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This article discusses the history of the Spanish Inquisition in Latin America during the first half of the 17th century, with a focus on the persecution of Jews. The author comments on the case of Francisco Maldonado de Silva, an Argentine Jew forced to convert to Christianity, also known as a marrano, who was burned at the stake in Lima, Peru. The history of Judaism and the treatment of the Jewish population in Latin America during this period by Inquisitorial courts is also explored.

Background/Objectives: Scalp dysesthesia is characterised by abnormal cutaneous sensations such as burning, stinging or itching of the scalp in the absence of objective dermatological findings. We hypothesised that the unpleasant sensations are the result of a sensory neuropathy secondary to cervical spine dysfunction and chronic tension of the pericranial muscles. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the use of an exercise protocol consisting of cervical spine range of movement exercises, gentle mobilisation and muscle stretches over 4 weeks. The exercise protocol was designed to relieve cervical nerve compression through the restoration of cervical homeostasis. Methods: In total, 16 participants, aged 18–71 (average 45 years), diagnosed with scalp dysesthesia were recruited from an outpatient dermatology clinic and given instructions on how to perform a specifically designed exercise protocol twice daily for 4 weeks. Baseline characteristics and a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pruritus were recorded prior to commencement and a VAS for pruritus recorded weekly thereafter. Results: At week 4, 10 participants experienced a satisfactory reduction in their symptoms, four experienced complete resolution and two experienced no benefit, with no adverse effects reported. We conclude that a programme of simple exercises and stretches is an effective treatment for scalp dysesthesia. Conclusions: This low‐risk treatment is easily implemented, non‐invasive and non‐pharmacological. Within the limits of this small pilot study, benefits are shown, and we believe further research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate knowledge of steady state and transient burning rate of solid fuels and energetic materials is very important for evaluating the performance of different propulsion and/or gas generator systems. The practical demands imply accuracy of available burning rate data on the level of 1% or better and proper temporal resolution. Unfortunately, existing theoretical models do not allow predicting the magnitude of the burning (regression) rate with needed accuracy. Therefore, numerous burning rate measurement methods have been developed by various research groups over the world in the past decades. This paper presents a critical review of existing techniques, including basic physical principles utilized for burning rate determination, an estimate of the temporal and spatial resolutions of the methods as well as their specific merits and limitations. There are known the methods for measuring linear regression rate via high speed cinematography, X-ray radiography and ultrasonic wave reflection technique. Actually, none of those methods could satisfy the practical demands. As an alternative is the microwave reflection method, which potentially possesses high spatial and temporal resolutions and may solve the measurement problem. In addition, there exist methods for measuring transient mass or weight of the burning material. They are based on recording the frequency of oscillations of elastic element with attached specimen or a cantilevered rod with a strain gauge pasted to the base. Practically, these methods could not provide needed accuracy. Much better parameters can be obtained when using the recoil force or microwave resonator techniques. Recommendations for special applications of certain methods are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measured soil heating and subsequent changes in soil properties between two forest residue disposal methods: slash pile burning (SPB) and air curtain burner (ACB). The ACB consumes fuels more efficiently and safely via blowing air into a burning container. Five burning trials with different fuel sizes were implemented in northern California, USA. Soil temperature was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 cm depth. Immediately after burning, soil samples from two depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm) and ash samples were collected for analyzing organic matter; carbon and nitrogen content; and calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations. The highest temperature observed was 389 °C at 1 cm depth under the SPB. Mean peak temperatures were 133.2 °C and 162.2 °C for ACB and SPB, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in peak temperatures and duration of lethal soil temperatures (total minutes over 60 °C) between ACB and SPB. Heat transfer decreased rapidly as the soil depth increased. There is little evidence that any subsequent changes in soil chemical properties occurred, concluding that these small-scale burns had few negative impacts at our study site. Therefore, given the lack of extreme soil heating and more efficient and safer woody residue reduction, the ACB may be more effective than open SPB, especially where fire escape or long-term fire damage to soils are of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the significance of the punishment of death by burning in Europe between 1400 and 1800. Death by burning was reserved for serious offences that threatened the social order of the community and carried added repercussions of divine justice. It proved a particularly strong punishment because of its visual strength as well as the multiple layers of symbolism present in its execution ritual. In focusing on the underlying meaning of the specific punishment, this paper speaks to a wider European penal culture, moving beyond divisions created through a focus on individual legal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the practice of burning corpses in the Middle Ages, with a particular focus on the relationship between the bodies of heretics and saints. According to the author, the burning of heretics originated with mob violence rather than an organized system of punishment designed by clergy or heads of state. Topics discussed include Biblical and hagiographical allusions to burning, pagan laws and rituals, and relics.

This article explores how Sir Walter Scott's fictional condemned women serve as relics through which a history of evolving British legal authority becomes present and legible. It argues that Scott's treatment of gender aestheticizes a particular concept of and reaction to the condemned woman in the context of the common law tradition generally. Using the backdrop of eighteenth century penal practice, it also shows how Scott establishes the female condemned body as an object necessarily fixed in time in order to contemplate legal change through a historically controlled process. The first part of the article considers the late eighteenth century movement to abolish the punishment of burning at the stake for women convicted of treason, and the extent to which competing understandings of chivalry reified an entire history of penal practice into the body of the burned woman. The second part argues that the interrelations between archaic practice and evolved norm which characterize the precedent-based common law system are dramatized in the fixed, idealized bodies of Constance de Beverly and Rebecca of York through which Scott acknowledges the implicit need for legal change over time, while simultaneously legitimizing adherence to a chivalric tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el juicio de la Inquisición español de Carlos Ometochtli Chichimecatecuhtli, un noble texcocano del siglo 16. El autor comenta sobre el rol de fray Juan de Zumárraga, el arzobispo de México y el inquisidor apostólico de la región. Describe que Chichimecatecuhtli estaba practicando su religión prehispánica y recibió la sentencia de muerte en la hoguera.

The work of the martyrologist John Foxe ensures that the burnings dominate modern accounts of the campaign waged again Protestantism in the reign of Mary I (1553–8). Drawing on other sources, this article examines forfeiture of property, a less noticed but more common penalty imposed upon Protestants. It describes the types of forfeiture that occurred and analyses their legal basis; it considers the impact of the penalty and highlights means of evasion. By examining forfeiture, the article extends and enhances the debate about the effectiveness of Marian religious policy and about the degree of support that the regime could command. Forfeiture, it is shown, could be a powerful form of coercion, but depended upon popular politics to be effective. Subsequent efforts in Elizabeth I's reign to obtain restitution substantiate the article's thesis that a deep-rooted belief in the rule of law constrained the penal religious policies of early modern England. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers news briefs related in Africa as of April 2016 including the concern involving the violence from Libya, the talks with the Tunis opened by the Tunisian Foreign Minister Khemaies Jhinaou, and the seven men burn to death by a gang in the Nsanje district in Malawi.

The article discusses Military Burn Pits. Topics include The term burn pit is used by the military to refer to areas where solid waste is burned outside in the open air; waste may include chemicals, weapons and ammunition, metal/ aluminum cans, medical and human waste, plastics, rubber, and discarded food; and the military uses these open-air burn pits when there is no equipment specifically designed for burning solid waste and when there are more than 100 attached or assigned personnel.