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In its biblical context, the injunction stipulating that "the outsider who encroaches shall be put to death" seems to apply to any non-priest or non-Levite who tries to participate in the tabernacle services. This interpretation seems to have been adopted during the Second Temple period, as attested to by the Temple Scroll (11QTa). There is no source that states that an unauthorized entrant to the temple is subject to capital punishment, except for a gentile: Philo and Josephus write that a gentile who enters the temple court is subject to the death penalty. Several scholars propose that this punishment derives from a reinterpretation of the biblical injunction, and it seems that this interpretation originated during the Hasmonean rebellion. The claim that Herod innovated the injunction subjecting a gentile who ascended beyond the balustrade to death is difficult to accept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method for simplified modeling of bearing nodes of a lathe spindle using the finite element method. The proposed modeling methodology is based on the use of an orthotropic material model, which is used to reflect the stiffness properties of the bearing, both in the radial and axial directions. The modeling results have been experimentally verified. This resulted in full agreement of the mode shapes, an average relative error of the natural frequency values of 1.48% and high agreement of the receptance function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The architecture is rich in many architectural elements. “Stair or ladder” is one of the important elements because of its important role in linking the lower and upper floors, as well as "window and balcony" which in turn connects the outside and the inside.The ladders and the architectural openings are divided into different shapes and types, each of which imposes considerations on the designer that must be taken into account during the process of designing the supplements of these different types, such as handrails and balusters design used for each type. In addition to functional, structural and aesthetic requirements.The research sought to unify the architectural elements that have the same shape and function for the importance of linking the various elements in the same building such as balustrades of stairs, windows and balconies in terms of design, material and method of installation, in addition to achieving the economic aspect instead of repeating research and study. So, the search aims to balance beauty, uniqueness, economy, simplicity and ease of installation through the design of the quantitative production of glass balusters. Because the balusters of the architectural supplements combine the function and beauty, it is produced by many different materials such as wood, concrete, iron and others, which must have several considerations that Help to optimize balusters usage. The use of flat glass has been shown in stair balusters for several years. In this research, researchers called for the creation of glass units to be used in architecture as a baluster. Considering successive economic crises that hinder cost innovation processes that are Subjected to the unit production system. The research has sought to profile these units in production to produce in different ways that are assembled and installed to be used as balustrades for stairs and various architectural openings, it could be manufactured by the methods of quantitative production of glass according to the design of these units. These methods save a lot of effort, time and money. The design process, measurements, tests and production are done once and can be used in more than one location and building. The architect can choose between them in accordance with the conditions of the building design and provide large quantities of the product to be used when needed. Spare parts are also provided for pieces that may be broken after installation and are also easily installed.

This study is aimed to form a pair of axially displaced box-shaped ends from a circular tube. In this process, one tube end is first expanded into a circular section having a diameter equal to the diagonal length of the target square using a conical top circular die. A square punch having a conical bottom end and a tapered square die are then used to draw the expanded section into a square box. The side walls of the box are flattened at an ironing ratio of 15% corresponding to its initial wall thickness. The expansion and squaring processes are repeated at the opposite tube end. However, the tapered die in the final stage is oriented at 45 relative to the square punch and tube to form an axially displaced square section at the opposite end. Both the experiments and FE simulations were performed to evaluate this process. A pair of axially displaced box-shaped ends having small corner radii is successfully obtained from the experiment and the simulation. With the developed process, the design of steel balustrades is improved and similar to the precast or stone balustrades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work an interdisciplinary study of the weathering forms of the Villa Cerami balustrade, was carried out with the aim to identify the type and causes of these and to plan conservation measures. The studied balustrade adorns and protects the steps of Villa Cerami garden, which is a suggestive example of 18th century 'urban villa', located in the very core of the Baroque Catania. Sadly, these stunning steps, whose magnificence and placement characterises the out-door environment of the building, at present suffer from bad degradation conditions, and the decorative details adorning the baluster are affected by irreversible damage. The causes of this ongoing degradation process are: material features, humidity, pollution and the consumption caused by the activities performed in the building. Since 1957 it has been the location of the Faculty of Law of the University of Catania. In this study, three balusters affected by the main weathering forms (biological colonization, black crust and granular disintegration) recognised in the entire balustrade, were selected. The lithological type and the weathering forms were defined on the basis of an in situ investigation, using respectively the comparison of materials, to identify the calcarenites type, and the Italian norm UNI 11182 along with the Fitzner formalism, to classify the degradation forms. A 3D survey of the selected balusters was performed with a time of flight Laser Scanner HDS300 of the Leica Geosystem with the aim to better define the volume and total surfaces of the material parts affected by erosion. The surfaces affected by black crust, were obtained by means of an image modelling technique. Data were used to calculate the damage indices through equations proposed by Fitzner and the limit at break for crushing. The potentiality of this interdisciplinary approach (architects, engineers and geologists) is shown with the aim to apply it to the restoration of the entire monument. In addition, this interdisciplinary process has been useful to identify the strengths and weaknesses to assess the consequences of design choices with awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on architect Henry Hope Reed. It is stated that Reed had knowledge of architecture, urbanism and decorative art for various types of architecture including buildings, monuments, fountains, flagpoles and balustrades. It is noted that adversary of Henry was the dry theory and abstraction that diverted architecture from its primary mission as mother of the arts.

Highlights: [•] Spindle-like ZnO architectures were synthesized by hydrothermal approach. [•] Oleylamine played a vital role in the formation of the spindle-like ZnO. [•] We proposed the possible formation mechanism of the products. [•] The products exhibited a high, reversible and fast response to ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spindles - a hallmark of stage II sleep - are a transient oscillatory phenomenon in the EEG believed to reflect thalamocortical activity contributing to unresponsiveness during sleep. Currently spindles are often classified into two classes: fast spindles, with a frequency of around 14 Hz, occurring in the centro-parietal region; and slow spindles, with a frequency of around 12 Hz, prevalent in the frontal region. Here we aim to establish whether the spindle generation process also exhibits spatial heterogeneity. Electroencephalographic recordings from 20 subjects were automatically scanned to detect spindles and the time occurrences of spindles were used for statistical analysis. Gamma distribution parameters were fit to each inter-spindle interval distribution, and a modified Wald-Wolfowitz lag-1 correlation test was applied. Results indicate that not all spindles are generated by the same statistical process, but this dissociation is not spindle-type specific. Although this dissociation is not topographically specific, a single generator for all spindle types appears unlikely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information regarding methods for determining stress concentration factors for laminated glass balustrades. It suggests that the use of simple formulas and design charts allows maximum principal stresses of the balustrade to be determined. It also discusses stresses in a laminated glass without holes, a bolt-fixed balustrade, and the model validation.

Abstract: The relationship between limestone deterioration (in the form of recession or erosion rates) and changing air quality has been the subject of much debate. A 30-year record of limestone erosion rates from the balustrade of St Paul''s Cathedral, London, UK has been obtained from five micro-erosion meter (MEM) sites (last remeasured in September 2010) providing a unique, long-term dataset with which to examine the nature and causes of changing deterioration, particularly the existence of a memory effect. Whilst atmospheric sulphur dioxide concentrations fell from a daily average of 80 ppb in the early 1980s to less than 3 ppb by the late 2000s, erosion rates (measured as surface lowering or recession) only declined from 0.049 mm a−1 to 0.035 mm a−1 over the same period. A more conservative measure of the rate of surface change (which includes both lowering and raising of the surface) fell from 0.044 mm a−1 to 0.026 mm a−1 over the same period. The rates of surface change and erosion were significantly higher in the 1980–1990 measurement period compared to the 1990–2000 measurement period, whilst the average rates for the 1990–2000 measurement period were approximately the same as those for the 2000–2010 measurement period. There is no clear evidence for a memory effect, and rates of erosion and surface change now approach those found on natural karst surfaces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Calculating stresses in structural glass components is essential for design, but is especially complex for customized components like point-supported glass (PSG) balustrades. Stress concentrations are introduced at the discontinuities of the plates precisely where boundary conditions elicit maximum field stresses. Further complicating design, most published stress data for glass components are based on annealed, edge-supported glass experiments-with limited applicability to fully tempered (FT), PSG applications. This article presents experimental and numerical results for a typical application of FT glass as a PSG structural balustrade. Strain data from six FT, monolithic glass balusters loaded to both service and ultimate conditions indicates 55.2-MPa stresses at service load and 155-MPa stresses at failure. Additionally, a design algorithm is developed, using beam theory with stress concentration factors to establish preliminary thickness for use in an optimized numerical analysis to calculate stresses. Comparison of numerical and experimental data leads to the conclusion that FT, PSG balustrades are most accurately idealized by solid linear elements and translation-fixed, rotation-permitted boundary conditions at the support node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microtubules in spindles are too dense to resolve by light microscopy, even with super-resolution methods. Using a new method based on laser-ablation techniques, Brugués et al. present the first quantitative characterization of the vertebrate meiotic spindle and propose an assembly mechanism for building this architecture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]