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This paper takes on a different address to youth fitness testing from previous literature by applying a cross-cultural comparison of youth fitness testing in both the US and China. Utilizing a modified version of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, the chronosystem (historical evolution over time), and macrosystem (social and cultural vantage point) factors, in particular, are explored within the realm of youth fitness testing. From the lens of this model changes and characteristics of youth fitness testing practice are identified. It is concluded that both fitness testing batteries were revised periodically as time passes, even though more revisions and debates occurred in the US. Although both countries made the shift from skill-related fitness to health-related fitness, social and cultural values in both countries dictated the implementation styles of youth fitness testing and the use of the current youth fitness testing results. Future theoretical research on youth fitness testing should investigate the other three factors of the model.

The aim of this study is to examine the tales in Turkish textbooks in terms of the values they convey. In this study, organized according to qualitative research method, the data have been obtained by document examination which is one of the qualitative data collection tools. A total of 29 tales in Turkish textbooks of 3-8 grades in the 2017-2018 academic year, were examined. Content analysis of qualitative data analysis techniques was conducted to analyze the data. In the analysis of the data the coding reliability was made and all the tales were analyzed together by two researchers. The total frequency of the sub-values determined in the examined tales is 70. When the distribution of lower values to the main values determined by MEB (2017) is examined, it is seen that there are 17 lower values related to responsibility main value, 11 lower values related to friendship and respect main values and 7 lower values related to self-regulation main value. While there is only 1 lower value for patience main value, there is no lower value for patriotism main value. Transfer method of 70 subvalues in the tales becomes different. These transfers were mostly positive sample behavior (f = 31), negative sample behavior (f = 21) and direct transfer (f = 12). The least used transfer method in tales is indirect transfer (f = 1). Almost all of the most frequently encountered humility sub-value is conveyed through negative examples; industriousness sub-value is mostly conveyed through direct (word) transfer. Among the main values (deep values) that are intended to be given in the whole of the tales in Turkish textbooks, friendship and responsibility take place 3 times; confidence, perseverance, humility, sense of mission, cooperation and empathy take place 2 times; and the other values take place once. When sub-values obtained from investigating tales as a whole are examined in the context of main values, it is seen that there is no sub-value reflecting the main value of justice and patriotism, and therefore no tale text was encountered on that.

In this study which is carried out in the phenomenology pattern, the aim of this course is to determine the opinions of the pre-service teachers about the value concept and values education. In this study, twelve prospective teachers in 4th grade in the department of primary education in a faculty of education were interviewed. The opinions of prospective teachers on values and values education were grouped under two categories as "My Values" and "Values Education". In the category of "My Values", prospective teachers included the concept of values and the values that guided their lives within personal and social values. The category of Values Education was examined under the purpose of values education and the path I will follow. While some prospective teachers emphasized that the primary goal in values education should be to raise good citizens, other teacher candidates highlighted the importance of having a good character by focusing on personal values. Prospective teachers thought that active learning methods, modelling, and cooperating with family would be effective in values education.

This article introduces subversive service learning, a new type of critical service learning that shifts the locus of the "problem" from the marginalized group to the mainstream society, subverting both mainstream perspectives and the deficit model of a community being "helped." Inspired by Whiteness studies, it pursues social change through service learning. This article illustrates how this subversive service learning works in three cases from the author's college 200-level class in Fall 2016.

Modernism, which appeared as a result of industrialization, has since then developed further, resulting in a postmodern society, characterized by a significant change in values. This shift in values is particularly evident in the quality of education, and man's subsequent relation towards work as a result. Schools have become social institutions in which learners spend their time in the role of served clients. The teacher is therefore assigned the social role of the servant, in which he is to primarily satisfy the pupil in his personal needs. This kind of relationship stems from the phenomenon of narcissism, which is already a cultural phenomenon. Studies of cultural narcissism are presented here, sampling relevant research of American provenience (with special focus on the USA). These studies suggest that cultural narcissism may become a global phenomenon in the future.

The article deals with the research of special features of foreigners' integration and language learning in Canada as an integral part of adult education. The paper outlines a complex of basic scientific approaches such as system, structural and functional, andragogical, axiological, intercultural, and competency-based approaches. The study analyses a number of programmes for immigrants' integration in Canada, as well as language learning by adults. Critical overview allowed assuming that "Language Instructions for Newcomers to Canada" is the most popular programme among immigrants in this country. Taking into account the lack of similar programmes for foreign students in Ukraine and positive experience of Canada in this sphere, Lviv Polytechnic National University developed an elective course for international PhD students aimed at their adaptation in Ukraine. The article focuses on the features of the course which is based on the "Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada" programme. Its content component is based on the demands, individual needs and involves the acquisition of language skills and acquaintance with the culture of the country. At the end of the course, the PhD students took part in a survey. The results of the survey showed that in spite of some difficulties, it appeared to be quite effective and informative.

Currently, the higher medical education should reflect a practical sphere of public health care as well as improvement of the quality of education of future doctors. Doctor's activities involve almost all spheres of human life; therefore, the problem of training a highly skilled expert is urgent in the sphere of public health as doctors should have high professional and ethical expertise for more effective functioning of medicine. The research was conducted in the 2016/17 academic year at the Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry of I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University among 286 third-year and fourth-year students: 140 students of the experimental group (EG) and 146 students of the control group (CG). 24 experts (specialists in medicine) took part in the ascertaining phase of the pedagogical experiment. The special study course "Professionally important qualities of future doctors" in the EG was carried out in the form of experimental teaching while in the CG the traditional methods of teaching were used. The comparison of the results of students' professional qualities evaluation obtained before and after the experiment allows us to state that there is a substantial increase in professionally important qualities of the EG students compared to the CG students. This paper mainly presents the idea that professional (ability to apply knowledge into practice, ability to work with a specialised literature, ability to remember a large amount of information, knowledge and use of foreign language in professional activity, adequate professional self-assessment, desire for improvement) and volitional (responsibility for the life and health of a patient, fast reaction and ability to take decisions, resistance to psychical and emotional stresses, restraint and persistence, self-control) qualities are the most important professional qualities of future doctors. Therefore, moral (attentiveness, decency, honesty, mercifulness, altruism) and social qualities (responsibility, communicative skills, tolerance, ability to build trust) are less significant for future doctors. The experimental testing of the level of professional qualities development of medical students has proved that future doctors should interpret theoretical knowledge into practical activities, constantly improving it by working with expert literature, should be able to control their emotions and react quickly in critical situations.

Economic and political crises, increasing poverty, new migration flows, political populism gaining strength, and technological changes (ICT and web2), in addition to the intensifying European youth vulnerabilities specified at the beginning of the century (Furlong, Stalder, & Azzopardi, 2000; Znidarec Cuckovic, 2014), create new vulnerabilities for child and youth generations both in Europe (Sortheix, Parker, Lechner, & Schwartz, 2017) and in Hungary, such as the crisis of freedom, solidarity, empathy, values of autonomy (crisis of universal humanistic values and crisis of European values), furthermore exposure to manipulations of the post-truth era, and the "fear industry" (Beck, 2007). The influencing effects of the mass media have become dominant on young people's thinking. Along with the appearance of web2 and smart devices, time spent on talking with the family is decreasing; thus, the impact of the family on young people's thinking and value orientations is also decreasing. Relying on the value theories of Rokeach (1968, 1973), Schwartz (1992, 2006), and Rezsohazy (2006), the research focus in this proposal described in this article, was whether the phenomenon of value crisis/value change could be detected among Hungarian children and young people in two school-life phases that are significant from the perspective of civic education. The other research question aimed at discovering whether the phenomenon of value crisis appears, and how it appears, among teachers of History and Civic Education.

In this study, where the survey model is utilized, the aim is to analyze the compatibility of children songs available in Elementary School Music Lesson Curriculum, which was put into effect by the Ministry of National Education in 2017, with universal values. In line with this objective, qualitative research methods have been used. The data used in the research have been obtained through document analysis. Content analyses method have been utilized in the analysis of the collected data. Sample of the research represents the population. Research sample, on the other hand, consists of the children's songs in 2017 Elementary School Music Lesson Curriculum. The songs used in the study have been analyzed in terms of the twelve values identified by UNESCO in Living Values Education Program. Collected data have been analyzed in frequency (f) and percentage (%). The research has concluded that "love, responsibility and happiness" values have been given an extensive place, while "respect and tolerance" have been included a little, and "honesty, humility and simplicity" are not existent. No negative values have been identified in the songs.

Researchers have studied academic orientation--students' valuing of and commitment to education--as in part a function of a cultural fit between students' cultural capital, competencies, identity, and the institutional culture of the education system. Recent research on students' aspirations and commitment highlights the moral undertones of such cultural fit. Scholars have identified the perceived moral connotations of becoming "an educated person" and illustrated how students' academic orientation may be intertwined with the unique moral culture of the education system. Neoinstitutional scholars have examined modern education systems' emphasis on an individualizing type of moral culture, that is, an institutional moral culture emphasizing individual autonomy, rights, and achievement over traditional mores, knowledge, and social hierarchies. Scholars have yet to bridge these streams of research by examining the link between students' personal moral culture and the institutional moral culture of education systems. In this study, we consider whether students whose moral orientation matches the individualizing moral culture of education systems are more academically oriented. We conceptualize this link as moral fit, and we use moral foundations theory to identify students' personal moral culture. Analysis of a unique sample of students drawn from all secondary schools in Iceland (N = 10,525) shows (1) individualizing moral intuitions (those that emphasize the individual as the basic moral unit) are associated with a greater academic orientation, net of parental involvement, cultural capital, and other important controls, and (2) this association is only lightly moderated by differences in the school structure.

The present study investigated the Italian version of the Decent Work Scale (DWS) with a sample of 645 workers (females = 65.1%; mean age = 43.9 years; SD = 10.9) according to a network perspective. We compared factorial and network models and estimated the regularized partial correlations for the five DWS domains: "physically and interpersonally safe working conditions" (SC), "access to healthcare" (AH), "adequate compensation" (AC), "hours that allow for free time and rest" (FT) and "organizational values complement family and social values" (CV). The results highlighted that the network model showed the best fit to the data. Among the most central domains in the network, the high centrality of CV suggests that this domain could represent an effective target for actions addressed to fostering decent work in Italy. In contrast, the low centrality of AC and FT underlines the urgent need to advocate for more decent remunerations and working hours in Italy.

Innovations in genetics, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence involve the possibility of enhancement of human attributes and capacities--offering humans innumerable opportunities for diverse, unprecedented experiences and developments both physically and cognitively. These new innovations, frequently associated with theoretical frameworks such as transhumanism, not only raise new ethical-pedagogical questions but also challenge the very meaning of education. Core educational concepts pertaining to the human being, personhood, and the educational self now need to be re-examined or rediscovered in confrontation with transhumanist values. In regard to this task, we investigate Bostrom's teleological approach towards transhumanist values, questioning his understanding of the human person and the inherent implications of a sensible agenda for education, situated within the broad humanist tradition. As an alternative to an educational prospect based on, or endorsing, transhumanist values, we adopt Spaemann's personalist program, implementing his distinction between 'being someone' versus 'being something'. Defending an understanding of the person as someone, and not as a thing that shall be cultivated, we employ Spaemann's distinction between anthropocentrism versus anthropomorphism, recognising the importance of contextualising the human being in a broader existential, embodied framework, while acknowledging the critique of the anthropocene. Along these lines, we elaborate on an understanding of education and the educated person that, in our view, safeguards core human values. In the discussion, we draw on insights from Spaemann, Arendt, Kierkegaard and Gadamer.

Syrian refugees worldwide experience many difficulties, including integrating into the host country. Turkey host most of the Syrian refugees, but limited studies examined Syrian refugees' transnational experiences in children's literature. In this study, I have examined the picture books written for Syrian refugee children published in Turkey through a multicultural education framework to highlight how microculture and macroculture relate to each other. The books are produced by Promoting the Integration of Syrian Children into the Turkish Education System (PIKTES), which is supported by European Union (EU). I utilized content analysis and analyzed each book with the relationship between microculture and macroculture. I represented findings under three categories: shared cultural values between microculture and macroculture, decontextualization of Syrian refugee identity, and monistic representation of the social class. I suggested the need for quality picture books for multicultural education and authentic textual spaces for a smooth integration of Syrian refugee children.

The axiological research in contemporary Chinese Marxism has always oriented itself towards the practice of reform and opening up, profoundly expressing the practical logic of reform and opening up by way of the theoretical logic of axiology. First, contemporary Chinese axiology focuses on the concept of value and reveals its essence, it explores the relationship between truth and value, deepens the understanding of practice as a standard, and thus it provides a philosophical basis for solving the problem of right and wrong in the practice of China's reform and opening up. Second, contemporary Chinese axiology frames evaluation standards and examines their rationality, considers the 'three-favorables' criterion and also provides a theoretical basis for solving the problems of good and bad in the practice of China's reform and opening up. Third, it considers the change of values and the conflict of values, constructs core socialist values, and responds to the question of 'what is socialism and how to build it' from the perspective of value, thus providing the most fundamental conceptual and theoretical support for promoting both the reform and opening up and the construction of the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Understanding the development of contemporary Chinese axiology on the basis of the practice of reform and opening up makes us not only grasp accurately the overall picture of contemporary Chinese axiology, but also understand better the academic pursuit and practical implications of contemporary Chinese Marxist research.

During South Africa's apartheid era, the social and political ideology of Afrikaner nationalism Othered those who disrupted an idealised vision of white heteronormative Afrikaner masculinity. While protections from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation were enshrined in the post-apartheid constitution in 1996, anti-LGBTQ violence remains a reality. It is common for young LGBTQ individuals to exercise the personal freedoms associated with leaving home to attend university to express their sexual orientations and/or gender identities more readily. This paper applies interpretive phenomenology to interview data with members of the LGBTQ student community at a rural university town in an overwhelmingly white Afrikaans region. It explores the complex and ill-defined relationships between LGBTQ student experiences, local heteronormative values, and shifting institutional identities in an era of social transformation.

This study examined the effectiveness of an experiential learning-based integrated policy advocacy education model in Hong Kong, a partially democratic and non-Western society. The model incorporated guest lectures, a mock hearing, a site visit, and an advocacy project. A mixed methods evaluation involving 144 students in quantitative surveys and 9 students in focus groups demonstrated that this model increased students' levels of political activity, political efficacy, competence in advocacy, and their intention to take future advocacy action despite what some have perceived to be a pessimistic and ambivalent environment for advocacy in Hong Kong. Interviews with six advocates also suggest that an ideal advocacy education model should incorporate theoretical teaching, social justice values, sharing experiences of field experts, practice, and action.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, calls to protect children and young people have proliferated in educational contexts, consolidating safety as a core principle guiding an increasing number of decisions at schools. Recently, however, more and more scholars have begun to question the ambiguous nature of "safety", analysing the tensions between this concept, education, and children's citizenship. The purpose of this article is to problematise the political and educational implications created by concerns about safety in the unprecedented times of COVID-19. Using Apple and Beane's (2007) classic work on democratic education, our study delves into the educational experiences of nine educators and eight students in Aotearoa New Zealand during COVID-19 to explore their uses of safety. Our findings highlight the nuanced ways in which the discourses of safety can lead to curricular and pedagogical practices of comfort, isolation, and control.

This study examined how a group of Korean international students enrolled in a writing class in a United States business programme navigated their literacy practices through the use of KakaoTalk, a social networking application for smartphones. On the basis of 29 student interviews and a detailed narrative of one focal student's activities in KakaoTalk group sessions, the study aimed to elucidate the less studied feature of literacy studies: the social networking methods that students mobilise to make meaning of their school literacy activities collaboratively and individually. The study findings suggest that students' identities and literacy performances shape one another through the intersection of local and global forces. Theories of identity and the Korean concept of "in-maek" offer important insights into the dynamic interchange of students' social and literacy practices and identities. This study provides insights into the influence of such identity work on students' academic experiences and the development of a curriculum for a business programme writing class.

Textbooks provide the most serious source of knowledge construction and transmission for children at schools. This paper used a discursive and qualitative content analysis approach to extract the dominant values, ideologies and identities in four social studies textbooks taught nationwide to children in primary schools in Iran. Textual and visual analysis were applied on these textbooks and the results showed the saliency of four dominant discourses and values including pre-Islamic ethos and Iranian-Islamic identity, war and peace, social and traditional values in Iranian culture, and respect for diversity. Each of these discourses are discussed and some recommendations are made at the end of the paper to better situate the significance of these values in school textbooks.

Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) of teachers has been found essential for the effective functioning of schools, and teachers' propensity to perform OCB is determined by various individual and organisational characteristics. The present study investigates the role of human values -- benevolence, achievement, self-direction and conformity -- in OCB in a sample of teachers. The study model was examined with structural equation modelling using AMOS. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 410 teachers in the secondary schools in Sri Lanka. The results revealed that, of the four values examined, benevolence correlated significantly with OCB, while achievement, self-direction and conformity had no significant relationship with OCB. The present study contributes to the growing empirical research on teacher's OCB and offers practical recommendations for principals and educational administrative authorities, and theoretical implications and recommendations for future studies.

This article furthers pedagogical knowledge on educating children about their human rights, specifically in school contexts, with the aim of elucidating the features and the collateral learning of educative situations through which children are supported to grow as rights-holders. The data, obtained from fieldwork in three Year 1 classes in Swedish schools, were analysed drawing on John Dewey´s theory of experience, growth and collateral learning. The findings show that, in everyday classroom interactions, teachers' actions have implications for human rights learning. Four categories of collateral content were identified: (a) Experience and respect equal value; (b) Form, express and respect opinions; (c) Take part and participate in individual and collective matters; (d) Demonstrate understanding, and tolerance. It is argued that teachers' pedagogical actions support children's human rights learning in various everyday situations in the classroom, often in unintended and unplanned ways.

This paper examines contemporary challenges for education and democracy in Brazil. In the past decade, conservative forces headed by the Escola sem Partido (ESP) movement have led a scaremongering campaign against teachers and public education, with Paulo Freire's critical educational philosophies as their main enemy. This study investigates the ESP's attempts to implement its 'neutral' education model based in traditional values across the country. Key Freirean concepts combined with Horsford '3Rs' agenda to regain democracy in schools are used to analyse the media narratives presented by the ESP and civil movements that have resisted its efforts to undermine democracy within Brazilian schools. The findings suggest that the ESP's bullying tactics have been effective in undermining teachers' autonomy in many Brazilian schools. Further tensions have been provoked by the pandemic within the public educational system. Conversely, Freirean-inspired school communities have found new ways to counteract this harassment and strengthen democratic pedagogies.

One of the most effective methods for teaching social studies events, concepts, and issues incorporates the fine arts into lesson plans. The fine arts, such as photography, architecture, paintings, tapestries, and sculptures reflect the core cultural values, political ideals, and religious beliefs of a civilization and offer excellent opportunities for students to engage in multicultural education. The arts allow students to develop high level thinking skills, such as symbolic and abstract thought, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Creating lesson plans using the fine arts allows educators to assess the didactic and reflective, and affective domains thus fusing knowledge, thinking skills, and the centrality of emotions, values, beliefs, and moral issues into a cohesive lesson. Raphael's School of Athens is an excellent painting to teach the Renaissance, one of the most influential movements in history. This painting incorporates the crucial philosophical and scientific ideals and values that undergird the Renaissance as a transformative movement into modernity.

This paper draws on the Chinese and English literature on the Chinese idea of "tianxia" (literally meaning all under heaven), with the objective of shedding new light on the discussion of the global in global higher education (studies). It argues that the "tianxia" idea embodies an approach to viewing the world that is fundamentally different from the dominant Euro-American worldviews, and contains unique merits in discussing global higher education phenomena. This approach highlights four elements in understanding the world: one-worldism (including the notion of thinking through the world and "tianxia weigong," literally meaning all under heaven belongs to and is for all), "he er butong" (diversity in harmony), an emphasis on virtues, values, and norms in global governance, and an ecological imagining of the world. The implications of the four elements for global higher education are also discussed.

Purpose: This narrative study seeks to explore cultural identity (CI) construction of Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in light of Tong and Cheung's (2011) definition of CI. Design/methodology/approach: Ten language teachers were selected using purposeful sampling. Data were collected through reflective teacher journals and focus group interviews. Murray's (2009) data analysis procedures were utilized to analyze the data, which included coding the transcripts of data, looking for connections between codes and grouping codes into categories, configuring the participants' story from the data, sending the story to the participants for their comments, carrying out a cross-story analysis and noting themes as they emerge from the stories. Findings: The inductive analysis of data led to the emergence of three core themes: cultural engagement, openness to differences in L2 cultural values and social practices and navigation of a hybrid CI. That is, the EFL teachers defined their CIs in terms of their commitment to both native and target-language cultures as well as their preservation of cultural diversity. Originality/value: Findings revealed that L2 acquisition leads to changes of soft cultural forms such as food, clothes and houses as well as modifications of hard cultural forms such as institutional systems and spiritual values. In fact, the participants of this study spoke of the crucial effects of the English language and its culture with regard to both soft and hard cultural forms such as values and standards that brought so many positive changes into their previous lifestyles, attitudes and behaviors.

Using constructive grounded theory, this research investigated relational values and practices implemented by Christian early childhood leaders. Data was collected through a survey-questionnaire and four in-depth case studies using semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis. The findings showed that these leaders placed their relationship with God at the center of everything they did. Based on this relationship they implemented six relational values of accepting, welcoming, loving, respecting, empathizing and caring. These Christian values were then reflected in their daily relational practices, and were identified as empowering others, supporting others, modeling authenticity, providing social justice, ministering, helping and serving.

Although fostering values is promoted within sustainability education (SE), many educators appear concerned or conflicted about how, or whether, to approach values education. An interdisciplinary research project sought to draw on insights from character education (CE) in order to explore the problem. Using the Delphi technique, 12 CE and SE experts were gathered, via email, to explore their perceptions regarding the feasibility of integrating theoretical/practical insights from the CE and SE fields. Experts rated their agreement and made comments on 41 statements. Fourteen statements reached 'consensus'. Thematic analysis revealed experts' agreement on an ethical base of SE providing practical application of CE; a perceived tension between democracy, pluralism and normativity; reservations about the individual nature of CE; the need for CE, and SE, to more actively foster awareness of self as part of nature; a desire for holistic and interdisciplinary education; concern regarding exam-driven education and agreement on the need to re-examine the purpose of education. The findings reveal common ground between the two fields, as well as indicating where differences could be bridged and misunderstandings addressed, suggesting avenues for future collaboration and potential integration -- possibilities that it would be fruitful to pursue through further interdisciplinary research.

This article presents findings from a case study of a public primary school in China regarding the mutually constitutive relationship between classroom space and collaborative learning. The research employed qualitative coding methods to interpret the meanings of 17 teachers' interview transcripts. The findings reveal that although collaborative learning was promoted by the national curriculum reform and required in the school, most participants were reluctant to depart from the conventional pattern of space use to facilitate this pedagogy. Their motivations for seeking alternatives were affected by compressed classroom space and undermined by the pressures of coping with the prescribed curriculum, performance evaluation, and traditional values of harmony and compliance in workplaces. As a compromise, they applied collaborative learning within a deliberately planned and controlled context. The study suggests a need for expanding learning space in Chinese public schools and nourishing teachers' critical reflexivity about approaches to learning and space use.

For millions of people living in humanitarian crisis, education can confer physical and psychological protection and offer a path to a brighter future. Overshadowing this promise, however, are the unavoidable politics of humanitarianism. In this historical case study of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East during the First Intifada (1987-1993), Jo Kelcey shows how the agency's ostensibly apolitical humanitarian education program was in fact shaped by competing political interests. This case highlights both the impossibility of apolitical education programs and the unforeseen consequences of humanitarian framings for education, ultimately underscoring the need to critically reflect on the value of aligning education to humanitarian discourse and practice.

Conventional literature associates large youth cohort size (YCS) with increased risk of political violence in countries with such demographic profiles. Key questions which remain unanswered, however, are whether YCS is also associated with young people's proclivities toward more peaceful forms of protests, and whether structural socioeconomic conditions influence such a relationship? Using multilevel binary logistic regression techniques on pooled individual level data for 51 democratic countries purposively sampled from World Values Survey Waves 3 to 6, and country level data from World Bank, and UN Population Division, I show that YCS demonstrates a positive relationship with young people's participation in peaceful demonstrations. This relationship is, however, moderated by structural factors such as education and unemployment, which end up reducing young people's likelihood of participation. I argue that resource limitation, as predicted by the Civic Voluntarism Model, better explains the relationship between YCS and individual youth protest behavior in democratic societies, more than socioeconomic grievance, as suggested by grievance theory. An important implication of this finding is that participation in elite-challenging behaviors such as peaceful protests, can be expected to be more common among young people in affluent democratic societies, than their peers elsewhere in the democratic world.

This paper explores the global and cross-national landscape of educational pluralism, its grounding in human rights law and contemporary debates, and conceptualizes how it might be measured cross-nationally. It first articulates how educational pluralism is central to the right to education in foundational human rights instruments, with a focus on understanding the role of educational pluralism in protecting cultural rights, religious liberties, and parental rights, while also embracing the rights of the child and duties of states. It then traces emerging debates at an international level, particularly related to ideas of the autonomy of children and concerns about privatization in education systems. It then conceptualizes a means of mapping and measuring educational pluralism cross nationally, and concludes by sharing analysis of PISA data to offer a preliminary picture of the cross-national landscape, noting limitations with the available data.

Taking the influence of various factors on the teaching effect of moral and social courses of primary school students as the research content, a unified examination was conducted on third-grade students from 413 primary schools in Kunming, and 1270 valid questionnaires were obtained from their teachers. A questionnaire was innovatively designed with 52 dimensions, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS big data analysis platform to find the most influential factors in the teaching and learning of moral and social courses and to propose suggestions for improving the teaching effectiveness of moral and social courses.

The relations between education, conflict and peace have become the focus of a growing and diverse field of educational research and action. In the diversity and complexity of this field, I distinguish six educational approaches that stand out: human rights, psychosocial, humanitarian aid, development, security, and reconciliation. They refer to six sets of particular and coherent assumptions regarding the reasons that originate and exacerbate conflicts, with their own answers about how to prevent, resolve, alleviate, or transform that situation -- their ways of understanding peace -- and the roles that the educational sector plays in the achievement of this purpose, with their pros and cons.

This article addresses teacher autonomy in different models of educational governance using quantitative data from the OECD TALIS 2018 and qualitative data from a study on teacher autonomy conducted in Norway and Brazil. In this article, teacher autonomy is seen as a multidimensional concept referring to decision-making and control in relation to state governance. Further, the different degrees of implementation of accountability measures across countries determine the models of educational governance. The quantitative data reveals no clear pattern between teacher autonomy and models of educational governance. In general, teachers perceive that they have good control over teaching and planning at the classroom level. However, teachers report that they participate to a lesser degree in professional collaboration in schools, which could allow for collegial teacher autonomy. Teachers also report low perceived social value and policy influence, which may provide insight into professional teacher autonomy at the policy level. This article also shows the relevance of a detailed description of the country cases to gain a better understanding of the multiple dimensions of teacher autonomy.

This article examines the value of respect, as demonstrated towards non-human living beings by a group of Mapuche girls in Southern Chile, while attending a rural school. This work is an ethnographic study based upon systematic observations of daily life within an educational space. An example is presented in which the practices of care and social interactions in a spontaneous activity during recess, which involves protecting an insect, are described. The findings demonstrate that the cultural value of respect underpins the activities performed by the girls. The presence of synchronous, collective organization, flexibly assembled and coordinated through non-verbal forms of communication was observed. The findings are discussed taking into account the LOPI model and the Mapuche educational model, reinforcing the ongoing repertoire of cultural practices learned inside of the family and community space. [Translation from Spanish by Jennifer Martin.]

If students are to acquire deep learning in science, they need to know about the nature of science (NOS), particularly not only the cognitive-epistemic but also the social-institutional aspects of NOS. In this paper, we investigate the content of the Norwegian science curriculum in order to establish how NOS is represented, in particular to the social-institutional aspects of NOS, which have been reported to be underemphasised in science curricula from different parts of the world. We use the Family Resemblance Approach (FRA) to NOS as the theoretical and analytical framework to investigate the science curriculum from Norway where there is a history of emphasising the values human dignity, identity and cultural diversity as well as respect for nature and environmental awareness. The findings show that the dominating aspects of NOS in the science curriculum are scientific practices and social values. The observation about the prominence of social values of science is in sharp contrast to comparable analyses, suggesting a particular orientation to NOS that considers the human element in the Norwegian science curriculum. Implications for science curriculum reform and future studies are discussed.

This study examines the relationship between parenting styles (authoritarian, indulgent, authoritative, and neglectful) and its relations with personal and social adjustment beyond adolescence. Participants were 2131 Spanish children, divided into adolescents (n = 616), young adults (n = 606), middle-aged adults (n = 502) and older adults (n = 407). A MANOVA (4 x 2 x 4) with parenting style, sex and age as independent variables was applied. Personal adjustment criteria were emotional and physical self-concept, and nervousness, while social adjustment criteria were internalization of social values and hostile sexism. The indulgent and authoritative parenting styles showed better socialization outcomes in all adjustment criteria across all children ages. However, children from indulgent families scored higher on emotional self-concept and lower on hostile sexism and nervousness than those from authoritative families. These findings seriously question whether strictness parenting dimension is necessary not only during the parental socialization (for adolescent children) but also beyond adolescence (for adult children), once parental socialization is over.

The core objective of this study was to explore the role of Civic and Ethical Education to nurture behavior ofstudentsin Aleta Wondo Secondary School, Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, the study employed cross-sectional survey research design with a combination of mixed research approach. The study used survey and key informant interviews as the major data gathering tools. The collected quantitative data were analyzed via mean and standard deviation while the qualitative data was presented using narration. The findings of the study showed that the intention of Civic and Ethical Education to help students practice ethical values in their school and locality was not effectively realized. The study result revealed that Civic and Ethical Education positively informed students to practice social and democratic values in their lives, schools, and localities, but a gap persists in creating responsible students who know and match their obligations and rights.

Forty-six interviews of French and Finnish Junior High School teachers clearly show a strong will to link professional commitment to common progressive values. However, the interviewees have to adjust these political or philosophical views when confronted with the reality of their professional everyday life and to the development of widely broadcast educational debates, like the ones about the recent reforms concerning the Junior High School level in both France and Finland, conducted at the time of the interviews (2016 and 2017). These adjustments, linked either to the circumstances or to practical realities, challenge the internal coherence of their ethical choices. This paper shows that the reference principles and the practical implications of such choices are not asserted as sharply in France as in Finland. It highlights the unequal ability of the teachers of both countries to make sense of their professional experience and to appropriate the terms of the debates on the evolution of teaching.

This article analyses the extent to which history education (HE) in Turkey adheres to the HE principles proposed by the Council of Europe. A compulsory history textbook is analyzed in detail. The analysis finds an understanding of HE that marginalizes minorities due to nationalist and militarist content. The Atatürk's Principles and History of Reforms (APHR) course also fail to include controversial historical issues and does not adopt a multiperspective approach. Thus, a vital question has emerged: Is the APHR a course that serves to develop universal values such as respect for differences, a culture of inclusion, and support for democracy, or does it continue to be used solely as a tool for reproducing national values or more precisely, the dominant groups' values? This question reveals the significance of developing a HE curriculum in Turkey and elsewhere that reflects current realities and also supports intercultural dialogue.

Schools have long been identified as important sites in terms of instilling values within the next generation. In order to develop our understanding of values, this paper sets out to explore how values are understood in Irish educational legislation, policies and curriculum. Irish Legislation, policies and curricula were searched systematically. Following the application of inclusion criteria, 188 documents were included in the sample, policies (n = 49), legislation (n = 39) and curriculum specifications (n = 100). Across these documents, 'values' tend to be understood in four main ways: 1) establishing the role of the school in developing students' values, 2) supporting the development of particular values, 3) respecting a diverse range of values, and 4) respecting and protecting schools' values. Some considerations are presented in terms of supporting schools to navigate these different and at times diverging policy, legislative and curriculum contexts with regards conditions for implementation of values in education.

Abram S. Isaacs (1852-1920), editor, intellectual, university professor, and rabbi, was a moral educator dedicated to making American Jews more knowledgeable and more virtuous. His role model was his father, who founded and taught in the Jewish day school that young Abram attended. While embracing the blessings of American life, Isaacs was deeply troubled by the corrosive American values of individualism and materialism. In the late nineteenth century, as Jewish day schools were no longer an option, Isaacs turned to writing family literature, hoping to substitute the home for the day school as the locus of character education.

This paper looks empirically at how the UK's policy of securitisation within education impacts on the meso-level space of cultural ethos and pedagogy within two majority non-white secondary schools and one majority non-white further education college. It does so primarily by documenting how British Values and Prevent policies enabled through the British Government's Counter-Terrorism and Security Act have impacted on institutional ethos both in terms of objective structures and staff subjectivities. It is argued here that the security-curriculum ensemble is a recognition of this meso-level space by central government and represents a development in moves made to restrict access and agency within this space, and even to circumscribe this space through symbolic violence. This paper concludes by urging school/college leaders to exercise their agency at the meso-level; to recognise this space as a place for democratisation and decolonisation as an equitable alternative to enforced cultural 'upgrading' and in(ex)clusion presented through securitisation policy that is in reality an instrument of symbolic domination.

This study examines qualitative data collected during an 8-month ethnographic study that explored the emotional experiences of six student-teachers from a university in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States and five Nepali teachers from an upper-middle-class preschool in Kathmandu, Nepal. The study uncovered how emotional experiences of mentors and mentees created emotional borders and borderlands in an intercultural mentoring relationship. We examined the strategies each group used to navigate intercultural differences in the mentoring relationship. Ethnographic methods were used to collect the following types of data: (a) focus groups, (b) individual interviews, (c) classroom observations, and (d) field notes from serving as participant observers. Data were analysed by utilizing cultural humility as an interpretive framework. We propose that cultural humility and the notion of invisible borders/borderlands introduces new ways of theorizing what oppressed groups undergo when interacting with dominant groups. The findings indicated that emotional borderlands arose due to conflicts in ideologies, values, and beliefs between the US student-teachers and Nepali mentor-teachers. However, both mentors and mentees attempted to overcome their emotional discomfort when guided to undergo critical self-reflection through processes associated with cultural humility.

Promoted by the peace process between the Santos administration (2010-2018) and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, which resulted in the signing of a peace accord in November 2016, peace education at Colombia's higher education establishments and schools is gaining momentum. Educators have seized upon the opportunity afforded by the peace process and the associated legislation, particularly Law 1448 (2011) on victims and Law 1732 (2014) on the Peace Chair ("Cátedra de la Paz"), to energise peace education. Yet this is proving to be difficult. Among the challenges are the persistence of high levels of political, criminal and other types of violence following the termination of the armed conflict affecting learners' attitudes, behaviours and values; little relevance for peace education of established education in ethics and democratic citizenship competences; limited concrete knowledge on tertiary peace education as a pedagogical field; a vague legal framework; and little institutional guidance. Based on the author's first-hand experience as a conflict analyst and university lecturer in Colombia and a discussion of the 'conventional' and 'critical' orientations of peace education, this paper addresses these challenges and presents ideas on how tertiary peace education in Colombia could be enhanced through a focus on historical memory.