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The animation-effect of the movement-image constitutes not only a form of life but also a machinic analogue for Husserl's and Kant's accounts of temporality, engendering what Bernard Stiegler calls 'a cinematography of consciousness'. If autonomous movement is the hallmark of the living being as well as the inanimate mechanism, the movement-image likewise subtends scenes of human and artificial intelligence. Pairing a cybernetic reading of Lacan's mirror stage essay with reflections on the self-recognition dance of Machina Speculatrix (an early example of a biomimetic robot), this essay considers how exosomatic feedback loops enable a kind of ipseity for machinic life as well as the human being as technical being. Despite adopting Derrida's ideas of originary prostheticity and automaticity, rendering living beings as always-already machinic life, Stiegler sets arche-cinema against arche-writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the concept of neurodiversity and its relevance to the field of physics education. The author introduces neurodiversity as a paradigm shift in understanding and supporting neurodivergent students, emphasizing the importance of moving away from deficit-based frameworks. The article provides definitions of key terms related to neurodiversity and explores the differences between the neurodiversity model and the social model of disability. It also offers recommendations for educators on how to create accessible and equitable classrooms for neurodivergent students, including being flexible in documentation requirements, allowing for flexible interpretation of tasks, integrating different modalities of communication, removing time limits, scaffolding lessons, allowing makeup work, and engaging in open dialogue with neurodivergent students. [Extracted from the article]

Traditional theories of motor learning emphasize the automaticity of skillful actions. However, recent research has emphasized the role of pre-reflective self-consciousness accompanying skillful action execution. In the present paper, we present the course-of-experience framework as a means of studying elite athletes' pre-reflective self-consciousness in the unfolding activity of performance optimization. We carried out a synthetic presentation of the ontological and epistemological foundation of this framework. Then we illustrated the methodology by an in-depth analysis of two elite windsurfers' courses of experience. The analysis of global and local characteristics of the riders' courses of experience reveal (a) the meaningful activities accompanying the experience of ongoing performance optimization; (b) the multidimensionality of attentional foci and the normativity of performance self-assessment; and (c) a micro-scale phenomenological description of continuous improvement. These results highlight the fruitfulness of the course-of-experience framework to describe the experience of being absorbed in an activity of performance optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review aims to explore the potential of implicit learning to enhance football performance under psychological pressure. The focus is on examining how implicit learning might mitigate the negative effects of pressure and improve the consistency and effectiveness of football skills during high-stakes situations. Materials and Methods: A systematic search strategy was employed to gather relevant research from databases such as SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Keywords included "implicit learning," "motor skills," "football," "pressure performance," and "choking under pressure." The review considered peer-reviewed articles published in English, focusing on studies that investigated the relationship between implicit learning and football performance under pressure. Results: Implicit learning, characterized by the unconscious acquisition of skills through repeated practice, shows promise in enhancing football performance under pressure by promoting automaticity and reducing cognitive load. Studies have demonstrated that implicit learning can lead to more automatic and smoother motor skills, potentially making them less susceptible to disruption by pressure. Evidence from research on penalty kicks and other football-related tasks supports the effectiveness of implicit learning in high-pressure situations. Conclusion: The review highlights the potential of implicit learning to buffer the effects of psychological pressure in football, promoting resilience and adaptability in high-stakes scenarios. Further research is needed to optimize training methods for implicit learning and explore its application across different football skills and pressure conditions. Integrating implicit learning strategies into football training programs could equip athletes with the mental tools to perform at their peak under pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We critically examine the procedural deficit hypothesis (PDH) that proposes that a deficit in procedural (as opposed to declarative) learning underlies dyslexia and other developmental disorders. We first note that the existence of dissociated learning disorders (and multiple forms for each disorder) appears incompatible with a general deficit account. Moreover, the PDH formulation appears generally underspecified in terms of predictions to be tested. A particular focus is on the conceptualization of automatization. However, there are alternative views of automaticity, and comparing these different views helps frame the body of findings on the PDH. The insufficient PDH specification led to tasks touching on different skills and selecting target groups based on general diagnostic categories. Accordingly, several recent reviews and meta-analyses reported mixed patterns of findings and reached contradictory conclusions on the PDH. We propose avenues for future research to effectively examine the role of PDH in learning and other developmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of sports, the number of sports images has increased dramatically. Intelligent and automatic processing and analysis of moving images are significant, which can not only facilitate users to quickly search and access moving images but also facilitate staff to store and manage moving image data and contribute to the intellectual development of the sports industry. In this paper, a method of table tennis identification and positioning based on a convolutional neural network is proposed, which solves the problem that the identification and positioning method based on color features and contour features is not adaptable in various environments. At the same time, the learning methods and techniques of table tennis detection, positioning, and trajectory prediction are studied. A deep learning framework for recognition learning of rotating flying table tennis is put forward. The mechanism and methods of positioning, trajectory prediction, and intelligent automatic processing of moving images are studied, and the self-built data sets are trained and verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) is a common deficit in Alzheimer's (AD) disease and Parkinson's disease (PD) and may have utility in identification of prodromal neurodegeneration. There is lack of consensus regarding measurement of CMI resulting from dual task paradigms. How are individuals with AD, PD, and prodromal neurodegeneration impacted by CMI as measured by dual-task (DT) performance? A systematic literature search was performed in six datasets using the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they had samples of participants with AD, PD, or prodromal neurodegeneration and reported at least one measure of cognitive-motor DT performance. 4741 articles were screened and 95 included as part of this scoping review. Articles were divided into three non-mutually exclusive groups based on diagnoses, with 26 articles in AD, 56 articles in PD, and 29 articles in prodromal neurodegeneration, and results presented accordingly. Individuals with AD and PD are both impacted by CMI, though the impact is likely different for each disease. We found a robust body of evidence regarding the utility of measures of DT performance in the detection of subtle deficits in prodromal AD and some signals of utility in prodromal PD. There are several key methodological challenges related to DT paradigms for the measurement of CMI in neurodegeneration. Overall, DT paradigms show good potential as a clinical method to probe specific brain regions, networks, and function; however, task selection and effect measurement should be carefully considered. • Individuals with AD and PD are impacted differently by cognitive-motor interference. • DT performance has utility in the detection of subtle deficits in prodromal AD. • DT paradigms are a promising tool to probe specific brain regions and networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effects of smartphone addiction on cognitive function and physical activity in middle-school children. Methods: A population of 196 children (boys and girls) from middle schools were recruited for this study with an average age of 12.99 ± 0.81 years, a height of 153.86 ± 6.50 meters, a weight of 48.07 ± 7.31 kilograms, and a body mass index of 20.22 ± 2.08 kg/m². Smartphone addiction was determined using Arabic versions of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and physical activity levels were assessed by a physical activity questionnaire for older children. The working memory and selective attention domains of cognitive function were evaluated using a laptop screen's digital version of the memory automaticity and Flanker tasks, respectively. A one-way MANOVA was conducted to determine the differences in working memory between the smartphone-addicted and non- addicted groups. The relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity was analyzed using Pearson's chi-squared test. Results: The cognitive function-attention domain accuracy component showed a statistically significant difference between the groups, with a p-value of 0.05). The reaction time between smartphone-addicted and non-addicted children showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.817). The relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Discussion: The interaction effects between physical activity and smartphone addiction on reaction times showed statistically insignificant (p = 0.25) differences, showing that physical activity's effect on reaction times did not depend on smartphone addiction levels. The non-addicted children had significantly higher physical activity levels than the addicted children, indicating that smartphone addiction reduced physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automaticity is still ill-understood, and its relation to habit formation and skill acquisition is highly debated. Recently, the principle of caching has been advanced as a potentially promising avenue for studying automaticity. It is roughly understood as a means of storing direct input-output associations in a manner that supports instant lookup. We raise various concerns that should be addressed before the theoretical progress afforded by this principle can be evaluated. Is caching merely a metaphor for computer caching or is it a computational model that can be used to derive testable predictions? How do the short-term and long-term effects of automaticity relate to the distinction between working memory and long-term memory? Does caching apply to stimulus-response associations – as already suggested by Logan's instance theory – or to algorithms, too? How much practice is required for caching and how does caching depend on the task's type? What is the relation between control processes and caching as these pertain to the possible suppression of automatic processes? Dealing with these questions will arguably also advance our understanding of automaticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article brings a new perspective to the currently burgeoning interest in the power of language to influence how speakers from different linguistic backgrounds process motion events. While many studies have targeted high-level decision-based processes, such as Manner-based versus Path-based categorisation or motion event similarity judgments from memory, far less is known about the role of various language systems on low-level automatic processing. The goal of this article is to present an experimental method called breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS), critically assess its potential to capture language-induced biases when processing motion through a small-scale feasibility study with English native speakers versus Mandarin native speakers, and to provide practical recommendations with examples of how motion event research can respond to the epistemological challenges that this emerging data elicitation method faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence suggests that performing a task inducing saccades will improve stability when compared to static fixation. However, they assume the linearity of postural control by only interpreting the area of displacement and/or the velocity of sway. Conversely, non-linear measures could bring a complementary understanding of postural control. The aim is to examine the effect of eye movements on different linear and non-linear measures of stability. 21 healthy adults (24.0 ± 3.3 years) were asked to stand on a force platform with their feet together and look at the monitor in front of them. Five conditions were tested: eyes closed, random looking, fixed static point, saccade, and visual pursuit (gaze shift angle of 15°). Five 60-second trials per condition were performed. An ANOVA with repeated measures was completed for each postural control variables in each direction: antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML). The absence of vision had a negative impact on sway, as seen by an increase in sway area and variability as well as reduced contributions from the ultra-low band. The saccade led to greater stability than the random looking, as evidenced by a smaller area. However, the visual pursuit led to decreased stability compared to random looking, as evidenced by a larger area, as well as increased variability. Of note, the energy contained in the very-low band, which indicates the contribution of the vestibular system, was highest in the visual pursuit compared to the fixed static point. The findings support that the visual system is an important, but complex contributor to stability as different eye movements result in distinct postural responses with saccade and visual pursuit causing a decrease and an increase in sway, respectively. • Different eyes movements affect postural control differently. • Saccade and the visual pursuit result in a decrease and an increase in sway, respectively. • Ocular saccades produce a shift in attentional focus. • Visual pursuit results in an increase in retinal flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored how interpersonal relationships modulate moral evaluations in moral dilemmas. Participants rated moral acceptability in response to altruistic (prescriptive) and selfish (proscriptive) behavior conducted by allocators (i.e., a friend or stranger), toward the participants themselves or another stranger in a modified Dictator Game (Experiments 1 and 2). Event-related potential (ERP) data were recorded as participants observed the allocators' behavior (Experiment 2). Moral acceptability ratings showed that when the allocator was a friend, participants evaluated the friend's altruistic and selfish behavior toward another stranger as being less morally acceptable than when their friend showed the respective behavior toward the participants themselves. The ERP results showed that participants exhibited more negative medial frontal negativity (MFN) amplitude whether observing a friend's altruistic or selfish behavior toward a stranger (vs. participant oneself), indicating that friends' altruistic and selfish behaviors toward strangers (vs. participants) were processed as being less acceptable at the earlier and semi-automatic processing stage in brains. However, this effect did not emerge when the allocator was a stranger in subjective ratings and MFN results. In the later-occurring P3 component, no interpersonal relationship modulation occurred in moral evaluations. These findings suggest that interpersonal relationships affect moral evaluations from the second-party perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate a data-driven multiperiod inventory replenishment problem with uncertain demand and vendor lead time (VLT) with accessibility to a large quantity of historical data. Different from the traditional two-step predict-then-optimize (PTO) solution framework, we propose a one-step end-to-end (E2E) framework that uses deep learning models to output the suggested replenishment amount directly from input features without any intermediate step. The E2E model is trained to capture the behavior of the optimal dynamic programming solution under historical observations without any prior assumptions on the distributions of the demand and the VLT. By conducting a series of thorough numerical experiments using real data from one of the leading e-commerce companies, we demonstrate the advantages of the proposed E2E model over conventional PTO frameworks. We also conduct a field experiment with JD.com, and the results show that our new algorithm reduces holding cost, stockout cost, total inventory cost, and turnover rate substantially compared with JD's current practice. For the supply chain management industry, our E2E model shortens the decision process and provides an automatic inventory management solution with the possibility to generalize and scale. The concept of E2E, which uses the input information directly for the ultimate goal, can also be useful in practice for other supply chain management circumstances. This paper was accepted by Hamid Nazerzadeh, big data analytics. Funding: This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [Grant 2018YFB1700600] and National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 71991462 and 91746210]. Supplemental Material: The online data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4564. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Parkinson's disease, the optimal attentional focus strategy for dual-task walking may vary with freezing of gait (FOG), due to different severities of impaired automaticity. The study aimed to investigate (i) the immediate effect of attentional focus on dual-task walking in participants with and without FOG, and (ii) the training effect of attentional focus on walking, FOG, and falls. In experiment 1, FOG and non-FOG groups (16 participants each) performed a dual-task of holding two interlocking rings apart while walking, either without attention instruction or with instructions to focus attention internally or externally. Gait parameters and ring-touching times were measured. In experiment 2, 30 participants with FOG were randomized to 6 weeks of dual-task training with internal-focus or external-focus instruction. Before and after training, we recorded timed up-and-go (TUG) and TUG dual-task (TUGdt) in on-medication and off-medication states, and the numbers of FOG episodes and falls. The non-FOG group showed less step length variability and shorter ring-touching times with external-focus. The FOG group showed less step length variability, less cadence, increased gait velocity, and longer step lengths with internal-focus compared to external-focus and no-focus instructions. Both internal-focus and external-focus training reduced FOG and falls after intervention, but only internal-focus training reduced TUG and TUGdt in both on-medication and off-medication states. Our findings suggest external-focus would enhance walking automaticity and the concurrent task accuracy for non-freezers, whereas for freezers, internal-focus could increase gait stability and lead to a more positive effect on improving locomotion control and reducing falling risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has increased in Indonesia. Preventive measures are believed to break the chain of transmission of COVID-19. Therefore, increasing knowledge through health education is essential to improve preventive behavior in the community. The study aims to determine the efficacy of implementing health education using Raspberry Pi based automatic voice massages in increasing high risk populations’ knowledge and prevention behavior. Design and Methods: This study was a quasi-interventional method with a pre-posttest research design and a non-equivalent control group, consisting of 30 respondents in each group. Control group received health education through leaflet sharing, while intervention group received health education through Raspberrypi based automatic voice massages. Results: This study showed that there were no significant different in knowledge between control and intervention group after obtaining health education. Meanwhile, the intervention group showed higher score in knowledge regarding COVID-19. Moreover, the prevention behavior was significantly improved in both groups after acquiring health education through leaflets and automatic voice messages. Conclusions: Health education using Raspberry Pi based automatic voice messages improved both knowledge and preventive behavior regarding COVID 19 in high risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies in training processes by radically modifying the relationship with (and between) knowledge, have determined the need to experiment with new methodological approaches to innovate didactic action, respond to subjective training needs, satisfy the ever increasing requests coming from the job market. In this paper, we want to deepen a particular action of this process, preliminary to the implementation phase of each training intervention. We refer to the needs analysis (NA) aimed at identifying training needs and requirements of the participants with respect to which to organize and modulate the contents and the didactic action. In the opinion of the author, already the NA, if accompanied by specific actions, can constitute an intentionally structured moment to enhance the effectiveness of training feedback in a diagnostic and self-assessment function and in this work we will describe an automated system designed and developed specifically for this purpose. To examine the application opportunities and to show the potential of the automated system, an experience will be presented that involved students attending the specialization course for educational support activities for pupils with disabilities held at the University of Salerno in the A.Y. 2022/2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transformation process includes people, tools, and processes, and it enables the use of digital evaluation, monitoring, and testing systems to automatically document and track the progress of every employee in the business. The need for educated and trained staff with modern knowledge and skills for digitization is dictated by new trends. Those skills are typically acquired through an informal education process, primarily through training. As a systematic and continuous process, in the shorter term, the digitization training improves the skills of the employees for the application of new sophisticated ways and opportunities for better and more efficient performance of the work at a specific workplace. The objective of this paper is to convey the significance and requirement of digitization in human resource management, with a focus on the need to conduct training for businesses in Republic North Macedonia. The paper analyses empirical data from surveys conducted on Macedonian businesses. The findings are sublimated in the concluding observations about the need to implement training for digitization of human resource management processes and their relevance for greater competitiveness of Macedonian businesses on the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spatial–TEmporal Association of Response Codes (STEARC) effect (Ishihara et al. in Cortex 44:454–461, 2008) is evidence that time is spatially coded along the horizontal axis. It consists in faster left-hand responses to early onset timing and faster right-hand responses to late onset timing. This effect has only been established using tasks that directly required to assess onset timing, while no studies investigated whether this association occurs automatically in the auditory modality. The current study investigated the occurrence of the STEARC effect by using a procedure similar to Ishihara and colleagues. Experiment 1 was a conceptual replication of the original study, in which participants directly discriminated the onset timing (early vs. late) of a target sound after listening to a sequence of auditory clicks. This experiment successfully replicated the STEARC effect and revealed that the onset timing is mapped categorically. In Experiments 2, 3a and 3b participants were asked to discriminate the timbre of the stimuli instead of directly assessing the onset timing. In these experiments, no STEARC effect was observed. This suggests that the auditory STEARC effect is only elicited when time is explicitly processed, thus questioning the automaticity of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive behavioral and electrophysiological evidence has demonstrated that native translations are automatically activated when bilinguals read non-native words. The present study investigated the impact of cross-language orthography and phonology on Chinese–English bilingual lexicons with a masked priming paradigm. The masked primes and targets were either translation equivalents (TE), orthographically related through translation (OR), phonologically related through translation (PR), or unrelated control (UC). Participants retained the targets in memory and decided whether the delayed catch words matched the targets. ERP data showed significant masked translation priming effects, as reflected by decreased ERP amplitudes in the TE condition in the 300–600 ms time window from frontal to parietal electrode clusters. Importantly, compared with the UC condition, the PR rather than OR condition elicited less negative ERP waveforms in the 300–500 ms time window with a frontal distribution. Taken together, these temporal and spatial dynamics suggested an automatic cross-language co-activation at the phonological and semantic levels for different-script bilinguals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Speeding behaviours were commonly noted as habitual and unintentional. • Phone use while driving was largely attributable to addiction and attitudes. • The automaticity of the behaviours made them more difficult to modify. • Driver mentality and social norms were perceived to inhibit behavioural change. • Cognitive and behavioural strategies helped promote behavioural change. The majority of research surrounding the intervention of risky driving behaviours has operated on the notion that offending behaviour is intentional, leading to a defined theoretical approach on deterrence. This study aimed to investigate the motivations, regulatory behaviours and resisting beliefs that contribute to the occurrence of risky driving behaviours, from the perspective that some behaviour may be unintentional and habitual by nature. An online sample of Australian drivers (N = 46) were recruited to complete a qualitative phone interview regarding their perceptions of risky driving behaviours. Thematic analysis revealed that firstly, speeding and the use of technology while driving (i.e., distraction) were the most commonly reported risky driving habits. Speeding in particular appeared to be both habitual and unintentional, whereas phone use while driving was attributable to addiction, impulses and attitudes. Factors such as drivers' mentality, the automaticity of the behaviour, and social norms were perceived to make habitual behaviours more difficult to change, whilst personal experiences with legal and physical consequences were perceived to increase risk perceptions and promote behavioural change. Participants also reported using cognitive reframing strategies and behaviours to increase and maintain awareness of the behaviours. Overall, this study has highlighted the resistant and multi-dimensional nature of risky driving habits, as well as the situational factors that preclude them. Based on the findings, future research may benefit by focusing efforts to understanding how habituality fits in the broader deterrence literature, and how such behaviours can be best intervened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid expansion of Internet technology, this research aims to explore the teaching strategies of ceramic art for contemporary students. Based on deep learning (DL), an automatic question answering (QA) system is established, new teaching strategies are analyzed, and the Internet is combined with the automatic QA system to help students solve problems encountered in the process of learning. Firstly, the related theories of DL and personalized learning are analyzed. Among DL-related theories, Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) are compared to implement a single model and a mixed model. Secondly, the collected student questions are selected and processed, and experimental parameters in different models are set for comparative experiments. Experiments reveal that the average accuracy and Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) of traditional retrieval methods can only reach about 0.5. In the basic neural network, the average accuracy of LSTM and GRU structural models is about 0.81, which can achieve better results. Finally, the accuracy of the hybrid model can reach about 0.82, and the accuracy and MRR of the Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Network- Attention (BiGRU-Attention) model are 0.87 and 0.89, respectively, achieving the best results. The established DL model meets the requirements of the online automatic QA system, improves the teaching system, and helps students better understand and solve problems in the ceramic art courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether practice in an open skill video-game task would lead to changes in performance, attention, motivation, perceived effort, and theta, alpha, and beta waves. Specifically, we were interested on whether potential performance gains from practice would be primarily explained by the neural efficiency (i.e., cortical idling) or the neural proficiency hypothesis (i.e., mix of heightened and reduced activation across the cortex). To this end, we asked 16 novice participants (8 males and 8 females; Mage = 23.13 years) to play a Nintendo Wii video-game shooting task, namely Link's Crossbow Training. Pre-test scores, which were followed by an acquisition phase, were compared to post-test scores. Performance and subjective data were recorded for each trial and EEG data was continuously recorded using the portable EEGO System. Our findings revealed that performance increased while attention decreased at post-test, thereby confirming that practice leads to performance gains and reduces attentional overload. No changes in motivation or perceived effort were observed, perhaps because effort is a gestalt multidimension construct and video-gaming is an inherently motivating activity. EEG frequency analysis revealed that, for the most part, performance gains were accompanied by increased cortical activity across frequencies bands, thus lending primary support to the neural proficiency hypothesis. Accordingly, neurofeedback interventions to aid motor learning should teach performers not only how to silence their brains (i.e., quiescence state linked to automaticity and "flow") but also how to amplify task-relevant brain networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present understanding of the mechanisms responsible for postural deficit in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is still insufficient. This is important because some authors see one of the causes of this disease in the impaired postural control. Moreover, there is a reciprocal link between the level of postural imbalance and the clinical picture of these people. Therefore, we compared the center-of-pressure (COP) indices of 24 patients with AIS to 48 controls (CON) during four 20-s quiet stance trials with eyes open (EO) or closed (EC) and on firm or foam surface. This included sway amplitude, speed, sample entropy and fractal dimension. AIS had poorer postural steadiness only in the most difficult trial. In the remaining trials, AIS did as well as CON, while presenting a greater COP entropy than CON. Thus, the factor that made both groups perform equally could be the increased sway irregularity in AIS, which is often linked to higher automaticity and lower attention involvement in balance control. After changing the surface from hard to foam, puzzling changes in sway fractality were revealed. The patients decreased the fractal dimension in the sagittal plane identically to the CON in the frontal plane. This may suggest some problems with the perception of body axes in patients and reveals a hitherto unknown cause of their balance deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During verbal communication, interlocutors rely on both linguistic (e.g., words, syntax) and extralinguistic (e.g., voice quality) information. The neural mechanisms of extralinguistic information processing are particularly poorly understood. To address this, we used EEG and recorded event-related brain potentials while participants listened to Russian pronoun–verb phrases presented in either male or female voice. Crucially, we manipulated congruency between the grammatical gender signaled by the verbs' ending and the speakers' apparent gender. To focus on putative automatic integration of extralinguistic information into syntactic processing and avoid confounds arising from secondary top-down processes, we used passive non-attend auditory presentation with visual distraction and no stimulus-related task. Most expressed neural responses were found at both early (150 ms, ELAN-like) and late (400 ms, N400-like) phrase processing stages. Crucially, both of these brain responses exhibited sensitivity to extralinguistic information and were significantly enhanced for phrases whose voice and grammatical gender were incongruent, similar to what is known for ERPs effects related to overt grammatical violations. Our data suggest a high degree of automaticity in processing extralinguistic information during spoken language comprehension which indicates existence of a rapid automatic syntactic integration mechanism sensitive to both linguistic and extralinguistic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to study the language of happiness from a double perspective. First, the impact and relevance of sentiment words and expressions in self-reported descriptions of happiness are examined. Second, the sources of happiness that are mentioned in such descriptions are identified. A large sample of "happy moments" from the HappyDB corpus is processed employing advanced text analytics techniques. The sentiment analysis results reveal that positive lexical items have a limited role in the description of happy moments. For the second objective, unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used to extract and cluster keywords and manually label the resulting semantic classes. Results indicate that these classes, linguistically materialized in compact lexical families, accurately describe the sources of happiness, a result that is reinforced by our named entities analysis, which also reveals the important role that commercial products and services play as a source of happiness. Thus, this study attempts to provide methodological underpinnings for the automatic processing of self-reported happy moments, and contributes to a better understanding of the linguistic expression of happiness, with interdisciplinary implications for fields such as affective content analysis, sentiment analysis, and cultural, social and behavioural studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of extra sources of sensory information associated with light fingertip touch to enhance postural steadiness has been associated with increased attentional demands, whereas the regularity of center of pressure (COP) fluctuations has been interpreted as a marker of the amount of attention invested in posture control.Research Question: This study addressed whether increased attentional demands associated with postural tasks involving light finger touch might be reflected by measures of COP regularity.Methods: The experiments involved quiet bipedal stance (n = 8 participants) and single-legged stance (n = 14 participants). Each participant was instructed to stand as quietly as possible on a force plate, either touching an external rigid surface (applied force < 1 N, light touch condition), or not (no touch condition). Postural steadiness was assessed by traditional COP measurements (COP Area, RMS, and velocity), whereas the regularity of postural sway was based on estimates of the sample entropy (SaEn) of the COP time series.Results: Traditional parameters of postural sway and COP regularity (inversely related to SaEn COP measurements) were reduced during the touch conditions as compared to the no-touch conditions, for both bipedal quiet stance and single-legged stance. Decreased COP regularity with light touch was mainly reflected in the direction of the largest postural sway (i.e. in the sagittal plane for bipedal stance and in the frontal plane for single-legged stance).Significance: The present results suggest that actively touching an external surface with the fingertip, besides increasing postural steadiness, generated an externally oriented (presumably cognitive-dependent) focus of attention, so that participants invested less attention on the postural task per se (as suggested by increased SaEn), which might be associated with a more "automatic" control of posture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical Reading is an important activity of readers which opens the wide world of knowledge to them. This paper addresses the exact meaning of critical reading which is a collaboration between the reader and the writer. Critical reading refers to a higher level of reading that provides the multifaceted meaning of a particular text. A reader who reads critically can find the real taste of a text, which is the main purpose of any kind of reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic photogrammetric processing of historical (or archival) aerial photos is still a challenging task, particularly in cases of missing ancillary information, low radiometric and image quality, limited stereo coverage or large temporal span. However, with recent advances in photogrammetry and Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms for image processing and interpretation, an increasing number of applications are now feasible. The article presents the TIME (hisTorical aerIal iMagEs) benchmark (https://time.fbk.eu/), promoted by EuroSDR to explore the potential of historical aerial images. Realized in collaboration with various European NMCAs, the benchmark has garnered aerial image blocks and time series imagery captured since the 1950s. To support the photogrammetric processing of the digitized photos, ancillary data are supplied with available information about flight missions, taking cameras, and ground control points (GCPs). Several diverse investigations have been undertaken with the benchmark datasets, all captured over historical urban areas or landscapes. The paper describes the benchmark datasets and some potential research topics, presenting several tests and analyses realized with the collated and shared data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting appropriate terms to design partial differential equations (PDEs) for specific processing and vision tasks have a prominent role in achieving acceptable results. In this paper, we present an automatic method to obtain a set of suitable terms of PDE for specific processing and vision tasks. Therefore, a new optimization framework has been constructed which is constrained with PDEs in the form of linear combinations of differential terms with time-independent coefficients, and is solved through training data. The optimization problem could be solved by translating it to a least square problem through the assumption of independency of time. By this assumption, it is possible to select any arbitrary term for the PDE and blend different PDEs for processing tasks, including image denoising. Several numerical experiments in image denoising prove the present model robust to the size of data and the kind of its noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ceramic membrane plays an important role in the wastewater disposal industry. The serial number engraved on each ceramic membrane is an essential feature for identification. Here, an automatic inspection system for serial numbers of ceramic membranes is proposed to replace the manual inspection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to automatically inspect serial numbers of ceramic membranes. To suppress error accumulation inherently existed in the previous stepwise approaches, an end-to-end photometric-induced convolutional neural network framework is proposed for this automatic inspection system. The framework consists of three sequential stages, which are photometric stage for performing photometric stereo, localization stage for localizing the text region, and recognition stage for producing recognition results. The photometric stage can integrate three-dimensional shape information of serial numbers of ceramic membranes into the framework to improve the inspection performance. Since three stages are jointly trained, a theoretical analysis on the contributions of the local losses is provided to ensure the convergence of the framework, which can guide the design of the total loss function of the framework. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves better inspection performance with a reasonable inspection time compared with the state-of-the-art deep learning methods, whose localization performance and recognition performance are the F-score of 95.61% and the accuracy of 96.49%, respectively. Furthermore, these demonstrate the potential that our proposed automatic inspection system will be beneficial for the intelligentialize of the ceramic membrane manufacturing and wastewater treatment if it is equipped with a perception system and a control system in ceramic membrane production lines and wastewater treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the rapid growth of the furniture product line industry and IKEA as the one of the pioneers, manual labour (and its limits of stability and high cost) is increasingly being replaced by automated systems. This is particularly due to the explosion of artificial intelligence techniques, which are practically useful in assembling tasks, which is one of the most common processes in furniture production. Loading connecting components with a standard posture is a representative example of a technique that is necessary and mostly performed by humans at present. This paper mainly focuses on the development of an automaticity robot system that provides an accurate and robust system for picking and sorting connecting components with two robot arms combined with optimized socket designs to increase the success probability. The performance of the proposed picking-sorting robots has been validated with success rates of picking-and-sorting tests ranging from 91.8% to 98.7% for all types of objects and operation times from 17.5 s to 25 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical impairments (e.g., slower walking speed) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been attributed to peripheral characteristics (e.g., muscle atrophy). However, cognitive impairment may compromise motor control including walking automaticity. The objective of this study was to investigate PFC neural activity, evaluated using changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (ΔO2Hb), during preferred paced walking (PPW) in COPD patients and age-matched controls. The ΔO2Hb from the left and right dorsolateral PFC was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Fifteen COPD patients (age: 71 ± 8) and twenty age-matched controls (69 ± 7 years) participated. Two-way mixed ANOVA demonstrated that O2Hb in both groups decreased during PPW from the start (quintile 1; Q1) to the end (quintile 5; Q5) in the left dorsolateral and medial PFC. Q1 was comprised of the data during the first 20% of the task, while Q5 included data collected in the last 20% of the task duration. PPW duration ranged between 30.0 and 61.4 s in the control group and between 28.6 and 73.0 s in COPD patients. COPD patients demonstrated a higher O2Hb in Q5 compared to the negative O2Hb in controls in the right medial and dorsolateral PFC during PPW. PPW velocity was lower in COPD patients compared to controls (1.02 ± 0.22 vs. 1.22 ± 0.14 m/s, p = 0.005). Healthy older controls exhibited automaticity during walking unlike patients with COPD. The lesser decrease in O2Hb in COPD patients may be attributed to increased executive demands or affect-related cues (e.g., pain or dyspnea) during walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrophysiological properties of the heart include cardiac automaticity, excitation (i.e., depolarization and repolarization of action potential) of individual cardiomyocytes, and highly coordinated electrical propagation through the whole heart. An abnormality in any of these properties can cause arrhythmias. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been recognized as essential regulators of gene expression through the conventional RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism and are involved in a variety of biological events. Recent evidence has demonstrated that miRs regulate the electrophysiology of the heart through fine regulation by the conventional RNAi mechanism of the expression of ion channels, transporters, intracellular Ca2+-handling proteins, and other relevant factors. Recently, a direct interaction between miRs and ion channels has also been reported in the heart, revealing a biophysical modulation by miRs of cardiac electrophysiology. These advanced discoveries suggest that miR controls cardiac electrophysiology through two distinct mechanisms: immediate action through biophysical modulation and long-term conventional RNAi regulation. Here, we review the recent research progress and summarize the current understanding of how miR manipulates the function of ion channels to maintain the homeostasis of cardiac electrophysiology. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do habit and skill relate to one another? Among many traditions of habit research, we suggest that 'slip-of-action' habits are the type most likely to relate to motor skill. Habits are traditionally thought of as a property of behavior as a whole. We suggest, however, that habits are better understood at the level of intermediate computations and, at this level, habits can be considered to be equivalent to the phenomenon of automaticity in skill learning – improving speed of performance at the cost of flexibility. We also consider the importance of habits in learning complex tasks given limited cognitive resources, and suggest that deliberate practice can be viewed as an iterative process of breaking and restructuring habits to improve performance. The term 'habit' is used to describe a diverse range of behavioral phenomena. Habits are almost universally interpreted in terms of a stimulus–response (S–R) association that becomes obligatory through repetition. A 'slip-of-action' habit occurs when a particular action is erroneously selected in response to an imperative stimulus. This type of habit is likely to be the most relevant to skill. Most behaviors are not the result of a single simple S–R association but instead are generated through multiple intermediate computations. Any of these intermediate computations could become habitual, leading to qualitatively different types of habitual behavior. When couched at the level of intermediate computations, habit can be considered to be equivalent to the phenomenon of automaticity in skill learning – improving the speed of action selection at the cost of flexibility. Habits are essential for learning and performing complex skills because they enable us to perform particular aspects of a skill automatically, thus allowing cognitive resources to be applied to other aspects of the skill that require deliberation and flexibility. Deliberate practice, a key principle in the acquisition of expert performance, can be viewed as the process of iteratively improving a skill by temporarily breaking and then replacing habits with improved versions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning algorithms are effective in realizing the programming of robots that behave autonomously for various tasks. For example, reinforcement learning (RL) does not require supervision or data sets; the RL agent explores solutions by itself. However, RL requires a long learning time, particularly for actual robot learning situations. Transfer learning (TL) in RL has been proposed to address this limitation. TL realizes fast adaptation and decreases the problem-solving time by utilizing the knowledge of the policy, value function, and Q-function from RL. Taylor proposed TL using inter-task mapping that defines the correspondence between the state and action between the source and target domains. Inter-task mapping is defined based on human intuition and experience; therefore, the effect of TL may not be obtained. The difference in robot shapes for TL is similar to the cognition in the modification of human body composition, and automatic inter-task mapping can be performed by referring to the body representation that is assumed to be stored in the human brain. In this paper, body calibration is proposed, which refers to the physical expression in the human brain. It realizes automatic inter-task mapping by acquiring data modeled on a body diagram that illustrates human body composition and posture. The proposed method is evaluated in a TL situation from a computer simulation of RL to actual robot control with a multi-legged robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given this, in order for implicit bias to impact group disparities, such disparities must be happening in some sizable proportion among the border cases, that gray area in which interpretation can go one way or the other. First, Greenwald and Banaji justified importing the concept of I implicit i from cognitive psychology to social psychology on the grounds that implicit cognition had been thoroughly demonstrated within the cognitive literature (e.g., Jacoby & Witherspoon, [20]). Yet this connection requires a number of steps that are (typically) unstated, for example, that home ownership built wealth and was a major source of intergenerational wealth transfer in ways that would have operated identically for Black and White homeowners during the relevant period (i.e., the counterfactual that those actual Black families would have built wealth in the same ways as White families had such policies not been in place), and that absent such policies other sources of wealth disparities (e.g., spending differences, employee characteristics differences, etc.) either would not have existed or would have been overwhelmed by the counterfactual housing wealth. The authors of the target article (Gawronski, Ledgerwood, & Eastwick, this issue) are to be commended for their important and insightful analysis on the state of implicit bias research. [Extracted from the article]

Tennis champion Maria Sharapova has a habit of grunting when she plays on the court. Assume that she also has a habit of hitting the ball in a certain way in a certain situation. The habit of on-court grunting might be bad, but can the habit of hitting the ball in a certain way in a certain situation be classified as intelligent? The fundamental questions here are as follows: What is habit? What is the relation between habit and skill? Is there such a thing as intelligent habit? In this paper I expound the nature of habit by developing and defending a Rylean conception of habit, according to which an acquired disposition is a habit if and only if the manifestation of the disposition is repeated, automatic, and uniform. One implication of this conception is that there is no such thing as intelligent habit. A practical application in athletic expertise is that sport coaches can help athletes go beyond repeated, automatic, and uniform dispositions in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic race bias, which is the tendency to associate positive attributes more quickly with White as compared to Black faces, reflects enculturation processes linked to inequitable teaching behaviors. In sample of undergraduate preservice teachers (N = 88), we examined whether a novel mindfulness and connection practice intervention without anti-bias content incorporated into undergraduate teacher education would result in reduced automatic race bias favoring White faces. Random assignment to the intervention predicted significantly reduced race preference for White child faces immediately after the intervention. These significant reductions persisted at the 6-month follow-up, which are the most durable reductions in automatic race bias reported to date in adults. Data from semi-structured interviews indicated that the intervention enhanced self-awareness and self-regulation while reducing automatic responding among preservice teachers. These qualities are instrumental to adaptive teaching and putative mechanisms for reducing automatic race bias. The potential value of integrating mindfulness and connection practices into undergraduate preservice teacher education is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Feedback-related ERPs were examined in a motor sequence learning task. • FRN amplitudes predicted goal-independent behavioral changes in the early practice. • LFCP amplitudes predicted goal-directed changes independent from practice phase. • The predictive value of ERPs is related to different neural learning mechanisms. • Complex error processing in early practice was facilitative for automatization. To examine the neural processing of valence-dependent augmented feedback, 38 students learned a sequential arm movement task with 192 trials in each of five practice sessions. The degree of motor automatization was tested under dual-task-conditions. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in the first and last practice session. This study is an additional analysis of the data from Margraf et al. [Margraf, L., Krause, D., & Weigelt, M. (this issue). Valence-dependent neural correlates of augmented feedback processing in extensive motor sequence learning – Part I: Practice-related changes of feedback processing.]. While Part I focused on changes in neural feedback processing after extensive motor practice, Part II examines coherences between neural feedback processing and short-term behavioral adaptations, as well as different dimensions of long-term learning (i.e., accuracy, consistency, and automaticity). It was found that more negative amplitudes of the feedback-related-negativity (FRN) after negative feedback were predictive for goal-independent changes of behavior in the early practice phase, whereas more positive amplitudes of the late fronto-central positivity (LFCP) after negative feedback were predictive for goal-directed behavioral adaptations (error reduction), independent from the practice phase. Unexpectedly, more positive amplitudes of the P300 after positive feedback were also predictive for goal-directed behavioral adaptations. Concerning long-term learning and motor automatization, a positive correlation was found for the reduction of dual-task costs (DTC) and LFCP-amplitudes after positive feedback in the early practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work analyses the importance of word recognition and reading fluency in reading comprehension at an intermediate schooling stage using a transversal descriptive design with a correlational approach. The participants were 109 Chilean sixth grade students between the ages of 10 to 11 displaying a typical intellectual development. Measurements were taken for the reading of words and pseudowords, reading out loud, and the comprehension of written texts. The results account for significant correlation of the recognition of words and reading fluency and comprehension. Moreover, the regression analysis shows that the prosodic features of segmentation and intonation in reading out loud are the most contributing elements to reading comprehension in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous electrical activity, or automaticity, in the heart is required for normal physiological function. However, irregular automaticity, in particular, originating from the ventricles, can trigger life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Thus, understanding mechanisms of automaticity and synchronization is critical. Recent work has proposed that excitable cells coupled via a shared narrow extracellular cleft can mediate coupling, i.e., ephaptic coupling, that promotes automaticity in cell pairs. However, the dynamics of these coupled cells incorporating both ephaptic and gap junction coupling has not been explored. Here, we show that automaticity and synchronization robustly emerges via a Hopf bifurcation from either (i) increasing the fraction of inward rectifying potassium channels (carrying the I K 1 current) at the junctional membrane or (ii) by decreasing the cleft volume. Furthermore, we explore how heterogeneity in the fraction of potassium channels between coupled cells can produce automaticity of both cells or neither cell, or more rarely in only one cell (i.e., automaticity without synchronization). Interestingly, gap junction coupling generally has minor effects, with only slight changes in regions of parameter space of automaticity. This work provides insight into potentially new mechanisms that promote spontaneous activity and, thus, triggers for arrhythmias in ventricular tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted an eye‐tracking study of the acceptability judgment task (AJT) by drawing on the dual process theory of controlled and automatic processing. We conceptually replicated the work of Godfroid et al. (2015) and then extended it in two respects: (a) we analyzed both late and early measures of eye movement to differentiate between the effect of time pressure on controlled and on automatic processes, and (b) we examined how the automaticity of participants' lexical processing moderated the effect of time pressure. Under timed and untimed conditions, 31 L1 and 40 L2 English speakers performed the AJT while their eye movements were recorded. Through statistical modeling of the eye‐tracking data, we demonstrated that (a) time pressure inhibits not only controlled processing but also automatic processing and (b) the time pressure effect is most pronounced for the late eye‐movement measures of L2 speakers with slow lexical decoding skills. We explain that time pressure may not work as theoretically predicted by L2 researchers (i.e., to suppress only controlled processes associated with explicit knowledge) and that its effect is not uniform across different L2 speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spontaneous perceived out-of-body experience (OBE) is a phenomenon that most often occurs in a position of horizontal repose during periods of somatic relaxation, sleep, or unconsciousness. However, perceived OBEs have also been reported with observed somatic continuance (OSC), in which the experiencer, from what seems to be a detached vantage point, observes one’s physical body persisting in self-sustaining, autonomous, or semi-autonomous behavior. This article constitutes my response to a dearth of research literature involving in-depth discussion of OSC. I first present two existing hypotheses about OSC causation—the controlling-entity hypothesis and the automaticity hypothesis— and then suggest that OSC is instead more likely the result of an activation of the human threat response system. In accordance with this latter premise, I offer a preliminary categorization of spontaneous OSC experiences, provide supportive case examples gathered from various sources, and discuss in more detail the association between OSC and the threat response system. Based on the anecdotal evidence presented and on research related to the human threat response system, I postulate that spontaneous OSC experiences are likely initiated to counter threats to one’s physiological, psychological, and/or social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Vietnamese word segmentation methods do not perform well in the face of Vietnamese ambiguity, in response to the enormous challenge posed by the scarcity of the Vietnamese corpus to language processing. We first investigated the most advanced deep neural network method. According to the ambiguity problem of Vietnamese word segmentation, we then proposed a Vietnamese word segmentation processing technology based on an improved long short-term memory neural network (LSTM), which is made up of an LSTM encoding and a CNN feature extraction portion. The previous important information is kept in the memory unit; the word segmentation processing task is refined into a classification problem and a sequence labeling problem, which can gain the useful features of the word segmentation character and word level automatically. The limitation of the local context window size is avoided, and the word segmentation processing task is refined into a classification problem and a sequence labeling problem. Finally, validated by a homemade Vietnamese news website crawler dataset, the experimental results show that, compared with the single LSTM, single CNN methods, and traditional methods, the performance improvement of our proposed method is more obvious. In the Vietnamese word separation task, the accuracy reaches 96.6%, the recall reaches 95.2%, and the F1 value reaches 96.3%, which is significantly better than the traditional methods CNN and LSTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often, we depart from an intended course of events to react to sudden situational demands (an intervening event) before resuming the originally planned action. Executing an action to an intervening event can be delayed if the features of this action plan partly overlap with an action plan retained in working memory (WM) compared to when they completely overlap or do not overlap. This delay is referred to as a partial repetition cost (PRC). PRCs are typically attributed to code confusion between action plans in WM. We tested this by training the component action plans extensively to reduce their reliance on WM. If PRCs are caused by code confusion within WM, then PRCs should be reduced and possibly eliminated with extensive practice. To test this, participants performed a partial repetition (PR) task after 0, 4 and 8.5 sessions of stimulus-response (S-R) training. In the PR task, participants saw two visual events. They retained an action to the first event while executing a speeded action to a second (intervening) event; afterwards, they executed the retained action. The two action plans either partly overlapped or did not overlap. Results showed that extensive (S-R and PR task) practice reduced but did not eliminate PRCs. A reduction in PRCs (code confusion) with practice is compatible with memory models that assume action events become more specific and less reliant on WM with practice. These findings merit expansions of PR tasks to other domains and broader conceptions of action plans that incorporate the formal structure of memory models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the Cruzar.uy university project, a digital information and documentation system linked to the processing and automatic learning of files from the recent past of Uruguay, is presented. The general objective focuses on the crossing of data from the systematization of the information contained in the documents of military, police and State archives in general, produced in the period between 1968 and 1985. For this, computer concepts and the establishment of different research methodologies in the areas of engineering, archival science, communication and social sciences are described. The importance of the social function in human rights archives in the search for truth and justice, and the construction of the memory of society is addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has illustrated that real-time conscious postural control (i.e., reinvestment - shifting from movement automaticity to a more consciously controlled and monitoring of movement) increased with standing task difficulties among healthy older adults. However, such association has not been investigated in the younger population. This study attempted to examine real-time conscious postural control among healthy young adults when performing different standing tasks on a compliant (foam) surface. T3-Fz EEG (electroencephalography) coherence, indicative of real-time conscious postural control, was recorded during the standing tasks (i.e., wide base on foam (WBF), narrow base on foam (NBF) and tandem stance on foam (TAF)). Body sway was also recorded by a motion capture system. Participants' perceived difficulty on the different standing tasks was evaluated by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results revealed that while body sway and perceived difficulty increased significantly with task difficulties, T3-Fz EEG coherence did not differ among standing tasks. In addition, no differences of any measures were found between young adults with high and low trait reinvestment propensity. Our findings indicate that young adults do not pose higher real-time conscious postural control when task difficulty increases. We also add support to the existing literature; the between-group effect of trait reinvestment appears to be minimal in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]