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the study examines the parameters of decision making among traders. The risk seeking is studied as professionally important criteria in this group. The aim of the research is to study peculiarities of traders’ decision-making, as well as to identify the characteristics of decision-making of risk-seeking traders. The study has been made based on 630 professional traders. As research methods, the author used specially developed technique according to the type of lottery, which revealed the following parameters of decisions – the tendency for risk-seeking and risk-avoid, a hypothetical benefit, the time to get benefit. The article has also studied the subjective success of traders and their socio-demographic characteristics. The result revealed that the most traders followed a combined strategy and relayed on their own experience. And the risk was associated with high rates of a hypothetical win, which was delayed in time.

Konkurenca na trgu je velika. Trg je zasičen z različnimi blagovnimi znamkami in izdelki. Vsi bi želeli vedeti, kaj so najpomembnejši faktorji, ki vplivajo na nakupno odločitev. Dejstvo je, da preprostega odgovora ni. Lahko pa z gotovostjo trdimo, da sta cena in preplet komunikacijskih aktivnosti dva izmed ključnih elementov. Čokolada Milka zavzema več kot 44 % trga s čokoladami, Gorenjka več kot 12 %, Dorina predstavlja okoli 11 %, trgovske blagovne znamke okoli 10 % in Lindt dobra 2 %. Če povzamemo analizo cen, ima Mercator najnižje cene pri čokoladah trgovske blagovne znamke. Vsekakor pa je glavni favorit na trgu čokolad Spar, saj ima široko paleto izdelkov in je cenovno konkurenčen glede na trg. Pri trgovski blagovni znamki je cenovna primerjava malce težja, saj je velik dejavnik, ki vpliva na ceno, sama sestava izdelka. Produkti blagovnih znamk naj bi zagotavljali isto kakovost pri različnih trgovcih, pri trgovskih blagovnih znamkah pa so lahko odstopanja precejšnja, v odvisnosti ali trgovec zasleduje kvaliteto ali zgolj ceno. Competition on the market is high. The market is flooded with various brand names in products. We would all want to know what are the most important factors that influence purchasing decisions. The fact is there is no simple answer. However, we can assert with certainty that the price and communication activities are two of the key elements. Milka takes over 44% of the chocolate market, Gorenjka over 12%, Dorina accounts for about 11%, own trade brands around 10% and Lindt a good 2%. As we summarize the price analysis, Mercator has the lowest prices of own trade brands chocolate. In any case, the main favorite on chocolate market is Spar, because it has a wide range of products and is comparably cheap. For a own trade brand a price comparison is somewhat more difficult because a major factor affecting the price is a product's composition. While brand chocolate quality is the same with different traders, there can be a large derogation in the case of own trade brands, depending on whether the trader pursues the quality or merely the price.

Resumo Este artigo visa apresentar uma análise dos fundamentos institucionais e financeiros do tráfico de cativos no porto do Rio de Janeiro durante as últimas décadas do século XVIII e primeiras do século XIX. A análise privilegia o estudo dos dilemas relacionados ao risco e à circulação de capitais que serviam de suporte ao comércio de viventes. Trata-se de uma perspectiva até agora pouco empregada pelos trabalhos que analisam o tráfico de escravos. O artigo foca as instituições mercantis nas quais os têxteis da Ásia eram colocados nos circuitos do comércio de humanos escravizados. Levantam-se críticas sobre problemas interpretativos do modelo bipolar e, além disso, chama-se a atenção para a necessidade de reavaliar o modelo segundo o qual teria prevalecido uma alta concentração na propriedade dos navios que circularam entre o porto e Áfricas sem considerar que as fontes fazem referência à consignação de navios e não à propriedade. Abstract This paper analyzes the institutional and financial foundations of Rio de Janeiro’s slave trade at the turn of the nineteenth century. It focuses particularly on issues related to risk-taking and capital investment which supported the trade. This is a perspective that has barely been used in researches about the business of slave trade. The paper focuses essentially on mercantile institutions in which Asia’s textiles were put into the slave trade. Specifically, it raises some questions on interpretative problems of the bipolar model, and it also draws the attention to the need to reassess the model according to which prevailed a high concentration in the property of ships that circulated between the port and the Africas during the period. However, contemporary sources usually speak about consignments but not about property.

À l’automne 2013, le Président chinois Xi Jin-Ping a lancé officiellement en 2013 un projet de routes de la soie sous le nom de « Une ceinture, une route » (« One belt, one road »), en référence aux corridors terrestres et maritimes de la Chine vers l’Europe. Rebaptisé en 2017 « Belt and Road Initiative » et présenté comme « la nouvelle route de la soie », ce projet a pour ambition de relancer les échanges entre la Chine, l’Asie, l’Afrique et l’Europe par la mise en place de liaisons ferrovia...

The persistence of indigenous African markets in the context of a hostile or neglectful business and policy environment makes them worthy of analysis. An investigation of Afrocentric business ethics is long overdue. Attempting to understand the actions and efforts of informal traders and artisans from their own points of view, and analysing how they organise and get by, allows for viable approaches to be identified to integrate them into global urban models and cultures. Using the utu-ubuntu model to understand the activities of traders and artisans in Nairobi’s markets, this book explores how, despite being consistently excluded and disadvantaged, they shape urban spaces in and around the city, and contribute to its development as a whole. With immense resilience, and without discarding their own socio-cultural or economic values, informal traders and artisans have created a territorial complex that can be described as the African metropolis. African Markets and the Utu-buntu Business Model sheds light on the ethics and values that underpin the work of traders and artisans in Nairobi, as well as their resilience and positive impact on urbanisation. This book makes an important contribution to the discourse on urban economics and planning in African cities., Published by African Minds.

Eine geringe Wertschätzung von Zwischenhändlern wie in vielen Entwicklungsländern ist auch in Ghana vorzufinden, was einerseits aus geschichtlichen Gründen aber auch aus Unwissenheit entsteht. Der Bereich der Zwischenhändler ist vorwiegend durch Frauen aus ruralen Gebieten betrieben, die Analphabeten und Autodidakten sind. Der Handel ist auf jeder Ebene organisiert, von den Kommunen über die Distriktstädte, die regionalen Hauptstädte und auch über die Grenzen des Landes hinaus. Die Händlerinnen organisieren damit den Warenfluss von den entlegenen Plätzen der Produktion oder aus dem Ausland, um es zu den Märkten mit der Nachfrage in den Ballungszentren und den großen städtischen Märkten zukommen zu lassen. Nichtsdestotrotz werden bei diversen Programmen der Entwicklungsorganisationen die Händler und vor allem Händlerinnen außen vor gelassen, die Konzentration und Aktivitäten wird auf die Produktion und teilweise auf die Handhabung nach der Ernte fokussiert. Der Wertschöpfungsketten-Ansatz verfolgt jedoch per definitionem alle Akteure in der Kette der Wertschöpfung, allein hierbei fehlen die Händler in der Umsetzung. Die Arbeit soll daher aufzeigen, welche Funktionen die Händlerinnen in den drei ausgewählten Fällen übernehmen und wie somit die Entwicklung von Wertschöpfungsketten optimiert werden und letztendlich die beteiligten Händlerinnen zu einer Verbesserung der Wertschöpfungskette beitragen können., Trade is a widespread occupation for women in West Africa; such as petty traders that are involved with informal trade mainly. The case in Ghana is different as most of these traders are facing hostile treatment and harassment from many sides. Nevertheless, in development cooperation projects, rural economic development and development of its population is often targeted; whereas solely rural development projects have become projects to support value chains and its stakeholders. These value chains start at agricultural production, further on to processing and altering the raw product until its final condition for sale to the end consumer. The entire value chain deals with many diverse actors in rural and urban areas and also diverse areas of economies, such as micro and small enterprises, and other in private sector or public sector. Therefore, development cooperation dealing with value chain enhancement would address all actors. In Ghana, mainly production side and post-harvest management are dealt with and trade or intermediary trade is circumvented. Some projects openly state that they leave out traders from their interventions in value chains. Most prejudices of this type have derived from historical events and official institutions, also a lack of knowledge. Traders are by contrast those who are coordinating streams of goods from beyond borders to supply to domestic markets and vice versa, manage large quantities for export. The reason that women continue to work in trade is that they barely have alternatives.

This study carries out hedonic price analysis of goat’s characteristics in five major markets of Pakistan. Data were collected about the various characteristics of each traded animal during the year 2016 through a structured questionnaire by using a personal interview method. A log-linear model was fitted to a sample of 500 observations in order to examine the determinants of observed goat prices. The results of the study showed that live weight, age, and sex were goat characteristics preferred by buyers and had significant positive effects on the prices of goats. Further, significant premiums were associated with the purpose of buying and marketplace. This study indicates that goat producers can improve their profitability when they target goat sales based on weight, marketing place, age, sex and time of sale, especially at the Muslim festival, Eid-ul-Azha.

This research was conducted to describe the behavior of a trader regarding waste management in the Wonodri Market because there are still many traders who do not care about environmental hygiene related to the management of waste produced, such as disposing of trash leftover from the merchandise in an arbitrary manner and indifference from a trader to waste management. Therefore, an analysis of the behavior of traders is needed, one of which is related to independent waste management carried out by market traders. The method used is field survey, observation of market conditions, and literature study. The results showed that the behavior analysis of traders related to waste management in Wonodri Market was still not perfect, it was shown by the presence of piles of garbage in the kiosk/kiosk aisle, and the behavior of traders who still collected garbage mixed with each other in various compositions. This shows that traders care about waste management is still lacking. The level of education and environment of a trader greatly influences the knowledge and perceptions of traders in waste management in the Wonodri Market. The behavior of traders greatly influences the maintenance of a clean, comfortable and safe market environment, so that it does not hinder the buying and selling process between sellers and buyers and does not break the economic chain that occurs.

HIGHLIGHTS -The urban food security of Nigeria (and of million rural maize farmers and consumers) is conditioned, mediated, determined by traders. -The north-south long supply chain of maize is crucial to the country’s food security and its performance is in the hands of traders and conditioned by the quality of infrastructure and services. -Contrary to traditional views, traders rely on a well-developed third party logistics service sector market, and a warehouse rental market -Extremely little (less than 1%) waste/loss of maize in the supply chain which mainly consists of handling of bags of maize -Trader credit (advances) to farmers is near absent. -Traders and the trade and logistic segments of the maize value chain warrant more attention by researchers and policy makers.

Mestrado em Finanças O dia-a-dia dos traders é dominado por um mercado bastante volátil e composto por informações ambíguas. O sucesso dos traders é não só definido pelas competências técnicas e pelos conhecimentos financeiros que possuem, mas também por muitas outras características que os ajudam a lidar com as rápidas mudanças que estão sempre a ocorrer no mercado. Os traders precisam de ter algumas características psicológicas que os ajudem a lidar com todas as adversidades que acontecem na sua realidade quotidiana. Esta dissertação incidirá sobre algumas dessas características psicológicas, nomeadamente a tolerância ao risco, inteligência emocional, proactividade e impulsividade. Devido à grande influência que os traders têm, é importante, para fins académicos e práticos, estudar de que forma é que essas características afetam o desempenho obtido nos investimentos que fazem no mercado financeiro. Uma amostra de traders de todo o mundo foi usada para avaliar a relação entre essas características e o desempenho obtido nos investimentos que fazem no mercado financeiro. Ademais, o desempenho foi avaliado através de uma medida subjetiva (percepcionada) e uma medida objetiva. Os resultados mostram que a tolerância ao risco, a inteligência emocional e a proactividade estão positivamente relacionadas com o desempenho dos traders. In a market environment of high volatility and information ambiguity, traders' success is defined not only by their technical skills and knowledge about finance but by many other traits that help them to deal with the fast changes that are always happening in the market. Traders need to have some psychological characteristics that help them dealing with all the adversities that happen in their day-to-day reality. This dissertation will focus on some of the psychological characteristics namely risk tolerance, emotional intelligence, proactivity and impulsivity. Due to the great influence of traders, it is important, for both academic and practical purposes, to study how these traits affect their performance. A sample of traders from all over the world was used in order to assess the relationship between these traits and performance. Furthermore, performance was measured using a subjective, self-reporting measure and an objective measure. The results show that risk tolerance, emotional intelligence and proactivity are positively related to trader's performance. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Background: Hypertension and diabetes rank high among cardiovascular risk factors, and in Africa, many affected persons are undiagnosed. Urban market traders are constrained from regular clinic visits by the fear of revenue loss occasioned by their absence from the stores, contributing to the reportedly high rates of undiagnosed and poorly treated cardiovascular conditions. This study determined the rate of undiagnosed hypertension and diabetes among traders in an urban market in Calabar, Nigeria. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data from 105 traders at Marian market Calabar, including information on demographic characteristics and self-reported statuses regarding hypertension and diabetes. Subsequently, blood pressure and random blood sugar values were measured. Results: Forty-three (41.0%) of the respondents correctly reported their statuses regarding hypertension and 93.3% of the respondents correctly reported their statuses regarding diabetes. 62 (59%) and 7 (6.7%) of them had hitherto undiagnosed hypertension and diabetes, respectively. Only two (9.5%) out of those with a self-reported history of hypertension had normal blood pressure values. There was no agreement between the self-reported and actual profiles of hypertension among the respondents (kappa = 0.000, P = 0.008), and a weak level of agreement between the self-reported and actual profiles of diabetes among the respondents (kappa = 0.559, P < 0.001). Educational level was the identified predictor of correct self-report of status regarding hypertension (P = 0.031); Conclusion: There was a high rate of undiagnosed hypertension and, to a lesser extent, diabetes among this set of urban market traders.

In this paper, proposed the use of agent-based approach to the investigation of the integrated trade structure as an open dynamic socio-economic system that interacts with a large number of entities and business activities, exchanges substantial amounts of information. The main features of interaction between environmental influences and the integrated commercial company was distinguished. The architecture of multi-agent systems of integrated commercial structure was investigated. The article highlights the group of agents as a part of an environment of integrated commercial enterprise, established types of relations between them. It is proposed to use the term "coalition potential" to describe the agents that may take part in integration processes.

Resumen Este artículo pretende mostrar la existencia en la ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá a fines del siglo XVIII y comienzos del siglo XIX, de un importante grupo de comerciantes con amplio poder social, político y económico que, actuando como cuerpo, velaba por defender sus intereses ante las autoridades virreinales y el Consulado de Cartagena, y que se fragmentó como consecuencia de la coyuntura política suscitada por la crisis de la monarquía española de 1808 y la Independencia del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Abstract This article aims to show the existence in the city of Bogotá in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century of an important group of traders with great social, political and economic power that, acting as a body, ensured defending their interests before the viceregal authorities and the Consulado de Cartagena, and how that group broke up as a result of the political situation created by the crisis of the Spanish monarchy in 1808 and the independence of the Nuevo Reino de Granada.

As atividades desenvolvidas no comércio exigem uma ampla carga horária de trabalho que associada a fatores de risco para a saúde podem levar ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o nível de atividade física no lazer, o estado nutricional autorreferido e o tempo gasto sentado em trabalhadores do comércio. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado na cidade de Viçosa-MG, com 103 trabalhadores do comércio, de ambos os sexos. Para coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário estruturado, composto de 7 seções com perguntas relacionadas a fatores de risco para a saúde. Aplicou-se estatística descritiva e teste qui-quadrado, adotando-se nível de significância de p

Informal trade has grown at an alarming rate in South Africa because of lack of employment opportunities in both the private and public sectors. This has resulted in many unemployed members of the population joining the informal business sector. The majority of people in this sector do not have skills that are needed in the formal employment sector, others are semi-literate and a small percentage has some level of qualification. Nevertheless, this sector is plagued by a number of challenges which this article presents. The article reports on the study that was conducted at Greater Letaba Municipality in Limpopo Province. The aim of the study was to investigate the challenges that were faced by informal traders in Greater Letaba Municipality in Limpopo Province in South Africa. The area was chosen because of its accessibility to the researchers and its potential to provide relevant and accurate information for the research project. Thus, a qualitative research method was used to collect data through face to face interviews. The research discovered that some of the challenges experienced by the informal traders in the area ranged from lack of support from the local municipality to structural challenges like lack of ablution facilities and limited access to electricity. Furthermore, other challenges concerned safety and health issues that were also gender based. Most of the traders in the area were women; an element which attest to the fact that it is difficult to find employment in the country when one is less educated and is also a woman.

In transposing the provisions of Directive 2013/11/EU1 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer and of Regulations 524/2013 2 and 2006/20043 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 26.08 .2015, published in the Official Gazette of the Government Ordinance no. 38/2015 on alternative dispute resolution between consumers and traders4 . The normative act sets the legal framework for alternative dispute resolution national and cross under contracts of sale or service contracts between a trader operating in Romania and a consumer resident in the European Union through an entity of alternative dispute resolution. Ordinance provides the opportunity for consumers to present their complaints volunteer entities applying alternative dispute resolution procedures in order to ensure a high level of consumer protection a nd market functioning. This paper aims to present the scope of the order, persons who are subject to these legal regulations, the procedure they must follow consumers if they want to benefit from the provisions of this ordinance, analyze entities ADR, to highlight the importance of regulating this procedure.

Modeli diskriminacije cijena su pojave koje se javljaju na tržištu a koje su strogo zabranjene i nepoštene. Dakako u Hrvatskoj, a tako i u gotovo svim zemljama se javlja barem poneki oblik ove diskriminacije koja se javlja u tri stupnja. U prošlosti se ova diskriminacija vezala za rasnu diskriminaciju, no danas je slučaj puno drugačiji, pa se ova diskriminacija odnosi na razlike u cijenama prema kupcima. Naime glavni primjer diskriminacije cijena je slučaj kada trgovac različitim kupcima nudi različitu cijenu. Nadalje tu su primjeri i kada je riječ o različitoj cijeni, a istoj količini, zatim različitoj cijeni i različitoj količini i drugo. Svaki oblik ove diskriminacije je strogo nepoželjan a kao takav na tržištu ne prihvatljiv. Jasno je da svaki trgovac teži ostvarivanju što veće dobiti i maksimalnog profita, no to moraju postizati bez diskriminacije u cijenama. Models of price discrimination are market events that are strictly prohibited and unfair. Of course, in Croatia, and in almost all countries, there is at least some form of discrimination that occurs in three stages. In the past, this discrimination is linked to racial discrimination, but today the case is much different, so this discrimination is related to customer pricedifferences. Namely, the main example of price discrimination is when a merchant offers different prices to different customers. Furthermore, there are examples when itcomes to different prices, the same amount, then different price and different quantity and the like. Everyform of discrimination is strictly undesirable and unacceptable on the market. It is clear that every trader seeks to achieve maximum profit, but this must be achieved without discrimination in prices.

In a Futures-Exchange, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, traders buy and sell contractual promises (futures) to acquire or deliver, at some future pre-specified date, assets ranging from wheat to crude oil and from bacon to cash in a desired currency. The interactions between economic and security properties and the exchange's essentially non-monotonic security behavior; a valid trader's valid action can invalidate other traders' previously valid positions, are a challenge for security research. We show the security properties that guarantee an Exchange's economic viability (availability of trading information, liquidity, confidentiality of positions, absence of price discrimination, risk-management) and an attack when traders' anonymity is broken. We describe all key operations for a secure, fully distributed Futures-Exchange, hereafter referred to as simply the ""Exchange"". Our distributed, asynchronous protocol simulates the centralized functionality under the assumptions of anonymity of the physical layer and availability of a distributed ledger. We consider security with abort (in absence of honest majority) and extend it to penalties. Our proof of concept implementation and its optimization (based on zk-SNARKs and SPDZ) demonstrate that the computation of actual trading days (along Thomson-Reuters Tick History DB) is feasible for low-frequency markets; however, more research is needed for high-frequency ones.

This research aims to gain knownedge that whole and profound about the patterns of the patron-client relationships in the farming community of seaweed in the Bungin Permai Village using what became relations identifier of patron-client based on the theory of patron-client James C. Scott. This type of research is qualitative research using the postpositivisme paradigm. The methods used in this research is a method of triangulation analisys technique is done by comparing the information or data with different way. The technique of data collections was done through literature review, observation and in-depth interview with seaweed farming community in the village of Bungin Permai. The results showed that the survival of the patron client relationship in Bungin Permai Village in the future between seaweed farmers with traders will continue or intertwined due to the deliberately constructed by both parties without any who feel harmed, although the patron client relationship it’s seen not balanced. Patron client relationship in the Bungin Permai Village is the protection relationship between both parties who need each other though in unequal levels such as the patron gives a debt to the client, to reply by clients by selling yields only to the patrons and in addition, the client is also willing to help patrons if patrons need of assistance. The loyalty relationship between patron with clients in Bungin Permai Village occurs because each of them is already cultivating a trusting nature and patrons also always provides convenience to its clients. In addition to the factor of mutual trust, wich form patron client relationship between farmers with traders in the Bungin Permai Village is a familial factors

Commerce

The discovery of a series of photographs among Charles Massard’s archives, former secretary of the «Amis du Vieux Fos » , allows us to establish beyond doubt the origin of an inscribed altar or a pedestal recently published in the RAN journal (Courrier 2015). Furthermore, the analysis of a sample taken in September 2015 also provides indications about the stone’s geological provenance., La mise au jour d’une série de clichés photographiques dans les archives de Charles Massard, ancien secrétaire des «Amis du Vieux Fos » , permet de préciser l’origine d’un autel (ou d’une base de statue) inscrit, récemment publié dans la RAN (Courrier 2015). Par ailleurs, les résultats de l’étude d’une lame mince prélevée en septembre 2015 sur le monument donnent des indices quant à la provenance du matériau., Marty Frédéric, Courrier Cyril, Bromblet Philippe. Note complémentaire sur l’origine de la dédicace d’un nauclerus découverte à Fos-sur-Mer. In: Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise, tome 49, 2016. pp. 367-372.

International relations

Education

Economy

Economy

Conflict

Economy

Reputation systems aim to induce honest behavior in online trade by providing information about past conduct of users. Online reputation, however, is not directly connected to a person, but only to the virtual identity of that person. Users can therefore shed a negative reputation by creating a new account. We study the effects of such identity changes on the efficiency of reputation systems. We compare two markets in which we exogenously vary whether sellers can erase their rating profile and start over as new sellers. Buyer trust and seller trustworthiness decrease significantly when sellers can erase their ratings. With identity changes, trust is particularly low towards new sellers since buyers cannot discriminate between truly new sellers and opportunistic sellers who changed their identity. Nevertheless, we observe positive returns on buyer investment under the reputation system with identity changes, and our evidence suggests that trustworthiness is higher than in the complete absence of a reputation system.

Trader's business behavior in the traditional market environment is reflected in the behavior that appears in the interaction built with other parties. The uniqueness that is highlighted is the trade situation that can not be separated from face to face communication directly, began to be supported by advances in the field of communication technology. Contribution in building interaction among the parties involved is able to generate trust so that communication occurs continuously. What is in the business of the traditional market shows a recognizable and recognizable identity, by seeing the communication style of the merchant, the utilization of the communication tool, the accessories used, and the means of transportation. They are all symbols inherent in the life of the merchant, reflecting the life of the merchant. Meaning of the symbol by others is not much different, because people have the ability to give meaning and assessment of a person. This is the uniqueness of the merchant that is reflected in the daily behavior in the traditional market environment. Keywords: Symbols, Traders, Traditional Markets DOI : https://doi.org/10.26905/nomosleca.v3i1.1485

статья посвящена изучению параметров принятия решения у трейдеров. В качестве профессионально важных критериев в данной профессиональной группе изучается склонность к риску. Цель исследования состоит в изучении особенностей решений у трейдеров, а также выявлении особенностей решений у трейдеров, склонных к риску. Выборку исследования составили 630 профессиональных трейдеров. В качестве методов исследования была специально разработана техника по типу лотереи, которая выявляла следующие параметры решений: склонность и избегание риска, гипотетический выигрыш, время получения выигрыша. Изучалась также субъективная успешность трейдеров и их социально-демографические характеристики. В результате было выявлено, что большинство трейдеров придерживаются комбинированной стратегии и опираются на собственный опыт, а риск связан с высокими показателями гипотетического выигрыша, причем отсроченного во времени., the study examines the parameters of decision making among traders. The risk seeking is studied as professionally important criteria in this group. The aim of the research is to study peculiarities of traders’ decision-making, as well as to identify the characteristics of decision-making of risk-seeking traders. The study has been made based on 630 professional traders. As research methods, the author used specially developed technique according to the type of lottery, which revealed the following parameters of decisions – the tendency for risk-seeking and risk-avoid, a hypothetical benefit, the time to get benefit. The article has also studied the subjective success of traders and their socio-demographic characteristics. The result revealed that the most traders followed a combined strategy and relayed on their own experience. And the risk was associated with high rates of a hypothetical win, which was delayed in time.

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publication Artykuł koncentruje się na zagadnieniu właściwości osobowej trybunałów handlowych w wybranych wyrokach Sądu Apelacyjnego Wolnego Miasta Krakowa. Biorąc pod uwagę fakt, iż akta sądowe w archiwach polskich (nie tylko odnoszące się do spraw handlowych) w większości uległy zniszczeniu, a sądownictwo handlowe na terenach tzw. departamentów pogalicyjskich funkcjonowało jedynie przez kilka lat, jego dorobek orzeczniczy zasługuje na szczególną uwagę. Tym bardziej, iż we wzbudzającej wątpliwości i niejednoznacznie uregulowanej w samym Kodeksie handlowym kwestii krakowscy sędziowie orzekali zgodnie z obowiązującą wówczas linią francuską, kształtującą się w oparciu nie tylko o normy Code de commerce, ale przede wszystkim namnażane sukcesywnie we Francji ustawodawstwo okołokodeksowe, bogate orzecznictwo i doktrynę związana z kodeksem. Nie obowiązywały one na ziemiach polskich, a publikacje je przybliżające zaczęły w większym nasileniu pojawiać się w latach 40. XIX w. O poważnym zainteresowaniu polskich przedstawicieli nauki prawem handlowym można mówić dopiero właściwie od lat 60. XIX stulecia. Th e article focuses on the issue of personal jurisdiction of commercial tribunals in selected judgements issued by the Appellate Court of the Free City of Krakow. Considering the fact that court records held in Polish archives (related not only to commercial cases) have been mostly destroyed, and commercial judicature in the territories of the so-called former Galician departments only functioned for a few years, its output deserves special attention. Especially since this matter as provided for in the Commercial code was unclear and ambiguous, and the Krakow judges adjudicated in compliance with the French line, which had shaped not only based on the provisions of the Code de commerce, but above all based on the successively produced in France additional legal acts related to the commercial law, rich case law and legal science that supplemented the code. Th ey had not been adopted in the Polish territories, and publications aiming to familiarize the Polish lawyers with them did not start to appear until the ‘40s of the 19th century, and Polish scholars did not exhibit a serious interest in the area of commercial law until the ‘60s of that century.

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