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BackgroundTransnational immigrants are particularly impacted by neglected diseases, which take a heavy biological, social, and emotional toll in these marginalized communities. Chagas disease has transformed from an exclusively rural to an increasingly urban phenomenon encompassing non-endemic areas in Latin America.MethodsThrough semi-structured interviews, we investigated representations of Chagas disease in Bolivian immigrants in São Paulo, Brazil. Between August and September 2015, 27 adult migrants were interviewed, 11 of them with Chagas disease. We explored problems of access to health services and essential knowledge about the disease, as well as related conceptions and health practices.ResultsParticipants constructed social representations of Chagas through interactions with family and social networks, drawing on earlier experiences in Bolivia. Diagnosis often provoked fear, and participants faced barriers to care based on language differences and uncertainties about the disease and treatment options. Healthcare personnel played an important role in alleviating concerns and facilitating access to information.DiscussionThe complex intersection of migration and neglected diseases creates challenges for local and national health programs, requiring innovative responses incorporating the perspectives and needs of the often vulnerable affected communities.

Copyright of Sociohistórica: Cuadernos del CISH is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones de Sociologia: Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trabajos y Comunicaciones is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzed recent schooling experiences of Bolivian children, specifically in the city of São Paulo. With ethnographic records made in the field research that allowed participating in everyday scenes in three municipal public schools and in their surroundings, it was possible to perceive continuous processes of stigmatization, with actions that have reiterated that Bolivian children are prone to Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The categories of analysis used were "medicalization" and "making deficiency". With these categories, the excerpts of speech presented demonstrate how Bolivian children have been constantly stigmatized and referred to clinical psychological and neurological assessment services, disregarding cultural particularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the idea of citizenship as a way of regulating the population and guaranteeing state supremacy, and the suggestion that migrants develop political subjectivity autonomously from the state, this article focuses on the heterogeneous production of citizenship that realizes Bolivian migrants in Argentina. The main argument is that the ways in which these migrants experienced citizenship can exceed standard political practices creating ex-centric ways of been citizen. Drawing on violent disputes over land tenure and insecurity on the outskirts of La Plata, Argentina, the article examines the insight such incidents provide into the place of Bolivian migrants in the context of reception. In this analysis, the main hypothesis is that in cases such as these, Bolivians act violently when and because they feel like citizens. In other words, the experience of migrants is indicative of the openness of citizen subjectivation and its complex relationship with the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a broad fieldwork in the Bolivian Andes, the aim of this article is to analyse the concept of the body as a hydraulic system, and more especially the drunken body. The latter is considered a vessel where bodily humours as well as ingested beverages circulate. To allow these liquids to enter and drain away, the body must open itself, a dangerous act since it provides demons with the chance to penetrate it. Nevertheless, it may be assumed that, at the same time, this opening furthers a chain of reciprocity with the dead as well as non‐human entities. In this context, the drinker places himself in an interaction with the social world but also creates a sacrificial relationship with the sacred world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I draw up experience feedback on my thesis: how to study, while getting rid of methodological nationalism, the way in which foreign migrants live in Cadaqués, a Spanish touristic village? In the test of the field, I abandoned a migratory, ethnicist and transnationalist approach, centered on the Bolivians, for a psycho-social geography, in order to grasp the dynamics of globalization and the experiences of various inhabitants at work in this village mutations. Statistical data, semi-/open interviews, and the paradigmatic approach adopted by human presence and diversity, resulted in: the creation of conceptual models to deconstruct the figure of the migrant in terms of personal experiences, to enhance the villages in migration dynamics, as well as knowledge of the profiles and the practices of Bolivians in Cadaqués. By branching out from transnationalism to the locality and from the foreign migrant to the (mobile) inhabitant, bringing one's interest to the psyche and to space ultimately constitutes a means of getting rid of the foreigner/citizen distinction; and rural spaces with protean mobilities are relevant for studying the relationship to foreignness and the changes in our societies. I suggest four lessons to maximize conceptualization from the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slums in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA, in Spanish), set up in the 1930's within the context of the import substitution model's implementation, follow the classic prototype of informal precarious living in Argentina. Villa 20, or Slum 20, is in the south of the city and has a migrant population from neighboring countries. According to the CABA Housing Institute Census (2016), the main heads of household born in Bolivia outnumber locals or those from other neighboring countries (Paraguay and Peru). The goal is this work is to analyze the links with their places of origin and with the socioeconomic and sociodemographic aspect of Bolivian migrant homes in the context of the current local re-urbanization policy (2015-2019). In this way, the proposal is to make an initial analysis of the possibility of plurilocal practices from a transnational perspective, questioning the classic and demographic definition of migration. An essentially quantitative methodological strategy, which forms part of a larger research project, was used to carry out this work, incorporating both primary and secondary data sources. A survey was applied with a strategic (non-probabilistic) sampling to 60 homes of Bolivian migrants, where the case selection is theoretical in nature. This work constitutes a first approach and is considered as the first step for the development of a later qualitative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009, Bolivia ratified a new constitution that reinforced the centrality of multiculturalism in the nation. In it, Afrodescendants were for the first time specifically mentioned as part of the Bolivian population, and an anti-discriminatory stance was made explicit throughout. In fulfillment of the constitutional mandate, the Bolivian government ratified Law No. 045 Against Racism and All Forms of Discrimination in 2010. This study examines the origins and components of Law No. 045 and describes Afro-Bolivian efforts to apply it against racist elements of a popular folk expression known as tundiqui. In 2014, the National Afro-Bolivian Council (CONAFRO) submitted a formal complaint against tundiqui to the National Committee against Racism and all Forms of Discrimination, the entity tasked with implementing Law No. 045. Focusing on the Committee's subsequent series of meetings and resolutions, the discussion highlights the potential and limits of the application of Law No. 045, both in relation to tundiqui and more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an approach of the senses produced by Bolivian migrants around confrontations linked to disputes over land tenure and insecurity in the periphery of La Plata, Argentina, in Citizenship by Other Means: Bolivian Migration and Violence in the City of La Plata, Argentina we deepen the debates around the relationship between violence and the construction of social ties, and their implications for state-citizen relations. The hypothesis that we sustain is that in these cases the Bolivians act violently when and why they feel citizens. That is to say, his/her process of citizen subjectivation is connected with, and is also partly constituted through, violent practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bolivians are inventing spiritual practices that fit into the current dominant political discourse of decolonization and revalorization of native beliefs by associating these new traditions with archaeological spaces and objects. This new Bolivia is believed to emerge from the ashes of the old economic and social order, which for centuries oppressed and elided native religious practices, and harkens back to precolonial values. Drawing from long-term ethnographic research, media reports, and scholarly works, I aim to examine these new practices to improve our understanding of emerging indigenous identities in this small Andean nation. I discuss two case studies that exemplify how the urban indigenous are rediscovering the power of ancestor veneration and animism in their heritage to construct a new sense of national belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic crisis in the Spanish context has played a significant role in explaining the dynamics of return migration in recent years. Based on a qualitative approach, we argue that macro-structural elements in the receiving context operate only as triggers in the decision to return. Instead, factors linked to the micro-meso levels and their interplay with the structural context illuminate key variables that allow us to identify different meanings and strategies to plan the return. The interaction of these determinants with the economic crisis leads to three types of circumstances. For some migrants, the return is a premature closure of the migratory project. For others, the return disrupts their migratory project, while for the third profile, this decision is unreachable due to economic limitations. Beyond the empirical contribution, the paper reveals the need to include the interplay of different levels of analysis (macro-meso and micro dimensions) taking into account the temporal dimension of the migratory process (stages before, during, and after migration), rarely present in the studies of return patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research focuses interpersonal and educational relationship between teachers and immigrants Bolivians, descended from Bolivians and non-Bolivian students inside the classroom, at a public Elementary School in São Paulo city, which purpose was to verify the fulfillment of National Curricular Parameters, Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA), Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity and the Migration Law, to identify negligence, discrimination and/or oppression occurrence. The adopted methodological procedures were the observation and the systematic registration of two teachers work in their grades 8 and 9, including meetings at the Collective Pedagogical Work Time, parents' meetings and common areas at school. It was possible to note that the teachers and students are affected by prejudiced and discriminatory subjective aspects which interfere and block the harmony between immigrants, descended and non-immigrants, impacting their personal and educational growth. We conclude that the educational institution is in disagreement with the current law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the role of voice quality variation in the system of a contact language, Afro-Yungueño Spanish, a restructured variety of Spanish spoken in the Bolivian Yungas valleys. Based on case studies of naturally occurring conversation between multiple speakers, we show that certain non-modal phonation types, in this case falsetto and breathy voice, are used to index expressiveness, intensification, or emphasis. We argue that these practices have discursive meaning that could otherwise also be encoded by means of grammatical and lexical resources, and that they are an integral part of the linguistic system of this variety. We claim that these practices may have resulted from the specific socio-historical context in which this variety evolved. This suggests that voice quality and ecological factors should not be underestimated in order to reach a more complete picture of how meaning is conveyed in apparently simplified contact languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the perceptions of health teams concerning Bolivian migrant women in the provinces of Córdoba and Mendoza, Argentina. The research consisted on a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study based on semi-structured interviews. From the intersectionality theory it analyzes how health professionals construct the culture of the other in relation to Bolivian migrant women's health and the way in which the later influences health care. It shows the "cultural reductionism" that characterizes the perceptions of health teams as well as the different forms of social domination behind the reproduction of sanitary inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 50,000-year-old sediment core record from Laguna Chaplin is reanalyzed to explore potential paleoecological methods to detect the extent of pre-Columbian disturbance in the Bolivian Amazon. High-resolution (sub-centennial) macrocharcoal data are analyzed using statistical algorithm software including Regime Shift Detection and CHAR Analysis to detect changes in past fire regimes. These data are compared with existing charcoal records from throughout the Bolivian lowlands to provide a regional scale context of past biomass burning. During the mid-Holocene, changes in precipitation are the dominant driver of fire activity and biomass burning at Laguna Chaplin and across the Bolivian lowlands. During the late Holocene, increased fire activity across ecosystems ranging from fire-adapted to fire-intolerant forests is attributed to the apex of pre-Columbian activity. These data suggest human-caused ignitions during the late Holocene are the driving factor of regional scale fire activity in the Bolivian lowlands. After ca. 650 cal yr BP, there is an increase in biomass burning and fire frequency synchronous with the expansion of Moraceae/Urticaceae pollen (>50%) at Laguna Chaplin. This occurs during the time-transgressive southward expansion of the rainforest boundary, during the apex of pre-Columbian activity in the region. The increase in biomass burning at Laguna Chaplin is reflected at other sites in the region with known human occupation histories. The presence of Zea mays ca. 970 to 170 cal yr BP indicates maize cultivation is practiced in the immediate vicinity surrounding Laguna Chaplin. The simultaneous increase in fire activity with the expansion of the less flammable humid rainforest vegetation suggests human fire management practices. These data are interpreted as the use of frequent, low severity, human-caused fires to clear the croplands from encroaching rainforest vegetation. Despite evidence of pre-Columbian fire management during the late Holocene, vegetation and fire data indicate the extent of human-landscape modification and fire management at Laguna Chaplin, is not enough to inhibit the climate-driven regional forest expansion of the savanna-rainforest ecotonal boundary to its most southern extent in the last 50,000 years. This study demonstrates the utility of applying a multi-proxy, high-resolution paleoecological method to disentangle climate and pre-Columbian disturbance in the Bolivian Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre is the property of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A qualitative, ongoing study aims at observing and analyzing interpersonal and educational relationships between teachers and students, Bolivian immigrants and descendants and among the other students from the elementary school II, 8th and 9th grade, in the classroom and in the common dependencies of a state school in the central region of São Paulo. It is based on the different models of multiculturalism, especially the assimilationist, differential and interactive or intercultural. The method used at this stage was the systematic observational, with field record. The results showed that there is a gap between Bolivian and descendant students and teachers, and with other students, phenomena that only allow integration because they are in a situation of exclusion and without changing social hegemony. The imperceptibility of these students is evident and there is a restricted configuration of strategies for scenario changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IBEROAMERICANA. América Latina - España - Portugal is the property of Vervuert Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IBEROAMERICANA. América Latina - España - Portugal is the property of Vervuert Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Starting from current gender and family implications within migratory processes, we inquire into the recrudescence of labor market as a result of the economic crisis and its unequal impact on Bolivian women and their families in Spain. We analyze the interviews and we delve into the inequality processes and strategies of transnational survival which they are embarked. The findings show that the subsequent arrive to Spain of Bolivian women determine their labor and social insertion. We ref lect on how their own families are functioning as transnational care and support providers, through complex family arrangements: family separation or return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação is the property of Fundacao UNI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a large part of Latin America, residential segregation has been examined almost exclusively from a socioeconomic perspective, with an ethnic approach far less common. The aim of this article is to analyze segregation of Bolivian and Peruvian migrants residing in the city of Córdoba and its association with access to adequate housing, based on data from the 2010 Census. Both groups are segregated and in deficient residential conditions. Although the most segregated group does not present the worst residential indicators, it is a paradox which underscores the complex relationship between segregation and access to adequate housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent literature on citizenship practices and discourses highlights processes of ‘subjectification’ or ‘self-making’ in relation to a local community rather than the rights and responsibilities associated with the legal status bestowed on full members of a national community. In this paper, set in the town of Chicaloma in the Yungas region of Bolivia, I argue that this self-making is not simply a response to hegemonic national norms, nor to a communally defined image of its ideal member, but rather is bound up in simultaneous processes of ‘community-making’. Further, I argue that community-making is itself a hotly contested process. Access to specific social and economic resources is differentially available to those members of the community who are able to make more convincing claims to belonging. In this context, community members are engaged in an on-going process of making claims to belonging which work by constructing the social space in the image of the claimant as much as by producing the subject. They constitute an important citizenship practice through which subjects assert their rights in various instances of local governance, but they work by constructing the community as well as the citizen-subjects who populate it. Rather than yield clear categories of included and excluded, though, these practices and discourses result in fluid and unstable differentiations among actors, and, in fact, a fluid and unstable constitution of the community as a social space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used contribution analysis to verify the key assumption in the intervention logic of an innovation fund in Bolivia directed to economic farmer organisations to develop value-added activities. We focussed the research on three sub-components of the intervention logic: relevance of the farmer groups for local economic development, effectiveness of the fund in strengthening these group, and efficiency of the grant allocation mechanism. We used a case-based comparative analysis to assess effectiveness: improved market access for members, strengthened organisational capacities and the capacity to pay organisational costs. We showed that the grants to already well-endowed organisations were particularly unsuccessful. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The development of water supply and sanitation networks in the cities of Latin America have mostly followed European models, with city-wide systems providing water through a network of pipes controlled by a single operator. This article explores alternatives to this system through a case study of La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia, where many families get their water from cooperatives. The objectives of this article, based on spatial analysis, questionnaires, interviews and observations, is to study the ways in which large technical systems and alternative systems potentially complement one another. The Bolivian case provides an original perspective on the social conditions of possibility for the collective ‘self-organization’ of water governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS ARTICLE ANALYZES THE PILGRIMAGE OF THE BOLIVIAN COMMUNITY TO THE CITY OF LUJÁN, FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIALITY AND IDENTITY. ALL FIRST SUNDAYS OF AUGUST, AND SINCE SIX DECADES AGO, THE BOLIVIAN MIGRANTS WHO ARE LIVING IN DIFFERENT PLACES OF ARGENTINA, PEREGRINE TO THE CITY OF LUJÁN ACTIVATING A SPACE STAGE THAT PUTS ON THE PRACTICES OF THE MIGRANT COLLECTIVE AND THAT OPERATES AS CRYSTALLIZERS OF AN IDENTITY THAT FUSES THE ETHNIC AND THE RELIGIOUS. THE SELECTED THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE IS POSITIONED FROM A CULTURAL APPROACH, ADDING TO THE FIELDWORK, INTERVIEWS AND PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONS THE USE OF STATISTICAL SOURCES, JOURNALISM AND A RE-READING OF THE LITERATURE PRODUCED IN THIS REGARD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The Bolivian population is growing in Spain. Xenotransplantation of organs and/or tissues carries many social and cultural implications. It is important to find out the level of acceptance of xenotransplantation in immigrant populations, especially in populations where there are preclinical trials. The objective of the study is to analyze the attitude toward xenotransplantation of organs and tissues in the Bolivian population residing in Spain and the variables that influence their attitude. Methods We selected a sample of the Bolivian population living in Spain. A sample of the population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward xenotransplantation (PCID-XENOTX-Ríos). Results Of the 206 respondents, 26% of respondents are in favor of xenotransplantation of organs if it was assumed that xenotransplanted organs functioned as well as human ones. If the results were worse, only 6% would be in favor. The following factors were associated with this attitude: (1) level of education (P =.008), (2) a favorable attitude toward human donation (P =.004), (3) a partner's favorable attitude toward transplantation (P <.001), and (4) a belief that one might need a transplant in the future (P =.01). The following were associated with attitude in the multivariate analysis: (1) having secondary education (odds ratio, 3.690; P =.004) and (2) a partner's favorable attitude toward transplantation (odds ratio, 6.024; P =.003). Conclusions The attitude of Bolivian residents in Spain toward xenotransplantation is negative and is determined by educational and family factors. Highlights • The attitude of Bolivians toward xenotransplantation is negative. • The attitude toward xenotransplantation is determined by educational factors. • The attitude toward xenotransplantation is determined by family factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction The Bolivian population is growing in Spain. The knowledge and acceptance of the concept of brain death are fundamental. Objective To analyze the level of understanding of the brain death concept among the population of Bolivians residing in Spain. Methods The study population was Bolivians living in Spain. The inclusion criteria were being older than 15 years, being born in Bolivia, and residing in Spain; participants were selected randomly from this group and stratified by age and sex. Knowledge of the concept of brain death was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation. A group of people to be surveyed was randomly selected. Assistance from immigration support associations in Spain was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents. The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously. Results Of the 206 respondents, 27% understood brain death (BD) and believed that this was the death of an individual. Of the rest, 18% did not understand it and the remaining 55% believed it did not mean the death of a patient. Those who understood the concept of BD were more in favor of deceased donation than those who did not (52% vs 47%; P =.886). None of the sociopersonal variables analyzed is associated with knowledge of the concept of BD. A high percentage of respondents indicated fear of apparent death during organ donation. Conclusions The majority of the Bolivian population residing in Spain does not understand the concept of BD. Contrary to most psychosocial studies, it is not associated with attitudes toward organ donation or other sociopersonal factors. Highlights • Half of Bolivians living in Spain do not understand the concept of brain death (BD). • Those in favor of donation/transplant have a greater knowledge of the concept of BD. • Many Bolivians have expressed a fear of apparent death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O artigo busca discutir um novo padrão migratório da Bolívia para o Brasil e para a Argentina, especialmente vinculado à precarização do trabalho e à inserção desses imigrantes em formas de trabalho precário. Esse padrão & aparentemente novo em relação à integração dos contingentes migrantes ao longo do século XX & vem produzindo consequências que ainda estão por ser mapeadas. Uma delas é a presença de um contingente de bolivianos confinado ao setor de costura, trabalhando e vivendo em oficinas clandestinas, com pouca visibilidade pública, como face de uma precarização mundializada, resultante do assim chamado “custo chinês”. Resultante de um balanço bibliográfico e de uma incursão exploratória na pesquisa de campo tanto em São Paulo como em Buenos Aires, o artigo pretende apontar para aspectos específicos do fenômeno, combinando olhares e perspectivas que cruzam as dimensões migratórias, geracionais e de gênero.The article aims to discuss a new immigration pattern from Bolivia to Brazil and to Argentina, specially related with precarious jobs and precarious labour market. This pattern can be considered as apparently new when compared with the classical forms of immigrants integration in Brazil, during all 20th century. The consequences of recent immigration from Bolivia to Brazil can be seen in São Paulo where these immigrants are confined to the sewing sector and precarious jobs in hidden small factories, where they often live with their families. The article is based on bibliographical informations and an exploratory field research in São Paulo and Buenos Aires about Bolivian immigrant labour, especially in the sewing sector, trying to understand some of its particularities. Specifically, the article treats with the phenomenon of immigration, precarious labour markets, generational and gender relations, as part of a global pattern introduced by the so called “Chinese cost”.

ESTE ARTIGO tem como objetivo analisar o processo de inserção dos imigrantes bolivianos em São Paulo, focando as dificuldades enfrentadas por eles em suas trajetórias na cidade, bem como as estratégias de mobilidade econômica e de reconhecimento social, as quais vão sendo construídas num contexto adverso, marcado tanto pela indocumentação quanto pela discriminação racial e social.THIS PAPER aims to analyze the settlement of Bolivian immigrants in São Paulo, focusing on the difficulties they face in their trajectories in the city, as well as on their strategies for economic mobility and social recognition, which are developed in an adverse environment characterized by lack of proper documentation and by racial and social discrimination.

This paper is the result of different ethnographic research conducted from 2007 onwards. It addresses a specific case study within Argentinian contemporary regional migration processes, from a relational, cultural and socio-political defini-tion of the concept of violence. The above case is that of the Bolivian immigrant workers of both sexes, who are victims of transnational human trafficking networks, who were recruited in origin and reduced to servitude under conditions close to slavery, in clandestine textile workshops of the city of Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area. In this context of social vulnerability, the risk situations for the health of these people are increased, including their suffering from serious illnesses and accidents, and even death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bolivian restaurants in Madrid, like other Spanish restaurants, obscure clients from public view, complicating the idea of restaurants as public space. These are locations of “compartmentalized intimacy” that both blur and maintain divisions between restaurant staff, customers, family members, and friends. The deliberate structuring of space to create the semi-public nature of the restaurant is part of a larger process of “culinary translation” between the multiple audiences that interact in this space. Such translations involve not only the preparation and modification of dishes but also the structure of spaces where this food and drink are consumed. In other words, how space is organized within the restaurant is as much a part of the interactions between staff and customers as the food and drink they serve. All these translations, while always context-specific and incomplete, actively forge “compartmentalized intimacies” between the Bolivian, Spanish, and Chinese clients and the Bolivian owner and staff who eat there. These intimacies are not always proportional to how much money changes hands, even though they are mediated by their commercial nature. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyzes the spontaneously produced intonation of Afro-Bolivian Spanish (ABS) declaratives. ABS is an Afro-Hispanic language of the Americas (AHLAs) spoken in the region of Los Yungas, Department of La Paz, Bolivia. The main findings indicate the presence in ABS of certain intonational features that diverge from those of other native varieties of Spanish. In line with recent hypotheses on the genesis and evolution of ABS and other AHLAs ( Sessarego, 2013a,b ), we propose that our results reflect advanced second language acquisition processes, which do not imply any previous (de)creolization phase for these Afro-Hispanic varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unraveling the ancestry of 'Afro-American' communities is hampered by the complex demographic processes that took place during the Transatlantic Slave Trade (TAST) and the (post-)colonization periods. 'Afro-Bolivians' from the subtropical Yungas valleys constitute small and isolated communities that live surrounded by the predominant Native American community of Bolivia. By genotyping >580,000 SNPs in two 'Afro-Bolivians', and comparing these genomic profiles with data compiled from more than 57 African groups and other reference ancestral populations (n = 1,161 in total), we aimed to disentangle the complex admixture processes undergone by 'Afro-Bolivians'. Results: The data indicate that these two genomes constitute a complex mosaic of ancestries that is approximately 80 % of recent African origin; the remaining ~20 % being European and Native American. West-Central Africa contributed most of the African ancestry to 'Afro-Bolivians', and this component is related to populations living along the Atlantic coast (i.e. Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria). Using tract length distribution of genomic segments attributable to distinct ancestries, we could date the time of admixture in about 400 years ago. This time coincides with the maximum importation of slaves to Bolivia to compensate the diminishing indigenous labor force needed for the development of the National Mint of Potosí. Conclusions: Overall, the data indicate that the genome of 'Afro-Bolivians' was shaped by a complex process of admixture occurring in America among individuals originating in different West-Central African populations; their genomic mosaics received additional contributions of Europeans and local Native Americans (e.g. Aymaras). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Latin America, a region where constitutions are rewritten with unhealthy regularity, the Bolivian 2006-2008 Constituent Assembly should have been just another case with limited impact. The Bolivian experience, however, became an extraordinary example of democracy at work in a heterogeneous nation that still struggles to embrace its indigenous roots. The process itself, problematic and even violent at times, showed how pragmatic considerations and short-term political objectives were favoured over painstaking institution-building efforts grounded on democratic values. Moreover, Bolivia’s Constituent Assembly became an institutional arena where liberal notions of democracy contrasted with radical ones. In the end, Bolivians received a highly progressive new Constitution, despite the many shortcomings related to this process. Using a democratic theory framework, this article revisits this historical process and concludes that its effects on the quality of democracy in this country were mixed. While there was a degree of responsiveness from the Bolivian state to a pending social demand and meaningful social participation, there was little accountability on the part of the institutions entrusted with this task; hence, the sovereignty of this transient body was compromised from the onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Bolivia is among the lowest-resourced South American countries, with very few data available on antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. The phenotypic and molecular characterization of bacterial isolates responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the Bolivian Chaco are reported here. Methods All clinical isolates from UTIs collected in the Hospital Basico Villa Montes between June 2010 and January 2014 were analyzed ( N = 213). Characterization included susceptibility testing, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection, identification of relevant resistance determinants (e.g., CTX-M-type ESBLs, 16S rRNA methyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases), and genotyping of CTX-M producers. Results Very high resistance rates were observed. Overall, the lowest susceptibility was observed for trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. Of E. coli and K. pneumoniae , 11.6% were ESBL producers. Resistance to nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and fosfomycin remained low, and susceptibility to carbapenems was fully preserved. CTX-M-15 was the dominant CTX-M variant. Four E. coli ST131 (two being H30-Rx) were identified. Of note, isolates harbouring rmtB and fosA3 were detected. Conclusions Bolivia is not an exception to the very high resistance burden affecting many South American countries. Optimization of alternative approaches to monitor local antibiotic resistance trends in resource-limited settings is strongly encouraged to support the implementation of effective empiric treatment guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a case study of Bolivian migrants in Washington DC, this article examines the contested nature of citizenship and construction of migrant identities. Bolivian migrants both reinforce and challenge the exclusionary nature of the US citizenship regime through practices and discourses that develop an expanded notion of belonging to communities in Washington DC and Cochabamba. While cultural activities such as soccer and folkloric dance fit easily within a multicultural framework of citizenship, they can also challenge accepted norms through quiet struggles over the control of public space. Bolivians employ language from the US immigrant rights movement that highlights their contributions to the USA and contrasts ‘good’ and ‘bad’ immigrants, but they also depart from mainstream discourses by describing local belonging in terms of transnational connections and contributions to Bolivian villages. Bolivian citizenship practices and narratives demonstrate how identities are always constructed simultaneously in multiple places even while migrant belonging is limited by restrictive immigration policies and irregular legal status. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]