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Light absorption enhancement in a 1.5 μm thick mercury–cadmium–telluride (Hg0.762Cd0.238Te, MCT) layer at room temperature utilizing 1D dielectric grating at mid-wave infrared (MWIR) wavelengths (3–5 μm) has been theoretically investigated. The optimized dielectric grating facilitates light diffraction and scattering into the MCT-absorbing waveguiding layer resulting in an increased lateral optical path. The light absorption was improved from ∼37.5% to ∼71% (TE) and ∼70% (TM) at normal incidence. With enhanced absorption, the photocarrier generation rate in the thin layer would be comparable to a bulk 5 μm thick MCT layer. A ∼3× reduction in the MCT layer thickness without compromising absorption has the potential for realizing infrared photodetectors with improved sensitivity at conventional operating temperatures and/or elevated operating temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-occurrence of cadmium (Cd) pollution and selenium (Se) deficiency commonly exists in global soils, especially in China. As a result, there is great interest in developing practical agronomic strategies to simultaneously achieve Cd remediation and Se mobilization in paddy soils, thereby enhancing food quality/safety. To this end, we conducted a field-plot trial on soils having high geological background levels of Cd (0.67 mg kg-1) and Se (0.50 mg kg-1). We explored 12 contrasting fertilizers (urea, potassium sulfate (K2SO4), calcium-magnesium-phosphate (CMP)), amendments (manure and biochar) and their combinations on Cd/Se bioavailability. Soil pH, total organic carbon (TOC), soil available Cd/Se, Cd/Se fractions and Cd/Se accumulation in different rice components were determined. No significant differences existed in mean grain yield among treatments. Results showed that application of urea and K2SO4 decreased soil pH, whereas the CMP fertilizer and biochar treatments increased soil pH. There were no significant changes in TOC concentrations. Three treatments (CMP, manure, biochar) significantly decreased soil available Cd, whereas no treatment affected soil available Se at the maturity stage. Four treatments (CMP, manure, biochar and manure＋urea＋CMP＋K2SO4) achieved our dual goal of Cd reduction and Se enrichment in rice grain. Structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that soil available Cd and root Cd were negatively affected by pH and organic matter (OM), whereas soil available Se was positively affected by pH. Moreover, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed strong positive correlations between soil available Cd, exchangeable Cd and reducible Cd with grain Cd concentration, as well as between pH and soil available Se with grain Se concentration. Further, there was a strong negative correlation between residual Cd/Se (non-available fraction) and grain Cd/Se concentrations. Overall, this study identified the primary factors affecting Cd/Se bioavailability, thereby providing new guidance for achieving safe production of Se-enriched rice through fertilizer/amendment management of Cd-enriched soils.

Purpose: The present study aimed to establish differences in load–velocity profiling, active drag (AD), and drag coefficient (Cd) between 3 age groups of female swimmers. Methods: Thirty-three swimmers (11, 13, or 16 y old) were recruited. The individual load–velocity profile was determined for the 4 competitive swimming strokes. The maximal velocity (V0), maximal load (L0), L0 normalized to the body mass, AD, and Cd were compared between the groups. A 2-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis were conducted. Results: Compared with their younger counterparts, 16-year-old swimmers generally had larger V0, L0, and AD, which was particularly evident when comparing them with 11-year-old swimmers (P ≤.052). The exception was breaststroke, where no differences were observed in L0 and AD and Cd was smaller in the 16-year-old group than the 11-year-old group (P =.03). There was a negative correlation between Cd and V0 for all groups in backstroke (P ≤.038) and for the 11-year-old group and 13-year-old group in breaststroke (P ≤.022) and front crawl (P ≤.010). For the 16-year-old group, large correlations with V0 were observed for L0, L0 normalized to the body mass, and AD (P ≤.010) in breaststroke and for L0 and AD with V0 in front crawl (P ≤.042). In butterfly, large negative correlations with V0 were observed in the 13-year-old group for all parameters (P ≤.027). Conclusions: Greater propulsive force is likely the factor that differentiates the oldest age group from the younger groups, except for breaststroke, where a lower Cd (implying a better technique) is evident in the oldest group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The F-box domain is a highly conserved structural motif that defines the largest class of ubiquitin ligases, Skp1/Cullin1/F-box protein (SCF) complexes. The only known function of the F-box motif is to form the protein interaction surface with Skp1. Here we show that the F-box domain can function as an environmental sensor. We demonstrate that the F-box domain of Met30 is a cadmium sensor that blocks the activity of the SCFMet30 ubiquitin ligase during cadmium stress. Several highly conserved cysteine residues within the Met30 F-box contribute to binding of cadmium with a KD of 8 µM. Binding induces a conformational change that allows for Met30 autoubiquitylation, which in turn leads to recruitment of the segregase Cdc48/p97/VCP followed by active SCFMet30 disassembly. The resulting inactivation of SCFMet30 protects cells from cadmium stress. Our results show that F-box domains participate in regulation of SCF ligases beyond formation of the Skp1 binding interface.

Odontocetes obtain nutrients including essential elements through their diet and are exposed to heavy metal contaminants via ingestion of contaminated prey. We evaluated the prevalence, concentration, and tissue distribution of essential and non-essential trace elements, including heavy metal toxicants, in tissue (blubber, kidney, liver, skeletal muscle, skin) and fecal samples collected from 90 odontocetes, representing nine species, that stranded in Georgia and Florida, USA during 2007-2021. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of seven essential (cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc) and five non-essential (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, thallium) elemental analytes using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Rissos dolphins (Grampus griseus) and short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) had the highest median concentrations of mercury, cadmium, and lead, while dwarf sperm whales (Kogia sima) had the lowest. Adult pygmy and dwarf sperm whales that stranded in 2019-2021 had higher concentrations of arsenic, copper, iron, lead, manganese, selenium, thallium, and zinc compared to those that stranded in 2010-2018, suggesting an increasing risk of exposure over time. The highest concentrations of many elements (e.g., cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, thallium, zinc) were in fecal samples, illustrating the usefulness of this noninvasively collected sample. Aside from fecal samples, hepatic tissues had the highest concentrations of iron, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, and selenium in most species; renal tissues had the highest concentrations of cadmium; skin had the highest concentrations of zinc; and copper, arsenic, and lead concentrations were primarily distributed among the liver and kidneys. Phylogenetic differences in patterns of trace element concentrations likely reflect species-specific differences in diet, trophic level, and feeding strategies, while heterogeneous distributions of elemental analytes among different organ types reflect differences in elemental biotransformation, elimination, and storage. This study illustrates the importance of monitoring toxic contaminants in stranded odontocetes, which serve as important sentinels of environmental contamination, and whose health may be linked to human health.

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. Risk is attributed to genetic and prenatal environmental factors, though the environmental agents are incompletely characterized.MethodsIn Early Autism Risk Longitudinal Investigation (EARLI) and Markers of Autism Risk in Babies Learning Early Signs (MARBLES), two pregnancy cohorts of siblings of children with ASD, urinary metals concentrations during two pregnancy time periods (

Cadmium contamination in aquatic environments poses severe risks to aquatic organisms, particularly fish, where cadmium accumulation in tissues can lead to compromised organ functionality and reproductive issues. The present study aimed to assess the effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on key biomarkers of oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, and enzyme activity in the liver and kidney tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Specifically, the study measured 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, caspase-3 activation, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and oxidative stress indicators (ONOO−, MDA, GSH, SOD, and CAT) following exposure to three Cd concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mg/L) over three time points (24, 48, and 96 h). Tissue samples were collected post-exposure, and the analysis revealed a significant decrease in MDA levels in both tissues. GSH concentrations declined with prolonged exposure, while SOD activity increased, indicating a response to oxidative stress, contrasted by a reduction in CAT activity. An initial increase in ONOO− levels was observed at 24 h, followed by a subsequent decrease at the 48 and 96 h marks. These results suggest that cadmium induces oxidative stress in the liver and kidney tissues of fish. Cadmium exposure also significantly elevated 8-OHdG levels, signaling DNA damage, and increased caspase-3 activity, indicative of apoptosis, across all doses and time points (p < 0.05). The histological examination of liver and kidney showed tissue injury. Additionally, a negative correlation between AChE activity and exposure duration was noted, with prolonged exposure resulting in substantial AChE inhibition. Given the role of AChE in behavior regulation, these findings underscore the importance of exploring time-dependent, tissue-specific changes in AChE activity to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying cadmium-induced behavioral abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protective effect of Fe against Cd‐induced toxicity in the liver and kidney of rats during concurrent administration of both metals was investigated in this study. Fifty female rats (130–150 g) were distributed into five groups of 10 rats each (n = 10): Group I (control), received normal saline solution; Group II (1.2 mg CdCl2/kg b.w.); Group III (1.2 mg CdCl2 + 0.25 mg FeCl2/kg b.w.); Group IV (1.2 mg CdCl2 + 0.75 mg FeCl2/kg b.w.); and Group V (1.2 mg CdCl2 + 1.5 mg FeCl2/kg b.w.). Administration of both tested substances lasted for 47 days. Cd was injected intraperitoneally once a week, while Fe was administered to the Cd‐exposed animals by oral gavage thrice weekly. The animals were killed at the end of the study, their blood was collected, and their liver and kidneys were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis. Following Cd administration, the kidney and liver showed a significant increase in Cd concentration, while Fe concentration in the kidney decreased. However, cotreatment with Fe decreased Cd concentration in the kidney and liver and increased Fe concentration in the kidney but not the liver, and the effect was more pronounced in the higher than lower doses. In the kidney, cotreatment with Fe especially at higher doses inhibited Cd‐induced lipid peroxidation and plasma uric acid concentration. In the liver, lipid peroxidation which Cd did not alter was found to be elevated after cotreatment with the highest dose Fe. Inflammatory cell infiltrations of the central vein and renal tubular and glomeruli injury induced by Cd were not obviated by Fe cotreatment. It seems that both tissues respond differently to the concurrent administration of these metals and that Fe protected the kidney against oxidative injury‐induced by Cd but not histopathological changes in both tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Box-Behnken response surface optimization test design was used to optimize the preparation conditions of KOH-modified sludge biochar (SB-KOH) adsorbed Cd (II), and the interaction on Cd (II) adsorption performance between four preparation conditions of KOH soaking concentration (X1), KOH soaking time (X2), pyrolysis temperature (X3), and pyrolysis time (X4) was studied. The adsorption mechanisms of SB-KOH adsorbing Cd (II) was studied by analyzing the effect of pH before and after Cd (II) adsorption on the adsorption capacity and the characteristics. Meanwhile, the adsorption mechanisms were quantified. Results showed that KOH soaking concentration and pyrolysis temperature have significant influence on the adsorption performance of SB-KOH. The influence of interaction between KOH soaking concentration and pyrolysis temperature was positive. The optimal conditions for SB-KOH adsorbed Cd (II) were 2.5 mol·L−1 soaking concentration, 7-h soaking time, 631 ℃ pyrolysis temperature, and 44-min pyrolysis time. The adsorption process of Cd (II) onto SB-KOH was heterogeneous multilayer adsorption, which dominated by chemical adsorption and film diffusion. The adsorption mechanisms of SB-KOH adsorbing Cd (II) mainly involve mineral precipitation, ion exchange, oxygen-containing functional group complexation, and metal-π interaction, and the order of their contribution was as follows: mineral precipitation (57.04%) > ion exchange (24.99%) > metal-π interaction (10.11%) > oxygen-containing functional group complexation (6.7%) > physical adsorption (1.12%) > electrostatic attraction (0.036%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses significant risks to agricultural productivity and human health, particularly through its accumulation in staple crops such as bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study evaluated Cd accumulation and tolerance among six bread wheat cultivars exposed to six Cd concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg kg−1 soil). Phenotypic assessments and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were conducted to analyze the expression patterns of TaNRAMP and TaZIP genes in various tissues and developmental stages of wheat, which play crucial roles in Cd uptake and transport. Results demonstrated significant variability in Cd accumulation. The Barat cultivar exhibited the lowest accumulation in grain (ranging from 0.21 to 8.8 mg kg−1) and the highest tolerance. In contrast, Kavir and Pishtaz displayed elevated Cd levels in both grain and straw, while Parsi accumulated more Cd in straw at lower concentrations (56.9 mg kg−1 in Cd concentration of 10 mg kg−1 soil). The gene expression analysis revealed that most cultivars showed increased expression of TaNRAMP genes, particularly TaNRAMP2 in Cd concentration of 10 mg kg−1 soil, which facilitates Cd uptake from the soil, and TaZIP genes, such as TaZIP4 and TaZIP7, involved in transporting Cd within the plant. Notably, the expression of TaZIP1 was significantly lower in cultivars with high Cd accumulation, suggesting a potential regulatory mechanism for Cd tolerance. Furthermore, cultivars exhibiting higher Cd levels correlated with increased expression of stress-responsive genes, indicating a broader response to Cd stress. These findings highlight Barat's potential for bread-making applications due to its low Cd accumulation, while Morvarid and Pishtaz which show reduced Cd content in the straw even under high Cd exposure are better suited for animal feed. This research underscores the genetic variability of wheat cultivars in response to Cd stress and provides essential insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd accumulation, offering valuable information for breeding programs aimed at developing Cd-tolerant varieties to ensure food security in contaminated regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in older people in developed countries. It has been suggested that heavy metal exposure may be associated with the development of AMD, but most studies have focused on the effects of a single metal with traditional methods. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between 13 urinary heavy metal concentrations and AMD using NHANES data between 2005 and 2008. We constructed and compared 11 machine learning models to identify the best model for predicting AMD risk. We further interpreted the models by Permutation Feature Importance (PFI), Partial Dependence Plot (PDP) analysis, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. 216 AMD patients out of 2380 participants. The random forest (RF) model performed optimally in predicting the risk of AMD, with an AUC value of 0.970. PFI analyses revealed that age and urinary cadmium (Cd) were the main factors influencing the risk of AMD. SHAP analyses further confirmed the significance of Cd concentration in predicting the risk of AMD, and we revealed a significant interaction with significant interaction of race. Our study firstly explored the relationship between heavy metal exposure levels and AMD based on machine learning techniques, found that urinary Cd concentration had the greatest impact on AMD, and revealed the superior predictive performance of machine learning methods. Furthermore, our study provided a new perspective for early screening and intervention of AMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of agricultural soil by heavy metals poses a significant threat to soil quality and crop yields. Using plants as a natural remediation approach attracts researchers' attention around the world. A 16-month pot experiment was conducted using Conocarpus erectus in a randomized complete block design. The growth, enzymatic activity, electrolyte leakage, and remediation potential were estimated under Cd nitrate]40 low (L), 60 medium (M), 80 high (H) mg/kg soil [and Pb nitrate]400 (L), 700 (M), 1,000 (H) mg/kg soil [applied individually and in combination. Conocarpus erectus demonstrated a good tolerance (over 70%) against lower and medium cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels and a medium resistance against high Cd and Pb levels, with a survival rate of 100% under all the treatments used. The most negative treatment on the growth traits and tolerance of C. erectus was (H) Cd and (H) Pb, which reduced plant height; chlorophyll index; dry weights of the leaves, stems, and roots; root length; and tolerance index of biomass and roots by 25.87%, 48.97%, 50.56%, 47.25%, 58.67%, 50.18%, 51.00%, and 50% in comparison to the respective control, consecutively. Relative to the control, all Cd and Pb applications increased polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and the increment was parallel up to medium Cd and Pb levels and then decreased with their high levels but still higher than the control. Electrolyte leakage (EL) was upheaved by raising the levels of Cd and Pb, and it reached the maximum (52.79%) at the (H) Cd (H) Pb treatment. Cd and Pb in the leaves, stems, and roots were boosted by raising their levels in the treatments. Conocarpus erectus is considered a phytoextractor for the Cd levels used because the bioconcentration factor of the stem (BCFs) and the translocation factor (TF) of Cd were >1, and it is a suitable plant for Pb phytoextraction at (L) Pb, (M) Pb, and (M) Cd (M) Pb levels because its Pb BCFs and bioconcentration factor of the root (BCFr) were <1 and its Pb TF was >1. On the other hand, C. erectus is considered a phytostabilizator for Pb at (H) Pb, (L) Cd, (L) Pb, and (H) Cd (H) Pb levels because its Pb BCFs, BCFr, and TF were <1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many soils face dual challenges of cadmium (Cd) contamination and salinization. However, the response of crops, especially wheat, to combined Cd and salinity stress is not understood. Here, wheat was grown in a hydroponic model for 14 days under single and combined Cd and NaCl stresses. Growth parameters, tissue Cd2+ and Na+ contents, and leaf chlorophyll (Chl), O2•−, and MDA levels were determined. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of the leaves were performed. The results showed that combined stress had a greater inhibitory effect on Chl contents and generated more O2•− and MDA, resulting in more severe wheat growth retardation than those under Cd or NaCl stress. Stress-induced decrease in Chl levels may be attributed to the inhibition of Chl biosynthesis, activation of Chl degradation, or a decline in glutamate content. Cd addition weakened the promotional effect of NaCl on SOS1 gene expression, thereby increasing the Na+ content. Contrastingly, NaCl supplementation downregulated the Nramp and ZIP gene expressions related to Cd uptake and transport, thereby impeding Cd2+ accumulation. All stresses enhanced tryptophan content via promoting tryptophan biosynthesis. Meanwhile, Cd and NaCl stresses activated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and purine metabolism, respectively, thereby increasing the levels of caffeic acid, fumaric acid, and uric acid. Activating the TCA cycle was important in the wheat's response to combined stress. Additionally, NaCl and combined stresses affected starch and sucrose metabolism, resulting in sucrose and trehalose accumulation. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the response of wheat to the combined Cd and salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTHeavy metals and petroleum oil are the two most important contaminants in the environment. Currently, phytoremediation is regarded as an effective and affordable solution that allows the attenuation of toxic pollutants through the use of plants. Not many studies are carried out regarding the use of aromatic plants capable of remediating soil that is co-contaminated by heavy metal and petroleum hydrocarbons. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of cadmium-resistant PGPR Micrococcus luteus on the phytoremediation efficiency of Ocimum gratissimum in Cd and petroleum co-contaminated soil. The plants were harvested after 60 days of treatment and their growth and biomass were determined. The accumulation of Cd in plant shoots and roots was determined. The residual petroleum hydrocarbon concentration during the 60 days of the phytoremediation experiment was determined using GC-FID. O. gratissimum with M. luteus showed the highest Cd accumulation (14.05 mg kg−1) and the highest reduction of TPH (46.64%). M. luteus ameliorated contaminant toxicity and promoted biomass production of O. gratissimum. These results demonstrated that O. gratissimum in combination with M. luteus can be efficiently used to remediate Cd and petroleum-co-contaminated soils.The influence of cadmium-resistant PGPR, Micrococcus luteus, on the petroleum biodegradation efficiency of Ocimum gratissimum in Cd and petroleum-co-contaminated soil was found. M. luteus at the rhizosphere of O. gratissimum showed Cd-resistant capacity while reducing TPH at the highest removal efficiency within 60 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a detrimental heavy metal propagated from soil to the food chain via plants, posing a great risk to human health upon consumption. Despite the understanding of Cd tolerance mechanisms in plants, whether and how plants actively respond to Cd and in turn restrict its uptake and accumulation remain elusive. Here, we identify a cell wall-associated receptor-like kinase 4 (WAKL4) involved in specific tolerance to Cd stress. We show that Cd rapidly and exclusively induces WAKL4 accumulation by promoting WAKL4 transcription and blocking its vacuole-dependent proteolysis in roots. The accumulated WAKL4 next interacts with and phosphorylates the Cd transporter NRAMP1 at Tyr488, leading to the enhanced ubiquitination and vacuole-dependent degradation of NRAMP1, and consequently reducing Cd uptake. Our findings therefore uncover a mechanism conferred by the WAKL4-NRAMP1 module that enables plants to actively respond to Cd and limit its uptake, informing the future molecular breeding of low Cd accumulated crops or vegetables. This study demonstrates a WAKL4 receptor-like kinase that is rapidly and specifically induced by Cadmium. It reveals a unique mechanism conferred by the WAKL4-NRAMP1 module that enables plants to actively respond to Cadmium and limit its uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is a metabolic regulator with no identified physiological ligands. This study investigates whether calcium is an ERRγ ligand that mediates the effects of glucagon and whether cadmium, which mimics the effects of calcium, disrupts metabolism through ERRγ. Method: HepG2, MCF-7, and HEK293T transfected with ERRγ were treated with glucagon, calcium, cadmium, ERRγ agonist, or ERRγ inhibitor. Cells were then collected for in vitro assays including real-time qPCR, Western blot, ChIP, immunofluorescence, mutational analysis, or gene set enrichment analysis. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study mutation sites. Results: In HepG2 cells, treatment with glucagon, calcium, or cadmium re-localized ERRγ to the cell nucleus, recruited ERRγ to estrogen-related response elements, induced the expression of ERRγ-regulated genes, and increased extracellular glucose that was blocked by an ERRγ antagonist. In MCF-7 cells and HEK293T cells transfected with ERRγ, similar treatments induced the expression of metabolic genes. Mutational analysis identified S303, T429, and E452 in the ligand-binding domain as potential interaction sites. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that calcium induced changes in ERRγ similar to ERRγ agonist. Conclusion: The results suggest that calcium is a potential ligand of ERRγ that mediates the effects of glucagon and cadmium disrupts metabolism through ERRγ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeze-thaw is a common stress at high altitudes in northern China. There is a risk of cadmium (Cd) contamination in the region. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a natural product that regulates plant growth. Rye (Secale cereale) was used as research material to investigate the physiological effects of exogenous GABA on rye seedlings under the single and combined stresses of freeze-thaw and cadmium. The results showed that the combined stress severely inhibited shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight, increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents, and significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Foliar application of 5 mM GABA alleviated the negative effects of stress on seedling growth, increased soluble protein content, and reduced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents. Exogenous GABA application also enhanced the activities of SOD and peroxidase (POD). Additionally, the presence of exogenous GABA activated the GABA metabolic process and encouraged the accumulation of phytochelatins, glutathione, and non-protein thiol. These results indicate that exogenous GABA can effectively improve the resistance of rye seedlings to freeze-thaw and Cd by regulating the antioxidant enzyme system and enhancing its own detoxification mechanism, and they provide a basis for future applications of exogenous GABA, which is beneficial for ecological protection. In high-altitude or cold regions of northern China, plants may simultaneously face two environmental stresses: (1) heavy metal cadmium; and (2) freeze-thaw. The study showed that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) significantly improved the growth of rye (Secale cereale) seedlings under these stresses, enhancing their resistance. This finding provides an innovative bioregulation strategy for plant response to environmental stressors, highlighting the potential application value of GABA as a natural plant growth regulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study of cadmium removal from nitrate medium using adsorption in calcined mesoporous silica (MCM-C), mesoporous silica doped (MCM_DIOPA), and calcined and impregnated mesoporous silica (MCM@DIOPA), with diisooctylphosphinic acid (DIOPA). The sorbents were synthesized via a sol–gel method. Several characterization techniques, such as XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, N2 sorption and elemental analysis, have been used to determine the main structural, textural, and chemical properties of prepared sorbents. Batch adsorption and kinetics tests were carried out, where the influence of pH and contact time of the sorbents and their role in cation removal were studied. Experimental results show poor sorption efficiencies with MCM-C and MCM_DIOPA at pH 5.85. At the same pH, better cadmium extraction was attained by MCM@DIOPA and was achieved within 30 min. The pseudo-second-order model is the most appropriate model to describe the elimination mechanism of Cd(II) ions. The Langmuir equation was used to model the sorption isotherm and the maximum sorption capacity of Cd(II) is 22.16 mg/g (200 mmol/kg). The complex type of the probable extracted species isCdL2-HL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food can be a source of lead and cadmium exposure for infants and children. Employing a semi-probabilistic approach, dietary exposures to lead and cadmium were assessed for infants 0–11 months (excluding human milk-fed infants) and children 1–6 years using U.S. total diet study data from 2018 to 2020 and food consumption data from 2015 to 2018. Estimated mean lead and cadmium exposures range from 0.7–3.6 µg/day to 0.18–0.47 µg/kg bw/day, respectively, depending on the age group and method for handling non-detected values. Dietary exposures to lead and cadmium are slightly lower and slightly higher than our estimates published in 2019. In addition to the use of more recent datasets for consumption and contamination, differences may be due to the use of refined exposure assessment methodology, particularly a new system of mapping contamination data to intake data. The processed baby food and infant formula food group is the major contributor to lead and cadmium exposure, driven by intake, among infants who do not consume human milk. The food groups contributing most to children's lead and cadmium exposure are grains/baking, dairy and fruit and grains/baking and vegetables, respectively. This work will inform FDA initiatives such as closer to zero, including research needs and regulatory priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing levels of cadmium (Cd) pollution in agricultural soil reduces plant growth and yield. This study aims to determine the impact of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the physiochemical activities, nutrition, growth, and yield of Zea mays L. under Cd stress conditions. For this purpose, ZnO-NPs (450 ppm and 600 ppm) synthesized from Syzygium aromaticum were applied through foliar spray to Z. mays and also used as seed priming agents. A significant decline in plant height (35.24%), biomass production (43.86%), mineral content, gas exchange attributes, and yield (37.62%) was observed in Cd-spiked plants compared to the control. While, 450 ppm ZnO-NPs primed seed increased plant height (18.46%), total chlorophyll (80.07%), improved ascorbic acid (25.10%), DPPH activity (26.66%), and soil mineral uptake (Mg+2 (38.86%), K+ (27.83%), and Zn+2 (43.68%) as compared to plants only spiked with Cd. On the contrary, the foliar-applied 450 ppm ZnO-NPs increased plant height (8.22%), total chlorophyll content (73.59%), ascorbic acid (21.39%), and DPPH activity (17.61%) and yield parameters; cob diameter (19.45%), and kernels numbers 6.35% enhanced compared to plants that were spiked only with Cd. The findings of the current study pave the way for safer and more cost-effective crop production in Cd-stressed soils by using green synthesized NPs and provide deep insights into the underlying mechanisms of NPs treatment at the molecular level to provide compelling evidence for the use of NPs in improving plant growth and yield. NOVELTY STATEMENT: Novelty statement: Phyto zinc nanoparticles improve stress tolerance and growth of Zea mays under cadmium stress [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vesicular sequestration is a potential strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As). In this study, the ectopic overexpression of yeast-derived ScSMF2 in Arabidopsis thaliana was found to enhance the accumulation and tolerance of Cd and As in transgenic plants. ScSMF2 was localized on vacuole membranes and formed puncta structures in plant cells when agro-infiltrated for transient expression. Transgenic Arabidopsis showed less retardation on root elongation and shoot weight and more accumulation of Cd, As (III) and As (V) when cultured on medium containing Cd or As. Overexpression of ScSMF2 promoted accumulation of Cd and arsenic in transgenic Arabidopsis, which were over twice higher than in WT plants when cultured in soil. This study provides insights into the mechanisms involved in the vesicular sequestration of heavy metals in plant and presents a potential strategy for enhancing the phytoremediation capacity of plants toward heavy metals. NOVELTY STATEMENT: Ectopic overexpression of the yeast Mn2+ transporter SMF2 in Arabidopsis thaliana substantially boosts the accumulation and tolerance to Cd and As in plants. This augmentation is attributed to the enhanced efficacy of intracellular vesicle sequestration, thereby bolstering the capacity of plants to sequester and detoxify these toxic heavy metals. This investigation introduces a potential approach for cultivating plants with improved phytoremediation capabilities, thereby advancing eco-friendly and sustainable remediation initiatives against heavy metal pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is involved in the response to cadmium (Cd) exposure. In this study, the plants of mutant (gsnor1-3) with lossing-function of- and over-expression (GSNOROE5) of GSNOR were used to clear the role of GSNOR in Cd tolerance. GSNOR activity increased through upregulating the expression of the AtGSNOR gene and protein in Arabidopsis thaliana under Cd stress, which attenuated Cd tolerance. Oxidative damage was more serious in GSNOROE5 and was alleviated in gsnor1-3 under Cd stress, compared with Col-0. Induction of GSNOR facilitated H2O2 accumulation but inhibited catalase (CAT) activity in shoots under Cd stress. This phenotype was eliminated by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), a CAT inhibitor. In addition, the expressions of AtCAT1 and AtCAT2 were down-regulated with increasing GSNOR activity under Cd stress. This suggested that GSNOR was involved in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through regulating CAT expression and activity under Cd exposure. Furthermore, Cd tolerance and CAT activity were improved by spraying S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) onto the surface of the leaves. The in vitro activity of CAT increased with GSNO concentration until a GSNO/CAT ratio of 2 was reached. Thus, CAT activity was relative to GSNOR through regulating the expression and S-nitrosylation level of proteins. In summary, the Cd-induced promotion of GSNOR activity aggravated Cd toxicity in plants by mediating H2O2 accumulation controlled by CAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) are one of the main environmental pollutants, with no biological role in the human body. Cd has been well-documented to have disastrous effects on both plants and animals. It is known to accumulate in kidneys, lungs, liver, and testes and is thought to affect these organs' function over time, which is linked to a very long biological half-life and a very poor rate of elimination. According to recent researches, the testes are extremely vulnerable to cadmium. The disruption of the blood–testis barrier, seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells caused by cadmium leads to the loss of sperm through various mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, spermatogenic cell death, testicular swelling, dysfunction in androgen-producing cells, interference with gene regulation, disruption of ionic homeostasis, and damage to the vascular endothelium. Additionally, through epigenetic control, cadmium disrupts the function of germ cells and somatic cells, resulting in infertile or subfertile males. A full grasp of the mechanisms underlying testicular toxicity caused by Cd is very important to develop suitable strategies to ameliorate male fertility. Therefore, this review article outlines cadmium's impact on growth and functions of the testicles, reviews therapeutic approaches and protective mechanisms, considers recent research findings, and identifies future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beup RA, Felongco SGE, Cailin SJC, Guanzon Jr NG, Fantonalgo RN, Pakingking Jr RV. 2024. Assessing the levels of heavy metals Cd, Cr, and Pb in the naturally occurring red seaweed Gracilariopsis heteroclada in Iloilo Province, Philippines, for potential mass cultivation. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 149-153. The Philippines, a leading exporter of seaweed, has incorporated strategies in its Philippine Industry Seaweed Roadmap (2022-2026) to boost seaweed production. Therefore, to achieve this, potential sites for seaweed cultivation must undergo assessment for heavy metal content. A pilot study assessed heavy metals Cd, Cr, and Pb levels in red seaweed (Gracilariopsis heteroclada) sourced from three locations in Iloilo Province, Philippines: Site 1, a fishpond in Brgy, Nabitasan, Leganes; Site 2, along Dumangas Port coastline in Brgy, Sapao, Dumangas; and Site 3, a fishpond in Brgy, Talokgangan, Banate. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was employed to analyze heavy metal concentrations. The mean concentrations of Pb in G. heteroclada from Sites 1, 2, and 3 were 5.0129±0.0896, 5.0388±0.8749, and 3.5119±0.9262 mg/kg, respectively; for Cr, they were 3.3002±0.1436, 4.0464±0.3800, and 2.8027±0.1436 mg/kg, respectively. The mean Cd concentrations were also 0.8518±0.0349, 0.8115±0.0202, and 0.5423±0.0419 mg/kg, respectively. Although Cd levels met safety standards, Pb and Cr concentrations exceeded the maximum permissible levels set by the European Union (EU) and China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), respectively. This suggests that the examined sites may not be suitable for large-scale cultivation due to potential health risks from Pb and Cr exposure through seaweed consumption. Continued monitoring of toxic metal levels in these areas is therefore imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination at shooting ranges is a growing concern due to the accumulation of potentially toxic elements in the soil. The aim of the study was to determine the level of soil contamination in different types of Lithuanian shooting ranges (clay-target, practical, small-bore) and assess the potential ecological risks. Soil samples were taken in two soil layer depths (0–10 cm and 10–30 cm) and locations (range floor and berm/target line) of different types of shooting ranges. The soils of the practical and small-bore shooting ranges were neutral, clay target – slightly alkaline. The soil of the clay-target firing range floor had a significantly lower organic matter, than small-bore and practical firing ranges. Lead contamination was significantly higher in the floor and berm surface soil and subsoil (about 1000 mg kg−1 and 360–527 mg kg−1, respectively) of the practice range compared to the others and controls. The Cd concentrations in the surface soil of the practical range and the small-bore firing ranges and in the soil of the berm were considerably higher than in the soil of the clay target. There was a significant negative correlation between soil pH and Pb and Cd concentrations. Pb content was positively correlated with organic matter content. The soils of the practical range floor and berm indicated high ecological risk. The research showed that heavy metal contamination is specific in different types of shooting ranges, therefore various management practices should be applied to prevent pollution in particular shooting range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presence of cadmium in soil affects the growth status of plants; research on the underlying mechanism has focused on its lethal and sublethal consequences in plants, ignoring the impacts of soil organisms. Therefore, this study designed a microorganism – earthworm – plant ecosystem, investigated the influence of Cd (0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg kg−1) on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence of earthworms (Eisenia fetida), and revealed the mechanisms from the perspective of altered relationships among different soil organisms. In this study, there was no significant difference in the death rate of earthworms with low Cd addition concentration, but the microorganisms in earthworms and soil microorganisms changed, abundance of Actinomycetes in soil increased, while Planctomycetes decreased, Mycobacterium in the gut of Eisenia fetida decreased under Cd stress. Microorganisms affect soil pH, which in turn affects soil physicochemical properties and the form of cadmium in soil. Compared with the control, soil pH significantly decreases under cadmium stress, Under 0.3 mg kg−1 treatment, soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus and total potassium are 181.11, 5.09, 51.90, and 7.55 mg kg−1, respectively, They were significantly higher than control group. Improved the growth environment of Arabidopsis thaliana and promoted the absorption of Cd in soil which affected the proportion of available Cd in the soil (when Cd was added at 1.0 mg kg−1, the proportion of available Cd in the soil decreased significantly from 95.05% to 49.40%). A. thaliana also absorbed more Cd, which increased Cd toxicity, and the reproductive growth of A. thaliana was enhanced, while vegetative growth was weakened.Compared with the control group (278.11 mg), the biomass of A. thaliana decreased significantly to 189.83 mg when Cd was supplemented at 0.3 mg kg−1. Therefore, the activities of and interactions among earthworms, plants, and microorganisms play important roles in reducing soil heavy metals and improving soil properties. HIGHLIGHTS: Under cadmium (Cd) stress, the relative abundance of Actinomycetes in soil increased, while Planctomycetes decreased. The relative abundance of Mycobacterium in the gut of Eisenia fetida decreased under Cd stress. Microbial changes and E. fetida activity changed soil physical and chemical properties and reduced the ratio of soil available Cd. Microorganisms and E. fetida enhanced the reproductive growth and weakened the vegetative growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researches of the spatial redistribution of defects of interstitial Cd in the CdSe quantum dot with a shell and the quantum dot – human serum albumin bionanocomplexes were carried out. On the basis of the developed deformation-diffusion model, the method of "deformation-diffusion retraction" is proposed, which will limit the migration of cadmium beyond the QD boundaries and significantly reduce their toxicity for living organisms. It was established that the introduction of a neutral impurity into the quantum dot, which creates stretching deformation, leads to a decrease in the concentration of interstitial Cdi on the QD surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Thermal treatment alters soil properties, and then influences Cd and As transformation. • The calcinating process exhibits distinct volatilization behaviors for Cd and As. • TCLP-extractable Cd and As contents demonstrate adverse leaching tendencies following the calcination. Thermal treatment can effectively decontaminate soils but alter their properties. Previous research mainly focused on volatile organic compounds and metals, i.e. Hg, neglecting non-volatile metal(loid)s. This study aimed to investigate Cd and As transformation during aerobic and anaerobic calcination. The results showed that both aerobic and anaerobic calcination increased soil pH by reducing soil organic matter (SOM) content, which also influenced the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the leaching behavior of Cd and As in the soil. The total concentrations of Cd and As in the calcined soils varied depending on the calcination temperature and atmosphere. When the aerobic calcination temperature exceeded 700 °C, Cd volatilized as CdCl 2 , while anaerobic calcination at relatively low temperatures (600 °C) involved reductive reactions, resulting in the formation of metallic Cd with a lower boiling point. Similarly, As volatilized at 800 °C aerobically and 600 °C anaerobically. The formation of As-based minerals, particularly Ca 3 (AsO 4) 2 , hindered its gasification, whereas anaerobic calcination promoted volatilization efficiency through the generation of C-As(III) based gaseous components with lower boiling points. Contrasting trends were observed in the TCLP-extractable Cd and As contents of the calcined soils. Over 70% of TCLP-extractable Cd contents were suppressed after thermal treatment, attributed to the elevated pH and reduced CEC of the soil, as well as volatilization. However, TCLP-extractable As contents increased with elevated temperatures, likely due to the desorption of AsO 4 3− and re-adsorption of gaseous As 2 O 3 during cooling. These findings have implications for assessing the environmental impact of thermal treatment and provide insights for remediation strategies concerning Cd and As-contaminated soils. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Both Vis-NIR and PXRF sensors were used to estimate soil Cd concentrations. • Predicted results by fused datasets outperformed those by any single datasets. • PXRF performed better than Vis-NIR in estimating soil Cd concentrations. • Iron was the main bridge for the spectral estimation of soil Cd. Conventionally, soil cadmium (Cd) measurements in the laboratory are expensive and time-consuming, involving complex processes of sample preparation and chemical analysis. This study aimed to identify the feasibility of using sensor data of visible near-infrared reflectance (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (PXRF) to estimate regional soil Cd concentration in a time- and cost-saving manner. The sensor data of Vis-NIR and PXRF, and Cd concentrations of 128 surface soils from Yunnan Province, China, were measured. Outer-product analysis (OPA) was used for synthesizing the sensor data and Granger-Ramanathan averaging (GRA) was applied to fuse the model results. Artificial neural network (ANN) models were built using Vis-NIR data, PXRF data, and OPA data, respectively. Results showed that: (1) ANN model based on PXRF data performed better than that based on Vis-NIR data for soil Cd estimation; (2) Fusion methods of both OPA and GRA had higher predictive power (R 2) = 0.89, ratios of performance to interquartile range (RPIQ) = 4.14, and lower root mean squared error (RMSE) = 0.06, in ANN model based on OPA fusion; R 2 = 0.88, RMSE = 0.06, and RPIQ = 3.53 in GRA model) than those based on either Vis-NIR data or PXRF data. In conclusion, there exists a great potential for the combination of OPA fusion and ANN to estimate soil Cd concentration rapidly and accurately. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the protective role of l‐ascorbic acid in a pregnant rat model of cadmium‐induced toxicity. Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can seriously harm placenta and fetus tissue in pregnant women. Forty‐two healthy female Wistar albino rats (250–300 g weight and 14–16 weeks) were randomly distributed into six equal groups (n = 7): control, cadmium 1 mg (CD1), cadmium 5 mg (CD5), ascorbic acid (AA), CD1+AA, CD5+AA. Cadmium was administered to pregnant rats by oral gavage every other day, and/or AA (200 mg) was administered every day. At the end of pregnancy (Day 21), blood, placenta, and fetuses were collected from rats. The results indicated that cadmium‐induced oxidative stress by increasing the level of MDA and by decreasing the levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT activity in the serum of maternal. However, AA administration significantly decreased MDA levels and increased GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activity (p < 0.05). Cadmium (5 mg/kg) exposure significantly increased creatinine levels compared to AA and CD1+AA groups (p < 0.05). In addition, AA (200 mg/kg) significantly attenuated cadmium‐induced histopathological alteration in the placental and fetal tissues. In conclusion, AA may prevent cadmium toxicity in maternal and fetal tissues, as it regulates oxidative imbalance in pregnant rat tissues and alleviates histopathological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing industrial activity causes the release of chemical compounds into aquatic habitats, including toxic heavy metals like cadmium and medications like ketoprofen, posing considerable ecological concerns. Although previous studies have shown that cadmium and ketoprofen individually cause cognitive impairment, there is a lack of information on the combined neurological effects of the two substances. We investigated the neurological consequences of persistent cadmium exposure in the presence of ketoprofen on adult zebrafish, providing an essential model for understanding cumulative impacts on vertebrate organisms. Behavioral assessments, bioaccumulation rates, biochemical studies, and histopathological exams were conducted over 42 days in authentic environmental settings. The results of our study show that cadmium (10 µg/L) and ketoprofen (10 and 100 µg/L) at environmentally relevant concentrations had a significant impact on locomotor activity, social interactions, and cognitive responses, indicating cumulative neurotoxicity in co‐exposure groups compared to single pollutant groups. Biochemical tests show disturbances in antioxidant defense systems, while histological examinations reveal structural changes in zebrafish brain regions. Ketoprofen influences cadmium accumulation in the brain, underscoring the importance of conducting complete evaluations to understand the intricate interactions between environmental pollutants. This study improves our understanding of the complex interactions between heavy metals and medications, stressing the need to consider combined exposure when assessing the neurological effects on vertebrate models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an iron-coated montmorillonite composite (FMC) was prepared, and the adsorption and immobilization of cadmium (Cd) was investigated. The composite was coated with spherical amorphous iron (Fe), which can promote the adsorption of Cd. At the fifth minute of adsorption, the rate of Cd adsorption by the FMC reached 97.8%. With temperature, the adsorption of Cd by FMCs first increases and then decreases. High pH can promote Cd adsorption; under the same ionic strength, the adsorption of Cd was greater by montmorillonite (Mont) than that by the FMC at pH < 4, but greater by FMC than that by Mont at pH > 4. High ionic strength had negative effects on Cd(II) adsorption by FMC and Mont, and ionic strength had less of an influence on the FMC than on Mont. Soil microorganisms promoted the dissolution of Fe and the release of Cd in the FMC. High temperature can promote the dissolution of Fe, but its effect on Cd release is not significant. At 32 °C, the Fe dissolution can promote Cd release in the FMC. Both the FMC and Mont reduced the bioavailability and leaching toxicity of Cd, reduced the exchangeable Cd, and increased the Fe-Mn bound and residual Cd. Overall, the FMC was more effective than Mont at immobilizing Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the relationship between the concentration of heavy metals in drinking water and the number of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) cases in two regions of Poland. The number of births in 2015-16 in Pomeranian Voivodeship was 50,461, while the number of new T1DM cases was 219. In Lublin Voivodeship, the number of births in the same period reached 39,381, and the number of new T1DM cases was 221. The incidence of T1DM, calculated per 100 live births, amounted to 0.43 and 0.56 in Pomeranian and Lublin. The statistical analysis of collected data proved that the number of new T1DM cases in Pomeranian Voivodeship is correlated to the concentrations of selenium (Se; p < 0.0001), lead (Pb; p < 0.00001), cadmium (Cd; p < 0.00001), zinc (Zn; p < 0.00001) and arsenic (As; p = 0.00001). In the case of Lublin Voivodeship, the number of new T1DM cases was correlated to the concentrations of Se (p = 0.0000001), Pb (p < 0.000001), Cd (p = 0.0000001) and Zn (p < 0.00001) in drinking water. No correlation was found between the number of new T1DM cases and arsenic concentration in the drinking water samples from Lublin Voivodeship. The results indicated that environmental exposure to specific heavy metals may contribute to the risk of T1DM, underscoring the need for stringent environmental controls and public health policies to mitigate these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the distribution of Cd in soil water-stable aggregate particles of varying sizes, revealing that smaller particles have higher total Cd content as well as different forms of Cd content, with the clay particle showing a greater tendency to accumulate Cd. However, the proportion of high activity Cd is lower in clay particles, posing a lower environmental risk of Cd transformation compared to silt particles. Adsorption experiments indicated that the clay particle exhibits the strongest adsorption capacity and highest adsorption rate. Additionally, correlation and principal component analyses identified Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter as the primary influencing factors on Cd distribution characteristics, with pH playing a secondary role. These findings provide valuable insights for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium, a heavy metal, disrupts cellular homeostasis and is highly toxic, with no effective treatments currently available against its toxicity. According to studies, phytochemicals provide a promising strategy for mitigating cadmium toxicity. Naringenin (NG), a potent antioxidant found primarily in citrus fruits, showed protective properties against cadmium toxicity in rats. Nonetheless, the precise mechanism of cadmium cytotoxicity in fibroblasts remains unknown. This study evaluated NG against cadmium (CdCl2) toxicity utilizing network pharmacology and in silico molecular docking, and was further validated experimentally in rat fibroblast F111 cells. Using network pharmacology, 25 possible targets, including the top 10 targets of NG against cadmium, were identified. Molecular docking of interleukin 6 (IL6), the top potential target with NG, showed robust binding with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 58.76 μM, supporting its potential therapeutic potential. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that "response to reactive oxygen species" and "negative regulation of small molecules metabolic process" were the topmost pathways targeted by NG against cadmium. In vitro analysis showed that NG (10 μM) attenuated CdCl2‐induced oxidative stress by reducing altered intracellular ROS, mitochondrial mass, and membrane potential. Also, NG reversed CdCl2‐mediated nuclear damage, G2/M phase arrest, and apoptosis. GC/MS‐based metabolomics of F111 cells revealed CdCl2 reduced cholesterol levels, which led to alterations in primary bile acid, steroid and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways, whereas, NG restored these alterations. In summary, combined in silico and in vitro analysis suggested that NG protected cells from CdCl2 toxicity by mitigating oxidative stress and metabolic pathway alterations, providing a comprehensive understanding of its protective mechanisms against cadmium‐induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the damage to male offspring induced by cadmium (Cd) exposure during embryonic period leads to the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (OGCs) in the next generation of female offspring, and whether this apoptosis in the offspring was due to paternal genetic effects. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to CdCl2 (0, 0.5, 2.0, or 8.0 mg/kg) by gavage daily for 20 days to produce the filial 1 (F1) generation. F1 males were mated with newly purchased females to produce the F2 generation, and the F3 generation was generated in the same way. No apoptotic bodies were observed in the OGCs of either the F2 or F3 generation as shown by electron microscopy, and a reduced OGC apoptosis rate (detected by flow cytometry) was observed in F2 OGCs from the Cd‐exposed group. Moreover, the mRNA (qRT‐PCR) levels of Bax and Bcl‐2 and the protein (western blotting) level of pro‐caspase‐8 increased in the F2 generation (p < 0.05). The expression of apoptosis‐related miRNAs (qRT‐PCR) and methylation of apoptosis‐related genes (determined via bisulfite‐sequencing PCR) in OGCs were further determined. Compared with those of the controls, the expression patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the F2 offspring were different in the Cd‐exposed group. The miR‐92a‐2‐5p expression levels were decreased in both the F2 and F3 generations (p < 0.05), while the average methylation level of apoptosis‐related genes did not change significantly (except for individual loci). In summary, this study showed that the paternal genetic intergenerational effect of male Cd exposure during embryonic period induced apoptosis of OGCs in the offspring was weakened, and the transgenerational effect disappeared; nevertheless, intergenerational and transgenerational changes in apoptosis‐related genes, epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation, and miRNAs were observed, and may be important for understanding the homeostatic mechanisms of the body to alleviate the intergenerational transmission of Cd‐induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dakhla Bay is a paralic environment distinguished by various potentialities, including fishing, aquaculture, and tourism. However, the development of these human activities can lead to negative impacts on this environment, posing a threat to human health. This situation requires special attention to the environment and the implementation of a program for the protection and preservation of this ecosystem. This study aims to identify solutions to protect the marine environment from cadmium contamination by the macroalgae Gracilaria gracilis. The results of cadmium analyses in different compartments of Dakhla Bay, including bivalve molluscs, seawater, sediment, and macroalgae, indicate a difference in cadmium accumulation across the various studied compartments. The highest levels of cadmium are noted in macroalgae, with concentrations ranging from a minimum of 0.9 mg/kg fresh weight in the summer of 2019 to a maximum of approximately 2.55 mg/kg fresh weight recorded during the summer of 2022 at the Lassargua station. In comparison, bivalve molluscs such as Perna perna showed Cd levels ranging from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.4 mg/kg fresh weight at the same station. The sediment samples revealed average Cd levels ranging from 0.02 to 1.39 mg/kg dry weight in samples collected from Lassargua, while seawater concentrations were recorded at approximately 0.65 µg/L. The decontamination of cadmium by the macroalgae Gracilaria gracilis without impacting the quality of the algae has been well confirmed. Indeed, cadmium levels noted in macroalgae remain below the thresholds set by the regulations in force. In conclusion, the results of this study encourage the use of algocultures in Dakhla Bay to protect its ecosystem from various types of pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases are a rampant public health threat. Environmental contaminants, such as Cadmium (Cd), a toxic metal, are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Given that human exposure to Cd is increasing, there is a need for therapies to ameliorate Cd toxicity. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, has been proposed to rescue the effects of Cd toxicity, with mixed effects. Se's narrow therapeutic window necessitates precise dosing to avoid toxicity. Here, we assessed the effects of various waterborne Cd and Se concentrations and sequences on cardiac function using zebrafish (Danio rerio). We showed that Cd induced pericardial edemas and modified heart rates in zebrafish larvae in a concentration-dependent manner. To identify the therapeutic range of Se for Cd-induced cardiotoxicity, zebrafish embryos were treated with 0, 10, 50, 100, 150, or 200 μg/L Se for 1–4 days prior to exposure to 2.5 and 5 μg/L Cd. We found that a 50 µg/L Se pre-treatment before 2.5 μg/L Cd, but not 5 μg/L Cd, reduced the prevalence of pericardial edemas and ameliorated Cd-induced bradycardia in zebrafish. Zebrafish exposed to 10 and 50 μg/L of Se for up to 4 days showed typical heart morphology, whereas other Se-exposed and control fish presented pericardial edemas. Longer Se pre-treatment durations led to fewer incidences of pericardial edemas. Overall, this study highlights the importance of optimizing Se concentrations and pre-treatment periods to harness its protective effects against Cd-induced cardiotoxicity. These findings provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies for reducing Cd-related cardiovascular damage in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterations in heavy metals and trace element levels may be associated with various cancers. However, the role of this interaction in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression is unclear. In recent years, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models have provided new ideas for analyzing the effects of metal mixtures on CRC progression. Herein, we assessed the differences in the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in tumors and adjacent healthy tissues, to investigate the relationship between heavy metals/trace elements and CRC progression. Surgical samples of CRC and noncancerous tissues were collected, and trace metal levels were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression, PCA, and BKMR models were used to investigate the relationship between heavy metals and trace elements and the degree of tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in CRC. Cancer tissues showed lower As, Cd, Co, and Cr concentrations, and higher Se concentrations than healthy tissues (P < 0.05). In addition, CRC patients with poorly differentiated tumors and/or positive lymph node metastases had lower levels of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Se (P < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that single metal concentration was negatively correlated with CRC progression. PCA and BKMR models also showed that the metal mixture concentration was negatively correlated with CRC progression, with Cd contributing the most. Overall, changes in heavy metal and trace element levels may be related to the development of CRC; however, further mechanistic studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal with significant environmental health hazards. It enters the body through various routes with tissue accumulation. The relatively longer half-life with slow body clearance significantly results in hepatotoxicity during its liver detoxification. Therefore, researchers are exploring the potential use of herbal-derived phytocomponents to mitigate their toxicity. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the possible ameliorative effect of the phytochemical Morin (3,5,7,29,49-pentahydroxyflavone) against acute Cd-induced hepatotoxicity while resolving its underlying cellular mechanisms in a rat animal model. The study involved 50 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 200–250 g. The animals were divided into five equal groups: control, Cd, Morin100 + Cd, Morin200 + Cd, and Morin200. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups were intraperitoneally treated with Cd (6.5 mg/kg), while the 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups were orally treated with Morin (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days. On the 6th day, hepatic function (serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH enzyme activities, and total bilirubin level) testing, transcriptome analysis, and immunohistochemistry were performed to elucidate the ameliorative effect of Morin on hepatotoxicity. In addition to restoring liver function and tissue injury, Morin alleviated Cd-induced hepatic oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress in a dose-dependent manner, as revealed by upregulating the expression of antioxidants (SOD, GSH, Gpx, CAT, and Nrf2) and decreasing the expression of ER stress markers. The expression of the proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1-β, and IL-6) was also downregulated while improving the anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-4) expression levels. Morin further slowed the apoptotic cascades by deregulating the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and Caspase 12 markers concomitant with an increase in anti-apoptotic Blc2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, Morin restored Cd-induced tissue damage and markedly suppressed the cytoplasmic expression of JNK and p-PERK immunostained proteins. This study demonstrated the dose-dependent antioxidant hepatoprotective effect of Morin against acute hepatic Cd intoxication. This effect is likely linked with the modulation of upstream p-GRP78/PERK/ATF6 pro-apoptotic oxidative/ER stress and the downstream JNK/BAX/caspase 12 apoptotic signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tilapia is a model fish species used as a pollution biomonitor due to its tolerance and availability in many contaminated sites. Blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus specimens (n = 320) were collected in eleven dams influenced by mining in the SE Gulf of California region (dams 1, 2 and, 3 comprise 55 mining sites; dam 4 comprises 8; dams 6, 8, 10, and 11, ≤ 6; and dams 5, 7, and 9 include 19, 20, and 16 mining sites, respectively). Cadmium, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations were analyzed in the muscle, liver, gills, and guts to identify metal pollution and evaluate risks and seasonal changes. The distinct tissues exhibited different metal accumulation capacities, therefore allowed develop a diagnosis comparative between the eleven dams. In general, metal concentrations were higher in dams 1, 2, 5, and 9, which are associated with more mining sites in their sub-basins. The four metals exhibited the highest levels in the tilapia liver in dams 1 and 2, which can be related to the present and past mining activity in the lower watershed (55 sites) and the geothermal activity in these dams. In general, Zn exhibited the highest level in the tilapia livers from dams 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 compared to the maximum mean (220 µg/g) concentrations previously recorded. The non-carcinogenic risks indicated that the Pb risk was enhanced when the intake was ≥ 231.5 g week−1 of tilapia muscle, indicating a potential risk of adverse health effects for the entire population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to environmental pollution, the risk of cadmium stress for crops is soaring, so researchers are exploring inexpensive solutions to enhance cultivated crops in contaminated soil. Using microorganisms to reduce cadmium risk has been one of the most effective strategies in recent decades. Serendipita indica (Piriformospora indica) is one of the best endophyte fungi that, in addition to reducing heavy metal stress for crops, can significantly reduce the threat of other abiotic stresses. As part of this research, cadmium in soil has been investigated, as well as its effects on plants' morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics. The present review has also attempted to identify the role of Serendipita indica in improving the growth and performance of crops, as well as its possible effect on reducing the risk of cadmium. The results showed that Serendipita indica enhance the growth and productivity of plants in contaminated environments by improving soil quality, reducing cadmium absorption, improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes and secondary metabolites, raising water and mineral absorption, and altering morphophysiological structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is susceptible to cadmium (Cd) accumulation, which poses a threat to human health. Traditional methods for mitigating moderately contaminated soils can be impractical or prohibitively expensive, necessitating innovative approaches to reduce Cd uptake in rice. Nutrient management has emerged as a promising solution by leveraging the antagonistic interactions between nutrients and cadmium. However, the research on the synergistic effects of multiple nutrients on Cd toxicity in rice is limited. To address this limitation, pot experiments was utilized to investigate the combined effects of selenium (Se), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) denoted as (SeCM) on Cd uptake and translocation in rice. The synergistic application of SeCM reduced grain Cd levels by 55.0%, surpassing the individual effects of Se (42.1%) and CM (40.5%), and bringing Cd content below the safe consumption limits. SeCM treatment exhibited multiple beneficial effects: it decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, enhanced catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione (GSH) enzyme activities, limited Cd translocation from roots to shoots, promoted iron plaque formation, and reduced Cd transfer from soil to iron plaque and subsequently to rice grains. Correlation analysis revealed strong negative relationships between rice Cd content, Cd translocation factors, and the translocation factors of selenium, calcium, and magnesium. These findings suggest that selenium, calcium, and magnesium collaboratively mitigate Cd toxicity through antagonistic and competitive interactions. These nutrients enhance the uptake of beneficial elements, while competitively inhibiting the translocation and accumulation of Cd in rice plants. SeCM application offers a promising strategy for producing nutrient-rich, and Cd-safe rice in contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Present study is aimed at developing Hall–Petch and Hollomon models for 2219Al alloys microalloyed with varying Cd contents (up to 0.1 wt%), under different thermo-mechanical treatments. Alloys were cast and subjected to standard sequential thermo-mechanical processes of rolling and age-hardening treatments. Average grain sizes were microscopically determined, and uniaxial tensile tests were performed to generate flow curves and evaluate yield strength of the alloys. Average grain diameter of 2219Al base alloy decreased (by 20.6%), while yield strength concomitantly increased (by 24.5%), with increasing Cd addition up to 0.061 wt%. Rolled peak-aged alloys recorded highest average grain refinement and increase in yield strength by 13.7% and 21.1% respectively, among all thermo-mechanical treatments. Effect of grain size on mechanical strength was analytically modeled through Hall–Petch equation, using Weighted Least Square methodology. Hall–Petch parameters of the alloys were evaluated for the first time, considering separate processing conditions. Yield strength values computed from Hall–Petch models, were successfully compared with experimental results with fairly good accuracy, to validate estimated Hall–Petch parameters. Hollomon equation was further used to mathematically model the flow curves. Strength coefficient (K) and strain hardening exponent (n) values were evaluated, first time for the present alloys, under different processing conditions. Trace contents of Cd and processing parameters exhibited to have significant potential to refine grain structure and enhance mechanical strength of 2219Al alloy. Present investigation provides a structure–property correlation to validate the manufacturing feasibility and prospective applications of these alloys, subjected under different thermo-mechanical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Experimental and epidemiological studies have linked metals with women's reproductive aging, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Disrupted ovarian folliculogenesis and diminished ovarian reserve could be a pathway through which metals impact reproductive hormones and outcomes. Objective The study aimed to evaluate the associations of heavy metals with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a marker of ovarian reserve. Methods The study included 549 women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation with 2252 repeated AMH measurements from 10 to 0 years before the final menstrual period (FMP). Serum AMH concentrations were measured using picoAMH ELISA. Urinary concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead were measured using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear mixed regressions modeled AMH as a function of time before the FMP interaction terms between metals and time to the FMP were also included. Results Adjusting for confounders, compared with those in the lowest tertile, women in the highest tertile of urinary arsenic or mercury concentrations had lower AMH concentrations at the FMP (percent change: −32.1%; 95% CI, −52.9 to −2.2, P -trend =.03 for arsenic; percent change: −40.7%; 95% CI, −58.9 to −14.5, P -trend =.005 for mercury). Higher cadmium and mercury were also associated with accelerated rates of decline in AMH over time (percent change per year: −9.0%; 95% CI, −15.5 to −1.9, P -trend =.01 for cadmium; −7.3%; 95% CI, −14.0 to −0.1, P -trend =.04 for mercury). Conclusion Heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, and mercury may act as ovarian toxicants by diminishing ovarian reserve in women approaching the FMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes and its complications are major diseases that affect human health. Diabetic cardiovascular complications such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major complications of diabetes, which are associated with the loss of cardiovascular cells. Pathogenically the role of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death, and cuproptosis, a copper-dependent cell death has recently been receiving attention for the pathogenesis of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. How exposure to environmental metals affects these two metal-dependent cell deaths in cardiovascular pathogenesis under diabetic and nondiabetic conditions remains largely unknown. As an omnipresent environmental metal, cadmium exposure can cause oxidative stress in the diabetic cardiomyocytes, leading to iron accumulation, glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation, and finally exacerbate ferroptosis and disrupt the cardiac. Moreover, cadmium-induced hyperglycemia can enhance the circulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Excessive AGEs in diabetes promote the upregulation of copper importer solute carrier family 31 member 1 through activating transcription factor 3/transcription factor PU.1, thereby increasing intracellular Cu+ accumulation in cardiomyocytes and disturbing Cu+ homeostasis, leading to a decline of Fe-S cluster protein and reactive oxygen species accumulation in cardiomyocytes mitochondria. In this review, we summarize the available evidence and the most recent advances exploring the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in CVDs and diabetic cardiovascular complications, to provide critical perspectives on the potential pathogenic roles of ferroptosis and cuproptosis in cadmium-induced or exacerbated cardiovascular complications in diabetic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of soil threatens human health, food security, and ecosystem sustainability. The in situ stabilization of Cd has been recognized as a potentially economical technology for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. Recently, biochar (BC) and activated carbon (AC) have received widespread attention as eco-friendly soil amendments that are more beneficial for plant growth, soil health, and remediation of contaminated soil. An experiment was performed in a paddy field to investigate the effects of two different types of BC (maize straw biochar and bamboo biochar) and AC (coconut shell activated carbon) in combination with rape organic fertilizer (R), calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (P), and fulvic acid (F), respectively, on soil Cd immobilization, Cd accumulation in rice, and yield. The results indicated that the BC/AC-based amendments reduced soil bioavailable Cd (DTPA-Cd) and brown rice Cd by 9.58%--27.06% and 19.30%--71.77%, respectively. The transformation of exchangeable Cd (Ex-Cd) to carbonate-bound Cd (Ca-Cd), Fe-Mn oxide bond (Ox-Cd), and residual (Re-Cd) in soil accounted for the mitigation of Cd uptake and enrichment by rice. Additionally, BC-/AC-based amendments altered soil physicochemical properties, which significantly increased the soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), directly promoting soil health. All BC-/AC-based amendments significantly increased FeIMP and MnIMP concentrations by 47.31%--160.34% and 25.72%--73.09% in the Fe/Mn plaque (IMP), respectively. Maize straw and bamboo biochar-based amendments significantly increased rice yield by 10.46%--20.41% and 9.94%--16.17%, respectively, while coconut shell-activated carbon severely reduced rice yield by 65.06%--77.14%. The correlation analysis revealed that leaf Cd and IMP primarily controlled Cd uptake by rice, and soil pH, Eh, CEC, SOC, IMP, and TP influenced DTPA-Cd in soil. This field study demonstrated that maize straw and bamboo biochar-based amendments not only reduced soil DTPA-Cd in paddy fields but also decreased the accumulation of Cd in brown rice, as well as improved rice yield, which has potential application in Cd-contaminated agriculture fields. Coconut shell-activated carbon severely decreased rice yields, which is not appropriate for rice production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]