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ABSTRACT Introduction Aim Methods Results Conclusion Implications for Practice Intensive psychiatric care units can be challenging environments in which to build strong staff‐patient relationships. Attachment theory may provide a useful model for strengthening relationships in this setting.The aim of this study was to explore staff perceptions of the utility of attachment theory for understanding patient behaviour in the intensive psychiatric care setting.Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 11 multi‐disciplinary staff members. Interviews focused on the staff member's experience of learning about attachment theory and applying this perspective to their work on the ward. Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.The analysis led to the development of three themes: engaging the reflective self, new perspective on others and cohesive ward culture.Staff reported that learning about attachment theory supported them to better understand patient distress and associated behaviours. Notably, staff also used attachment theory to reflect on both their own internal states and the internal states of their colleagues. These reflections were suggested to bolster staff wellbeing and improve the ward milieu.Integrating attachment theory into team formulation, ward rounds and reflective practice groups could have a benefit for clinical practice, staff wellbeing and team cohesion in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short video addiction has evolved into an emerging form of Internet addiction, which is prevalent among college students and seriously disrupts their lives, studies, and physical and mental health. The current study aims to uncover the underlying mechanisms of short video addiction among college students in the context of Chinese society and culture. And it tries to provide theoretical support for effective interventions in the future. Based on ecosystem theory, attachment theory and dual systems model of self-control, this research explores the influence of filial piety on college students' short video addiction, testing the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty and the moderating role of self-control. A total of 1,187 college students completed the Dual Filial Piety Scale, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Brief Self-Control Scale and Short Video Addiction Scale. The results found that reciprocal filial piety was significantly negatively related to short video addiction; authoritarian filial piety was significantly positively related to short video addiction. Intolerance of uncertainty played a part mediating role between reciprocal filial piety and short video addiction, as well as between authoritarian filial piety and short video addiction. Self-control moderated the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and short video addiction. In the Chinese socio-cultural context, this study reveals the mechanisms of how filial piety affects college students' short video addiction, contributing to understanding the mechanisms from a family perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon preschool enrollment, the child-teacher relationship becomes important for the child’s continued development. We suggest that parents may be essential in supporting the establishment of such relationships from the first weeks of the child’s preschool enrollment, the so-called “introduction process”. Recent data indicates that Nordic preschools organize this aspect of preschool introduction differently, but no empirically informed knowledge-base exists on how to best support positive family-teacher interactions. To enrich this sparse topic, we conducted focus groups with Swedish preschool professionals (N = 31) to qualitatively acquire experiences and reflections on child-adult interactions during preschool introduction. Thematic analysis revealed two themes, centering around emotional security and the need to introduce the child and the parent(s). While emphasizing the importance of the parent’s presence near the child during the introduction process, dilemmas and conflicting ideas about how to arrange child-adult interactions were revealed, with potential implications for the child’s transition and the child-teacher relationship-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does it mean to become attached? Three longitudinal studies established the empirical basis for the existing four‐phase model of attachment formation, a model that has remained unmodified and unexamined for over half a century. In this paper, I revisit the research questions, methods, and findings from the seminal studies to reevaluate the current model. The evidence indicates two distinct definitions of attachment onset. In the first two phases of the model, becoming attached is defined by changes in within‐subject behaviors leading to the selection of a discriminated figure. Defined this way, attachment onset is analogous to how bond formation is currently defined in other mammals and how imprinting is understood in birds. In contrast, the third and fourth phases of the model define attachment onset by forming a goal‐corrected relationship. This second definition is human‐centric and relies on secure base behavior as the signature criterion, the same criteria used to classify secure and insecure patterns of attachment. I argue for a narrower definition of attachment by removing goal‐corrected behavior as a criterion and focusing on the normative process of selection. In addition, I integrate contemporary work on pair bonding in humans and other animals to propose new avenues for conceptualizing and studying attachment formation in infancy and beyond in filial and sexual bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers maternal subjectivity and maternal identity development through our work in an urban clinical setting where women present for treatment during the perinatal period. Drawing on a rich tradition of psychoanalytic observational research and mother-infant communication research, which supported the relational turn, we aim to shift the lens from mothers as important to their baby's development, to maternal experiences as essential. Likewise, noting that a mother cannot exist without a baby, real or imagined, we consider the role of a baby in a mother's own development. Tracing roots of maternal subjectivity in psychoanalytic traditions, while also noting its absence, we hope to offer ways to formulate maternal identity that are clinically useful and grounded in research, and reflective of our contemporary positions. Case examples further illustrate the utility of narrative measures, including the Adult Attachment Interview, in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attachment theory has served as an influential framework for understanding psychopathology, partly due to reliable assessment methodology. The influence of insecure attachment on attitudes toward the body and the impact this might have for the development of psychopathology is however less well elucidated. Method: A total of 123 adolescents (35 with borderline personality disorder or BPD, 25 with other personality disorders [OPD] and 63 comprising a normative control group) were interviewed with the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and the Mirror Interview (MI). The MI questions respondents about how they feel about their bodies, as they look in the mirror. Results: The AAIs from the Borderline group were predominantly insecure‐preoccupied and unresolved. These adolescents had significantly lower levels of a positive and integrated sense of self and body than the other groups. Regression results revealed a high loving relationship with fathers, low involving anger with father, high coherence of mind, slight derogation of mother & low levels of unresolved loss uniquely and additively predicted 55% of variance in the summary score assigned to MI responses, that is, the summary score for a Positive and Integrated Body Representation (PIBR). Conclusion: Unfavorable attachment experiences and current states of mind regarding attachment may give rise to problems with establishing PIBRs, and thus play a role in the development of psychopathology, especially BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional care for children without families is still widely used globally as a child protection intervention, despite concerns that it violates child rights, separates children from their families, puts children at risk of abuse and neglect and is harmful for child development. This article applied attachment theory to analyse the use and risks of institutional care. It also discusses the challenges and consequences of implementing deinstitutionalisation strategies, a series of policy-driven activities aimed at transitioning a child protection system from an institutional to family-based model of childcare. A secondary data analysis found the progressive elimination of institutions can be effective where deinstitutionalisation strategies implement an attachment approach to improve institutions alongside building permanency planning capacity for children. This article proposes that institutional care may have a role as a child protection intervention where it is temporary, recognises a child's need for secure attachment and facilitates safe permanency in a family setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing literature has overlooked investigating the factors that foster attachment in counterfeit consumers. This research developed and validated a model that considers social, personal, functional, and economic factors influencing brand attachment and purchase intention. The moderating effect of hedonic benefits was researched under well-established theories—the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and attachment theory. A multi-wave method using purposive sampling was applied to collect 529 responses from consumers about counterfeiting. This data was then analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS 24.0. The results of the model fit indices of measurement (χ2/df = 2.1927; RMSEA = 0.048) and structural model (χ2/df = 2.552; RMSEA = 0.054) are indicated as satisfactory. The study found that most factors—social, personal, functional, and economic—have a significant positive association with brand attachment to counterfeit products. However, we found that transactional value, conformity, and novelty have an insignificant relationship with brand attachment. The findings also confirmed that brand attachment has a positive relationship with purchase intentions for luxury counterfeit products. Further, hedonic benefits positively moderate the relationship between brand attachment and the willingness to buy luxury counterfeit goods. This research contributes to the body of knowledge on brand attachment, psychology, consumer behavior, TPB, and attachment theory. The study aids luxury and apparel businesses and acknowledges limitations by offering research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unfortunately, in recent years, wars have forced many civilians to evacuate their homes and move to safe zones. The event of October the seventh that took place in many Kibbutzim near the Gaza strip, exposed families who were on a Jewish holiday, to the murder of family and community members. They had to leave their burned houses and move to hotels and apartment buildings in other parts of Israel. Many people, also from the Northen parts of the country, are still in new safe zones, and have huge difficulties in returning to their houses (and not only because of objective security reasons). In this "perspective" article we propose a Virtual Reality (VR) application, which is based on past and current research in the fields of attachment theory and traumatic grief. We propose that in addition to the use of exposure therapy, a VR simulation which will activate the attachment system, can reorganize the evacuees' figure and place attachment representations. We suggest that such a simulation will revive the evacuees' sense of safe-haven and secure base and enable them to return to their home place, or to adjust to a new place, thereby leading to optimal adjustment. We start with a presentation of the theory of attachment, place attachment, attachment and loss and the two-track model of bereavement. Then, we describe the design of our VR intervention that aims to address this challenge from the attachment theory perspective with the evacuees. Finally, we discuss the challenges that need to be dealt with to implement the VR interventions through resilience centers in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is a social phenomenon that involves the repetition of aggressive, intentional and harmful behaviors directed at a specific person. Currently, one in three children is a victim of bullying. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between the quality of the relationship with teachers, memories of childhood care and bullying in adolescents. The sample consisted of 416 adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years old. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Cuestionario de Evaluación de la Violencia entre Iguales en la Escuela y en el Ocio, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and the Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale. The results demonstrated that bullying behaviors are more often perpetrated by males and with higher levels of aggression in private schools. They also revealed that students who perceive higher levels of support, understanding, trust and openness from teachers tend to be less likely to be targets of bullying. The results also demonstrated a relationship between positive memories of childhood care and students' perceptions of greater support, understanding, trust and openness from their teachers. An analysis of the results was discussed considering attachment theory due to the implications of memories of primary care and the quality of teacher–student relationships regarding bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to parenthood is a time of change and challenge, where new attachments are developed and old ones are re-appraised to fit the needs of the new family. Research on how this transition affects parental attachment to the family pet dog is scarce. This study explored attachment orientation differences among female dog owners without children and female dog owners who had recently become new mothers. Factors that may underpin these differences were also explored. New mothers (n = 98) and childless women (n = 93) completed an online survey that measured the degree to which they were anxiously and avoidantly attached to their pet dog. Significant differences in attachment orientations were found: the parent group had more avoidant, and less anxious, attachment styles toward their pet dogs, compared with the childless group. Qualitative insights revealed new mothers suffer from a lack of time, energy, and attention to afford their dog and that the role of the dog in the family may be re-appraised to accommodate the new family member. These outcomes provide insight into how Australian women experience their attachment relationships to their pet dogs. This study has implications for both pet and maternal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talking about dying when faced with end-of-life may be important for achieving optimal outcomes for young people and their families. Given the lack of research on young people's communication around end-of-life and death, this analogue study examined the role of attachment theory in conversations about dying. Experiment 1 assessed attachment security of 80 healthy young adults and randomised them to receive either an induction that raised awareness of one's attachment figures or a neutral induction, and then primed them with an imagined scenario where they were diagnosed with an incurable illness. Participants then completed a self-report measure of their willingness to discuss end-of-life topics with family, friends, or a psychologist. The experimental attachment induction did not increase willingness to talk about end-of-life concepts. Experiment 2 extended this design and asked participants to describe these conversations and assessed the content of their imagined end-of-life conversations. Experiment 2 replicated the finding that enhancing individuals' awareness of key attachment figures did not increase participants' willingness to engage in end-of-life conversations. However, heightened attachment awareness led participants to talk more about their relationship with the person they were hypothetically talking with. Across both experiments, avoidant attachment tendencies reduced the likelihood that participants receiving the attachment prime would want to engage in end-of-life conversation. Overall, it seems there are important differences between individuals on willingness to talk about death, and this may be influenced by one's attachment style. These results raise implications for the importance of attachment in the therapeutic relationship for healthcare professionals working with young people with life-limiting illnesses, such as cancer. Further research may shed light on how an individually tailored approach, taking into account attachment security, achieves the best outcomes for individuals who require end-of-life conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment has emerged as a major topic of contemporary study on children’s social and personality development, with a rising acknowledgment of the impact of attachment type on children’s physical and mental health, personality development, and adult social connections. Although different factors determine attachment type in children, parental influence is the most essential. However, the impact of childhood maltreatment suffered by parents in their original families on the attachment type of their children and its internal mechanisms still needs to be investigated. Based on attachment theory and self-efficacy theory, this study explored the mediating role of parenting self-efficacy between parental childhood maltreatment and children’s different attachment types. The results showed that although parental childhood maltreatment did not directly predict children’s secure attachment, parenting self-efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between parental childhood maltreatment and children’s secure, resistant, avoidant and disorganized attachments. Meanwhile, parental childhood maltreatment negatively predicted parenting self-efficacy scores, and the mediating effect showed consistent significance between parents. These findings not only add to the existing literature of knowledge about the elements that influence attachment type but also give a theoretical foundation for mitigating the harmful impacts of parents’ early maltreatment experiences on their children’s attachment development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this article is to present the documented relationships between individual attachment styles reported by adults, and job burnout defined as a syndrome of work efficiency loss. In addition to highlighting the role of childhood patterns and their impact on adult professional life, the article also discusses direction of practical use of this interdisciplinary framework in the field of HR. Design/methodology/approach: The study of the literature and research findings related to the theory of attachment and its correlates with burnout, as well as the study of the current reports on burnout scale, definition and legal regulations. Findings: Evaluation of the research findings revealed the gap in theoretical knowledge and practical application of the attachment concept in organizations, especially with regard to Polish workplaces and burnout problem. Research limitations/implications: Application of attachment concept in burnout research may require a dedicated tool with reference to work setting, as proposed by Leier et al., 2015. Practical implications: The article promotes interdisciplinary approach, also with possibility of use in multicultural work settings; introduces a relatively new framework for stress/burnout intervention and prevention aimed at increasing quality of social environment and support systems. Research on the relationship between attachment style and occupational burnout has implications for HRM. Understanding employees' attachment types can assist organizations in adapting stress management and burnout prevention strategies by creating a supportive work environment, attentive recruitment and leadership, adjusting coaching and mentoring techniques, and promoting autonomy and extensive support for employees. Social implications: In the face of currently observed burnout scale, both in Poland and globally, it is crucial to undertake actions toward reducing its spread. Building employees’ awareness and stress resilience through better self-knowledge and modification of less effective operational models (i.e. non–secure attachment style), may be valuable for employees and managers. Research on relationship between attachment styles and burnout also provides a solid basis for organizational level interventions, as a better care and investments in more balanced and harmonious work environments. Originality/value: Application of the psychological concept of attachment style typology to the field of work psychology, especially in Polish context; identification of the possible areas of implementation with the use of HR tools in reducing burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the contemporary mental health discourse, the complex interplay of intimacy with parents, trust, and their collective impact on depression remains insufficiently explored, especially amid the merging of Western and Eastern sociocultural norms propelled by modernization, casting doubt on the foundational role of the family in individual psychological health. This study introduces a theoretical framework that merges attachment theory with modern societal shifts to clarify the intricate relationship between familial connections and individual mental health amidst changing social paradigms. Leveraging data from the 2018 and 2020 waves of the China Family Panel Studies, which included 3048 participants, this study utilizes ordered logistic regression to probe the subtle relationship between intimacy with parents and depression. Additionally, it employs Structural Equation Modeling to assess the mediating effects of five distinct dimensions of interpersonal trust, thus uncovering the complex linkages between intimacy with parents, trust, and depression. The results highlight the crucial role of intimacy with parents in mitigating depression, with trust in parents and neighbors identified as key mediators, while trust in strangers, local government officials, and physicians showed minimal mediating influence. These findings accentuate the critical importance of robust family and community bonds in addressing depression and call for a deeper understanding of trust's role in both policymaking and clinical interventions. Despite the modern era's trend towards individualism and greater mobility altering family structures and trust dynamics, the family remains an essential infrastructure and haven for individual intimacy, trust, and mental health, underscoring the subtle balance between modernity and tradition in societies undergoing transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal violence is a pervasive public health problem that leads to emotional, behavioral, and physical health challenges. Theoretically, sound research examining protective factors, such as relational health, is imperative for developing effective interventions. However, the use of relational health theories in existing research needs to be better understood within the literature and should be further explored. Using scoping review methodology, 23 theories of relational health were identified in the research literature. Attachment theory and emotional security theory were the most frequently utilized. The remaining studies drew on a wide range of theories, including relational cultural theory, social support theories, and others. Findings highlight the complexities of relational experiences in interpersonal violence contexts. Future research should seek a more comprehensive understanding of the inclusion and application of relational health theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing goals for young people in residential care (RC) is a gap in the literature, especially in terms of the relationship between family support and resilience. The literature suggests that RC is associated with the breakdown of family relationships, so the possibility of the family playing a positive role in establishing life goals for young people is reduced. However, family support in the context of organization and stability can be assumed to be a protective factor for the formulation of life goals and contribute to the resilient development of young people. This study aimed to analyze the role of family support in the process of setting goals for young people in RC, as well as to analyze the potential mediating role of resilience in the previous association. The sample included 124 young people aged between 12 and 23 years living in RC. The results point to a positive association between family support (autonomy) and the planning of life goals and verify the total mediating effect of resilience in this association. The results are discussed considering attachment theory and the role of the family in the adaptive development of young people. This study's findings provide important indications for developing future interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community agencies and practitioners around the globe seek opportunities to learn various assessment tools and interventions rooted in attachment theory. However, information regarding the feasibility of implementation and sustainability of these tools once participants have been trained to use them, is limited. This study investigated the perceived acceptability, feasibility, utility, relevance, fidelity, and sustainability of the Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification‐Brief (AMBIANCE‐Brief) among practitioners who had taken a training. Practitioners (N = 59) who attended a virtual AMBIANCE‐Brief training originating from Canada between June 2020 and November 2021 completed an online follow‐up survey. Practitioners reported that they primarily used the AMBIANCE‐Brief for case conceptualization (68%). Additionally, 95% agreed that the AMBIANCE‐Brief was relevant to their clinical practice, 98% agreed it was useful for their clinical work, 76% agreed that it was feasible to implement into their clinical work, and 59% found it easy to incorporate into their treatment planning with clients. Findings suggest that the AMBIANCE‐Brief may be acceptable, feasible, and useful for practitioners. Avenues for continuing to evaluate the AMBIANCE‐Brief include cross‐cultural validity, coder drift, and booster sessions. Additional work clarifying how practitioners integrate the measure into practice would be valuable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive function (EF) is critical to students' academic behaviors and well-being. Environmental influences, particularly teacher-student interaction (TSI), play a key role in enhancing EF development. Previous studies have linked TSI quality to children's EF, yet the relationships between subdimensions of TSI—such as closeness, conflict, dependency, emotional support, classroom management, and instructional support—and EF outcomes remain unclear. Moreover, it is unclear whether these relations hold true across different cultural contexts. From an initial pool of 14,915 articles, in this meta-analysis, we considered 84 empirical studies across 18 cultural regions, revealing that TSI subdimensions are consistently related to EF with small-to-medium effect sizes. The analysis also identified statistically significant moderating factors, such as individualism, power distance, EF type, EF instrument, and socioeconomic status. Notably, stronger TSI-EF correlations were found among children from cultures with low-individualism and high-power-distance, as well as among children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. These patterns were particularly pronounced in studies measuring hot EF through adult-reported data. This comprehensive meta-analysis bridges knowledge gaps in TSI-EF dynamics, and supporting theories, such as attachment theory, social learning theory, and socio-cultural theory within educational settings. Crucially, it provides cross-cultural perspectives showing how cultural and contextual factors may intertwine with TSI-EF interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disclosing a diverse sexual orientation to caregivers can be a stressful and transformative experience for individuals and families. In this retrospective study, attachment theory is applied to caregivers' recollection of their children's disclosure of a diverse sexual orientation, testing the hypothesis that caregivers' attachment anxiety would significantly predict more negative self-reported reactions to coming out. Caregivers of sexually diverse people (n = 154) completed a survey with measures of self-reported reactions to their child's coming out, attachment anxiety and avoidance, attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men, conservatism, family functioning and strength of religious faith. Attachment anxiety, but not avoidance, significantly predicted caregivers' reactions, however this relationship was not significant when covariates were added to the model. Exploratory analyses using t-tests were conducted to examine differences in study variables among LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ caregivers, and caregivers of cisgender and gender diverse children. The results support previous research, indicating that caregiver's attitudes and religiosity are predictive of caregivers' reactions to their children coming out and provide preliminary evidence of differential responses to coming out by caregivers' LGBTQ+ identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: This study aims to understand the association between the fear of missing out (FOMO) and its impact on psychological well-being (PWB). The mediating effect of anxiety and moderating effects of social media engagement (SME) and resilience on the association mentioned above are also examined. Design/methodology/approach: The study used a mix of attachment theory and cognitive-motivational-relational theory to understand the hypothesized relationship using a diverse sample of international respondents from South Asia, South East Asia and the Middle East. The data from 612 respondents was collected using SurveyMonkey. The authors have used Hayes' PROCESS Macro to test the hypothesised relationships. Findings: The results revealed that anxiety acts as a mediator between FOMO and PWB, while SME and resilience act as moderators in reducing the impact of FOMO on anxiety and the impact of anxiety on PWB, respectively. Originality/value: The work extends the existing theorization and points out the merits of using SME and resilience as moderators and anxiety as a mediator for understanding the association between FOMO and PWB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies conducted on student profiles in academic settings reveal that a significant proportion of students, ranging from 10% to 20% , encounter various forms of stressors that include poverty, trauma, abuse, neglect, and domestic violence . Such stressors will likely manifest as disruptive behaviours within the school environment. This paper focuses on identifying the perceptions of professionals regarding effective behaviour management by considering the relevance of an Attachment Theory perspective (ATP) for students with social, emotional, and behavioural difficulties. This research is a qualitative study, and the data were collected by conducting key informant interviews with 13 participants who advocate an ATP in understanding and supporting students with challenging behaviours, who were selected purposefully. The participants are professionals who hold various positions related to research, policy, and practice, and the data gathered from them were analysed thematically. The professionals highlighted the need for a greater understanding of the relevance of an ATP in managing challenging behaviour in schools. The main finding to emerge from the interviews is that awareness of an ATP potentially leads to a better understanding of underlying reasons for challenging behaviours in the classrooms, and this awareness helps educators look for the best ways to support students in providing not only an optimum and sustainable classroom environment but also an enjoyable school experience. Moreover, with the help of extra targeted support for students, the school behaviour management system will be more inclusion-oriented rather than exclusion-oriented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment theory suggests that strong object attachment in hoarding disorder (HD) may be due to an attempt at compensating for unmet relatedness needs. We tested this compensatory process with an online experiment and hypothesized that reducing loneliness among participants with high hoarding symptoms would result in lower object attachment, and that change in loneliness would mediate the impact of an online loneliness intervention on object attachment. A pretest-posttest control group design was used. Participants were 298 MTurk workers pre-screened for high hoarding symptoms recruited via cloudresearch.com. At Time 1, participants completed measures of hoarding severity, loneliness, and four aspects of object attachment: overall object attachment to possessions, insecure object attachment, attachment to an old cherished item, and attachment to a novel item. We randomly assigned participants to either a loneliness intervention (n = 142) or an active control (a health education program; n = 156). All participants completed follow-up questionnaires after two weeks. We conducted ANCOVAs to assess for group differences at Time 2 whilst controlling for Time 1 variables. Results showed small but significant improvements in loneliness, thwarted belongingness, and object attachment for the novel item for participants who received the loneliness intervention relative to control participants. Mediational analyses revealed that the change in loneliness mediated the effect of the intervention on insecure object attachment. Consistent with attachment theory, these results indicate that reducing loneliness might lead to lower object attachment in hoarding disorder. Trials with clinical participants using more intensive loneliness interventions are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the temporal and dyadic associations between anxiety and depressive symptoms during the transition to parenthood (TTP), while exploring the antecedence of attachment insecurities in these associations. Couples of first-time parents (N = 211) completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Experiences in Close Relationships scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire during the second trimester of pregnancy and at four and twelve months postpartum. Both prenatal anxiety and depressive symptoms predicted postnatal depressive and anxiety symptoms. Prenatal attachment-related anxiety predicted higher postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms whereas prenatal attachment-related avoidance predicted higher postnatal depressive symptoms only. Parents whose partners had a higher level of prenatal attachment-related anxiety experienced higher postnatal anxious and depressive symptoms via their own's prenatal depressive symptoms. Parents whose partners had a higher level of prenatal attachment-related avoidance experienced higher postnatal depressive symptoms via their own's prenatal anxious symptoms. No gender differences were found for these associations. The sample was predominantly composed of educated heterosexual French-Canadian Caucasian couples and all measures were self-reported. Our original findings suggest that professionals should routinely screen for anxiety and depressive symptoms in both partners from pregnancy up to one year postpartum. Also, our findings suggest addressing attachment insecurities with both partners to prevent the development of future symptoms during pregnancy or after childbirth. Finally, our study supports the relevance of considering these symptoms at subclinical levels during the TTP. • Anxiety symptoms during pregnancy predicted postpartum depressive symptoms. • Depressive symptoms during pregnancy predicted postpartum anxiety symptoms. • Attachment-related anxiety predicted both anxiety and depressive symptoms. • Attachment-related avoidance is closely related to depressive symptoms. • Parents' attachment insecurities are associated with their partner's symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has extensively studied adult attachment theory, a fundamental psychological framework, particularly regarding its implications for adult attachment and sexual dynamics. The previous literature has established relationships between adult attachment and various sexual behaviours as well as communication patterns. Specifically, individuals with secure attachment styles typically engage in open communication and cautious sexual behaviours, whereas individuals with anxious or avoidant attachment styles exhibit less sexual communication and engage in riskier sexual activities. That said, limited research has explored the relationship between adult attachment style and perceived knowledge regarding partner sex history. This study aimed to fill this gap by investigating how adult attachment style relates to perceived knowledge about partner sexual experiences. A sample of 237 undergraduate students completed surveys assessing attachment style and their perceived awareness of their partner's sexual past. Attachment style was evaluated using the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) and perceived knowledge was measured using the Partner Sexual History Scale (PSHS). The results indicated a significant correlation between adult attachment style and perceived knowledge of a partner's sexual history. Specifically, individuals with secure and avoidant attachment styles demonstrated greater perceived awareness of their partner's sexual experiences compared to those with an anxious attachment style. This research contributes to our comprehension of the complex interplay among adult attachment, sexual knowledge, sexual communication, and relationship dynamics in young adult populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment theory has high potential for advancing a relational understanding of mentoring. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence that protégés develop attachments to mentors. The present manuscript provides this foundation by developing and validating a measure of attachment to mentors across five studies. In Study 1, we find qualitative evidence that protégés experience the four features of attachment in their relationships with mentors. In Study 2, we develop a pool of items to measure attachment to mentors and conduct content validation. In Studies 3a and 3b, we develop a multidimensional measure of attachment and conduct exploratory and confirmatory analyses. In Study 4, we replicate the factor structure and provide evidence of reliability and measurement invariance over time. Consistent with attachment theory, we find that attachment to mentors is related to, and empirically distinct from, mentor support, protégé work-related exploration, protégé attachment anxiety and avoidance, and relationship satisfaction in the hypothesized directions. Our findings support the application of attachment theory to mentoring relationships and provide an empirical foundation for future examination of the development, maintenance, and termination of attachment relationships in the work domain. Moreover, our work offers a new measurement tool and insights for assessing and developing mentoring relationships in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attachment-based interventions have been extensively studied in neurotypical patient populations. In neurodivergent patient populations, however, emphasis on and current research into attachment-based interventions are centered on early childhood. Minimal research has been conducted in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and even less research has focused on attachment-based interventions for children with significant comorbidities such as catatonia. Case Report: We present the case of a 12-year-old female that involved dyadic work in conjunction with biologic interventions for the treatment of ASD and catatonia. Psychosocial interventions were centered on an attachment-based framework and behavioral skills training that incorporated elements of parent management training. We observed and tracked the patient’s uncooperativeness, underproductive speech, emotional withdrawal, and anxiety via the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children. Attachment- and behavioral-based interventions in conjunction with psychotropic medications and electroconvulsive therapy resulted in improvements. Conclusion: This case illustrates the potential advantages that attachment- and behavioral-based psychotherapeutic interventions can confer in complex cases involving neurodivergent patients. The case also highlights the lack of current research into and understanding of attachment theory in children and adolescents with ASD. Research is needed into the role of attachment-based interventions in patients with ASD and other psychiatric comorbidities, particularly in patient populations beyond preschool age. Initiating nonbiologic interventions in conjunction with biologic interventions may also enhance outcomes and warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glamping brings a glamorous tourism experience providing potential opportunities to escape from daily routines and maintain relationships during difficult/special times, such as the pandemic with travel restrictions or postpandemic travel concerns. It is innovative to explore the unique group of DINK (dual income, no kids) couples using glamping as context. This study examines the variations in closeness among DINK couples based on four individual attachment styles (i.e., secure, anxious, dismissive, fearful), and explores the relationships between closeness and subjective well-being. A pilot test with 118 valid responses was adopted to ensure the validity of items and feasibility of the study design. Utilizing attachment theory with four attachment styles, the main study analyzed 940 valid responses using confirmatory factory analysis, ANOVA, and multigroup path analysis. This study highlights that people with a secure attachment style have a significantly 1) higher level of closeness with their partner and 2) stronger relationship between closeness and subjective well-being compared to the other three attachment styles (i.e., anxious, dismissive, and fearful). The results suggest that glamping providers could improve glamping environments to be peaceful and comfortable to attract potential glampers who have higher anxiety (i.e., anxious and fearful attachment styles). Further, the results indicate that glamping could serve as a setting for couples??? therapy and to celebrate special events to enhance close relationships. These promoting/marketing strategies can benefit small glamping businesses develop their products and potentially draw different types of visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the making, unmaking and remaking of social infrastructure (SI) in 'left-behind places' (LBPs) through a case study a former mining village in northern England. We address the understudied affective dimensions of 'left-behindness'. Seeking to move beyond a narrowly economistic of reading LBPs, our framework: strongly emphasises the importance of place attachments and the consequences of their disruption; considers LBPs as 'moral communities', seeing the making of SI as an expression of this; views the unmaking of SI through the lens of 'root shock'; and explains efforts at remaking SI in terms of the articulation of 'radical hope'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This article aims to introduce a new perspective in attachment theory called ruhiyah attachment. Ruhiyah attachment emphasizes the role of caregivers as mediators to connect children spiritually with Allah SWT, proposing this spiritual connection as a potential solution to the mental health crisis among teenagers. Design/methods/approach - This paper employs a literature research methodology. The research involves (1) selecting the topic, (2) searching academic databases for relevant articles and journals, (3) collecting data from primary sources (articles and books on attachment theory) and secondary sources (application and implementation studies), (4) analyzing literature to identify patterns, themes, or differences across ten sources, (5) presenting findings, and (6) conducting a critical assessment of ruhiyah attachment as a new perspective in attachment studies. Findings - The research presents ruhiyah attachment as a new perspective in child attachment studies. It emphasizes that spiritual attachment, facilitated by caregivers as mediators, is crucial for children's development. Ruhiyah attachment extends beyond the mother-child bond to include a spiritual connection with the Creator, potentially addressing mental health crises by fostering a strong spiritual foundation in children. Research implications/limitations - This research broadens the discourse on child attachment studies. The literature review methodology allows a comprehensive examination of various perspectives in attachment research. Ruhiyah attachment offers a new viewpoint that may stimulate future studies. Limitations include the reliance on secondary sources and the need for empirical validation of the proposed perspective. Practical implications - Ruhiyah attachment can enhance early childhood education and care by integrating spirituality into attachment theory. This perspective allows children to develop a direct spiritual connection with Allah SWT through their bond with caregivers, promoting long-term mental and spiritual well-being. It suggests that spiritual strength can help prevent mental health crises and encourage moral development. Originality/value - This research introduces a spiritual dimension to child attachment studies, addressing the mental health crisis by proposing ruhiyah attachment as a novel perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I create a framework that explains how homelessness reduces a child's attachment security. Attachment theory states how over time and repeated interactions, children and caregivers develop patterns of behavior that foster the development of children's schemas about what to generally expect from relationships with others. In order for children to develop secure attachments, a caregiver must be consistent and sensitive when responding to their child. Homeless caregivers have to juggle many stressors at once and therefore have fewer mental or physical resources (the effects of caregiver stress) to devote to consistent, sensitive, and responsive caregiving. This theoretically grounded framework proposes that stressors affect homeless caregivers, which in turn affects their effective parenting effort, which ultimately impacts the child's attachment. I describe in detail each of the proposed associations in the framework and summarize existing literature that supports these theoretical processes. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes connection abstract theory as a detailed abstract formulation of the volitional elements of John Bowlby's theory of child attachment and its expansion to include adult relationships. Connection abstract theory is a formal statement of causal connections within and between attachment and caregiving systems. It is so‐called to give an unambiguous name to the attachment–caregiving relationship. The analysis addresses some limitations traceable to the cultural background within which Bowlbian theory was developed. This paper rethinks these limitations by conceptualizing the emotional motivations for attachment and caregiving. In so doing, it goes beyond individual differences to focus on microfoundations of normative attachment and caregiving processes and expands the potential activators of attachment. Connection abstract theory asserts that caring is the emotion that motivates the caregiving system and that trust is the emotion that motivates the attachment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While waiting has been a prevalent and mentally taxing experience for consumers in marketing scenarios, little research has explored situational factors that enhance consumer patience. Drawing on the priming theory, attachment theory, and conservation of resources theory, the current research examines how cuteness as a situational factor affects consumer patience. Across five experiments (N = 1030), we demonstrate that exposure to cuteness enhances consumer patience (Study 1). Moreover, we uncover that the effect is driven by perceived social support employing both mediation (Study 2) and moderation approaches (Study 3). Furthermore, we identify time pressure as the moderator, such that the effect of cuteness on consumer patience only exists among individuals under low time pressure and disappears for those under high time pressure (Study 4). Finally, we examine the downstream consequence of consumer patience for word-of-mouth positivity (Study 5). These findings contribute to the literature on cuteness, patience, and perceived social support, while also offering practical implications for companies seeking to enhance consumer patience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have documented that parent‒child attachment is linked to the mental health of college students. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation. Based on attachment theory, this study examined whether security mediates the relationship between parent‒child attachment and mental health among college students and whether problematic smartphone use moderates the second half of the mediation process. In total, 77,211 Chinese students (mean age = 20.09 years, SD = 1.37) were recruited from multiple universities. These students provided self-reported data on demographic variables, parent‒child attachment, security, problematic smartphone use, depression, anxiety and resilience. After controlling for sex, age, paternal education level, maternal education level and family economic status, mediation analysis indicated that security mediates the association between parent‒child attachment and mental health among college students. Moderated mediation analysis further demonstrated that the association between security and mental health is moderated by problematic smartphone use. Specifically, the relationship between security and mental health among college students was stronger for those with highly problematic smartphone use. The current study highlights the significance of identifying the mechanisms that moderate the mediated paths between parent‒child attachment and mental health and has important implications for the prevention and intervention of mental health problems among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the basic tenets of separation theory, including the fantasy bond and the voice process. The fantasy bond is a unifying concept explaining how human beings seek security in fantasies of fusion in an attempt to heal the fracture related to interpersonal trauma compounded by death anxiety. Painful elements in parent–child interactions are incorporated in the form of a negative thought process or "voice," creating a division in the personality between the self and the anti-self. My colleagues and I developed a methodology called "voice therapy" to expose and contend with people's destructive attitudes and attacks on themselves. The article also describes the evolution of a group of more than 100 associates and friends who have lived in close proximity and shared their innermost feelings in an ongoing group experience for more than 40 years. These people contributed significantly to the evolution of separation theory. Together, we developed an implicit set of values based on understanding factors that hurt people in their psychological development. The article specifies the concepts learned from observing the reference population and delineates findings from research in the neurosciences, attachment theory, and terror management theory that validate the key concepts of separation theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment theory has played an important role in attempts to understand the "cycle of violence," where maltreated children are at increased risk for perpetrating violence later in life. However, little is known empirically about whether adult attachment insecurity in close relationships may partly explain the link between childhood maltreatment and violent behavior. This study aimed to address this gap using data from a prospective longitudinal study of documented childhood abuse and neglect cases and demographically matched controls (ages 0–11 years), who were followed into adulthood and interviewed (N = 892). Participants completed the Relationship Scales Questionnaire assessing adult attachment styles at mean age 39.54. Criminal arrest data were used to determine arrests for violence after the assessment of attachment through mean age 50.54. There were significant direct paths from childhood maltreatment and adult attachment insecurity to violent arrests after attachment measurement. Attachment insecurity partly explained the higher levels of violence in individuals with maltreatment histories. Analyses of maltreatment subtypes and attachment styles revealed that attachment anxiety appeared to mediate paths between neglect and physical abuse and later violence. There were no significant indirect paths from neglect or physical abuse to violence via attachment avoidance. Implications and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Attachment theory is a key paradigm for understanding individual differences for the elaboration of the grieving processes, however limited attempts to systematically synthesize are found on the literature. Our aim is to conduct a bibliometric analysis about the relationship between complicated grief and attachment over the past twenty years. A bibliographic search was made in the Core Collection of Web of Science, the bibliometric analysis was performed using the software Hiscite version 2010.12.6, and VosViewer were used for the construction of bibliometric maps. Results show 276 publications from 2003 until 2023 from 789 authors, published in 143 scientific journals. The field presents a regular increase and sustained number of publications. The topics most researched were bereavement, complicated grief and attachment, and since 2018 has been increased interest in prolonged grief disorder. In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis contributes to the understanding of the current state of this topic and its evolution, being relevant to consider attachment style in bereavement interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is argued that attachment is crucial in the manifestation of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). However, the longitudinal studies needed to help understanding the developmental trajectories associating attachment and EMSs are lacking. Hence, in this study we investigated whether middle childhood attachment and its subsequent changes across the transition to adolescence are related in understanding the level of EMSs at the beginning of late adolescence and EMSs changes during adolescence. One hundred and fifty-seven children (Meanage = 10.91 at baseline) participated in a five-wave six year longitudinal study in which attachment was assessed across all waves at both explicit and implicit processing levels and EMSs were assessed during the last two waves. Results indicated that both levels of attachment were related to the EMSs cross-sectionally in adolescence (wave 5), but only explicit attachment at baseline was longitudinally related to adolescent EMSs after six years. Moreover, attachment changes across the study linked to adolescent EMSs. However, no links between attachment and changes in EMSs were found. This study provides longitudinal evidence that both attachment in middle childhood and its changes during subsequent development until late adolescence are important in understanding the later EMSs level in late adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the interplay between attachment style, emotional processing, and neural responses is crucial for comprehending the diverse ways individuals function socially and emotionally. While previous research has contributed to our knowledge of how attachment style influences emotional processing, there is still a gap in the literature when it comes to investigating emotional feedback using event-related potentials (ERPs) within a cognitive framework. This study aims to address this gap by examining the effects of attachment style and feedback valence on ERP components, specifically focusing on the P200 and P400. The findings reveal significant effects of attachment style and feedback valence on both components. In insecure attachment styles, noticeable shifts in relative energy are observed during the transition from negative to positive feedback for both the P200 and P400. Conversely, individuals with secure attachment styles exhibit minimal to moderate variations in relative energy, consistently maintaining a lower P200 energy level. Additionally, both secure and insecure individuals demonstrate heightened intensity in the P400 component in response to positive feedback. These findings underscore the influential role of attachment style in shaping emotional reactivity and regulation, emphasizing the significance of attachment theory in understanding individual differences in social and emotional functioning. This study provides novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the influence of attachment style on emotional processing within the context of cognitive task performance. Future research should consider diverse participant samples, employ objective measures of attachment, and utilize longitudinal designs to further explore the neural processes associated with attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research grounded in religious studies and attachment theory demonstrates links between experiencing and resolving faith crises with a perceived break and restoration of a relationship with God. Experiences of faith crises are unique, however, and little research has explored the diverse ways in which faith can be restored—particularly from a messaging perspective. The present study used Q methodology to capture the varied and nuanced messages that resonated with Christian respondents who had experienced and resolved a faith crisis. The Q-sort consisted of 37 statements that participants sorted on a nine-category continuum. Brief, semistructured qualitative interviews followed the Q-sort. The results identified four distinct factors that conveyed unique messages about an individual's return to religion and/or spirituality after experiencing a crisis of faith: (1) resilient God Seekers, (2) self-compassionates, (3) marathon runners, and (4) scripture seekers. Thus, the present study suggests that religious organizations and practitioners should refrain from using a generalized approach in their communication with members who struggle with faith as the participants gravitated toward separate, distinct, and unique messaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between people and horses are often described in terms reflecting attachment, understanding, and mutual bonding. How this bond is characterized from a human perspective can provide insight into the human–horse relationship and its impact on animal welfare. This mixed methods study sought to understand what people experience with their horse and how they experience it to discover reasons why people believe there is a human–horse bond. An online survey asked respondents about horse ownership, days per week of one-on-one contact, length of time interacting with the horse, and their primary reason (Western riding, companionship, etc) for spending time with the horse. Demographic data on gender, age, ethnicity, household income, and country of residence of the respondent was also collected. An open-ended question asked respondents to describe an instance where they thought a bond between a horse and a human had been demonstrated. Qualitative responses were coded using thematic analysis to examine human–horse interaction from a phenomenological perspective. Aspects that characterized a bond included the horse approaching and making physical contact with their person, vocalizing upon seeing their human, protecting their person from physical harm, and trying hard for their person. How the bond was experienced included a shared experience, often in dire situations, the horse trusting and relaxing in the presence of their person, the horse missing their person or remembering them after a long time apart, and anthropomorphic aspects of two-way communication and affection. Respondent age, income level, and whether they partook in riding were associated with some of the aspects describing the bond with the horse. The four pillars of attachment theory were evidenced in the survey responses, and anthropomorphism featured largely. These results form a foundation for understanding the human view of the human–horse bond which can improve horse welfare through directed research and communication of horse ethology and cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees are the executors of corporate tourism environmental governance in the practice of green tourism, and their activities had a direct influence on the ecological environment. Despite encouraging low-carbon tourism and sustainable development, corporations' human resource policies lacked morality and responsibility. This causes bad environmental performance in organizations. Attachment theory provides the theoretical framework for our investigation into the impact of socially responsible human resource management (SRHRM) on organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment (OCBE). Our analysis of 455 data obtained from China revealed that SRHRM had a positive effect on OCBE (eco-initiatives; eco-civic engagement; eco-helping); psychological safety mediated the relationship between SRHRM and OCBE. Additionally, contingent reward leadership (CRL) moderates the impact of SRHRM on employees' OCBE via psychological safety. Our research presents a novel theoretical framework for explaining socially responsible human resource management and employees' environmentally friendly behavior. We anticipate that the findings of our research will provide both theoretical direction and management insight for organizations seeking to apply SRHRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the attachment theory, early experiences with primary caregivers are the foundation of the expectations and beliefs about the self, others, and the world. It becomes particularly relevant in youth living in Residential Care (RC) settings, due to their past adversities. In this context, care workers can provide emotional healing experiences by acting as secure base figures and fostering conditions for youth's revision of their internal working models. The main aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between youth attachment dimensions and satisfaction with the residential caregiving environment, as well as, to analyze the potential mediator effect of the relationship quality with care workers in RC settings in the prior association. The sample was composed of youth, aged 12 to 18 (M = 15.54; SD = 1.66) living in RC settings in Porto district, Portugal (N = 248), that responded to three self-report measures. Results showed that attachment dimensions were associated with youth satisfaction with their caregiving environment, being this association mediated by the relationship quality with care workers. This study highlights the importance of investing in good relational experiences for youth satisfaction with the RC caregiving environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cumulative childhood maltreatment (CCM) is associated with relationship difficulties including lower perceived partner responsiveness (PPR)—the degree of feeling cared for, understood, and validated by a person's partner. Attachment theory is understood via its representations of self and others and could offer a better understanding of how CCM effects continue into adulthood and affect PPR. We examined whether CCM is related to PPR via attachment in French‐speaking adolescents and young adults. A sample of 427 individuals in a romantic relationship and another sample of 159 couples completed self‐report measures. In both samples, a person's CCM was associated with their own lower PPR via their higher attachment anxiety and avoidance. In the dyadic sample, a person's CCM was associated with their partner's lower PPR via their own higher attachment anxiety. Attachment insecurities help understand the associations between CCM and PPR and may represent an important intervention target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment theory provides some important insights into couple relationships, including highlighting the importance of communicating one's needs clearly while also having a partner who is properly attuned and appropriately responsive to those needs. The purpose of this study was to provide an initial empirical examination of the signal‐response dynamic. More specifically, we used data from 63 couples to examine the efficacy (in terms of psychophysiological arousal and feelings toward their partner) of a micro‐intervention designed to help couples improve their signaling and responding when compared to a seminatural condition where the discussion more closely resembled how couples interact at home. We also explored the emotional experience of participants in various signaling and responding roles. Overall, we found preliminary evidence for addressing signaling and responding dynamics. We also found evidence that emotional experience varied according to signaling or responding roles. These findings have important potential clinical implications, which we discuss in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explored significant advancements in integrative child psychotherapy in the UK, aiming to establish a common core and unified theory. Informed by infant-parent observations, attachment theory, neuroscience, and socio-cognitive developmental psychology research, the findings integrated clinical approaches from a developmental and family systems perspective. The objective was to provide a framework based on common factors and a unified psychogenesis theory, emphasising a therapeutic action model and understanding child development. The escalating prevalence and severity of mental health issues among children and young people (CYP) are highlighted, with factors like the COVID-19 pandemic, educational disruptions, increased digital reliance, and the current cost of living crisis contributing to the surge. The impact of these changes necessitates a holistic approach to mental health care, specifically by specialists in integrative child psychotherapy. Current data underestimates CYP mental health needs due to the absence of a national approach to data collection and analysis. Moreover, there is a lack of consensus on the assessment and case formulation in CYP mental health treatment. The diversity in practitioners' approaches, training, and understanding of child development, evidence-based practices, and CYP mental health support is noted. Critiquing the limitations of evidence-based practices, the paper argues for a systematic assessment and case formulation framework. It advocates for an evidence base that acknowledges the individuality of CYP, emphasising psychotherapy's dynamic, relational foundation. The proposed framework seeks to inform training and practice requirements, challenging the conventional mechanistic understanding of mental health treatment and promoting a more integrative and client-centred approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the significance of self-worth as a crucial factor in human mental health and psychosocial development. The study explores self-worth interventions, mental disorders, and available resources. A comprehensive analysis of the conceptual and theoretical aspects of self-worth is undertaken. To begin with, the study offers conceptual justifications drawn from the self-worth literature, elucidating theoretical perspectives on the formation of self-worth in individuals. It elaborates on related concepts and their interconnections with selfworth. Furthermore, the examination extends to the influence of culture on self-worth development and emotions. Theoretical discussions on self-worth are approached through Psychoanalytic theory, Psychosocial development theory, Transactional analysis theory, and Attachment theory. The research scrutinizes the association between various mental disorders and self-worth, investigating how a lack of self-worth may exacerbate or precipitate certain psychopathologies. Previous interventions aimed at enhancing self-worth are outlined, accompanied by an exploration of methods for measuring self-worth. The study emphasizes the pivotal role of self-worth in individuals' mental health, considering the implications of concepts like unconditional selfworth and contingencies of self-worth. Recommendations are provided for individuals, parents, and mental health professionals based on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]