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Aphelandra martiusii Wasshausen (1975: 108) (Fig. 1–3) Replaced name: Lagochilium repandum Nees von Esenbeck (1847a: 86), not Aphelandra repanda Nees von Esenbeck (1847b: 728). Type: — BRAZIL. Pará: “In silvys ad fluvium Xingú”, 10–12 September 1819, C. F. P. Martius s.n. (lectotype designated here: M0186188 [image!]; isolectotypes: M0186187 [image!], M0186190 [image!]). Shrub 0.6-3 m tall, erect, cystoliths absent. Stem terete, glabrous. Leaves opposite-decussate, isophyllous; petiole 0.5–1.3 cm long, puberulent; blade submembranaceous, 25–32.5 × 4–9.6 cm, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, apex acuminate to attenuate, base decurrent, margin entire, venation eucamptodromous, lateral veins (11–) 16–19 pairs, adaxially flat, glabrous, greenish, abaxially puberulent along veins, pale green. Inflorescence a terminal spike, 7–10.7 cm long, quadrangular, congested; peduncle 5 mm long, puberulent; rachis with flowers opposite, glabrous; inflorescence bracts foliose, mid-vein pubescent, green to red. Flowers zygomorphic, imbricate; bracts red to pink, papyraceous, conduplicate, 3.5–3.9 cm long, 2.4–2.6 cm wide, obovate-cuneate, reticulate-nerved, glabrous, apex obtuse-mucronulate; bracteoles pink, papyraceous, (1.8–) 2.3–2.4 × (0.4–) 0.5–0.6 mm, oblong, apex asymmetric, glabrous. Calyx papyraceous, lobes subequal, quincuncial aestivation, oblong, apically acute, margin entire, posterior sepal ca. 15 × 2.5 mm, anterior pair ca. 14 × 2.5 mm, lateral pair ca. 8 × 1.5 mm, glabrous. Corolla bilabiate, (4–) 6.2 cm long, erect, purple, glabrous outside, puberulent inside; tube erect, ca. 3 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm wide at base to ca. 3 mm wide at top, then gradually enlarged to ca. 8 mm wide at mouth; mouth oblique; upper lip (0.8–) 1.2 × (0.8–) 1.2 cm, cucullate, ovate, apex retuse-revolute; lower lip 3-lobed, ca. 1.3 cm long, lobes subequal, ovate, middle lobe (4–) 6 × 6 mm, lateral lobes ca. 5 × 4 mm. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, included; filaments ca. 2 cm long, puberulent; anthers monothecous, thecae ca. 7 mm long, apically obtuse, a tuft of long hairs on the abaxial surface. Ovary ca. 5 mm long, pyriform, glabrous; style ca. 2.4 cm long, filiform, glabrous; stigma ca. 0.5 mm long, bifid. Capsule slightly obovoid, 14–16 × 6–7 mm, glabrous. Seeds not seen. Distribution and habitat: — Aphelandra martiusii is an endemic species to South America, distributed in Brazil, Colombia and Peru (Fig. 4). In Peru, it is only known from the northeastern Amazonian Department of Loreto. All collections are from the province of Mariscal Ramón Castilla (Locality of San Juan de Loretoyacu) and Putumayo (Cotuhé Camp), belonging to the territory of the Cotuhé River Conservation Concession. Aphelandra martiusii grows at floodplain forests on uneven terrain (IH 14380, 14517) and low terrace forest (IRP 2648) mostly undisturbed, at an elevation of 115– 140 m. In the Cotuhé Camp (IH 14380, 14517), this species is found associated with some arboreal species such as Coussapoa trinervia Spruce ex Mildbraed (1928: 416), Micrandra spruceana (Baillon 1864: 288) R.E. Schultes (1952: 217), Mabea nitida Spruce ex Bentham (1854: 367) and Ficus guianensis Desvaux ex Hamilton (1825: 62); some ferns from genus Adiantum Linnaeus (1753: 1094), Lindsaea Dryander ex Smith (1793: 413) and Trichomanes Linnaeus (1753: 1097) in the understory, and some Rubiaceae shrub species (Pitman et al. 2011). Phenology: —This species was observed in flowering from March to October, showing some falling flowers in this later month, and fruiting in May. Conservation status: — Aphelandra martiusii is endemic to the Amazon Forest, growing in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. In Brazil, this species is only known from its type locality (banks of Xingu river, Pará) having no information of its current possible threats. Therefore, this species should be listed as DD. In Colombia, it is widespread, growing in more than 10 localities with a total EOO> 20,000 km ² and an AOO> 50 km ². In Peru, A. martiusii is only known from two localities (San Juan de Loretoyacu and Cotuhé Camp) belonging to the Cotuhé River Conservation Concession. Despite being close to the Yaguas National Park, Cotuhé is currently being highly affected by deforestation for agricultural purposes, leading to the loss of several hectares of land (Novoa et al. 2021). A negative impact on the habitat of Aphelandra martiusii is therefore expected.The Colombian populations meet the criteria for Near Threatened; however, the species is classified as [EN (B2a+biii)] in Peru. Therefore, we assign this species to the category NT (AOO 10 locations) (IUCN 2012a, 2012b, 2019). Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Pará: ‘’ In silvis ad fluvium Xingú. ’’, 10–12 Sep 1819, C . F. P. Martius s. n. (GZU, M). COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Tarapacá, ‘’ Río Porvenir Grande cerca de Caño Pajaro. Bosque de zona plana temporalmente inundado.’’, 2°31’24.24”S, 70°11’06”W, 12 Feb 2006, M . Rodríguez & J. Aguila 10 (COAH); ‘’Corregimiento Puerto Arica, asociación AIZA, comunidad Puerto limón. Bosque de tierra firme ondulado, con transición de llanura aluvial’’, 2°17’50.6”S, 72°01’31.8”W, 97 m, 15 Nov 2017, M . Rodríguez et al. 3530 (COAH!); ‘’ Zona étnica de conservación de Puerto Caimán, asociación AIPEA, resguardo indígena Curare-Los Ingleses. ’’, 8 Apr 2018, A . Barona-C. 4952 (COAH); ‘’ Rio Caquetá, km 20 trocha Santa Isabel-Mirití. ’’, 18 May 1980, M . Pabón E. 1000 (COAH!, COL!). Vaupés: “Porto dos Miranhas dit. [ditionis] Japurensis, Prov. Fl. Nigri ”, Dec 1819, C . F. P. Martius s. n. (GZU, M). PERU. Loreto: Prov. Mariscal Ramón Castilla, Dist. Caballo Cocha, San Juan de Loretoyacu, 115 m, 03°25’44.22”S, 70°45’30.25”W, 3 Nov 2019 (fl.), I . Revilla Pantigoso 2648 (MOL). Prov. Putumayo, Dist. Yaguas, Inventario Rápido de las cabeceras del río Cotuhé, NE de Iquitos y Pebas, en la esquina del trapezoide de Colombia. Drenaje del bajo Putumayo, entre los ríos Yaguas y Amazonas. Camp 2, “Cotuhé”, borde sur, 140 m, 3°13’32.4”S, 70°54’93”W, 21 Oct 2010 (fl.), I . Huamantupa, Z. Cordero, N. Pitman & R. García 14380 (AMAZ, F). Same collection data as preceding, 135 m, 3°11’40.7”S, 70°52’45.9”W, 23 Oct 2010 (fl.), I . Huamantupa, Z. Cordero, N. Pitman & R. García 14517 (AMAZ, F). Lectotypification: —In the protologue of Lagochilium repandum, Nees von Esenbeck (1847a) did not cite any specimens but mentioned two localities where the species was collected: (1)“ In the woods at the river Xingu, prov. Paraensis ” and (2)“ In the woods at Porto dos Miranhas under the jurisdiction of Japurensis ”. Four duplicates housed at Herbarium M (M0186187, M0186190, M0186188 and M0186189) were traced. The handwriting on the two first sheets “ Brasilia prov. Pará ” and on the third sheet “ Habitat in sylvis ad fluv. Xingú. Provinciae Paräensis ” [Prov. Paraensis] indicating that these materials were collected by Martius in Pará, mainly close to the Xingu river, dating 10-12 September 1819. The another sheet M0186189 has the label “ in sylvis ad Porto dos Miranhas dit. Japurensis. Provinciae R. N. ” [Porto dos Miranhas, prov. Rio Negro, district of Japurensis]. Martius arrived at Rio Negro in December 1819, few months after his visit to Pará (Spix & Martius 1938); however, this district currently belongs to Vaupés, a department of Colombia (Wasshausen 1975). Among these four sheets, M0186188 and M0186189 bear the original blue label of Martius, while the sheets M0186187 and M0186190 are duplicates. These specimens may be the original material and they are part of the Martius’ collection which was obtained during his exploration to the Amazonian basis of Brazil between 1817 and 1820 (Spix & Martius 1938). Additionally, another sheet of L. repandum was found in GZU (GZU000250146). This material was given by Baron von Zschock to the University of Graz and belonged to the personal herbarium of Nees which was split up after his suspension as a professor at the University of Breslau (Steenis-Kruseman et al. 1950; Stafleu & Cowan 1981). In the sale of his herbarium and library, Nees von Esenbeck (1852) highlighted the historical significance of this material “ it is rendered still more important by its containing the original specimens on which my monographie labours, the dissertations on the Laurineae, Solaneae, Acanthaceae, Hepaticae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Gramineae, and Restiaceae, are founded ”. Accordingly, the sheet housed at GZU is also the original material of Lagochilium repandum. Since there is no holotype indicated by Nees von Esenbeck (1847a), all of these specimens are syntypes according to the Art. 9.6 of Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2018). Prior to the World Wide II, Francis MacBride travelled to Europe to photograph the type specimens of tropical American plants preserved at several European herbaria, including Munich (M) (Grimé & Plowman 1986). MacBride achieved to take photos of the syntypes of L. repandum housed at M and these photos are available online, F20492 (https://fm-digital-assets.fieldmuseum.org/288/549/20492.jpg) and F20498 (https://fm-digital-assets.fieldmuseum. org/288/481/20498.jpg). However, these photos cannot be considered as syntypes of L. repandum because these do not include any parts from the original material Despite being the one specimen with flowers, the duplicate housed at GZU is probably a mixed preparation of both syntypes, as it shows a label of both localities. Additionally, it is uncertain to which syntype belongs every fragment. Consequently, the duplicate GZU000250146 is discarded as lectotype. Among the remaining duplicates, the sheet M0186188 was the only one which bears a blue label of Martius with a note “ Bractea et cor. purpureae ”, the one collected in Pará and the first locality where this sample was collected by Martius. As discussed above, we here designate a duplicate of Martius s.n. at M (barcode 0186188) as the lectotype for the name Aphelandra martiusii. Discussion: —In Peru, Aphelandra martiusii is currently found in the city of San Juan de Loretoyacu, district of Caballo Cocha, province of Mariscal Ramon Castilla and Camp Cotuhé, district of Yaguas, province of Putumayo, both bordering to Colombia. This might be explained by the fact that Putumayo and Caballo Cocha are close to the department of Amazonas, Colombia, where recent material (Rodríguez et al. 3530) was collected to still confirm its existence in the jungle of this country. On the other hand, collections from Brazil solely date back from Martius’ exploration (1817-1820) when original materials were collected (Zanatta et al. 2020). This only one occurrence in Brazilian territory could owe to the missing of botanical explorations in the zone or otherwise, its extinction. The long distance between the known populations of A. martiusii might be related to a water dispersal through the Amazonas River. Similar situation has been observed in the genus Suessenguthia Merxmüller (1953: 178), with a sole collection in Pará (Brazil), and the others individuals over 2,000 km westward (Schmidt-Lebuhn 2003). The Peruvian species of Aphelandra may be separated into two groups: species with entire leaves and those with spiny leaves. The species in former group can be distinguished by the spiny or entire floral bracts. A. martiusii along with Aphelandra plowmanii Wasshausen (2013a: 109) and Aphelandra latibracteata Wasshausen (1973: 468) shares the presence of leaves and floral bracts entire and the cucullate corolla. Aphelandra latibracteata and A. plowmanii, endemic species to Peru, are known in Huánuco, San Martin and Ucayali, and Loreto and San Martin, respectively. These three species can be confusable by their inflorescence spike and corolla shape, however, A. martiusii differs by having obovate-cuneate floral bracts, larger bracteoles and a pink corolla. More detail of the diagnostic characters is summarized in Table 1., Published as part of Villanueva-Espinoza, Rosa, Azevedo, Igor H. F. & Montenegro, Luis Torres, 2022, Taxonomic update and first record of Aphelandra martiusii (Acanthaceae) in Peru, pp. 199-208 in Phytotaxa 549 (2) on pages 200-205, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.549.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6622805, {"references":["Wasshausen, D. (1975) The genus Aphelandra (Acanthaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 18: 1 - 157.","Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. (1847 a) Acanthaceae. In: von Martius, C. F. P., Eichler, A. G. & Urban, I. (Eds.) Flora Brasiliensis 9. Typographia Regia, Monachii, pp. 1 - 164, t. 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 454","Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. (1847 b) Acanthaceae. In: de Candolle, A. P. (Ed.) 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Two new species of Aphelandra, A. rugosa and A. apecoi, are described and illustrated from the Huánuco region of Peru. Aphelandra rugosa is related to A. mucronata and A. weberbaueri but differs from both species in having larger dark red calyx, subequal sepals, corolla upper lip with 4 lobes and stamens exceeding the tip of corolla. Aphelandra apecoi is related to A. zamorensis, but differs from the latter in having long-pedunculate spikes, larger calyx, and a corolla with unequal upper lip lobes.

Avicennia marina (family Acanthaceae) is a halotolerant woody shrub that grows wildly and cultivated in the coastal regions. Despite its importance, the species suffers from lack of genomic datasets to improve its taxonomy and phylogenetic placement across the related species. Here, we have aimed to sequence the plastid genome of A. marina and its comparison with related species in family Acanthaceae. Detailed next-generation sequencing and analysis showed a complete chloroplast genome of 150,279 bp, comprising 38.6% GC. Genome architecture is quadripartite revealing large single copy (82,522 bp), small single copy (17,523 bp), and pair of inverted repeats (25,117 bp). Furthermore, the genome contains 132 different genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA, 37 tRNA genes, and 126 simple sequence repeats (122 mononucleotide, 2 dinucleotides, and 2 trinucleotides). Interestingly, about 25 forward, 15 reversed and 14 palindromic repeats were also found in the A. marina. High degree synteny was observed in the pairwise alignment with related genomes. The chloroplast genome comparative assessment showed a high degree of sequence similarity in coding regions and varying divergence in the intergenic spacers among ten Acanthaceae species. The pairwise distance showed that A. marina exhibited the highest divergence (0.084) with Justicia flava and showed lowest divergence with Aphelandra knappiae (0.059). Current genomic datasets are a valuable resource for investigating the population and evolutionary genetics of family Acanthaceae members’ specifically A. marina and related species.

Aphelandra knappiae is an important plant from the family Acanthaceae. The complete chloroplast genome of the genus Aphelandra was sequenced for the first time. The plastome of A. knappiae was 152,...

Aphelandra merelloae, a new species from north-central Panama is described, illustrated, and mapped. It is compared to morphologically similar species from southern Central America (A. dolichantha) and Colombia (A. cuatrecasasii). It differs from both by its pinkish to purplish limb of the corolla, among other characters. Aphelandra killipii is treated as distinct from its Colombian congener A. cuatrecasasii based on color and pubescence of the corollas and pubescence of the medial and distal bracts. Twenty species of Aphelandra are now known to occur in Panama.

RESUMO Este trabalho consiste do tratamento taxonômico das Acanthaceae Juss. na Marambaia, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e sua distribuição nas diferentes formações vegetais locais. Foram constatados cinco gêneros e nove espécies encontradas nos manguezais, na restinga e na floresta ombrófila, além de áreas urbanizadas. Thunbergia alata é introduzida e amplamente naturalizada no Brasil inteiro e Ruellia blechum é uma espécie neotropical também naturalizada; as demais espécies (Avicennia schaueriana, Aphelandra longiflora, Justicia brasiliana, J. cydoniifolia, J. plumbaginifolia, Ruellia solitaria e Schaueria litoralis) são nativas. São apresentadas chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações, comentários taxonômicos e a ocorrência nas formações vegetais locais, em outras restingas fluminenses e no Brasil. As espécies de Acanthaceae da Marambaia são recursos importantes para diferentes grupos de polinizadores e reúnem espécies típicas (Justicia brasiliana, J. cydoniifolia) e exclusivas (Schaueria litoralis) das restingas; essas espécies, juntamente com Avicennia schaueriana, são ameaçadas de extinção na flora fluminense. ABSTRACT This work consists of the taxonomic treatment of the Acanthaceae Juss. in Marambaia, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and their distribution in the different local plant communities. Five genera and nine species were found in mangrove, sand coastal plains (restingas), rain forest, and in urban areas. Thunbergia alata is introduced and widely naturalized throughout Brazil, and Ruellia blechum is a neotropical species also naturalized; the other species are native: Avicennia schaueriana, Aphelandra longiflora, Justicia brasiliana, J. cydoniifolia, J. plumbaginifolia, Ruellia solitaria, and Schaueria litoralis. Keys to species, descriptions, illustrations, comments on taxonomy, and their distribution in the local plant communities, in other restingas in Rio de Janeiro State, and in Brazil are provided. The species of Acanthaceae in Marambaia are important resources for different groups of pollinators and include typical (Justicia brasiliana, J. cydoniifolia) and exclusive (Schaueria litoralis) species of the restinga; these species plus Avicennia schaueriana are threatened in Rio de Janeiro State.

In the course of reconstructing the Brazilian herbarium of Prince Maximilian of Wied, several species were found in the literature which need either correction or clarification. Problems include priority considerations, authority of species names, conflicting typifications and other errors. This paper reports 12 currently accepted species collected by Prince Maximilian in Brazil, commenting on their taxonomic status and nomenclature. Included are type specimens of Andromeda ambigua Schrad. (lecto and isolectotypes; = Agarista revoluta (Spreng.) Hook. f. ex Nied.), Andromeda crassifolia Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Agarista revoluta), Aphelandra marginata Nees & Mart. (lecto and isolectotypes), Aphelandra maximiliana (Nees) Benth. (lecto and isolectotypes), Ceiba ventricosa (Nees & Mart.) Ravenna (lectotype), Cinnamodendron axillare (Nees) Endl. ex Walp. (lecto and isolectotypes), Croton gnaphaloides Schrad. (lecto and isolectotype), C. klaenzei Mull. Arg. (holotype), Geissomeria nitida (Nees & Mart.) Nees & Mart. (lecto and isolectotypes), Nectandra squarrosa Nees var. pyrifolia Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Ocotea squarrosa (Nees) Mez), Ocotea squarrosa (lecto and isolectotypes), Pavonia semiserrata (Schrad.) Steud. (lecto and isolectotypes), Stenandrium serpens Nees (lecto and isolectotypes), Zollernia falcata Wied-Neuw. & Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Z. glabra (Spreng.) Yakovlev) and Z. splendens Wied-Neuw. & Nees (lectotype; = Z. glabra). Additionally, a new name, Aphelandra verrugensis P. L. R. Moraes, is proposed to replace Synandra amoena Schrad., which is the oldest name of the taxon currently known as Aphelandra ignea Nees.

Background and aims A number of different types of flower-visiting animals coexist in any given habitat. What evolutionary and ecological factors influence the subset of these that a given plant relies on for its pollination? Addressing this question requires a mechanistic understanding of the importance of different potential pollinators in terms of visitation rate (pollinator 'quantity') and effectiveness at transferring pollen (pollinator 'quality') is required. While bat-pollinated plants typically are highly specialized to bats, there are some instances of bat-pollinated plants that use other pollinators as well. These generalized exceptions tend to occur in habitats where bat 'quantity' is poor due to low or fluctuating bat densities. Methods Aphelandra acanthus occurs in tropical cloud forests with relatively high densities of bat visitors, yet displays a mix of floral syndrome characteristics, suggesting adaptation to multiple types of pollinators. To understand its pollination system better, aspects of its floral phenology and the 'quantity' and 'quality' components of pollination by its floral visitors are studied here. Key results Flowers were found to open and senesce throughout the day and night, although anther dehiscence was restricted to the late afternoon and night. Videotaping reveals that flowers are visited nocturnally by bats and moths, and diurnally by hummingbirds. Analysis of pollen deposition shows that bats regularly transfer large amounts of conspecific pollen, while hummingbirds occasionally transfer some pollen, and moths rarely do so. Conclusions Hummingbirds and bats were comparable in terms of pollination 'quantity', while bats were the most effective in terms of 'quality'. Considering these components together, bats are responsible for approx. 70 % of A. acanthus pollination. However, bats also transferred remarkably large amounts of foreign pollen along with the conspecific grains (three of four grains were foreign). It is suggested that the negative effects of interspecific pollen transfer may decrease bat 'quality' for A. acanthus, and thus select for generalization on multiple pollinators instead of specialization on bats.

Using HPLC-UV(DAD)-MS the MeOH/H2O/HOAc extract of the roots of Aphelandra fuscopunctata (Acanthaceae) was analyzed. The known alkaloid (+)-aphelandrine and two new macrocyclic spermine alkaloids of the (+)-aphelandrine type were isolated, namely (+)-N(6)-hydroxy-aphelandrine and (+)-N(6)-acetoxy-aphelandrine. Their constitutions and absolute configurations were established. (+)-N(6)-Hydroxy-aphelandrine was obtained from (+)-aphelandrine and (+)-N(6)-acetoxy-aphelandrine.

Six different callus lines and three different suspension culture lines were established from plants of two Aphelandra species (Acanthaceae). All established lines were analyzed for secondary metabolite accumulation. A discrepancy between secondary metabolites accumulated in the plants and in the cell cultures could be observed. All established Aphelandrasp. cell cultures produced verbascoside (acteoside) as the major extractable metabolite. Time course experiments were carried out to investigate the relationship between cell growth and verbascoside production. In the present study it was shown that verbascoside accumulation was growth dependent and positively related to the presence of 2,4-D in the medium. The conditions in which verbascoside represents ca. 18% of cell culture weight have been defined. Free polyamines were detected in the cell culture lines cultivated in MS liquid medium (cysteine 10 mg l-1, thiamine 1 mg l-1, 2,4-D 1 mg l-1, kinetin 0.2 mg l-1 and sucrose 30 g l-1). Putrescine and spermidine accumulated within 8 days to a maximum of 8.4 μmol g-1 of dry wt and 2.6 μmol g-1 of dry wt respectively and thereafter their concentration decreased rapidly. There was no evidence for the presence of spermine or any other type of free or conjugated polyamines in the tested cell culture lines.

A survey of bracteal (extrafloral) nectaries in species of Aphelandra (Acanthaceae) reveals substantial diversity. Each bracteal nectary is an aggregate of individual glands that vary in number, size, and structure among species. Glands contain three cell layers: a palisade-like secretory cell layer, a one-to-many-celled intermediate layer with thickened cell walls, and a foot layer. Members of the A. pulcherrima complex have one of two distinct gland types: relatively small glands with a single-celled intermediate layer or larger glands that have a multicellular intermediate layer. Nectaries composed of small glands are patches of many (>50) glands, whereas those composed of large glands are patches of

Experiments using novel and familiar resources were conducted on colonies of the leaf-cutting ant, Atta colombica Guerin, in Costa Rica to determine the eVects of prior experience on acceptability of plant resources. Two plant species, Aphelandra golfodulcensis and Caryocar costaricense, grew in the foraging territories of some but not all colonies tested. Artificial patches containing flowers of one or both species were presented to all colonies to study behaviour patterns of scouts and recruits, respectively. Scouts were significantly faster to show recruitment behaviour when encountering a patch containing familiar rather than unfamiliar resources. Workers recruited to a mixed patch by a single scout preferentially harvested resources encountered during travel on trails, regardless of the resource carried by the scout. Colonies treated the two resources diVerently when they were unfamiliar, accepting Caryocar but not Aphelandra after a delay of up to 24 h. This diVerence may be due to inherent diVerences in acceptability of the two resources. Colonies naturally harvesting Aphelandra continued to harvest this resource from artificial patches even after 48 h of exposure to Caryocar, suggesting that familiarity altered the relative ranking of the two resources. The results suggest that conditioning aVects relative acceptability of resources to both scouts and recruits, and may be a partial explanation for the diversity of resources harvested by ant colonies. ? 1996 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour

Nine new species and a new variety are described: Aphelandra villonacensis from prov. Loja, A. anderssonii from Loja, A. azuayensis from Azuay, A. rumbecensis from Tumbes, Peru, A. zamorensis from Zamora-Chinchipe, A. loxensis from Loja, A. neillii from Zamora-Chinchipe, A. rosulata var. albinotata from Morona-Santiago, A. albinotata from Esmeraldas, and A. mollissima from San Martin, Peru. The new taxa are described, illustrated, and compared with their closest relatives. Two new combinations are made: Aphelandra modesta and A. rosulata.

DIBOA ( 2a ) was identified in Scoparia dulcis (Scrophulariaceae) and in six Acanthaceae species: Acanthus mollis, A. spinosus, Aphelandra aurantiaca, A. squarrosa, Crossandra infundibuliformis and C. pungens . Both Crossandra species contained 7-hydroxyDIBOA ( 2c ), and both Aphelandra species contained its methyl ether, DIMBOA ( 2b ). No hydroxamates were found in 28 species from 19 other genera of Acanthaceae.

N 1 , N 5 -Di- p -coumaroylspermidine, N 5 , N 10 -di- p -coumaroylspermidine, and N 1 , N 5 , N 10 tri- p -coumaroylspermidine were isolated from anthers of Aphelandra tetragona and A. chamissoniana . The correct substitution pattern of the di-coumaroylspermidines could be identified by their specific photoisomerization to four isomers which can be separated by HPLC.

ummingbirds and the flowers they visit are among the most colorful examples of mutualistic relationships between animals and flowering plants. The acrobatics, pugnacious behavior, and startling colors of many hummingbird species have won them the attention of biologists and hobbyists alike. In turn, the large and showy flowers of many of the plants pollinated by hummingbirds make them favorites of horticulturalists and well-collected by botanists. I have studied the systematics and reproductive biology of the neotropical plant genus Aphelandra (Acanthaceae). These plants have long, tubular, brightly colored (yellow, orange, red, and pink), and nectar-rich corollas that are the epitome of the hummingbird-pollinated flower (Faegri and van der Pijl 1966). From more than 100 hours spent observing visitors to Aphelandra flowers, I have documented that they are indeed pollinated by hummingbirds. Most of the plant species have strongly curved corollas that are 5.5-7 cm long (Figure la-d); these are pollinated by hermit hummingbirds (subfamily Phaethorninae), whose long, decurved bills match the

A crucial step in the biosynthesis of the spermine alkaloid aphelandrine and its diastereoisomer orantine is an intramolecular cyclization of the intermediate (S)-dihydroxyverbacine. In order to elucidate this step of the biosynthetic pathway, microsomes from the roots of Aphelandra squarrosa Nees were incubated with unlabeled and (D8)-labeled (S)-dihydroxyverbacine. It was shown that the microsomal fraction catalyzes the intramolecular coupling of (S)-dihydroxyverbacine to aphelandrine. This was proven by microsomal transformation of (D8)-labeled (S)-dihydroxyverbacine to (D8)-labeled aphelandrine. The reaction absolutely requires NAPDH and O2. The underlying reaction mechanism is probably an oxidative phenol coupling catalyzed by an aphelandrine synthase. This enzyme is proposed to be a cytochrome P-450 oxidase. The intramolecular cyclization of (S)-dihydroxyverbacine represents an important point in the biogenesis of the aphelandrine-type alkaloids.

An improved method of sample preparation and simultaneous HPLC separation was developed that allowed the separation of 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazine-3(4H)-one (DIBOA), 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazine-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA), 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazine-3(2H)-one (HBOA), 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazine-3(2H)-one (HMBOA) and their corresponding glucosides as well as the benzoxazolinones BOA and MBOA. The amount and distribution of these compounds was determined in the roots of Aphelandra squarrosa and A. fuscopunctata plants. There is a significant difference in the amount and distribution of this substance class in the two species analyzed. The results are discussed in relation to their function as defence compounds and allelochemicals.

Members of the genus Aphelandra (Acanthaceae) produce rare macrocyclic polyamine alkaloids which consist of spermine acylated with two units of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid. Endophytic fungi were isolated from roots and shoots of Aphelandra tetragona and tested for their ability to metabolize the main alkaloid aphelandrine, which accumulates exclusively in the roots of the plants. Several endophytes were able to metabolize aphelandrine but only root endophytes belonging to the Nectriaceae were good metabolizers. In addition, the endophytes were grown on an agar medium containing putrescine, spermidine, or spermine as the sole nitrogen source. All fungi were able to grow on putrescine, but only the good aphelandrine metabolizers grew well on spermidine or spermine. Acremonium sp. 15, one of the most active metabolizers, grew also on a medium containing aphelandrine as sole nitrogen source. A number of strains thought to be conspecific with Acremonium sp. 15 were also tested for their ability to metabolize aphelandrine. The ability of the endophytes to metabolize aphelandrine suggests an ecological adaptation of the symbionts to their host. The possibility of using the aphelandrine metabolism as a taxonomic character is briefly discussed.

I examined three aspects of the cladistic treatment of a set of 17 F1 hybrids of known parental origin: (1) impact of hybrids on consistency index (CI) and number of most parsimonious trees (Trees), (2) placement of hybrids in cladograms, and (3) impact of hybrids on hypotheses of relationship among species. The hybrids were added singly and in randomly selected sets of two to five to a data set composed of Central American species of Aphelandra (including the parents of all hybrids). Compared to analyses with the same number of OTUs all of which were species, the analyses with hybrids yielded results with significantly higher CI. There was no difference in Trees between analyses with hybrids versus species. There was thus no evidence that hybrids would appear to be more problematic for cladistic methods than species. Accordingly, hybrids will not be readily identifiable as taxa that cause marked change in these indices. About % of the hybrids were placed as the cladistically basal members of the lineage that included the most apomorphic parent. Relatively apomorphic hybrids were placed proximate to the most derived parent (ca. 13% of hybrids). Other placements occurred more rarely. The most frequent placements of hybrids thus did not distinguish them from normal intermediate or apomorphic taxa. When analyses with hybrids yielded multiple most parsimonious trees, these were no more different from each other than were the equally parsimonious trees that resulted from analyses with species. Most analyses with one or two hybrids resulted in minor or no change in topology. When hybrids caused topological change, they frequently caused rearrangements of weakly supported portions of the cladogram that did not include their parents. When they disrupted the cladistic placement of their parents, they often caused their parents to change positions, with at least one topology bringing the parental lineages into closer proximity with the hybrid placed between them. Hybrids between parents from the two main lineages of the group caused total cladistic restructuring. In fact, the degree of relationship between a hybrid's parents (measured by both cladistic and patristic distance) was strongly correlated with CI (negatively) and with the degree of disturbance to cladistic relationships (positively). Thus, hybrids between distantly related parents resulted in cladograms with low CI and major topological changes. This study suggests that hybrids are unlikely to cause breakdown of cladistic structure unless they are between distantly related parents. However, these results also indicate that cladistics may not be specially useful in distinguishing hybrids from normal taxa. The applicability of these results to other kinds of hybrids is examined and the likely cladistic treatment of hybrids using other sources of data is discussed.

A new Brazilian species of the genus Aphelandra is described and illustrated. It is related to Aphelandra ignea but differs markedly from that taxon by its leaf blades and the ovate to spathulate bracts with 4-5 spines on the margin. Aphelandra is represented in Brazil by 28 species. They occur from the Floresta Amazonica to the Floresta Atlan- tica. Aphelandra R. Brown is a morphologically di- verse genus characterized by a lack of cystoliths, a corolla with a distinct upper lip, four monothecous stamens, and elongated, tricolporate pollen. The result of a recently completed study of Acan- thaceae specimens deposited in the Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro (RB) has led to the discovery of an undescribed species.

Flowers ofAphelandra sinclairianahave features of flowers pollinated by hermit humming-birds (long corollas) and of those pollinated by territorial humming-birds (dilute nectar, clustered distribution). Flowers in large clumps at the peak of the blooming season were pollinated by two territorial humming-birds, but at the end of the season or in isolated plants the main avian pollinator was the non-territorial hermitPhaethornis superciliosus. Visits by avian nectar thieves were more frequent at high flower densities. The reproductive output of inflorescences was similar at different levels of flower aggregation.Aphelandraflowers in large clumps could exchange pollen with extraterritorial plants because territorial humming-birds did not completely exclude pollinating hermits. The commonest nectar thief at high flower aggregations was the passerineVermivora peregrina, the second most common nectar thief was the hermitPhaethornis longuemareus.

Controlled pollinations, followed by germination studies of seeds resulting from selfand cross-pollination, were carried out using plants from 12 populations of nine species of Aphelandra (Acanthaceae), a genus of neotropical shrubs and herbs. These results are combined with data from field studies of flower morphology, phenology, and pollinator relationships to estimate breeding system of each species. All species have floral morphological traits that prevent autogamy. Plants from five populations of five species experience low levels of geitonogamous pollen transfer; they produce few flowers daily and are pollinated by traplining hummingbirds. Excepting A. storkii, these plants are fully self-compatible (SC), and seeds from selfing are as viable as crossed seeds. Aphelandra storkii is partially self-incompatible (SI) and produces seeds from selfing that tend to germinate less successfully than crossed seeds. Plants from the remaining populations are profusely flowering shrubs, and even those pollinated by traplining hummingbirds should experience higher levels of geitonogamy. Aphelandra deppeana is pollinated by territorial hummingbirds, which should further increase the incidence of geitonogamy. All shrub species are partially SI, and two species (A. Ieonardii and A. sinclairiana) show significant reduced germination of selfed vs. crossed seeds. The breeding system of these species is thus modified by postpollination factors that favor the formation and maturation of outcrossed seeds. It is suggested that Aphelandra species, like other herbs and shrubs of tropical forest understory, possess a combination of breeding system traits that promote outcrossing but do not exclude

In preceding papers (12, 13) the writer has described the occurrence and structure of intumescences on leaves of Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides, Eucalyptus coccifera, Eucalyptus cornuta, Hieracium venosum, Mitchella repens, and Thurberia thespesioides. In the present paper an account is given of an attempt to determine the factors involved in stimulating the cells to the unusual growth, which result in these abnormal protuberances. The hypotheses which have been developed to account for the induction of intumescences have been almost as numerous as the records of their occurrence. Sorauer (i8) believed that metabolic disturbance due to an excessive water supply and low assimilation accounted for the outgrowths. In a later paper (I9) he added another factor to the complex, namely, the effect of a high temperature. An excessive water supply due to low transpiration and a high rate of water absorption by the roots, was advanced by Atkinson (I, 2) as the stimulus to formation of oedemas on the tomato and the apple, though he considered that low illumination was favorable also, since it led to the development of "weak, watery tissue." Steiner (20) discovered intumescences on leaves of Ruellia formosa and Aphelandra Porteana which he believed were caused by high humidity. By subjecting leaves of Aphelondra to a saturated atmosphere he was able to induce these outgrowths, but he failed to secure them by treating the leaves with copper sulfate, ammonium chlorid, formic acid and various other chemicals; by keeping them in the dark; or by submerging them in water. Douglas (5) induced intumescences on leaves and stems of potato plants by covering them with bell jars. Since the intumescences occurred in either strong or weak light, but not in total darkness, she concluded that light as well as humidity played a part in the abnormal stimulation of the plants. She found also that the abnormalities could be produced by treating young potato plants with copper compounds, as Von Schrenk (23) had previously found in the case of cauliflower. Ktister (i I) secured intumescences on leaves of Populus floated on water in the presence or the absence of light. In strong light, however, the

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is becoming more prevalent in Texas crops. TSWV diseases are endemic in peanuts, tomatoes, peppers, and are becoming more of a problem in greenhouse crops. TSW of Aphelandra sp., is described as a new disease problem in commercial greenhouse production.

Carbofuran 4F foliar sprays, soil drenches and a carbofuran 10G soil surface application reduced populations of Saissetia coffeae (Walker) on Aphelandra squarrosa Nees. Oxamyl and oxydemetonmethyl decreased populations only when applied as sprays, while both dimethoate drenches and sprays were effective. Soil applications of aldicarb 10G and oxamyl 10G did not suppress S. coffeae, while DS-15647 (3,3-dimethyl-1-methyl-thio-2-butanone 0-methylcarbamoyloxime) 10G, sprays of CGA-12223 (0-[5-chloro-1-isopropyl-(3H)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl] 0,0-Diethyl phosphorothioate 4E, and phenthoate 4E provided a significant reduction. Acephate sprays caused leaf drop and carbofuran drenches produced interveinal necrosis of mature foliage.

The newly described species are Central American members of the Aphelandra pulcherrima complex (Acanthaceae). Aphelandra panamensis McDade occurs in cloud forests at middle elevations in central and eastern Panama. Aphelandra golfodulcensis McDade is found in southwestern Costa Rica and adjacent Panama at low to middle elevations. Aphelandra leonardii McDade is known from the lowlands of eastern Panama and from middle elevations in central Costa Rica. The Aphelandra pulcherrima complex is a morphologically well-defined group of about 35 species found in South and Central America. Features distinguishing these species from other Aphelandra include extrafloral nectaries on the floral bracts and a distinctive corolla morphology (Leonard, 1953; McDade, 1980). In the course of revisionary work on the Central American species of this complex (McDade, 1980), three new species belonging to the group were discovered. Aphelandra panamensis McDade, sp. nov. TYPE: Panama, Panama, Slopes of Cerro Jefe, past Goofy Lake and large coffee finca, 800 m elev., McDade 411 (DUKE, holotype; F, MO, isotypes).-FIG. 1. Frutex 1-6 m altus; foliis ellipticis, 15-18 (22) cm longis, 3-6.5 cm latis. Inflorescentiae spicatae, terminales, sessiles, 1-5, 4-12 cm longae, 0.8-1.2 cm latae; rachis dense pubescens; bracteae imbricatae, rhombeo-ovatae, dentatae, 11-15 mm longae, 6-8 mm latae, virides vel sordide aurantiacae, nectaria 5-10 glandibus, glandes singulae 0.5 mm longae, 0.3 mm latae; bracteolae lanceolatae, 6-10 mm longae, 1.5-2.5 mm latae. Calycis lobi lanceolati vel anguste-ovati, 8-12 mm longi, 1.5-5 mm lati; corolla rubra, 5.5-7.0 cm longa, tubo 5 cm longo, labium superum 14-20 mm longum, 6-8 mm latum, lobus medius labi inferiores 18-23 mm longu, 4-7 mm latu; antherae 4-5 mm longae; stigma obliquum et cavum. Fructus immaturi sordide aurantiaci, 16-19 mm longi, 4.5-6.5 mm lati, 5.5-7 mm crassi; seminae atrobrunneae, orbiculares, 4-6 mm in diam., 2-3 mm crassae. Germinatio semihy