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A superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) photo injector is in operation at the electron linac for beams with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE) radiation center and generates continuous wave (CW) electron beams with high average current and high brightness for user operation since 2018. The speed of emittance measurement at the SRF gun beamline can be increased by improving the slit-scan system, thus the measurement time for one phase space mapping can be shortened from about 15 min to 90 s. The convolution neural networks are applied to improve the efficiency and accuracy of beamlet images processing. In order to estimate the uncertainty in the calculation of normalized emittance, we analyze the main error contributions.

The coherent infrared and THz sources driven by the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE are described. The present status of the facility is summarized and a few scientific highlights are mentioned. Finally plans for a successor facility (Dresden Advanced Light Infrastructure, DALI) are outlined along with the most important scientific and technological challenges.

A superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) photo injector is in operation at the electron linac for beams with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE) radiation center and generates continuous wave (CW) electron beams with high average current and high brightness for user operation since 2018. The speed of emittance measurement at the SRF gun beamline can be increased by improving the slit-scan system, thus the measurement time for one phase space mapping can be shortened from about 15 min to 90 s. The convolution neural networks are applied to improve the efficiency and accuracy of beamlet images processing. In order to estimate the uncertainty in the calculation of normalized emittance, we analyze the main error contributions.

Radiation sources with a stable carrier-envelope phase (CEP) are highly demanded tools for field-resolved studies of light-matter interaction, providing access both to the amplitude and phase information of dynamical processes. At the same time, many coherent light sources, including those with outstanding power and spectral characteristics lack CEP stability, and so far could not be used for this type of research. In this work, we present a method enabling linear and non-linear phase-resolved terahertz (THz) -pump laser-probe experiments with CEP-unstable THz sources. THz CEP information for each pulse is extracted using a specially designed electro-optical detection scheme. The method correlates the extracted CEP value for each pulse with the THz-induced response in the parallel pump-probe experiment to obtain an absolute phase-resolved response after proper sorting and averaging. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate experimentally field-resolved THz time-domain spectroscopy with sub-cycle temporal resolution using the pulsed radiation of a CEP-unstable infrared free-electron laser (IR-FEL) operating at 13 MHz repetition rate. In spite of the long history of IR-FELs and their unique operational characteristics, no successful realization of CEP-stable operation has been demonstrated yet. Being CEP-unstable, IR-FEL radiation has so far only been used in non-coherent measurements without phase resolution. The technique demonstrated here is robust, operates easily at high-repetition rates and for short THz pulses, and enables common sequential field-resolved time-domain experiments. The implementation of such a technique at IR-FEL user end-stations will facilitate a new class of linear and non-linear experiments for studying coherent light-driven phenomena with increased signal-to-noise ratio.

The FELBE User Facility at the ELBE Center for High-Power Radiation Sources offers a pair of FELs that deliver beam to eight different user labs. The FELs are driven by a two-stage Superconducting RF (SRF) linac, which produces a quasi-CW beam (13 MHz/1 mA) at an energy of up to 36 MeV. The tuning range spanned by the two FELs extends from the mid IR to THz (5 – 250 m). The spectral range and ultrashort pulse width (p ≈ 0.7 – 25 ps) are ideal for time-resolved measurements of many types of transient processes in low-dimensional materials [1], quantum structures [2], and correlated systems [3]. The high pulse energy can also drive nonlinear phenomena [4] and strong coupling [5] in light-matter interactions. The FELBE User Labs are equipped with instrumentation and synchronized ultrashort table-top lasers (i.e. Ti:Sa oscillators, regens, OPAs, SFG/DFG) which facilitate various classes of degenerate (single-color), and non-degenerate (two-color) pump-probe experiments. Optical cryostats and an 8 T split coil magnet are also available for low temperature and magnetic field dependent studies. Furthermore, the FELBE beamline extends into the adjacent High Field Magnet Lab (HLD) for performing magneto-optical spectroscopy measurements at fields up to 70 T [6]. The high repetition rate and tunability of the FELBE beam has uniquely enabled revolutionary methods in scattering-Scanning Nearfield Optical Microscopy (s­SNOM) to image novel light-matter interactions with resolution far below the diffraction limit [7]. Proposals for beamtime on FELBE and the other secondary sources at ELBE are invited from users twice a year. (https://www.hzdr.de/FELBE). [1] T. Venanzi, et al., ACS Photonics 8, 2931-2939 (2021). [2] J. Schmidt, et al., Optics Express 28, 25358-25370 (2020). [3] M. M. Jadidi, et al., Phys. Rev. B 102, 245123 (2020). [4] F. Meng, et al., Phys. Rev. B 102, 075205 (2020). [5] B. Piętka, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 077403 (2017). [6] M. Ozerov, et al., Phys. Rev. L

The heart of the ELBE Center for High Power Radiation Sources is a superconducting RF (SRF) linac, which accelerates electrons up to 35 MeV for driving a diverse set of secondary radiation sources. The ELBE linac is particularly unique in the capability of accelerating a continuous beam of ultrashort bunches of electrons at very high repetition rates (up to 26 MHz). This extremely high-power electron beam is selectively directed into specially designed beamlines to drive secondary radiation sources for THz/IR photons (FELBE and TELBE), positrons (pELBE), neutrons (nELBE), and gamma radiation (ELBE), each with dedicated laboratories and instrumentation. Users from all over the world utilize the advanced radiation sources at ELBE for a wide array of both fundamental and applied studies of matter, health, energy, and technology. The ELBE accelerator was first commissioned in 2001 in the form of a grid-pulsed 250 kV thermionic gun followed by two stages of RF bunching to inject beam into a linac comprised of two SRF cryomodules, each containing two 9-cell DESY TTF-type niobium accelerating cavities. Through continuous development and research, the ELBE facility has achieved many major advancements in accelerator technology, the most important being the ELBE SRF Gun program, which has designed, built, and commissioned several prototype SRF electron guns for high bunch charge, high average current, and low emittance. The ELBE SRF Gun-II is the first and only electron source of its type to deliver electron beam to a user experiment, and is now in routine operation for the TELBE and pELBE beamlines. An overview of the performance parameters of the ELBE accelerator and secondary sources will be presented in this talk along with a summary of the experimental capabilities available to users. Highlights of recent user results will also be presented to help illustrate the great potential ELBE provides for a diverse scientific community. Beamtime proposals are accepted and revie

At the ELBE high power radiation facility, the second version of a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) photoinjector has been put into operation and is now routinely applied for user operation at the ELBE electron accelerator. SRF guns are suitable for generating continuous wave (CW) electron beam with high average currents and high beam brightness. The SRF gun at ELBE has the goal to generate short electron pulses with bunch charges of 200-300 pC at typical repetition rates of 100 kHz for the production of super radiant, coherent terahertz radiation. The SRF gun includes a 3.5-cell, 1.3 GHz niobium cavity and a superconducting solenoid. A support system with liquid nitrogen (LN2) cooling allows the operation of normal-conducting, high quantum efficiency photo cathodes. In the paper we present the design and performance of the SRF gun as well as beam measurements for the operation with Mg photocathodes and an acceleration gradient of 8 MV/m (4 MeV kinetic energy). Finally, we discuss the SRF gun application for production of coherent terahertz radiation at the ELBE facility.

The Radiation Source ELBE at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) is a user facility based on a 1 mA - 40 MeV CW SRF LINAC. Presently HZDR is considering upgrade options for the ELBE or its replace- ment with a new CW, SRF LINAC-based user facility. A part of the user requirements is the capability to generate IR and THz pulse in the frequency range from 0.1 through 30 THz, with pulse energies in the range from 100 J through a few mJ, at the repetition rate between 100 kHz and 1 MHz. This corresponds to the pulse energy in- crease, dependent on the wavelength, by a factor from 100 through 1000. In this contribution, we outline key aspects of a concept, which would allow to achieve such parameters. These aspects are: 1 - use of a beam with longitudinal density modulation and bunching factor of about 0.5 at the fundamental frequency; 2 - achieving the density modulation through the mechanism similar to the one used in optical klystron (OK); 3 – generating the necessary for the modulation optical beam by an FEL oscillator, and 4 - using two electron injectors. First injec- tor would provide a beam for the FEL oscillator. Second high charge injector would provide the beam for the high pulse energy generation for users. All-in-all the concept of the new radiation source is very similar to an OK, but operating with two beams simultaneously.

The Radiation Source ELBE at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) is a user facility based on a 1 mA - 40 MeV CW SRF LINAC. Presently HZDR is considering upgrade options for the ELBE or its replace- ment with a new CW, SRF LINAC-based user facility. A part of the user requirements is the capability to generate IR and THz pulse in the frequency range from 0.1 through 30 THz, with pulse energies in the range from 100 J through a few mJ, at the repetition rate between 100 kHz and 1 MHz. This corresponds to the pulse energy in- crease, dependent on the wavelength, by a factor from 100 through 1000. In this contribution, we outline key aspects of a concept, which would allow to achieve such parameters. These aspects are: 1 - use of a beam with longitudinal density modulation and bunching factor of about 0.5 at the fundamental frequency; 2 - achieving the density modulation through the mechanism similar to the one used in optical klystron (OK); 3 – generating the necessary for the modulation optical beam by an FEL oscillator, and 4 - using two electron injectors. First injec- tor would provide a beam for the FEL oscillator. Second high charge injector would provide the beam for the high pulse energy generation for users. All-in-all the concept of the new radiation source is very similar to an OK, but operating with two beams simultaneously.

The Radiation Source ELBE at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) is a user facility based on a 1 mA - 40 MeV CW SRF LINAC. Presently HZDR is considering upgrade options for the ELBE or its replace- ment with a new CW, SRF LINAC-based user facility. A part of the user requirements is the capability to generate IR and THz pulse in the frequency range from 0.1 through 30 THz, with pulse energies in the range from 100 J through a few mJ, at the repetition rate between 100 kHz and 1 MHz. This corresponds to the pulse energy in- crease, dependent on the wavelength by a factor from 100 through 1000. In this contribution, we outline key aspects of a concept, which would allow to achieve such parame- ters. Such key aspects are: 1 - use of a beam with longitu- dinal density modulation and bunching factor of about 0.5 at the fundamental frequency; 2 - achieving the density modulation through the mechanism similar to the one used in optical klystron (OK) and HGHG FEL; 3 - gener- ating necessary for the modulation optical beam by an FEL oscillator, and 4 - using two electron injectors, where one injector provides beam for the FEL oscillator while second high charge injector provides beam for the high energy per pulse generation for user experiments. All-in- all the concept of the new radiation source is very similar to an OK, but operating with two beams simultaneously.

The superconducting linear accelerator ELBE at Helmholtz-Center Dresden-Rossendorf is a versatile light source operated in continuous wave mode. New experiments and beam modes have a higher demand on the beam stability and reproducibility of accelerator settings. These requirements are addressed by an upgrade of the existing digital MicroTCA.4 based LLRF control by a beam-based feedback scheme. This poster gives an overview of the current control scheme, presents the planned beam diagnostics and discusses the possible ways of incorporating the beam-based feedback at the ELBE facility and a future light source.

The Radiation Source ELBE at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) is a user facility based on a 1 mA - 40 MeV CW SRF LINAC. Presently HZDR is considering upgrade options for the ELBE or its replace- ment with a new CW, SRF LINAC-based user facility. A part of the user requirements is the capability to generate IR and THz pulse in the frequency range from 0.1 through 30 THz, with pulse energies in the range from 100 J through a few mJ, at the repetition rate between 100 kHz and 1 MHz. This corresponds to the pulse energy in- crease, dependent on the wavelength by a factor from 100 through 1000. In this contribution, we outline key aspects of a concept, which would allow to achieve such parame- ters. Such key aspects are: 1 - use of a beam with longitu- dinal density modulation and bunching factor of about 0.5 at the fundamental frequency; 2 - achieving the density modulation through the mechanism similar to the one used in optical klystron (OK) and HGHG FEL; 3 - gener- ating necessary for the modulation optical beam by an FEL oscillator, and 4 - using two electron injectors, where one injector provides beam for the FEL oscillator while second high charge injector provides beam for the high energy per pulse generation for user experiments. All-in- all the concept of the new radiation source is very similar to an OK, but operating with two beams simultaneously.

The superconducting linear accelerator ELBE at Helmholtz-Center Dresden-Rossendorf is a versatile light source operated in continuous wave mode. New experiments and beam modes have a higher demand on the beam stability and reproducibility of accelerator settings. These requirements are addressed by an upgrade of the existing digital MicroTCA.4 based LLRF control by a beam-based feedback scheme. This poster gives an overview of the current control scheme, presents the planned beam diagnostics and discusses the possible ways of incorporating the beam-based feedback at the ELBE facility and a future light source.

Facility status report for ELBE and TELBE