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AbstractThe main focus of this study was to create a stable and efficient nanoemulsion (NE) using Callistemon citrinus essential oil (EO). Various factors affecting the NE’s stability were optimized including oil %, Tween 80%, time of sonication, and its accelerated stability was examined. The research also considered the antibacterial, antifungal, and larvicidal effects of the optimized NE (B10). The optimum NE stood out for its stability, featuring a particle size of 33.15 ± 0.32 nm. Analysis via IR spectroscopy confirmed successful EO encapsulation in B10. The formulation remained stable for six months, with B10 showing significantly higher antibacterial and antifungal potency compared to the pure oil. When samples were subjected to tests against Fusarium oxysporum, B10 exhibited a MIC value of 62.5 mg/mL, whereas the pure oil showed a MIC value of 250 mg/mL. This indicates that the B10 formulation was 50 times more effective than the EO. In terms of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, the MIC value was 0.256 mg/mL for B10 and 4 mg/mL for the EO. Also, pure oil and B10 displayed larvicidal effects against Chilo suppressalis (Walker) larvae, with B10 eliminating 95.2% of larvae in 48 h. Overall, stable and optimum C. citrinus NE with its strong antimicrobial qualities, shows promise as an effective fungicide and insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study was applied to investigate the potential of Callistemon citrinus (bottlebrush) flower extract (BBE) and Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extracts (PPE) for the sustainable synthesis of the silver nanoparticles, Ag-BBE and Ag-PPE, respectively. The synthesis process of Ag NPs using the selected extracts was applied under optimized conditions. Hence, the effect of the selected plant's type on the different characteristics of the synthesized green Ag NPs was investigated. The UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed the presence of the characteristic silver peaks at 419 and 433 nm of the Ag-BBE and Ag-PPE, respectively. The XRD spectra reported the fcc phase formation of Ag NPs. The TEM results highlighted the morphological features of the synthesized Ag NPs. with a size range of 20–70 nm, and with 10–30 nm for Ag-BBE and Ag-PPE, correspondingly. The Raman spectra revealed characteristic silver bands in the Ag-PPE and reflected some bands related to the natural extract in the Ag-BBE sample. The antimicrobial activity and statistical analysis investigation were conducted against four selected oral pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Candida albicans (CA), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epi), and Enterococcus faecalis (EF)). Both tested extracts, BBE, and PPE, revealed potential effectivity as reducing and capping agents for Ag NP green synthesis. However, the synthesized NPs demonstrated different features, depending on the used extract, reflecting the influence of the plant's biomolecules on the nanoparticles' properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pestalotioid fungi were isolated in pure culture from symptomatic plants of Callistemon laevis, C. viminalis, Luma apiculata (marketed as "Myrtus luma"), Myrtus communis subsp. tarentina, and M. communis var. microphylla (M. communis 'Microphylla'), showing twig canker, dieback and defoliation. The isolates were identified to species by ITS, tef1 and tub2 sequences, which revealed the presence of six species of Neopestalotiopsis (N. camelliae-oleiferae, N. hispanica, N. iberica, N. rosae, N. rosicola, and N. zakeelii) and one species of Pestalotiopsis (P. biciliata). While most species were isolated only once or twice, the majority of isolates belonged to N. rosae (13) and N. hispanica (8). Pathogenicity was investigated by pathogenicity tests on all hosts, which confirmed the pathogenicity of all Neopestalotiopsis species on at least some of the hosts tested, while P. biciliata did not cause any disease symptoms. Neopestalotiopsis hispanica and N. rosae caused symptoms in all hosts of the present study, while the other Neopestalotiopsis species tested showed no symptoms on Luma apiculata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callistemon citrinus is an ornamental plant. The plant is commonly originated in subtropical and tropical region. C.citrinus, commonly referred to as bottlebrush, is a member of myrtaceae family. Active ingreadients such as 1, 8-cineole, triterpenoids, a-pinenes, eucalyptol, tannis, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterol etc. are mostly found in the various plant sections. It is generally use in traditional, folk and herbal medicine as a water accent, anticough, antibronchtits, insecticide and treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery and rheumatism. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the pharmacological aspects and recent novel approaches of callistemon citrinus highlight methodologies, applications, and potential contributions of this natural extract in enhancing drug delivery, offering insights into its pharmacological potential and future prospects in the field. The primary objective to collect updated information about effectiveness of the plant extract in addressing specific health issues and its potential as a therapeutic effect using novel drug delivery systems. Innovative methods explored in delivering the plant extract, such as Nano formulations in various diseases i.e. Antifungal properties, acute toxicity, brine shrimp cytotoxicity and relaxant activity, antimicrobial Activity etc. The methods improve therapeutic efficacy and reduces side effects by optimizing the delivery of bioactive compounds from callistemon citrinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottlebrushes with controlled horizontal‐ and vertical‐axis scales, which have a high density of graft chains on their main chains, are useful as a nanomaterial. The properties of bottlebrushes depend on the polymer‐type, ‐chain length, and grafting density. We fabricate well‐defined bottlebrushes based on poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) using the grafting from method. Macroinitiators with different compositions of an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator group are prepared, and two bottlebrushes are consequently synthesized by ATRP of HEMA with the macroinitiator: a concentrated bottlebrush with graft chains on the repeating units and a semi‐dilute bottlebrush with graft chains on approximately 10%. The hydrodynamic and gyration radii of the concentrated‐ and semi‐dilute bottlebrushes are Rh = 9.2 nm (Rg = 24.9 nm) and Rh = 69.1 nm (Rg = 130 nm), respectively. The shape factors (Rg/Rh) of these bottlebrushes indicate both solid‐rods. The virial coefficient of semi‐dilute bottlebrush, calculated from static light scattering measurements, is higher than that of concentrated bottlebrush, owing to the flexibility and solvation structure. The grafting density play a more prominent role than the graft‐chain length in the excluded volume effect of the bottlebrush. These results provide useful insights for the construction of polymethacrylate‐based bottlebrushes with specific hydrodynamic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant Callistemon citrinus have very wide history in medicinal uses in traditional medicinal systems in China and Australia. Formulation development and antimicrobial potential evaluation of Callistemon citrinus bark extract. In this research, ethanolic extract was prepare from dried bark using Soxhlet apparatus and phytochemical screening of the bark extract with the help of reagents. The ethanolic bark extract was used for formulation of cream and evaluated for physical, physiochemical and antimicrobial evaluation of herbal cream. The observation of phytochemical screening was found that different phytoconstituents were present like alkaloids, lipids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids etc. antimicrobial activity was significant, zone inhibition was increased with higher concentration of extract. The cream was formulated using different concentration of ethanolic extract. The pH of cream 6 to 6.8: texture is smooth: viscosity ranges b/w 27000 to 27050 cP and stable at physiochemical evaluation. In conclusion, on the basis of research conducted, it can be concluded that creams containing Callistemon citrinus extract with a good antibacterial property and it can be used for the treatment and management of topical infections like bacterial, fungal and viral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous self‐assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers form diverse nanostructured morphologies depending on block volume fraction and solvophilicity. Stimuli‐responsive motifs have been combined with self‐assembled micelles to afford spatiotemporal, on‐demand encapsulation and payload release. However, the role of modular polymer architecture (i.e., bottlebrushes) in stimuli‐responsive aqueous self‐assembly is not fully understood. The synthesis, aqueous self‐assembly, and photoirradiation of photolabile, amphiphilic bottlebrush block copolymers is presented herein. Specifically, the efficient photoscission of o‐nitrobenzene motifs at the junction of a poly(norbornene o‐nitrobenzene polystyrene)‐block‐poly(norbornene polyethylene glycol) diblock bottlebrush side chain and backbone cleaved away hydrophobic polystyrene side chains and artificially increased the volume fraction of poly(ethylene glycol) (fPEG). In doing so, self‐assembled micelles readily degrade to micelle‐to‐micelle and micelle‐to‐aggregate structures after photoirradiation. Finally, this bottlebrush micelle system is used to demonstrate the efficient encapsulation and stimuli‐responsive release of Nile Red that is monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The contribution of this work expands the utility of amphiphilic bottlebrush systems as highly efficient and responsive, hierarchically assembled nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity leads to an elevated risk of developing gastrointestinal disease such as gastric ulcers. Callistemon citrinus leaf extract has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and chemoprotective effects against colon cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of C. citrinus leaf extract on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in obese rats. Methods: Gastric ulcers were induced in female obese Wistar rats using a single oral dose of indomethacin (IND). In the first stage, the rats were fed with a high fat sugar diet (HFSD) for 15 weeks to induce obesity and, at the same time, the diet of the other group of animals included daily administration of ethanolic C. citrinus leaf extract (250 mg/kg) in addition to HFSD. In the second stage, gastric ulcers were induced with IND (30 mg/kg). The gastroprotective activity of C. citrinus, the inflammatory enzyme activities, and cytokines in the stomach were determined. Results: C. citrinus produced a reduction of gastric lesions caused by IND. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) activities also decreased. Although inflammatory biomarkers such as TNFα, IL-6, AOPP, and leptin were significantly decreased by C. citrinus, adiponectin levels increased. Moreover, C. citrinus decreased weight gain and morphological and biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The use of indomethacin in rats fed with a high fat-sugar diet increased gastric ulcers. Gastroprotective effect of C. citrinus in obese rats is attributed to the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inflammatory enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have great potential for researchers with their active ingredients. In the study, extracts of Callistemon citrinus (Brush bush) and Punicagranatum (Pomegranate) bark plants were prepared at 2.5 and 5 concentrations. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were investigated by the agar well method against various Gram negative, Gram positive bacteria and two Candida species. Anti Quorum sensing activity was investigated with Chromobacteriumviolaceum and Pseudomonasaeruginosa strains. In addition, its antioxidant properties were screened by the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil radical; C18H12N5O6) method. According to the findings obtained as a result of the study, it was seen that both plants were effective in terms of antimicrobial activity. Antioxidant property scans show that 2.5% concentration data is more successful than the data of 5% concentration extracts. As a result of the study, it was observed that the plants were rich in new antibiotic active substances and bioactive substances. Antibiotic resistance, which has increased rapidly in recent years, is one of the leading public health threats. Researchers are searching for alternative methods for new and effective antibiotics to combat resistance. Different methodologies such as quarum sensing have gained importance in the search for active substances. It was determined that antiquarum detection activity was especially high in pomegranate extract groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callistemon is an aromatic genus of flowering plants belonging to family Myrtaceae. The essential oils of C. subulatus leaves were collected in four seasons and analyzed using GC/MS. The oils demonstrated monoterpenes as the predominant class. Eucalyptol was the main component in all seasons; summer (66.87%), autumn (58.33%), winter (46.74%) and spring (44.63%), followed by α-pinene; spring (31.41%), winter (28.69%), summer (26.34%) and autumn (24.68%). Winter oil, the highest yield (0.53 mL/100g), was further investigated for its inhibitory activity against enzymes associated with ageing; elastase and acetylcholinesterase. It remarkably inhibited elastase and acetylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 1.05 and 0.20 µg/ml, respectively. A molecular docking study was conducted for the major oil components on the active sites of target enzymes. Eucalyptol revealed the best binding affinity for both enzymes. C. subualtus oil could be used as supplement for management of ageing disorders like skin wrinkles and dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector of pathogens and parasites, whose form of control is the use of synthetic insecticides. However, the indiscriminate use of these products has led to the emergence of resistant populations. The objective was to evaluate the susceptibility of C. quinquefasciatus larvae to essential oils (EOs) from leaves of Cinnamodendron dinisii Schwacke (CD), Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G.Don (CV) and Myrcia tomentosa (Aubl.) DC. (MT), and the influence on biochemical parameters, in addition to the in silico potential of the most promising EO for the target acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The steam distilled EOs were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The EOs lethal concentration of 50 % (LC 50) was estimated using different concentrations and probit analysis. Then, the larvae were exposed for 1 h to the LC 75 of the most promising EO, and the biochemical parameters were evaluated in vitro : soluble protein concentration, reduced glutathione content, hydrogen peroxide production, lipid peroxidation levels, and AChE enzyme activity. The AChE molecular docking was also performed. The main chemical constituents in CD were pinenes, sabinene and bicyclogermacrene; in CV were α-pinene and 1,8-cineole and in MT were (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene D. The lowest LC 50 (1.43 mg. L−1) was estimated for CD EO, although LC 75 reduced all biochemical parameters and inhibited AChE activity. The docking results for the major (bicyclogermacrene) and minor compounds (aromadendrene, α-copaene, drymenol, σ- and β-elemene) present in CD EO have high affinity with AChE. In conclusion the effects indicate the promising potential of the CD EO for the development of larvicide against the C. quinquefasciatus. [Display omitted] • Cinnamodendron dinisii essential oil (CdEO) was the most efficient for Culex quinquefasciatus. • LC75 of CdEO changed in the biochemical parameters of C. quinquefasciatus larvae. • LC75 of CdEO inhibited the activity of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. • Molecular docking study shown high affinity between AChE and bicyclogermacrene. • CdEO is promising for the development of larvicide for C. quinquefasciatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The allelopathic effect of Callistemon viminalis's leaf extracts on seed germination and growth of Triticum aestivum and Cicer arietinum, as well as associated weeds (Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, Lepidium didymium, and Vicia sativa), was studied. Different concentrations (2–10%) of aqueous extracts were used, and physiological parameters were measured. Higher concentrations (6–10%) significantly inhibited the germination and growth of wheat and chickpea. In pot assay, the extract did not affect shoot length, dry plant mass, chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, protein content, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic and transpiration rate, and antioxidant enzymes in crop and various parameters of soil properties in comparison to the control. Both crops grew significantly at lower concentrations. This study suggests that extract of C. viminalis can inhibit the growth of A. arvensis and V. sativa without affecting germination, photosynthetic and biochemical properties of C. arietinum and T. aestivum, and soil properties, making it a potential candidate for bioherbicide development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callistemon citrinus has several biological effects; it is anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic, antioxidant, hepatoprotection, and chemoprotective. Its bioactive compounds include terpenoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids which have low oral bioavailability and absorption. This study aimed at developing phytosomes of C. citrinus to improve oral bioavailability and absorption. Phytosomes were formulated with soybean phosphatidylcholine and C. citrinus leaf extract using the thin layer sonication method. Phytosomes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), entrapment efficiency, solubility, and particle size determination. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic, flavonoid, and terpenoid contents were also measured. The in vivo anti-obesogenic activity was evaluated. Phytosomes loaded with C. citrinus (P C.c) extract had small spherical shapes. The average particle size was 129.98 ± 18.30 nm, encapsulation efficiency 80.49 ± 0.07%, and solubility 90.00%; the stability study presented no significant changes in the average particle size at 20 °C. P C.c presented high antioxidant capacity. For the first time, ellagic acid is reported in this plant. The in vivo obesity study showed a strong anti-obesogenic activity of phytosomes with C. citrinus to reduce 40% body weight as well as morphometric and biochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plant extracts with antifungal effects is a plausible alternative solution which is increasingly attracting the attention of researchers worldwide, to address the multiple limitations associated with the use of synthetic agrochemicals. The antifungal potential of essential oils (EO) fractions of Callistemon citrinus, were investigated in vitro by the supplemented media method against Bipolaris oryzae and Alternaria padwickii, two seed-borne fungi of rice in Cameroon. The EO fractions obtained by hydrodistillation of the plant's fresh and dry leaves inhibited to varying degrees the mycelia growth of the two pathogens. The EO's fractions obtained from dry leaves were more active than those extracted from fresh leaves. Fractions of EO showed fungicidal effects, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varying between 3616 and 7232 μg/ml. The dry leaves EO fraction DF2 exhibited the strongest antifungal activity (MIC = 3616 μg/ml), followed by the fresh leaves fraction FF2 (MIC = 4520 μg/ml) and the total dry leaves EO DM (MIC = 4520 μg/ml), against B. oryzae. Those fractions (DF2, FF2 and DM) also exhibited the highest MIC (MIC = 4520 μg/ml) against Alternaria padwickii. The GC-SM analysis of EO fractions showed that, the antifungal activity was inversely associated to the content of the major bioactive compound 1,8-cineole; 60.67, 66.36 and 86.39% 86.39%; and proportional to α-terpineol; 13.39, 10.52 and 3.5%; for EO fractions DF2, FF2 and MD DM, respectively. Seed treatment of three of rice varieties with fractions DF2, FF2 and DM respectively at the doses of 1.5, 2 and 3.5%, reduced the seed to seedling transmission rate of B. oryzae by 100% and increased the germination rate of these seeds between 2 and 12%. Our results suggest the use of EO from C. citrinus as biofungicides for the treatment of rice seeds infected with B. oryzae and A. padwickii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callistemon viminalis belongs to the family Myrtaceae and also known as bottlebrush which is or found throughout in India. It has a remarkable place in Ayurvedic medicine of India, due to presence of phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities. Callistemon species as a farm tree are planted for forestry or ornamental purposes and for weed as well. In traditional Chinese medicines, C. viminalis is used for treating hemorrhoids. Hot drink locally 'tea' in Jamaica from C. viminalis has been used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, diarrhea and skin infections. The phytochemical research carried out on C. viminalis extracts and showed that the plant is rich in phenolics, triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, tannin, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins compounds. The investigated pharmacological studies reported the presence of anti-inflammatory, Alzheimer, hemolytic activity, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant property, anti-bacterial, antifungal and hepatoprotective activities in C. viminalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhipicephalus microplus is the main ectoparasite of cattle and its parasitism can reduce weight gain of hosts, in addition to causing anemia, increasing the risk of myiasis, and resulting in the transmission of Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale, among other pathogens. The use of synthetic chemicals plays an important role in controlling these ticks. However, its frequent and indiscriminate use has contributed to the selection of resistant strains, resulting in greater interest in the search for natural-origin products. The shrub Callistemon viminalis (Myrtaceae), also known as weeping bottlebrush, is known for its antibacterial, acaricidal, repellent, and antifungal activities, but there are no reports in the literature about its effects on the internal morphology of ticks. This study aimed to extract and characterize the essential oil obtained from the leaves of C. viminalis. Additionally, its effects on the ovary morphology of engorged R. microplus were assessed through histological, histochemical, and morphometric techniques. Exposure to C. viminalis caused dose-dependent morphological changes, such as cellular alterations in the epithelial layer lining the ovary lumen and the pedicel, irregularity of the chorion and oocyte shape, changes in protein and carbohydrate content, decrease in oocyte size, reduction in the size of the nucleus as well as cytoplasmic and nucleolar vacuolation. Thus, C. viminalis essential oil exhibited a toxic effect on the reproductive system of R. microplus, which may result in the reproductive impairment of this tick species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Infection caused by bacteria is treated with antibiotics which caused several side effects in human and animals. This problem enforced scientist to work out plant originated compounds for treatment of several disease caused by morbific bacteria. Objectives: Present work revealed isolation of bioactive phytocompounds from different fractions of Callistemon linearis flower ethanol extract by chromatographic technique and determination of their antibacterial potency against selected bacteria with mode of action in vitro. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial potency of four different fractions of ethanol extract were done quantitatively via Agar well diffusion method along with determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations. Further, phytochemical analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis, thin Layer Chromatography separation and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy analysis of bioactive fractions were done simultaneously to assess the presence of bioactive phytocompounds responsible for the antibacterial potency of the fractions. Time-kill assay, Nucleic acid and protein leakage assay, and FESEM study were employed to determine the mode of activity of the isolated active phytocompounds on the tested bacteria. Results: Maximum antibacterial activity was observed in NHEX of ethanol extract against Escherichia coli (MTCC 739). Chromatographic separation of NHEX detected several bioactive compounds. Assessment of Time-kill assay in treated and untreated bacterial strains determined that bioactive compound of NHEX was bactericidal in nature. Nucleic acid and protein leakage assay of bacterial cells with isolated active compound showed cell damages and FESEM images strongly ascertained this data. Conclusion: The C. linearis floral floral extract possesses antibacterial activities against selected pathogens and causes cellular damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discharges from various industries have polluted water bodies, resulting in adverse health problems both to the aquatic biota and humans. The biological approach to treat these wastewaters is considered ecologically friendly, sustainable, and reliable. The present study investigates the efficiency of green fabricated ZnO/chitosan nanocomposite (NC) for methylene blue (MB) dye photodegradation in an aqueous solution under ultraviolet irradiations. The fabricated NC is characterized using different techniques such as X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE‐SEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X‐rays (EDX), and Fourier Transform‐Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). ZnO/chitosan NC is used for the photodegradation of MB under different conditions. The results reveal that the ZnO‐Chitosan NC efficiently photodegraded 99.2% of MB dye under the experimental condition (Temp = 25 °C, photocatalyst dose = 0.2 g L‐1, contact time of irradiation 120 min at pH 8). The photodegradation process has been found to follow pseudo first‐order kinetic model. Photocatalyst after desorption can be used seven times effectively. The photodegradation model has also been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicinal plants are a generous source of our drugs and remedies, coming from their fabulous secondary metabolites, which involve different classes such as alkaloids, glycosides, essential oils, phenolic compounds, and steroids. Callistemon viminalis is a small tree cultivated in Iraq, that owns very interesting bioactive compounds especially, essential oils, phenolic derivatives, and terpenoids. Objective: To investigate the bioactive compounds from the aerial part of the Iraqi Callistemon viminalis plant. Material and methods: The plant was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus and fractionated with solvents that differ in polarity, the n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions were applied to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem mass spectrometer, while the hexane defatting extract was applied to Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometer analysis to discover to components of the plant. Results: The results show the presence of many glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids like Kaempferol, Astragalin, Quercitrin, Scutellarin alpha-Phellandrene, 3-Carene, (-)-Spathulenol and, Dihydroepinatalensine. Conclusion: Callistemon viminalis aerial part involves diverse types of important that own important medical activity, they are mostly flavonoids, phenolic derivatives, terpenoids, terpenes, and glycosides. Also, the study supports the presence of powerful anti-inflammatory flavonoids and terpenoids that are involved in the traditional use of the plant in the relief of tissue inflammations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Callistemon citrinus Skeels (Myrtaceae) exhibits many biological activities. Objective: This study analyzes for the first time, the toxicity, obesogenic, and antioxidant effects of C. citrinus in rats fed with a high fat-fructose diet (HFFD). Materials and methods: Four studies using male Wistar rats were conducted: (a) 7 groups (n=3): control (corn oil) and ethanol extract of C. citrinus leaf (single oral dose at 100-4000mg/kg) for acute toxicity; (b) 2 groups (n=8): control (corn oil) and C. citrinus (1000 mg/kg/day) for 28 days for subacute toxicity; (c) 3 groups (n=4) with single oral dose of lipid emulsion: control (lipid emulsion), C. citrinus and orlistat (250 and 50mg/kg, respectively) for lipid absorption; (d) 4 groups (n=6): control (normal diet) and 3 groups fed with HFFD: HFFD only, C. citrinus and simvastatin (oral dose 250 and 3mg/kg, respectively) for 13 weeks. Antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers were evaluated and inhibition of pancreatic lipase was determined in vitro. Results: Toxicological studies of C. citrinus showed no differences in biochemical parameters and lethal dose (LD50) was higher than 4000 mg/kg. C. citrinus inhibited pancreatic lipase activity, with IC50 of 392.00 mg/mL, and decreased lipid absorption by 70%. Additionally, it reduced the body weight 22%, restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the biomarkers of oxidative stress. Conclusions: Callistemon citrinus showed an effect against oxidative stress by reducing biomarkers and induced antioxidant system, without toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An n-hexane extract of Callistemon subulatus was found to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells, preferentially under nutrition starvation conditions, with a PC50 value of 6.2 µg/mL. Phytochemical investigation of this bioactive extract resulted in the isolation of fifteen compounds (1–15), including a new compound, subulatone A (–). The structure of compound 1 was elucidated using HRFABMS and NMR spectroscopic analyses. The isolated compounds were tested for their preferential cytotoxicity against the PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cell line, using an anti-austerity strategy. Among these, myrtucommulone A (2) showed highly potent preferential cytotoxicity, with a PC50 value of 0.28 µM. Myrtucommulone A (2) was found to alter PANC-1 cell morphology, inhibit cell migration, and downregulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways in nutrient-deprived media, leading to cancer cell death. Therefore, myrtucommulone A (2) is a lead compound for anticancer drug development based on an anti-austerity strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribolium castaneum is one of the major pests of stored grains which causes extensive damages. To control this insect pest many synthetic chemical pesticides are used. However, continuous usage of synthetic fumigants causes pest resurgence, toxic residues, genetic resistance in pests, environmental contamination and health hazards etc., To avert these problems, essential oils are used as bio-fumigants to control the stored pests. They could act as best alternatives to synthetic fumigant in closed environment. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the pesticidal activity of Callistemon citrinus oil against Tribolium castaneum. GC-MS analysis of C. citrinus essential oil (EO) showed 10 compounds; among them, the major constituent was eucalyptol (1, 8-cineole) at 40.44%. The lethal concentration (LC50) values were 37.05 μL/L (adults) and 144.31 μL/L (larvae) at 24 and 48 hrs respectively. Exposure to C. citrinus EO significantly reduced the beetle fecundity, ovicidal activity, egg hatchability, larvae survival and emergence of adult. The effect of EO on enzymatic activity of T. castaneum adults was examined using Acetylcholinesterase, α-Carboxylesterase, β-Carboxylesterase, Glutathione-S-Transferase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatase assays. The results indicated that the activity of detoxification enzymes drastically varied when compared with control. This EO had toxicant effects on all stages of the life of T. castaneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callistemon viminalis, often known as the stream bottlebrush, is a tropical plant in the Myrtaceae family and is renowned for its ability to grow rapidly in riparian zones. It is exclusively found in New South Wales, Queensland, and Western Australia. The roots of this species are entangled, which helps stabilize the soil, which reduces the danger of erosion. This plant has antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and other pharmacological and insecticidal abilities that are also related to other medicinal properties. This research investigates the benefits, applications, and features of several extracts obtained from components of C. viminalis (branches, flowers, fruits, bark, and leaves). Bioactive compounds were characterized in detail by noting their chemical structures. The use of C. viminalis in folk medicine was fully supported by the results. Collecting and compounding plant materials, including processing, drying, and grinding, and then doing research to screen pharmaceutical effects, are all part of making the cure. Rats had their wound healing ability tested using a method known as in vitro experimentation. This method relies on excision wounds. The capacity of the extracted substance to close wounds when applied as an ointment was shown to be greater than in the control. The epithelization time in the standard and treated groups was significantly shorter than in the basic ointment base treatment group. The group treated with 5% w/w extract ointment had greater traction intensity than the control group (1.96 gm/mm2), with a significant difference of (1.12) gm/mm2. The tensile strength of the (3.86) gm/mm2 of the 5% w/w treated group. A substantial increase in tensile strength was seen on the tenth day for both the extract level and the normal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticarsia gemmatalis and Spodoptera frugiperda are agricultural pests that cause important economic damage to soybean and maize crops, respectively, and are mainly controlled using synthetic pesticides. In the view of alternative control, essential oils stand out as a possible form of control in light of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The present study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the essential oil of Callistemon speciosus on A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda, as well as to carry out the chemical characterization of the essential oil. Mortality percentages were evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h. Relative to C. speciosus essential oil, the yield was 0.61% v/m; the major compounds identified were 1,8-cineole (37.21 wt.%), α-pinene (29.42 wt.%), and limonene (12.46 wt.%). The essential oil of C. speciosus presented insecticidal activity on both A. gemmatalis and S. frugiperda, causing 100% mortality of individuals of both species at 1.5% v/v after 24 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth and aesthetic value of ornamental plant species used near coastlines are negatively influenced by salt spray. The presence of surfactants could enhance salt damage. To analyze the influences of salt spray and surfactants alone and in combination with each other, individual Callistemon plants were subjected to different treatments for 8 weeks: a solution simulating the composition of seawater (salt spray), a solution containing an anionic surfactant (surfactant), a solution with salt spray and anionic surfactant (salt plus surfactants), and deionized water (control). To study the influence of different climatic conditions, two growing periods, from January to March (I CP) and from May to July (II CP), were established. Salt spray, alone or with surfactant action, influences plants' growth and aesthetic features in different cycle periods. The percentage of leaf damage significantly increased with salt spray and salt plus surfactants during II CP (~27%). Additionally, the Na+ and Cl− contents were enhanced in the leaves in both CPs, but the contents in the roots were only enhanced in the II CP. The gas exchanges were significantly influenced by the treatments, especially during the II CP, when a reduction in net photosynthesis due to salt spray was observed starting from the second week of stress. At the end of the experiment, in both cycle periods, the leaf proline content increased in the salt spray and salt plus surfactants treatments. In both CPs, PCA revealed that the morphological and physiological parameters were directly associated with the control and surfactants treatments, whereas the mineral contents and biochemical parameters were directly correlated with the salt and salt plus surfactants treatments. The additive effect of surfactant stress, compared to salt stress, did not appear to be significant, with the exception of CP II, and for some parameters, the solubilization action of surfactants was favored by higher temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the antibacterial effects of constituents obtained from Callistemon viminalis leaves. This goal was achieved by using three organic solvents, namely Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, and Hexane to prevent the growth of the causative urinary tract infections isolates, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Proteus sp. in Iraq. The C. viminalis fresh leaves collected from different regions of Hillah City, during March 2020, were classified according to the taxonomic features of Iraqi Flora. Extractions were completed by a method of digestion and then the stock solution of 200 mg/mL was prepared in 10% of Dimethylsulfoxide. A Millipore filter (0.22 µm) was used for the sterilization of all the extracts used in this study. Agar well diffusion method was utilized to test the antibacterial effects of the constituents separated from the dried leaves of C. viminalis against the urinary tract infection bacteria at three concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL for each extracted constitute by the three different solvents. Dimethylsulfoxide 10% and the meropenem were utilized as the negative and positive controls. Constituents separated by ethanol solvent at 200 mg/mL exhibited significant supremacy (P=0.05) over the meropenem against Proteus sp. isolate, and exhibited the same significant difference (P=0.05), compared to the meropenem drug against E. coli. Constituents extracted by Ethyl acetate organic solvent at a concentration of 200 mg/mL exhibited a similarly significant effect (P=0.05), compared to the meropenem against Proteus sp. isolate. However, the hexane extract was the least effective among the other solvents utilized in this study. The results of the current study revealed that constituents in the leaves of C. viminalis could be considered a valuable herbal remedy for controlling urinary tract infections pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 100 countries suffer from mosquito-borne diseases which are prevalent across the world. They are the known vectors for transmission of dengue, malaria, yellow fever, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, schistosomiasis etc. Many of the insecticides that are currently used in mosquito control have harmful effects on human health and other non-target populations, they are non-biodegradable in nature, and also have a higher rate of biomagnification in our ecosystem. The spike in insecticide resistance on a global scale is raising serious concerns. Therefore, search for natural, eco-friendly alternatives such as bio-insecticides is imperative. In this study, Larvicidal activity of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Callistemon citrinus was tested on the Dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti and Chikungunya vector mosquito Culex sp. Also, the chemical composition of the essential oil was studied using GC-MS analysis. Callistemon citrinus can now be considered one of such bio-insecticides which is easily available throughout India, with many therapeutic active constituents in its essential oil and 80-100% larvicidal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil components of fresh and dry aerial parts of Callistemon citrinus, monthly harvested from Iran during a year, were compared. The EO contents of dry plant samples were dramatically higher than the fresh materials. The dry sample collected in March with 1.10 ± 0.04% and fresh in August with 0.16 ± 0.01% (w/w), possessed the highest and lowest EO yields, respectively. From thirty-two identified aroma phytoconstituents, 1,8-cineole was the major compound with quantity variation of 60.01% in dry sample collected in January and 33.92% in fresh from August. In summer, the amount of α-pinene as the second predominant volatile terpenoid was raised, while dry sample in August (46.92%) was the richest. The present study explicitly demonstrates the impact of harvesting period on volatile oil contents of C. citrinus and the findings are considerable to obtain the favourite EO compositions for consuming in food and phyto-pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis are the leading causes of human fungal infections worldwide. There is an increase in resistance of Candida pathogens to existing antifungal drugs leading to a need to find new sources of antifungal agents. Tormentic acid has been isolated from different plants including Callistemon citrinus and has been found to possess antimicrobial properties, including antifungal activity. The study aimed to determine the effects of tormentic and extracts from C. citrinus on C. albicans and C. tropicalis and a possible mode of action. The extracts and tormentic acid were screened for antifungal activity using the broth microdilution method. The growth of both species was inhibited by the extracts, and C. albicans was more susceptible to the extract compared to C. tropicalis. The growth of C. albicans was inhibited by 80% at 100 μg/ml of both the DCM: methanol extract and the ethanol: water extract. Tormentic acid reduced the growth of C. albicans by 72% at 100 μg/ml. The effects of the extracts and tormentic acid on ergosterol content in C. albicans were determined using a UV/Vis scanning spectrophotometer. At concentrations of tormentic acid of 25 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, and 200 μg/ml, the content of ergosterol was decreased by 22%, 36%, 48%, and 78%, respectively. Similarly, the DCM: methanol extract at 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml decreased the content by 78% and 88%, respectively. A dose-dependent decrease in ergosterol content was observed in cells exposed to miconazole with a 25 μg/ml concentration causing a 100% decrease in ergosterol content. Therefore, tormentic acid inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol in C. albicans. Modifications of the structure of tormentic acid to increase its antifungal potency may be explored in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants of the genus Melaleuca which belong to family Myrtaceae, commonly named "tea trees", are economically important plants. When talking about tea trees, the essential oils are the center of attention, leaving all other phytoconstituents in their shade. Many reviews addressed the composition and pharmacological activities of Melaleuca alternifolia L. essential oil as the most common one. To date, there are no detailed reviews summarizing the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the non-volatile components of members of the genus Melaleuca. After distillation of the volatile oil, large amounts of these plants' waste remain untapped. This review indicates that this genus is a rich source of diverse groups of bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, benzylic phloroglucinol-terpene derivatives, polyphenols, hydrolysable tannins, and other compounds. It also discusses the diverse pharmacological activities reported for plants of this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callistemon citrinus aerial part essential oil (CCEO) was analyzed for chemical compositions using GC/MS. Pharmacological activities such as neurodegenerative inhibitory, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and acetylcholinesterase activities were evaluated using the standard methodologies. Genotoxicity was investigated using Allium cepa assay. GC/MS analysis identified 27 compounds; eucalyptol (55.40%) was the major component. Radical scavenging activity showed IC50 value of 16.71 μg/mL. Protein denaturation assay showed IC50 value of 21.19 μg/mL and 19.53μg/mL in protease inhibitor activity. MIC assay revealed antimicrobial potential of CCEO against microbial strains B. cereus at 2.00 mg/mL, S. typhimurium at 4.50 mg/mL, S. mutans at 2.50 mg/mL, C. albicans at 4.00 mg/mL, and S. cerevisiae at 4.50 mg/mL concentrations. Mitotic index value (MI) of CCEO showed negligible genotoxicity with MI 17.25% close to distilled water 18.22%. Acetylcholinesterase strong inhibitory activity of CCEO was observed from IC50 = 6.335 μg/mL. CCEO could be a cheap and easy source for the extraction of the pure compound eucalyptol and possess various biological activities which increase its pharmacological value as well as its applicability in the field of flavor and fragrance industries. Practical applications: Eucalyptol is the major component of many pharmaceutical and food/flavor industries. The present investigation provides a new source for the isolation of pure compound eucalyptol in cost‐effective way. Additionally, the essential oil could also be used for the pharmaceutical formulation of antioxidant, inflammation inhibitory, and neurodegenerative inhibitory drug preparation under the safety range concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontotermes obesus Rambur also known as the Indian white termite, is a highly disparaging polyphagous insect pest that lives in massive mounds and feeds on cellulose and almost everything that contains carbohydrate. It infests green standing foliages, cereals stored in warehousing, and commercial wood, cellulose fibres, sheets, papers, garments, woollens and mats. To control them, chemical insecticides have been used. Majority of insecticides are toxic to the atmosphere and non-target species. With the aim of developing harmless termiticide/anti-termite with inexhaustible sources, two botanicals viz., Murraya koenigii L. and Callistemon citrinus L. at various concentrations were tested on adult workers of O. obseus using No-Choice bioassay. The major constituents of five plant essential oils were recognized by using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. The active component which are responsible for termiticidal activity are identified. The study showed that all botanical extracts, at all concentrations measured, were capable of killing O. obseus with a lower lethal concentration (LC50) than the untreated control. Phenol constituents exhibited the strongest termiticidal activity among the other major constituents. Thus, the present study suggests that termite O. obseus can be managed by using volatile constituents of both the tested plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil from Callistemon viminalis (EOC) is rich in monoterpenes, with a variety of biological properties: antibacterial, antifungal, insecticide, and antioxidant. Inclusion complexes (ICs) with cyclodextrins (CDs) is an alternative to prevent toxicity, improve the activity, and reduce the concentration to be used. Thus, the objective of this work was to prepare an IC (EOC/β-CD) and evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal and phospholipase activities, as well as the toxicity. Antimicrobial activity used the agar diffusion test and antifungal activity the disc diffusion test. Toxicity tests were carried out using Lactuca sativa L. The inhibition of phospholipase activity using the venom of Bothrops atrox as an inducer was performed. Antibacterial and antifungal tests demonstrated a decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the IC. It was most significantly observed for the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, for which there was a decrease in the MIC from 250 µg mL−1 to 62.5 µg mL−1 after complexation, and for the fungus Aspergillus flavus, with a decrease in MIC from 125 µg mL−1 to 62.5 µg mL−1 after complexation. Toxicity tests with Lactuca sativa showed a decrease in toxicity after complexation in all parameters analyzed, with no statistical difference from the negative control. Inhibition of phospholipase activity induced by Bothrops atrox venom was more expressive in the highest proportion studied (1:10 m:m), exerting 23% inhibition. The assays demonstrated that the complexation between the EOC and β-CD is a promising alternative for use in different branches, especially in food industry, to fully exploit its application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on the plant of Callistemon viminalis L. in the greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University. It had been achieved for the period from January to July 2018 in order to study the effects of planting dates and the effect of the wounding-cuttings process and the solutions of auxins from the IBA, NAA and the Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. (cinnamon extracts), which are C1 (control), C2 (750 IBA + 750 NAA) mg.l-1, C3 (1500 IBA + 1500 NAA) mg.l-1, C4 (750 IBA + 750 NAA) + Cin. 2mg.l-1, C5 (750 IBA +750 NAA) + Cin. 4 mg.l-1, C6 Cin. 2mg.l-1 and C7 Cin. 4mg.l-1. The process covered 3 dates: the first of January, February fifteenth and the first of April that had been accomplished in a quick-dip method, wounding or not wounding and comparing them. The data were subjected to the statistical analyses by using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial experiment with three replications and 8 cuttings per repeater (3 * 2 * 7) and the data were analyzed statistically using SAS program. The results showed that the second date gave the highest value of cutting rooting percentage, which amounted to 53.33% while the other dates were less responsive to rooting. On the other side, the second date gave the highest concentration of NAA which reached 38.3 nanogm.gm-1 dry weights, compared to the first and third date. In regard to the process of wounding, it did not affect on the concentrations of Auxin. However, as regard to the effect of the solutions of rooting, the treatment C7 Cin. 4mg.l-1 gave the highest value of IAA and the treatment C5(750 IBA +750 NAA) + Cin. 4 mg.l-1 gave the highest value of, NAA IBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callistemon is an important genus in the family Myrtaceae which contains about 34 species. The members of this genus are known for their ornamental potentials, in addition to their outstanding value in conventional medicine in many parts of the world. Updated chemical analysis of the Callistemon genus has provided a variety of essential phytocompounds belonging to different chemical classes including terpenes, phenolic derivatives, flavonoids, anthocyanins, neolignans, phloroglucinol derivatives and other miscellaneous compounds. Hence, this dissertation reflects a systematic evaluation of the Callistemon genus phytochemical and biological studies, in addition to a summary of the previous studies' results as well as an overview of the possible directions of Callistemon species study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent fieldwork by the author in Tenerife, mostly between 2014 and 2019, yielded new records of alien vascular plants. Fifteen taxa (Acacia decurrens, A. mearnsii, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Ensete ventricosum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis subsp. arida, E. cladocalyx, Euryops chrysanthemoides, Ficus elastica, Lippia alba, Pavonia sepioides, Pittosporum tobira, Populus × canadensis, Pyrostegia venusta, Ruellia dipteracanthus and Wigandia kunthii) are reported for the first time from the Canary Islands. All were initially introduced on purpose, mostly as ornamentals, and recently started to escape from cultivation. Most of them are ephemerals or only locally established, but nearly all have the potential to naturalise in the future. Thirteen additional species are reported for the first time from Tenerife: Atriplex nummularia, Bellis perennis, Chenopodium probstii, Coccoloba uvifera, Commelina benghalensis, Cuphea hyssopifolia, Eragrostis virescens, Lemna minuta, Malvastrum corchorifolium, Plerandra elegantissima, Psidium guajava, Thunbergia alata and Urochloa subquadripara. Finally, some miscellaneous notes are provided on the presence of Balanites aegyptiaca, Callistemon viminalis, Grevillea robusta and Passiflora caerulea in Tenerife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Sweet grows all over the world and used to treat cough and bronchitis. The air-dried powder of the aerial parts was exhaustively extracted with methanol and the concentrated extract was adsorbed on silica gel for preparation of slurry. It was dried and subjected to silica gel column packed in petroleum ether. The column was eluted with organic solvents in order of increasing polarity to isolate 1-triacosanol (1), n-eicosanyl palmitate (2), n-heptadecanyl arachidate (3), n-tricosanyl palmitate, (4), 4-hydroxyphenethyl carbocerate (5), 4-hydroxyphenethyl gheddate (6), urs-12-en-3α-acetoxy-18β-H-28-oic acid (7) and stigmast-5-en-3β-ol-3β-D-glucuronopyranoside (8). Among them, compound 5 and 6 were new fatty acid ester isolated from this plant. Compound 7 showed MIC 32 µg/mL against E. coli which was comparable to amoxicillin having same MIC 32 µg/mL. Compound 5 and 6 showed significant antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH due to the presence of phenolic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ESKAPE pathogens, namely, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species, are responsible for a majority of all healthcare-acquired infections (HAI). The bacteria cause nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients. Extracts from Callistemon viminalis have been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. Tormentic acid congener, a pentacyclic triterpene saponin, was isolated from C. viminalis leaves. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effects of tormentic acid congener and leaf extracts on biofilm formation by A. baumannii, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, and P. aeruginosa. The antibacterial effects were determined by the microbroth dilution method, and ciprofloxacin was used as the standard antibacterial drug. Biofilm formation and detachment assays were performed using crystal violet staining. Production of extracellular polymeric DNA and polysaccharides from biofilms was also determined. Tormentic acid congener showed time-dependent antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa with a MIC of 100 µg/ml and caused significant protein leakage. Antibacterial activity was found when tormentic acid congener was tested against both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The MICs were found to be 25 µg/ml and 12.5 µg/ml for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus cells, respectively. S. pyogenes was found to be susceptible to tormentic acid congener and the hydroethanolic extract with an MIC of 100 µg/ml and 25 µg/ml, respectively. A. baumannii was found not to be susceptible to the compound or the extracts. The compound and the extracts caused a significant decrease in the biofilm extracellular polysaccharide content of S. pyogenes. The extracts and tormentic acid congener caused detachment of biofilms and decreased the release of extracellular DNA and capsular polysaccharides from biofilms of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Tormentic acid congener and extracts, thus, have significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activities on these selected ESKAPE bacteria and can act as source lead compounds for the development of antibacterial triterpenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]