���37 mm. Two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes. Pectinal teeth number 5���6 (3x5, 3x6) in males. For the position and distribution of trichobothria see Fig. 50���56. Trichobothrium d2 of the pedipalp patella is located on the edge between dorsal and internal surfaces. Trichobothrium d3 is located on the internal surface. (Fig. 53). The chelicerae are granulated. COLORATION. The color is reddish to black, spotted. Younger specimens are lighter-colored. Legs, pedipalps (mainly chela) and telson are red to yellow, lighter than the mesosoma. MESOSOMA AND CARAPACE. The entire carapace is covered by large granules, the larger of which form two longitudinal, symmetrical carinae. The anterior margin of the carapace is straight to weakly concave. The mesosomal tergites are granulated. Several large, symmetrical granules on the posterior margins of tergites II���VI may be interpreted as incomplete carinae. The sternites are smooth, without carinae and without glossy zones in the middle of the posterior margin. METASOMA AND TELSON. The first through third metasomal segments bear six to eight carinae (two ventral carinae and main lateral carinae may be poorly developed or absent); the fourth metasomal segment bears eight carinae and irregular granules on lateral surface. the fifth segment bears five to seven carinae of which one ventral carina posteriorly branches to form the letter ���Y���. All carinae are composed of posteriorly inclined, denticulate granules. The spaces between carinae are irregularly granulated on lateral, ventral and dorsal surfaces; the dorsal surface bears a double row of granules, which may form incomplete carinae. All segments are sparsely hirsute. The telson is elongate, finely granulate and sparsely hirsute. PEDIPALPS. The chela of pedipalp is wide and ampullar, the adult male has fingers strongly flexed (Fig. 51). The male manus of pedipalp is robust. The movable finger of pedipalp has seven to eight cutting edges and the fixed finger has six to seven cutting edges composed of granules. The chela of pedipalp has four complete carinae, the patella has four or five carinae and the femur has four carinae. All carinae consist of widely spaced, rounded granules. The spaces between carinae are covered by unevenly spaced small granules, which on the chela form a reticulate pattern. LEGS. The legs are hirsute, without bristlecombs and carinae but with macrosetae. MEASUREMENTS IN MM. Total length of male holotype 33.7; carapace length 4.5, width 4.6; metasoma and telson length 17.7; first metasomal segment length 1.6, width 2.5; second metasomal segment length 2.0, width 2.3; third metasomal segment length 2.1, width 2.2; fourth metasomal segment length 2.4, width 1.9; fifth metasomal segment length 4.5, width 1.9; telson length 5.1; pedipalp femur length 3.6, width 1.4; pedipalp patella length 3.6, width 1.6; chela length 7.9; manus width 4.3; movable finger length 4.1. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish C. terueli sp. n. from all other species of the genus. They are recounted in the key. The male of C. terueli sp. n. has the chela robust (Fig. 50) like the male of C. solegladi sp. n., C. robinsoni and C. variegatus. Of these species only C. solegladi sp. n. has the movable finger with seven or eight cutting edges composed of granules (Fig. 36), like C. terueli sp. n.. C. robinsoni has the movable finger with 11 cutting edges and C. variegatus with 13��� 15 cutting edges. However, C. solegladi sp. n. and C. terueli sp. n. cannot be confused, because C. solegladi sp. n. has the fingers straight in both sexes (Fig. 39), whereas the adult male of C. terueli sp. n. has the fingers strongly flexed (Fig. 51)., Published as part of Kova����k, Franti��ek, 2012, Five new species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae), pp. 1-14 in Euscorpius 149 on pages 9-11

Chaerilus cimrmani Kovař��k, sp. n. (Figs. 1���17) Chaerilus cavernicola (misidentification): Kovař��k, 2000: 42 (in part). TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Thailand, Phetchaburi Province, 2 km N of Ban Sa Yai Non, 12��56' 58"N 99��47'44"E, 40 m a.s.l.; FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL. Thailand, Phetchaburi Province, 2 km N of Ban Sa Yai Non, 12��56'58"N 99��47'44"E, 40 m a.s.l., 16.-18.I.2006, 1♂ (holotype) 1♀ (allotype) 1im. (paratype), leg. S. Bečv��ř and R. Fouqu��, FKCP; Trang Province, 20 km E of Trang, XI.1998, 1♀ (paratype), leg. Kozm��k, FKCP. ETYMOLOGY. Named after J��ra Cimrman, a well known Czech renaissance man. DIAGNOSIS. Total length 31���38 mm. Two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes. Chela of pedipalp wide and ampullar, identical in both sexes. Movable finger of pedipalp with 10 or 11 cutting edges. Chela of pedipalp with 7 or 8 granulated carinae. Patella with 5 carinae, femur with 4 or 5 carinae. Pectinal teeth number 4���5. Carapace granulated. Anterior margin of carapace straight to weakly concave. Mesosomal tergites granulated. All sternites smooth, without carinae. First metasomal segment with 6 to 10 carinae, second with 8 to 10 carinae, third and fourth segments with 8 carinae, fifth segment with 7 carinae. Dorsal surfaces of all metasomal segments granulated. DESCRIPTION. Total length 31���38 mm. Two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes. The male has relatively larger pectens. The chela of pedipalp is wide and ampullar, identical in both sexes. Pectinal teeth number 4���5. For the position and distribution of trichobothria see Figs. 9���15. Trichobothrium d2 of pedipalp patella is located on edge between the dorsal and internal surfaces, and trichobothrium d3 is located on the internal surface (Fig. 12). COLORATION. The color is reddish to black, spotted. Legs, pedipalps and telson are red to yellow, lighter than the mesosoma, and spotted. MESOSOMA AND CARAPACE. The entire carapace is covered by large granules, the larger of which form two longitudinal, symmetrical carinae. The anterior margin of the carapace is straight to weakly concave. The mesosomal tergites are granulated, less so in the male holotype and more densely in larger females. All sternites are smooth, without carinae. METASOMA AND TELSON. The first metasomal segment bears 6 to 10 carinae, the second bears 8 to 10 carinae, the third and fourth segments bear eight carinae, and the fifth segment bears seven carinae of which one ventral carina posteriorly branches to form the letter ���Y���. All carinae are composed of sparse and denticulate granules. The spaces between carinae are irregularly granulated on all surfaces. Granules on the dorsal surface may form a pair of carinae. All segments are sparsely hirsute. The telson is elongate, smooth and sparsely hirsute. PEDIPALPS. The movable finger has 10 (male holotype) or 11 (female allotype) cutting edges (Fig. 16). The chela has seven or eight granulated carinae. The carina on the externolateral surface of chela may be incomplete. The patella has five carinae and the femur has four or five carinae. All carinae consist of granules. The spaces between carinae are covered by unevenly spaced small granules that form a reticulate pattern on the dorsal surface of the chela. LEGS. The legs are hirsute, without bristlecombs and carinae. The femora are granulated, and solitary granules may be present also on the patella. MEASUREMENTS IN MM. Total length of male holotype 31; carapace length 4.3, width 4.3; metasoma and telson length 16; first metasomal segment length 1.8, width 2.1; second metasomal segment length 1.9, width 1.9; third metasomal segment length 1.9, width 1.9; fourth metasomal segment length 2.2, width 1.8; fifth metasomal segment length 3.8, width 1.7; telson length 4.3; pedipalp femur length 2.9, width 1.4; pedipalp patella length 3.2, width 1.6; chela length 6.7; manus width 3.1; movable finger length 3.5. Total length of female allotype 38; carapace length 5.1, width 5.2; metasoma and telson length 17.7; first metasomal segment length 1.6, width 2.7; second metasomal segment length 2.1, width 2.3; third metasomal segment length 2.2, width 2.2; fourth metasomal segment length 2.4, width 2.1; fifth metasomal segment length 4.4, width 2; telson length 5; pedipalp femur length 3.5, width 1.7; pedipalp patella length 3.6, width 1.9; chela length 7.7; manus width 3.9; movable finger length 4.3. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish C. cimrmani sp. n. from all other species of the genus. They are recounted in the key. Morphologically closest is C. cavernicola, with which the female paratype was formerly confused (see Kovař��k, 2000: 42). However, these two species can be easily separated, because C. cavernicola has the dorsal surfaces of metasomal segments smooth, especially the fourth and fifth segments, whereas C. cimrmani sp. n. has all metasomal segments dorsally granulated. The movable finger of pedipalp has 12���14 cutting edges in C. cavernicola and only 10���11 cutting edges in C. cimrmani sp. n., Published as part of Kova����k, Franti��ek, 2012, Five new species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae), pp. 1-14 in Euscorpius 149 on pages 3-5, {"references":["KOVARIK, F. 2000. Revision of family Chaerilidae (Scorpiones), with descriptions of three new species. Serket, 7 (2): 38 - 77."]}

Chaerilus solegladi Kovař��k, sp. n. (Figs. 34���47) TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Indonesia, Borneo Island; RMNH. TYPE MATERIAL. Indonesia, Borneo Island, Exped. Dr. Nieuwenhuis, 1894, 2♂ 1♀ 3juvs. (holotype, allotype and paratypes), RMNH Nos. 279 and 280; Malaysia, Borneo Island, Sabah, Sepilok, 1♂ (paratype), III.2012, leg. M. Černička, FKCP; Malaysia, Borneo Island, Sabah, Kinabatangan, 1♂ 1♀ 12 juveniles (paratypes, still alive), III.2012, leg. J. Severa, FKCP. ETYMOLOGY. Named after my colleague and friend Michael Soleglad, who has contributed to our knowledge of scorpions in many ways. DIAGNOSIS. Total length 42���45 mm. Two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes. Movable finger of pedipalp with 7 or 8 cutting edges composed of granules. Fingers straight in both sexes. Manus of pedipalp in male robust. Chela of pedipalp with 7 or 8 carinae, patella with 5 carinae, femur with 4 carinae. Pectinal teeth number 4���5. Chela of pedipalp wide and ampullar, identical in both sexes or wider in male than in female. Entire carapace granulated. Even larger granules form two symmetrical, longitudinal carinae, which may reach posterior margin of carapace. Mesosomal tergites granulated, but without carinae. Sternites smooth, without carinae. First metasomal segments lack ventral carinae; ventral side of first metasomal segment usually smooth, but may bear several solitary granules. First through fourth metasomal segments with 6���8 carinae. All metasomal segments dorsally with a pair of rows of granules, which may form incomplete carinae. Fifth metasomal segment bears 7 carinae and is densely granulated. DESCRIPTION. Total length 42���45 mm. Two pairs of lateral eyes and one pair of median eyes. The male has relatively larger pectens. Pectinal teeth number four (female) or five (male). For the position and distribution of trichobothria see Figs. 38���45. Trichobothrium d2 of the pedipalp patella is located on the edge between dorsal and internal surfaces. Trichobothrium d3 is located on the internal surface. (Fig. 41). The chelicerae are granulated. COLORATION. The color is dark brown to black. MESOSOMA AND CARAPACE. The entire carapace is covered by large granules, the larger of which form two longitudinal, symmetrical carinae. The anterior margin of carapace is straight. The mesosomal tergites are granulated, but without carinae. The sternites are smooth, without carinae and without glossy zones in the middle of the posterior margin. METASOMA AND TELSON. The first through fourth metasomal segments bear six to eight carinae (two ventral carinae and main lateral carinae may be poorly developed or absent); the fifth segment bears seven carinae of which one ventral carina posteriorly branches to form the letter ���Y���. All carinae are composed of posteriorly inclined, denticulate granules. The spaces between carinae are irregularly granulated on lateral and ventral surfaces; the dorsal surface is smooth but bears pair rows of granules, which may form incomplete carinae. All segments are sparsely hirsute. The telson is elongate, smooth and sparsely hirsute. PEDIPALPS. The movable finger has seven or eight cutting edges composed of granules. The chela has seven or eight granulated carinae. The patella has five carinae and the femur has four carinae. All carinae consist of widely spaced, rounded granules. The spaces between carinae are covered by unevenly spaced small granules, which on the chela form a reticulate pattern. LEGS. The legs are hirsute, without bristlecombs and carinae. MEASUREMENTS IN MM. Total length of male holotype 45; carapace length 6.4, width 6.6; metasoma and telson length 26.9; first metasomal segment length 2.7, width 3.7; second metasomal segment length 3.3, width 3.3; third metasomal segment length 3.4, width 3.3; fourth metasomal segment length 3.6, width 3; fifth metasomal segment length 6.7, width 2.9; telson length 7.2; pedipalp femur length 5.2, width 2.3; pedipalp patella length 5.6, width 2.7; chela length 12.2; manus width 6.1; movable finger length 6.3. Total length of female allotype 42; carapace length 5.2, width 6.3; metasoma and telson length 23.5; first metasomal segment length 2.3, width 2.6; second metasomal segment length 2.4, width 2.5; third metasomal segment length 2.4, width 2.4; fourth metasomal segment length 3.5, width 2.8; fifth metasomal segment length 6.2, width 2.7; telson length 6.7; pedipalp femur length 4.5, width 1.9; pedipalp patella length 4.8, width 2.2; chela length 9.3; manus width 4; movable finger length 4.6. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish C. solegladi sp. n. from all other species of the genus. They are recounted in the key. The female of C. solegladi sp. n. is very similar to C. laevimanus, but the males of these two species are quite different. Whereas the male of C. laevimanus has longer and narower chela of pedipalps, the male of C. solegladi sp. n. has the chela robust (Fig. 38) like the male of C. variegatus. However, these two species cannot be confused, because C. variegatus has the movable finger of pedipalp with 13���15 cutting edges composed of granules, whereas C. solegladi sp. n. has the movable finger with 7 or 8 cutting edges composed of granules., Published as part of Kova����k, Franti��ek, 2012, Five new species of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae), pp. 1-14 in Euscorpius 149 on pages 7-9

Chaerilus julietteae sp. n. is described from a coastal massif of southern Vietnam. The new species is totally distinct morphologically from Chaerilus petrzelkai Kovařik, also described from the South Vietnam: it shows more affinities with Chaerilus pictus (Pocock, 1890), described from Bangladesh. An attempt to divide the genus Chaerilus into species-groups is also proposed.

Chaerilus thai, new species (Figs. 3, 4, 5A, C, E; Table 1) Material examined. – Holotype: female (MHBU), Thailand, Narathiwat Province, Waeng District, Bala-Hala Wildlife Sanctuary (250 m alt., evergreen rain forest), coll. D. Huber, 8 Jun.1998. Paratypes. – No paratypes. Diagnosis. – New species of small size compared to the other species of the genus, with a total length of 15.8 mm. Carapace with the anterior margin straight, almost acarinate and weakly granulated to smooth; furrows shallow. Metasomal carinae moderately marked; ventral carinae vestigial on segments I and II, weakly marked on segment III. Dentate margins of fixed and movable fingers of pedipalp chela with 6 rows of granules, not well delimited. Pectinal tooth count 4- 4 in female. Genital operculum plates have a sub-oval shape. Trichobothriotaxy of Type B, orthobothriotaxic. Relationships. – By its general morphology and the pattern of pigmentation, Chaerilus thai, new species, can be associated with Chaerilus celebensis Pocock. The new species can, however, be distinguished by the following features: (i) a smaller total size and distinct morphometric values (see Table 1), (ii) a carapace very weakly granulated to smooth, (iii) an overall darker pigmentation than that of C. celebensis; are particularly marked the dorsal surface of metasomal segments I to IV, pedipalps, chelicerae and ventral aspect, including pectines., Published as part of Lourenço, Wilson R., Sun, Dong & Zhu, Mingsheng, 2010, A New Species Of Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae) From Thailand, pp. 79-85 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 58 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4508329

A new species is described belonging to the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877. Chaerilus annapurna sp. n. was discovered in the high plateaux of the Himalayas in Central-Western Nepal. For comparative purposes a precise re-diagnosis is proposed for Chaerilus truncatus Karsch, 1879, originally described from an imprecise locality in Himalaya. This species has recently been discussed by several authors: nevertheless, it has sometimes been the subject of misidentification.

Chaerilus annapurna sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6EB5ECF8-DBEF-4120-BB45-A3CAA50E4FCC Figs 12���29 Diagnosis. Species of moderate size in relation to that of the other species in the genus, 49 to 55 mm in total length. General coloration reddish-yellow, marked intensely with variegated brownish spots. The exocuticular pigmentation becomes darker with age and finally turns blackish. This phenomen has already been observed in several other groups of scorpions (Louren��o and Cloudsley-Thompson 1996). However, in the present case, it was also observed among juveniles. This would suggest that intermolt periods are rather long. Carapace moderately narrowed toward the anterior edge; better marked in females; acarinate and smooth in males; moderately granulated in females; anterior margin straight; furrows shallow in males, moderately deep in females. Figures 5��� ����. Chaerilus truncatus from India. 5���6 Sternum, genital operculum and pectines, male and female 7���8 Metasomal segment V and telson, lateral aspect, male and female. 9������� Chaerilus anthracinus Pocock (= C. truncatus), male lectotype and female paralectotype. 9�����0 Metasomal segment and telson, lateral aspect, male and female ���� Cutting edge of movable finger with rows of granules, male (scales = 3 mm). Metasomal carinae moderately marked in males; strongly marked in females; ventral carinae obsolete on segment I, weakly marked on segment II; latero-ventral and ventral carinae on segments IV���V composed of strong spinoid granules; other carinae with moderately marked spinoid granules. Telson with an elongated pear-like shape; dorsal surface strongly depressed in males, only slightly in females. Male pedipalps strongly elongated in comparison with female pedipalps; chela fingers strongly granulated in males, in particular on the ventral surface of movable finger; dentate margins of fixed ��5 ��3 Figures ��2�����5. Chaerilus annapurna sp. n. ��2�����3 Carapace, dorsal aspect, male holotype and female paratype ��4�����5 Sternum, genital operculum, pectines and sternite 3. Idem 12���13 (scales = 3 mm). and movable fingers with 10���12 (11���13) rows of granules. Pectinal tooth count 4���5 in males, 3���4 in females. Genital operculum plates have a sub-oval shape. Trichobothriotaxy of type B, orthobothriotaxic. Hemispermatophore of fusiform type, with the distal lamina short and curved on its distal portion. Etymology. The specific name is placed in apposition to the generic name, and refers to the Annapurna Mountain, in the vicinity of which the new species was found, and seems to be endemic. Material. Nepal, Region of Naudanda, N. of Lakhne, Kaski Gandaki, 2150 m, under large flat stones, 26/V/1996 (H. Tillak), 1 male holotype; Rice fields, 1450 m, under large flat stones, VI/1997 (H. Tillak), 1 male (pre-adult) paratype; 1350���1450 m, under large flat stones, VIII/1999 (H. Tillak), 1 male, 1 female paratypes. NW. of Gorkha, 2000 m, 25/VIII/1980 (B. Lasale), 1 male (juvenile) paratype. Pokkara, 1100 m, station n��4, 31/VII/1970 (J. Martens), 1 female (juvenile), paratype. Holotype and Figures ��6���2��. Chaerilus annapurna sp. n. ��6�����9 Metasomal segments and telson, lateral aspect. ��6����� 7 Male holotype and male (juvenile) paratype ��8����� 9 Female paratype and female (juvenile) paratype 20���2�� Cutting edge of movable finger with rows of granules (extremity in detail) and hemispermatophore, male holotype (scales = 3 mm). paratypes deposited in the Mus��um national d���Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN). Female paratype from Pokkara deposited in the collection of J. Martens. Description. Coloration: Basically reddish-brown, intensely marked with variegat- ed brownish spots, before tegumental sclerification (see diagnosis). Carapace reddishyellow. Tergites of the same colour as carapace; both with variegated spots. Metasomal segments yellowish to reddish-yellow; carinae reddish. Telson yellowish; tip of aculeus reddish. Chelicerae yellowish with diffused variegated spots; fingers and teeth reddish. Pedipalps reddish; chela fingers with the carinae dark to blackish; dentate margins of fingers almost blackish. Legs reddish-yellow with diffused brownish spots. Venter and sternites yellowish; pectines pale yellow. Once tegumental sclerification has taken place general appearance is blackish and only pectines remain pale yellow. Morphology: Carapace moderately narrowed anteriorly in males, more strongly marked in females; anterior margin straight, almost acarinate; smooth in males, moderately granulated in females; furrows shallow in males, moderately deep in females. Two 20 Wilson R. Louren��o & Bernard Duhem / ZooKeys 37: 13���25 (2010) 24 22 23 26 27 25 28 29 Figures 22���29. Chaerilus annapurna sp. n. Trichobothrial pattern. 22���24 Chela, dorso-external, ventral and internal aspects 25���27 Patella, dorsal, external and ventral aspects, male holotype 28���29 Femur, dorsal aspect and patella ventral aspect, female paratype (scales = 3 mm). pairs of lateral eyes, and one pair of moderate median eyes, about 1.5 times the size of lateral eyes; median eyes anterior to the centre of the carapace. Tergites smooth in males with moderately marked granulations females; carinae obsolete in both sexes. Sternum pentagonal, longer than wide; genital operculum plates with sub-oval shape. Pectinal tooth count 5��� 5 in male holotype, 3��� 3 in female paratype. Sternites smooth with spiracles small and oval-shaped; carinae absent from VII. Metasoma: Segments I and II wider than long; segments III to V longer than wide. All the carinae moderately to strongly granular; ventral carinae obsolete on I, weakly marked on II; segments IV and V with latero-ventral and ventral carinae composed of strong spinoid granules. Vesicle very elongated with a pearlike shape, smooth; strongly dorsally depressed in males, only weakly depressed in females; aculeus moderately short. Pedipalps strongly elongated in males in comparison with females; femur with five carinae; internal with spinoid granules. Patella with seven carinae; dorso-external weakly granular; dorso and basal-internal with spinoid granules. Chela with eight carinae, moderately to strongly granular; ventral median carinae moderate.Tegument moderately granular. Fixed and movable fingers longer than manus, strongly granular with 10���12(11���13) rows of granulations on the dentate margins. Chelicerae characteristic of the family Chaerilidae (Vachon 1963). Trichobothriotaxy of type B; orthobothriotaxic (Vachon 1974); femur with 9 trichobothria, patella with 14, and chela with 14. Legs with pedal spurs strongly developed. Tarsi with two rows of spiniform setae. Hemispermatophore of Fusiform Type, with the distal lamina short and curved on its distal portion. Relationships Chaerilus annapurna sp. n., shows morphological similarities with Chaerilus truncatus Karsch, 1879, also described from the Himalayas. The new species can, however, be readily distinguished by the following features: (i) the shape and structure of the telson, strongly depressed dorsally in males, (ii) male pedipalps much more elongated than female pedipalps (see Table I), (iii) movable finger of chela with very strongly marked granulation. Conclusions Although this study is only preliminary, some insights have been gained concerning the species of Chaerilus found in the Himalayas and nearby regions of India and Tibet. Chaerilus truncatus is undoubtedly a rather common species, presenting intra-specific variations that led to the description of several ���closely associated��� species. Consequently we agree with the decisions of previous authors (Kraepelin 1899; Kovař��k 2000) who placed several of these species in synonymy of C. truncatus. Chaerilus insignis Pocock, 1894, remains poorly characterized. Very few specimens are known and the type specimen, originally stored dry, is poorly preserved. The study of more material may show that this species is also conspecific with C. truncatus. Chaerilus assamensis Kraepelin, 1913, described from Assam in India, remains poorly known. The type specimen is housed in NZSI, Calcutta, India, and its study by foreign experts is not possible. The recently described Chaerilus tryznai Kovař��k, 2000 from China (Tibet), presents few differences from the species described by Kraepelin and may prove to be conspecific. Although Zhu et al. (2008) recently redescribed and properly illustrated C. tryznai, without the study of the type of C. assamensis a final decision cannot be taken in relation to these two species. Chaerilus pictus (Pocock, 1890) is one of the most peculiar species in the genus (Figs 30���31). Chaerilus gemmifer Pocock, 1894, is unquestionably a synonym of C. pictus, as already suggested on several museum labels (by Kraepelin and Simon; results not published) for the material deposited in Hamburg and Paris. Kovař��k (2000) confirmed this synonymy. Figures 30���3��. Chaerilus pictus from India. Metasomal segment V and telson. 30 Male 3�� Female (scales = 3 mm). In conclusion, in the present state of our knowledge, only the following species can be retained as valid for the Himalayas and nearby regions: Chaerilus truncatus Karsch, 1879 Chaerilus pictus (Pocock, 1890) Chaerilus assamensis Kraepelin, 1913 Chaerilus tessellates Qi, Zhu & Louren��o, 2005 Chaerilus conchiformus Zhu, Hav & Louren��o, 2008 Chaerilus annapurna sp. n., Published as part of Lourenco, Wilson & Duhem, Bernard, 2010, The genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae) in the Himalayas and description of a new species, pp. 13-25 in ZooKeys 37 (37) on pages 16-23, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.37.369, http://zenodo.org/record/576622, {"references":["Lourenco WR, Cloudsley-Thompson JL (1996) The evolutionary significance of colour, colour patterns and fluorescence in scorpions. Revue Suisse de Zoologie vol. hors serie II: 449 - 458.","Vachon M (1963) De l'utilite, en systematique, d'une nomenclature des dents des cheliceres chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 2 e ser. 35 (2): 161 - 166.","Vachon M (1974) Etude des caracteres utilises pour classer les familles et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en arachnologie. Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 3 e ser. n ° 140, Zool. 104: 857 - 958.","Kraepelin K (1899) Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. In: Dahl F (Ed) Das Tierreich 8 (Arachnoidea): Friedlander R und Sohn Verlag, Berlin, 1 - 265.","Kovarik F (2000) Revision of family Chaerilidae (Scorpiones), with description of three new species. Serket 7 (2): 38 - 77.","Zhu M-S, Han G-X, Lourenco WR (2008) The chaerilid scorpions of China (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Zootaxa 1943: 37 - 52.","Qi J-X, Zhu M-S, Lourenco WR (2005) Eight new species of the genera Scorpiops Peters, Euscorpiops Vachon, and Chaerilus Simon (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae, Chaerilidae) from Tibet and Yunnan, China. Euscorpius 32: 1 - 40."]}

Chaerilus truncatus Karsch, 1879 Figs 1���11 Revised diagnosis. Scorpions of moderate to large size in relation to the other species of the genus, with a total length of 41 to 45 mm for males and 52 to 66 for females. General coloration reddish-yellow to reddish-brown with granulations and carinae somewhat more blackish on metasomal segments and pedipalps. This pattern of pigmentation proves to be invariably in preserved males, females and juveniles. Anterior margin of carapace with a minute concavity in males; tegument smooth; straight and moderately granular in females; presence of two longitudinal carinae in both sexes; furrows moderately deep; two pairs of lateral eyes; one pair of small median eyes, about 1.5 times the size of lateral eyes; median eyes only slightly anterior to the centre of the carapace. Tergites smooth in males, intensely granulated in females; carinae obsolete. Sternum pentagonal, longer than wide; genital operculum plates with a sub-triangular shape. Pectinal tooth count 5���6 in males, 4��� 4 in females. Sternites smooth with spiracles small and oval-shaped; only VII weakly granulated in females. Metasoma: Carinae weakly granular in males, better marked in females; ventral carinae reduced or absent on segment I. Vesicle elongated with a pear-like shape in both sexes, smooth, with a short aculeus. Pedipalps slightly narrower in males; carinae well marked in both sexes; granulations more intensely marked in females. Fixed and movable fingers shorter than manus in both sexes with 9(10)���10(11) rows of granules on the dentate margins. Chelicerae characteristic of the family Chaerilidae (Vachon 1963). Trichobothriotaxy of type B; orthobothriotaxic (Vachon 1974); femur with 9 trichobothria, patella with 14, and chela with 14. Legs with pedal spurs moderately developed. Tarsi with two rows of spiniform setae. Hemispermatophore of Fusiform Type, with the distal lamina short and straight. Material used for the diagnosis. India, Himalaya-Koollao, 1 female, MNHN- RS-0605; Himalaya-Dehra-Dun, 3 males, MNHN-RS-0606; W. Himalaya-Katta (Kalta) Pani, 1 male, MNHN-RS-0598; W. Himalaya-Kalta Pani, 1 male; Himachal Pradesh, 2010 m, between McLeod & Dharamk ot, near Dharamsala, under wet stone in forest, 13.VIII.1977 (A. Dubois & D. Payen), 1 female, MNHN-RS-8337; Himachal Pradesh, by Lake Dal, near to Dharamsala, 1850 m, under wet stones 11.VIII.1977 (A. Dubois & D. Payen), 3 males, 1 female, MNHN-RS-8338. Nepal, W. Kathmandu, 1400 m, Station n��6, 13/IX/1969 (J. Martens), 2 males juveniles; Naudara-Grates, W. Pokhara, 1200 m, Station n��3, 17.III.1970 (J. Martens), 1 male, 2 females juveniles (JM Collection). Figures �����4. Chaerilus truncatus, male from India. �����3 Trichobothrial pattern. �� Chela, dorso-external aspect. 2���3 Patella and Femur dorsal aspect 4 Hemispermatophore, external aspect (scales = 3 mm)., Published as part of Lourenco, Wilson & Duhem, Bernard, 2010, The genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae) in the Himalayas and description of a new species, pp. 13-25 in ZooKeys 37 (37) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.37.369, http://zenodo.org/record/576622, {"references":["Vachon M (1963) De l'utilite, en systematique, d'une nomenclature des dents des cheliceres chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris 2 e ser. 35 (2): 161 - 166.","Vachon M (1974) Etude des caracteres utilises pour classer les familles et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en arachnologie. Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 3 e ser. n ° 140, Zool. 104: 857 - 958."]}

Genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 Chaerilus Simon, 1877: 238; Kraepelin, 1899: 157; Pocock, 1900: 53; Vachon, 1974: 912; Tikader & Bastawade, 1983: 317; Fet, 2000: 323; Kovařík, 2000 b: 38; Kovařík, 2005: 1; Qi, Zhu & Lourenço, 2005. Type species: Chelomachus birmanicus Thorell, 1889., Published as part of Zhu, Ming-Sheng & Lourenço, Guang-Xin Han And Wilson R., 2008, The chaerilid scorpions of China (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae), pp. 37-52 in Zootaxa 1943 on page 38, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1899) Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. In: Dahl, F. (Ed.). Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen zoologischen Gesellschaft. Berlin, R. Friedlander und Sohn Verlag, 8 (Arachnoidea), 1 - 265.","Pocock, R. I. (1900) Arachnida. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. London. 1 - 279.","Tikader, B. K. & Bastawade, D. B. (1983) The Fauna of India. Vol. 3. Scorpions (Scorpionida: Arachnida). Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 671 pp.","Fet, V. (2000) Family Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893. Pp. 323 - 328, In: Fet, V., Sissom, W. D., Lowe, G. & Braunwalder, M. E., Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758 - 1998). The New York Entomological Society, New York: 690 p.","Kovarik, F. (2000) Revision of family Chaerilidae (Scorpiones), with descriptions of three new species. Serket, 7 (2), 38 - 77.","Kovarik, F. (2005) Two new species of the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 from Malaysia (Scorpiones: Chaerilidae). Euscorpiu s, 26, 1 - 7.","Qi, J. X., M. S. Zhu & R. W. Lourenco (2005) Eight new species of the genera Scorpiops Peters, Euscorpiops Vachon, and Chaerilus Simon (Scorpiones: Eucorpiidae, Chaerilidae) from Tibet and Yunnan, China. Euscorpius, 32, 1 - 40."]}