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Person re-identification aims to retrieve specific pedestrian targets from the target database under the condition of cross camera.It has important application value in the field of video surveillance.At present,the difficulty of the research is that the sample images have large intra class differences and small inter class differences.Therefore,how to design and train the deep neural network to extract a more discriminative feature from pedestrian images is the key.In this paper,we propose a network structure combining global features and local features learning,which can extract global features and local features simultaneously.In view of the different importance of each part of the local features to the description of pedestrian features,this paper proposes a fusion method of local features,which can adaptively generate the weight of each local feature.Finally,the local features and glo-bal features are combined to make the pedestrian features get more comprehensive representation.In addition,in view of the fuzzy optimization objective of the previous triple loss based on hard sample mining,this paper proposes an improved triple loss function based on hard sample mining.The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on the mainstream person re-identification data sets Market-1501 and DukeMTMC-reID,respectively,and the mAP values are 82.16% and 74.02%,and the Rank-1 values are 92.75% and 86.8%,respectively.

Entrapment of an undeflatable angioplasty balloon is a rare yet fatal complication of modern percutaneous coronary intervention that can lead to fatal sequelae such as myocardial infarction and life-threatening arrhythmia. We report a case of successful percutaneous retrieval of an entrapped inflated balloon with a broken shaft in a 65-year-old male. After a few failed endeavours, we succeeded using the buddy balloon technique to deflate the entrapped balloon, followed by snaring of the disrupted shaft with a goose neck snare.

Frequent and continuous water quality monitoring of Olushandja Dam in Namibia is needed to inform timely decision making. This study was carried out from November 2014 to June 2015 with Landsat 8 reflectance values and field measured water quality data that were used to develop regression-analysis-based retrieval algorithms. Water quality parameters considered included turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), nitrates, ammonia, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total algae counts. Results show that turbidity levels exceeded the recommended limits for raw water for potable water treatment while TN and TP values are within acceptable values. Turbidity, TN, and TP and total algae count showed a medium to strong positive linear relationship between Landsat predicted and measured water quality data while TSS showed a weak linear relationship. The regression coefficients between predicted and measured values were: turbidity (R2 = 0.767); TN (R2 = 0.798,); TP (R2 = 0.907); TSS (R2 = 0.284,) and total algae count (R2 = 0.851). Prediction algorithms are generally the best fit to derive water quality parameters. Remote sensing is recommended for frequent and continuous monitoring of Olushandja Dam as it has the ability to provide rapid information on the spatio-temporal variability of surface water quality. HIGHLIGHTS Over past years, frequent and continuous water quality monitoring has been problematic in Namibia.; A linear regression can now be used to develop algorithms for retrieving water quality data.; Good prediction accuracy for turbidity, TN, TP and total algae count.; More sampling points needed to further improve regression model accuracy.; Remote sensing provides rapid information on water quality spatio-temporal variability.;

Statement of the Problem: Retrieval of cement-retained implant-supported restorations is challenging in cases of screw loosening or periodontal problems. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the screw access hole on the fracture resistance of zirconia-based cement-retained restorations with and without an access opening. Materials and Method: In this in vitro study thirty-three cement-retained implant-supported zirconia-based molar crowns were fabricated and divided into 3 groups (n=11). As the control group, group 1 consisted of conventional cement-retained crowns. Group 2 comprised conventional cement-retained crowns in which a hole was created in the location of the screw. Group 3 consisted of cement-retained crowns in which a ledge was created in the location of the screw access channel. The specimens were cemented to their abutments and their access openings were filled with composite resin. A compressive load was applied to the specimens using a universal testing machine until they fractured. The mean fracture resistance values of the samples were compared by using the one-way ANOVA and Tamhane post-hoc test (a=0.05). Results: The mean fracture resistance values were 1270.18± 12.67 N in group 1 (the control group), 960.09±210.67 N in group 2 (conventional), and 1357.81±361.68 N in group 3 (the special design). The fracture resistance value was higher in the special design group than that of the conventional design (p= 0.018) and the fracture resistance value of the conventional design group was less than that of the control group (p= 0.042). No statistically significant difference was detected between the control group and the special design group in fracture resistance values. Conclusion: Preparing a screw access hole in cement-retained implant-supported zirconia-based crowns decreased the fracture resistance of the restoration. Designing a ledge in the zirconia framework around the access hole may increase the fracture resistance of the restoration.

According to the behavioral tagging theory, various stages of fear memory, such as contextual fear conditioning, memory retrieval, and fear extinction, can be facilitated by the exploration of a novel open field (OF). A critical time window of efficacy exists for this process. Novel exploration closely adjacent to weak learning may interfere with the setting of the learning tag, leading to a negative effect. In this mouse study, we consistently showed that exposure to a novel or familiar OF immediately prior to the retention test impaired the retrieval of long-term contextual fear memory. However, OF exposure had no effect on the retrieval of recent or remote cued fear memory or short-term contextual fear memory or the reconsolidation of contextual fear memory. In addition, OF exposure impaired spaced but not massed extinction of contextual fear memory. These results suggest that interfering stimulus may result in the transient forgetting of fear memory; however, temporary loss of fear may lead to retention failure of fear extinction. The results of this study are an important complement to the behavioral tagging theory and may provide new guidance for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. • OF exposure had no effect on the retrieval of recent or remote cued fear memory. • OF exposure impaired the retrieval of LTM but not STM of contextual fear. • OF exposure had no effect on the reconsolidation of contextual fear memory. • OF exposure impaired spaced, not massed, extinction of contextual fear memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture (SM) is a key variable in hydrometeorology and climate systems. With the growing interest in capturing fine-scale SM variability for effective hydroclimate applications, spaceborne L-band bistatic radar systems using Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology hold great potential to meet the demand for high spatiotemporal resolution SM data. Although primarily designed for tropical cyclone monitoring purposes, the first GNSS-R satellite constellation – Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission, has demonstrated the benefits of reliably monitoring diurnal SM dynamics through its initial stage of seven-year data record, thanks to its high revisit frequency at sub-daily intervals. Nevertheless, knowledge of SM retrieval from CYGNSS, particularly linked with its distinctive features, remains poorly understood, while numerous existing uncertainties and open issues can restrict its effective SM retrieval and practical applications in the next operating stages. Unlike other review papers, this work aims to bridge this knowledge gap in CYGNSS SM retrieval by highlighting noteworthy design properties based on analyses of its real-world data, while providing a synthesis of recent advances in eliminating external uncertainty factors and improving SM inversion methods. Despite its potential, CYGNSS SM retrieval faces both general and particular challenges arising from common issues in retrieval algorithms for conventional GNSS-R satellites and unique data limitations tied to its technical design. Scientific debates over the contributions of coherent and incoherent components in total CYGNSS signals and accurate partitioning of these two parts are defined as the key algorithm-related challenges to resolve, along with correcting attenuation effects of vegetation and surface roughness. The data-related challenges involve variations in CYGNSS's spatial footprint, temporal frequency, and signal penetration depth across different land surface conditions, inadequate consideration of CYGNSS incidence angle change, excessive dependence on a reference SM dataset for inversion model calibration/training or validation, and computational demands for processing rapid multi-sampling CYGNSS data retrieval. Future research pathways highlight leveraging cutting-edge machine learning/deep learning algorithms to enhance CYGNSS SM data quantity and quality and better interpret its complex interactions with other hydroclimate variables. Assimilating CYGNSS SM data streams into physical models to improve the prediction of related variables and climate extremes also presents a promising prospect. • A systematic review of seven years of CYGNSS data for soil moisture (SM) measurement • CYGNSS SM faces challenges from retrieval algorithms and unique design-related data • Partitioning coherent and incoherent signals is the key algorithm-related challenge • Variation in CYGNSS data sampling properties raises the data-related challenge • Enhancing CYGNSS data and applying deep learning are two potential future pathways [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most existing cross-modal language-to-video retrieval (VR) research focuses on single-modal input from video, i.e., visual representation, while the text is omnipresent in human environments and frequently critical to understand video. To study how to retrieve video with both modal inputs, i.e., visual and text semantic representations, we firstly introduce a large-scale and cross-modal V ideo R etrieval dataset with reading comprehension, TextVR , which contains 42. 2 k sentence queries for 10. 5 k videos of 8 scenario domains, i.e., Street View (indoor), Street View (outdoor), Game, Sports, Driving, Activity, TV Show, and Cooking. The proposed TextVR requires one unified cross-modal model to recognize and comprehend texts, relate them to the visual context, and decide what text semantic information is vital for the video retrieval task. Besides, we present a detailed analysis of TextVR in comparison to the existing datasets and design a novel multimodal video retrieval baseline for the text-based video retrieval task. The dataset analysis and extensive experiments show that our TextVR benchmark provides many new technical challenges and insights over previous datasets for the video-and-language community. The project website and github repo can be found at CVPR 23 LOVEU and TextVR , respectively. • The paper proposed a large cross-modal video retrieval dataset with text reading comprehension, named TextVR, which includes 42.2k sentence queries for 10.5k videos of 8 scenario domains. Different from previous benchmarks, TextVR requires models to retrieve video with both of semantic information from text/OCR tokens and visual context simultaneously. • For cross-modal video retrieval task on TextVR, we present sufficient experiment analysis (e.g., unique evaluation for reading comprehension ability), new insights and new challenges (e.g., negative impact from irrelevant and noise and text/OCR tokens). • An S cene T ext A ware V ideo R etrieval baseline, StarVR, fusing both semantics from reading comprehension and visual representation is provided for the new task. Experiments show that current state-of-the-art cross-modal video retrieval methods fail on TextVR, while our StarVR with scene text semantic representation, gets encouraging results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interference has been identified as a cause of processing difficulty in linguistic dependencies, such as the subject-verb relation (Van Dyke and Lewis, 2003). However, while mounting evidence implicates retrieval interference in sentence processing, the nature of the retrieval cues involved - and thus the source of difficulty - remains largely unexplored. Three experiments used self-paced reading and eyetracking to examine the ways in which the retrieval cues provided at a verb characterize subjects. Syntactic theory has identified a number of properties correlated with subjecthood, both phrase-structural and thematic. Findings replicate and extend previous findings of interference at a verb from additional subjects, but indicate that retrieval outcomes are relativized to the syntactic domain in which the retrieval occurs. One, the cues distinguish between thematic subjects in verbal and nominal domains. Two, within the verbal domain, retrieval is sensitive to abstract syntactic properties associated with subjects and their clauses. We argue that the processing at a verb requires cue-driven retrieval, and that the retrieval cues utilize abstract grammatical properties which may reflect parser expectations.

Interference has been identified as a cause of processing difficulty in linguistic dependencies, such as the subject-verb relation (Van Dyke and Lewis, 2003). However, while mounting evidence implicates retrieval interference in sentence processing, the nature of the retrieval cues involved - and thus the source of difficulty - remains largely unexplored. Three experiments used self-paced reading and eyetracking to examine the ways in which the retrieval cues provided at a verb characterize subjects. Syntactic theory has identified a number of properties correlated with subjecthood, both phrase-structural and thematic. Findings replicate and extend previous findings of interference at a verb from additional subjects, but indicate that retrieval outcomes are relativized to the syntactic domain in which the retrieval occurs. One, the cues distinguish between thematic subjects in verbal and nominal domains. Two, within the verbal domain, retrieval is sensitive to abstract syntactic properties associated with subjects and their clauses. We argue that the processing at a verb requires cue-driven retrieval, and that the retrieval cues utilize abstract grammatical properties which may reflect parser expectations.

Recent results demonstrate that inducing an abstractrepresentation of target analogs at retrieval time aids access toanalogous situations with mismatching surface features (i.e.,the late abstraction principle). A limitation of currentimplementations of this principle is that they either require theexternal provision of target-specific information or demandvery high intellectual engagement. Experiment 1 demonstratedthat constructing an idealized situation model of a targetproblem increases the rate of correct solutions compared toconstructing either concrete simulations or no simulations.Experiment 2 confirmed that these results were based on anadvantage for accessing the base analog, and not merely on anadvantage of idealized simulations for understanding the targetproblem in its own terms. This target idealization strategy hasbroader applicability than prior interventions based on the lateabstraction principle, because it can be achieved by a greaterproportion of participants and without the need to receivetarget-specific information.

Central venous catheter (CVC) insertion is a commonly performed procedure that is used for continuous invasive hemodynamic monitoring, fluid resuscitation, drug therapy, and hemodialysis. CVC placement can be associated with serious complications that are mostly preventable. One of these complications is the loss of the guidewire within the intravascular space, which carries a high morbidity and mortality. Here, we describe a 44-year old patient who presented with acute kidney injury and metabolic derangements that necessitated bedside right femoral dialysis catheter to initiate emergent renal replacement therapy. A day after the catheter insertion, the guidewire was noted on a routine chest X-ray extending into the base of the skull. The clinical course was complicated with cerebral infarction. Subsequently, the retained guidewire was removed a few days after the CVC insertion. In summary, the retained guidewire within the circulation is associated with potentially life-threatening and hazardous outcomes. Continuing education, vigilant supervision, and implementing certain protocols are likely to prevent such undesirable events.

A secure airway is always a challenging task in the management of facial trauma. Open reduction and Internal fixation in Lefort II and III warrants airway patency during general anesthesia. Unobstructed surgical field provided by submental intubation helps in open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) and achieving intermaxillary fixation (IMF) during the procedure. However, submental intubation poses few complications such as bleeding, flexometallic tube damage, and obstruction of the tube. We report an unusual complication of pilot cuff fracture and retrieval during submental intubation with exact localization by computed tomography. Even though the technique is safer, it carries a number of rare risks depending on the exact techniques used and act as a reminder of unusual complications that might occur and be aware of the unusual risks of this surgery.

For two decades, sleep has been touted as one of the primary drivers for the encoding, consolidation, retention, and retrieval of episodic emotional memory. Recently, however, sleep’s role in emotional memory processing has received renewed scrutiny as meta-analyses and reviews have indicated that sleep may only contribute a small effect that hinges on the content or context of the learning and retrieval episodes. On the one hand, the strong perception of sleep’s importance in maintaining memory for emotional events may have been exacerbated by publication bias phenomena, such as the “winner’s curse” and “file drawer problem.” On the other hand, it is plausible that there are sets of circumstances that lead to consistent and reliable effects of sleep on emotional memory; these circumstances may depend on factors such as the placement and quality of sleep relative to the emotional experience, the content and context of the emotional experience, and the probes and strategies used to assess memory at retrieval. Here, we review the literature on how sleep (and sleep loss) influences each stage of emotional episodic memory. Specifically, we have separated previous work based on the placement of sleep and sleep loss in relation to the different stages of emotional memory processing: (1) prior to encoding, (2) immediately following encoding during early consolidation, (3) during extended consolidation, separated from initial learning, (4) just prior to retrieval, and (5) post-retrieval as memories may be restructured and reconsolidated. The goals of this review are three-fold: (1) examine phases of emotional memory that sleep may influence to a greater or lesser degree, (2) explicitly identify problematic overlaps in traditional sleep–wake study designs that are preventing the ability to better disentangle the potential role of sleep in the different stages of emotional memory processing, and (3) highlight areas for future research by identifying the stages of emotional memory processing in which the effect of sleep and sleep loss remains under-investigated. Here, we begin the task of better understanding the contexts and factors that influence the relationship between sleep and emotional memory processing and aim to be a valuable resource to facilitate hypothesis generation and promote important future research.

Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) devices can be inadvertently released into unfavorable locations, which may allow them to migrate to a different position within the left atrial appendage or embolize from the heart into the aorta. In such instances, it can be challenging to remove the LAAC device. Here, we present two cases in which patients with atrial fibrillation experienced LAAC device exposure at an inappropriate site because of interventional operator error and device mismatch: (a) the LAAC device was dislodged into the aortic arch and retrieved percutaneously from the femoral artery route, and (b) in the left atrium, which was dislodged into the left atrium and retrieved via atrial transseptal puncture of the femoral vein.

A non-descript male dog was presented with symptoms, such as chronic recurrent epistaxis, sneezing, and episodes of nasal leech infestation from the past 3 months. The dog was subjected to basic clinical examination, hemato-biochemistry test, and radiographic examination before rhinoscopy. Rhinoscopy was performed with Karl Storz's 5-mm video-otoscope under general anesthesia. Leech infestation in the nasal cavity was found to be the cause of the epistaxis under rhinoscopic examination. The endoscopic guided retrieval of the leech from both the nostrils was successfully done with help of grasping forceps without any major complication. The video-otoscope-guided retrieval of nasal leeches was quite convenient and also provide the exact localization of the nasal leech.

Guidewire retention during an interventional treatment is a very rare complication that can lead to possible serious complications, such as thrombosis, embolization, sepsis, and perforation. Hence, a retained guidewire must be retrieved as soon as possible. Here, we provide the first report of a case of accidental retention of a 0.035” J guidewire in the right atrium and aortic arch during basilar artery aneurysm embolization. We found that due to the heavier weight of the J guidewire and its hydrophilic-coated layer, it could not be removed using previously reported methods for micro-guidewire retention. Therefore, we constructed a self-invented snare device consisting of a 0.014” micro-guidewire and a 4-Fr MP-A1 catheter and successfully retrieved the J guidewire, thus avoiding open surgery and its associated serious complications. According to our experience, this novel technique described here is quite easy to perform, safe and effective and can avoid serious complications and prevent the need for open surgery.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the textual and paratextual elements in retrieving fiction from the readers’ perspective in order to provide the most appropriate access points for the readers and to improve access to fictions based on the readers’ needs. Method: The current research is an applied study in terms of purpose, applying a mixed method that was conducted using the sequential exploratory strategy. The statistical population in both stages of the study were readers of fiction literature who were selected by purposive sampling strategy. In the first stage of the study, 14 fiction readers participated in a semi-structured interview. The collected data were coded and analyzed based on the six-step content analysis framework of Brown and Clark using MAXQDA software (2018 version). In the second stage, the opinions of 12 experts in the field of fiction were used to weigh and determine the importance of each textual and paratextual element. The data collection tool at this stage was a pairwise comparison questionnaire designed based on a 9-point scale. Expert Choice software (version 11) was used to analyze the data in this stage. Findings: According to the results of the first stage of this study, 24 textual and paratextual elements in the form of 6 main themes were identified by a thematic analysis of the interviews. Then, according to experts, 19 of these extracted elements were selected as important elements in fiction retrieval. In general, the results confirmed that from the readers’ point of view, textual and paratextual elements could be useful in understanding, evaluating, determining and selecting sources, and help fiction readers to find relevant fictions. By use of textual and paratextual elements of fiction to enrich library catalogues and create several access points, we can improve fiction retrieval. Therefore, it is suggested that these elements be used in the design and development of retrieval systems in libraries in order to increase the efficiency of these systems and enable successful search and retrieval for fiction readers. Originality/value: The results of this study provide a starting point for the development and design of fiction search and retrieval systems based on the needs of the reader. By using both textual and paratextual elements of fiction to enrich library catalogs and create several access points, we can develop and improve search and retrieval systems and increase the efficiency of this systems in retrieving fictions which readers want.

Abstract Background Many children with developmental language disorders (DLD) have well-documented weaknesses in vocabulary. In recent years, investigators have explored the nature of these weaknesses through the use of novel word learning paradigms. These studies have begun to uncover specific areas of difficulty and have provided hints about possible intervention strategies that might help these children learn words more accurately and efficiently. Among the studies of this type are those that incorporate repeated spaced retrieval activities in the learning procedures. Methods In this study, we examined the data from four of these studies that employed the same types of participants (4- and 5-year-old children with DLD and same-age children with typical language development), research design, and outcome measures. The studies differed primarily in the type of learning condition that was being compared to a spaced retrieval condition. A mixed-effects modeling framework was used, enabling the data from the four studies and different outcome measures to be aggregated. Results Across the studies, more words in the repeated spaced retrieval condition were recalled than those in the comparison conditions. This was true regardless of outcome measure. Children with typical language development recalled more words than the children with DLD. Both groups benefited from spaced retrieval, though effects were larger for the group with DLD. Children recalled words as accurately 1 week after learning as they did at the 5-min mark; the two groups were essentially identical in this respect. Conclusions Overall, the findings support the continued refinement of these types of repeated spaced retrieval procedures, as they may have potential to serve as effective approaches to intervention.

With the rapid growth of data with different modalities on the Internet, cross-modal retrieval has gradually become a hot research topic. Due to its efficiency and effectiveness, Hashing based methods have become one of the most popular large-scale cross-modal retrieval strategies. In most of the image-text cross-modal retrieval methods, the goal is to make the deep features of the images similar to the corresponding deep text features. However, these methods incorporate background information of the images into the feature learning, as a result, the retrieval performance is decreased. To solve this problem, OFBDH (object feature based deep Hashing) is proposed to learn optimal discriminative maximum activations of convolutions from the feature maps to represent the object features, and then the learned object features are integrated into the image-text cross-modal network learning. Experimental results show that OFBDH can obtain satisfactory cross-modal retrieval results on MIRFLICKR-25K, IAPR TC-12 and NUS-WIDE.

Objectives: There is wide variation in the practice of IVC filter placement and retrievals. We conducted a retrospective study to identify the trends in placement and retrievals of IVC filters in a tertiary referral centre in India. Methods: The data of patients obtained from our hospital records, in whom IVC filter was placed between 2010 and 2018, were analysed for demographics, indications for placement of IVC filter, underlying comorbidities, characteristics of the filters as well as the retrieval rates. Results: IVC filters were placed in 50 patients, and data was retrieved for 31 patients (mean - 51.24 years, 67.74% males). According to ACCP/AHA guidelines, 24 (77.42%) had an absolute indication for IVC filter. All 31 IVC filters were temporary, 23 (74.19%) of which were placed via femoral access. 29(93.55%) patients had infrarenal IVC filter placement. The average tilt at deployment was 3.71°, whereas it was 5.3° at retrieval. There were no periprocedural complications or filter migrations during placement or retrieval. Retrieval was attempted in 11 (35.48%) patients and was successful in 10. The mean indwelling time in this group was 158.55 days (range 55–366 days). Conclusion: Our study reveals low IVC filter implantation rates which are predominantly for absolute rather than relative indications. Though in sync with the worldwide trend, the poor retrieval rates reflect the urgent need for better patient and physician awareness. Periodic follow up is imperative to improve the IVC filter retrieval rate and to prevent complication rates.

The atmospheric temperature profiles (ATPs) retrieved through the geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard the FY-4A satellite (GIIRS/FY-4A) can effectively fill the gap of the scarce conventional sounding data in the Taklimakan Desert (TD), the second largest desert in the world, with an area of 330,000 square kilometers. In this study, we take the experimental radiosonde observations (RAOB) from one RAOB station in the hinterland of TD and seven conventional radiosondes in the oasis region around the desert as the true values and analyze the bias distribution characteristics of GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs with quality control (QC) flags 0 or 1 for this region. In addition, a bias comparison is made with GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs, and the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5) ATPs. The results show that (1) Missing measurements in GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs are the most frequent in the near-surface layer, accounting for more than 80% of all the retrieved grid points. The averaged total proportion of GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs with QC marks 0 or 1 is about 33.06%. (2) The root mean square error (RMSE) of GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs is less than 3 K, smaller than that of ERA5 ATPs. The RMSE of ERA5 ATPs can exceed 10 K in the desert hinterland. The absolute mean biases of GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs and ERA5 ATPs are, respectively, smaller than 3 K and 2 K, the former being slightly larger. The correlation coefficients of GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs with ERA5 ATPs and RAOB ATPs are higher than 0.98 and 0.99, respectively, and the correlation between GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs and RAOB ATPs is inferior to the latter. (3) The overall atmospheric temperature retrieved by GIIRS/FY-4A is 0.08 K higher than the temperature of RAOB, on average, while the overall temperature from ERA5 is 0.13 K lower than that of RAOB, indicating that the temperature profile obtained by integrating GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs and ERA5 ATPs may be much closer to RAOB ATPs. (4) The probability density of the GIIRS/FY-4A ATP biases in the TD region generally follows the Gaussian distribution so that it can be effectively assimilated in the 3-D variational assimilation modules. The probability density distribution characteristics of the GIIRS/FY-4A ATP biases in the desert hinterland and oasis are not much different. However, due to the fusion analysis of the relatively rich multi-source conventional observation data from the oasis stations, the probability density of ERA5 ATPs biases at the oasis stations is nearer to Gaussian distribution than that of the GIIRS/FY-4A ATPs. In the desert hinterland, where conventional observation is not enough, the probability density distributions of the ATPs biases from ERA5 and GIIRS/FY-4A are alike. Therefore, the GIIRS FY4A can contribute to a more accurate estimation of ERA5 ATPs in the TD region.

• Memory generalization enables appropriate responses in similar future situations. • Fear generalization arisen as a function of the similarity between contextual stimuli. • Robust stressful memories are resistant to destabilization-reconsolidation. • Fear-generalization-mediated modulation of arousal facilitated the interfering effect of propranolol. • The control of arousal by fear generalization facilitated reconsolidation disruption. Labilization-reconsolidation, which relies on retrieval, has been considered an opportunity to attenuate the negative aspects of traumatic memories. A therapeutic strategy based on reconsolidation blockade is deemed more effective than current therapies relying on memory extinction. Nevertheless, extremely stressful memories frequently prove resistant to this process. Here, after inducing robust fear memory in mice through strong fear conditioning, we examined the possibility of rendering it susceptible to pharmacological modulation based on the degree of generalized fear (GF). To achieve this, we established an ordered gradient of GF, determined by the perceptual similarity between the associated context (CA) and non-associated contexts (CB, CC, CD, and CE) to the aversive event. We observed that as the exposure context became less similar to CA, the defensive pattern shifted from passive to active behaviors in both male and female mice. Subsequently, in conditioned animals, we administered propranolol after exposure to the different contexts (CA, CB, CC, CD or CE). In males, propranolol treatment resulted in reduced freezing time and enhanced risk assessment behaviors when administered following exposure to CA or CB, but not after CC, CD, or CE, compared to the control group. In females, a similar change in behavioral pattern was observed with propranolol administered after exposure to CC, but not after the other contexts. These results highlight the possibility of indirectly manipulating a robust contextual fear memory by controlling the level of generalization during recall. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the effect of propranolol on reconsolidation would not lead to a reduction in fear memory per se, but rather to its reorganization resulting in greater behavioral flexibility (from passive to active behaviors). Finally, from a clinical viewpoint, this would be of considerable relevance since following this strategy could make the treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with traumatic memory formation more effective and less stressful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric temperature profile is an important parameter to describe the state of the atmosphere, and it is crucial to climate change research, weather forecasting, and atmospheric parameter retrieval. A machine learning algorithm that incorporates historical observations and ground-based measurements was developed in this study to retrieve the atmospheric temperature profile. Specifically, the deep learning network considered historical observations for the same period and temporally correlated temperature profiles. It combined multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and the convolutional neural network (CNN). MLP derived the features from the ground factors, and CNN captured the essential features associated with the temperature profiles at the current time from latent historical data. Then, the features of the two parts were concatenated to obtain the final network. The construction and parameters of the model were optimized to determine the best model configuration and retrieval performance. The results of the model were evaluated against those of other methods on the same dataset. The model showed a good retrieval precision, which was equivalent to a small retrieval bias, root-mean-square error, and mean absolute error at all altitudes. The analysis of the application of this model to the retrieval of atmospheric temperature profiles indicates that the method is feasible.

A series of four experiments tested the assumptions of the most prominent and longstanding account of item-method directed forgetting: the selective rehearsal account. In the item-method directed forgetting paradigm, each presented item is followed by its own instructional cue during the study phase – either to-be-forgotten (F) or to-be-remembered (R). On a subsequent test, memory is poorer for F items than for R items. To clarify the mechanism underlying memory performance, we manipulated the time available for rehearsal, examining instructional cue durations of 1 s, 5 s, and 10 s. Experiments 1a and 1b, where the order of cue durations was randomized, showed no effect of cue duration on item recognition of unrelated single words, for either R or F items. Experiment 2, using unrelated word pairs, again showed no effect of randomized cue duration, this time on associative recognition. Experiments 3 and 4 blocked cue duration and showed equivalent increases in recognition of both R and F single words and word pairs with increasing cue duration. We suggest that any post-cue rehearsal is carried out only when cue duration is predictable, and that such limited rehearsal is equally likely for F items and R items. The consistently better memory for R items than for F items across cue duration depends on selective retrieval involving (1) a rapid retrieval check engaged for R items only and (2) a rapid removal process implemented for F items only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new-generation satellite imaging spectrometers provide an unprecedented data stream to be processed into quantifiable vegetation traits. Hybrid models have gained widespread acceptance in recent years due to their versatility in converting spectral data into traits. In hybrid models, the retrieval is obtained through a machine learning regression algorithm (MLRA) trained on a wide range of simulated data. For instance, they are currently under development for trait retrieval in preparation for the upcoming Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment (CHIME), among others targeting routine estimation of canopy nitrogen content (CNC). However, like any retrieval algorithm, the process is not error-free, and most MLRAs inherently lack an uncertainty estimation related to the retrieved traits, which implies a risk of misinterpretation when applying the model to real-world data. Therefore, this study aimed to assess epistemic uncertainty estimation strategies (Bayesian method, drop-out, quantile regression, and bootstrapping) alongside the estimation of CNC using competitive MLRAs. Each of the regression models was evaluated using three data sets: (1) simulated scenes with varying noise using the SCOPE 2.1 radiative transfer model, (2) hyperspectral images from the PRISMA sensor, and (3) field-measured data. Analysis of generated uncertainty intervals led to the following findings: First, Gaussian processes regression (GPR) offers meaningful uncertainties, primarily attributable to spectral data degradation, which provide supplementary insights into the quality of trait mapping. Second, bootstrapping uncertainties can be used as quality indicators of the reliability of the estimates retrieved by hybrid models. Yet, its variability depends on the used MLRA, which impedes trusting its variance as a confidence interval. Third, quantile regression forest (QRF), despite not being top-performing algorithm, exhibit outstanding robustness estimations and uncertainty when the spectral data is degraded, either by Gaussian noise or by striping, often occurring in satellite imagery. Fourth, bootstrapped kernel ridge regression (KRR) demonstrated comparable performance to the benchmark algorithm GPR; the retrievals and uncertainties of these two MLRAs were highly correlated. Fifth, bootstrapped partial least squares regression (PLSR) estimations and uncertainties exhibit poor robustness to noise degradation, with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) increasing from 19% to 112%. Additionally, a GUI tool was integrated into the ARTMO software package for assessing epistemic uncertainties from the embedded regression algorithms, providing a trait mapping quality indicator for mapping applications, and improving decision-making. [Display omitted] • Quantified uncertainty provides insight in pixel retrieval from imaging spectroscopy. • Great variability in epistemic uncertainty depends on the ML algorithm. • Bootstrapped KRR and Bayesian GPR achieved top estimates and uncertainty. • PLSR is weak to noise degradation and is unreliable for spatiotemporal transference. • Bootstrapping, Bayesian and dropout uncertainties serve as quality mapping indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our everyday lives, we must remember important information, especially if there are consequences for forgetting. In this review, I discuss recent work on responsible remembering: the strategic and effortful prioritization of important information with consequences for forgetting. Thus far, research regarding responsible remembering has revealed several key factors and mechanisms that work together to enhance memory for important information that will continue to be refined: the identification and selection of what to remember (metacognitive reflectivity), the forgetting of less important information to facilitate memory for items that do need to be remembered (responsible forgetting), the functional prioritization of attention at the expense of competing factors (responsible attention), and the selective recall of important information via efficient retrieval strategies (responsible retrieval). Together, these functions form a cohesive system that aims to selectively prioritize, encode, and recall information that is deemed important based on its anticipated utility or the consequences of forgetting, and considering the importance of information may be a critical memory adaptation as we age. Specifically, if younger and older adults learn to self-assess and prioritize important information that has negative consequences if forgotten, engage in strategic forgetting, efficiently allocate their attentional resources, and utilize effective retrieval operations, memory for said important information can be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the information technology industry advances, the demand for log anomaly detection, based solely on printed log text, is growing. However, identifying anomalies in rapidly accumulating logs remains a challenging task. Traditional anomaly detection models require dataset-specific training, leading to corresponding delays. Notably, most methods only focus on sequence-level log information, complicating the detection of subtle anomalies, and often involve inference processes that are difficult to utilize in real-time. We introduce a new retrieval-based log anomaly detection model, capitalizing on the inherent features of log data for real-time anomaly detection. Our model treats logs as natural language, extracting representations with pre-trained language models. Categorizing logs based on system context, we implement a retrieval-based reformulation to contrast test logs with the most similar normal logs. This strategy not only obviates the need for log-specific training but also incorporates token-level information, ensuring refined detection, particularly for unseen logs. We also propose the core set technique, reducing computational costs for comparison. In our experiments on three representative benchmarks, we obtained an average f1-score of 0.9738, demonstrating that our model performs competitively with existing models without training on log data. Through various research questions, we verified real-world usability, including real-time detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory studies using a reception paradigm have found that memory items sharing similar entities and relations with a working memory cue (surface matches) are easier to retrieve than items sharing only a system of abstract relations (structural matches). However, the naturalistic approach has contended that the observed supremacy of superficial similarity could have originated in a shallow processing of somewhat inconsequential stories, as well as in the inadvertent inclusion of structural similarity during the construction of surface matches. We addressed the question of which kind of similarity dominates retrieval through a hybrid paradigm that combines the ecological validity of the naturalistic production paradigm with the experimental control of the reception paradigm. In Experiment 1 we presented participants with a target story that maintained either superficial or structural similarities with two popular movies that had received a careful processing prior to the experimental session. Experiment 2 replicated the same procedure with highly viralized public events. In line with traditional laboratory results, surface matches were significantly better retrieved than structural matches, confirming the supremacy of superficial similarities during retrieval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volume of multimedia assets in collections is growing exponentially, and the retrieval of information is becoming more complex. The indexing and retrieval of multimedia content is generally implemented by employing feature graphs. Feature graphs contain semantic information on multimedia assets. Machine learning can produce detailed semantic information on multimedia assets, reflected in a high volume of nodes and edges in the feature graphs. While increasing the effectiveness of the information retrieval results, the high level of detail and also the growing collections increase the processing time. Addressing this problem, Multimedia Feature Graphs (MMFGs) and Graph Codes (GCs) have been proven to be fast and effective structures for information retrieval. However, the huge volume of data requires more processing time. As Graph Code algorithms were designed to be parallelizable, different paths of parallelization can be employed to prove or evaluate the scalability options of Graph Code processing. These include horizontal and vertical scaling with the use of Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), Multicore Central Processing Units (CPUs), and distributed computing. In this paper, we show how different parallelization strategies based on Graph Codes can be combined to provide a significant improvement in efficiency. Our modeling work shows excellent scalability with a theoretical speedup of 16,711 on a top-of-the-line Nvidia H100 GPU with 16,896 cores. Our experiments with a mediocre GPU show that a speedup of 225 can be achieved and give credence to the theoretical speedup. Thus, Graph Codes provide fast and effective multimedia indexing and retrieval, even in billion-scale use cases.

Objective: To analyse the mission profiles of helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) winch operations involving LifeFlight Retrieval Medicine physicians in Queensland, Australia, specifically focusing on patients' clinical characteristics, extrication methods and scene times. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed to identify all helicopter winch missions involving physicians during 2019. Demographic, clinical and non‐clinical data were accessed from an electronic database used to log cases and findings presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of 4356 HEMS missions involving physicians, 100 (2.3%) were winch operations. Of these, 31 (31%) occurred overwater and 12 (12%) at night. In total, 106 patients were attended, and eight patient deaths occurred. Most patients were traumatically injured (66%), male (66%) and had a median (interquartile range) age of 43.5 (28–59) years. Thirteen missions (13%) involved drowning victims. This group had a higher burden of injury and comprised half of the patients treated with endotracheal intubation. Median scene time was 30 min (20–40), and the winch stretcher was the predominant patient extrication method. Physician winching occurred in 63 (63%) missions and was associated with increased scene time and increased use of the winch stretcher. Conclusions: Winch operations involving physicians occur infrequently in Queensland HEMS, although almost a third of missions occur overwater. Drowning victims are encountered more frequently than reported elsewhere in Australian HEMS and comprised half of the patients who underwent endotracheal intubation. Patients' severity of illness and injury may contribute to the associations between winching of physicians, increased scene times and increased use of the winch stretcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ventricular septal defects are increasingly being closed by transcatheter technique, with lesser morbidity and shorter hospital stay compared to open heart surgery. We report a case of embolization of a duct occluder deployed in a posterior muscular septal defect. The rare site of embolization necessitated an unusual approach for retrieval prior to subsequent closure using a double-disc device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument aboard Trace Gas Orbiter, we derived the CO/CO2 profiles between 75 and 105 km altitude with the equivalent width technique. The derived CO/CO2 profiles showed significant seasonal variations in the southern hemisphere with decreases near perihelion and increases near aphelion. The estimation of the CO/CO2 profiles with a one‐dimensional photochemical model shows that an altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficient better reproduces the observed profiles than a vertically uniform one. Our estimation suggests that the eddy diffusion coefficient in Ls = 240–270 is uniformly larger by a factor of ∼2 than that in Ls = 90–120 in the southern hemisphere, while they are comparable in the northern hemisphere. This fact demonstrates that the eddy diffusion coefficient is variable with season and latitude. Plain Language Summary: The eddy diffusion coefficient is widely used to parameterize the efficiency of vertical diffusion in the planetary atmosphere, whose variation characterizes the transportation of trace gas species. Additionally, it could vary their vertical distributions in the middle and upper atmosphere, which might cause an impact on the species escaping to space. However, the variability of the eddy diffusion coefficient in those altitude regions have been poorly understood. In this study, we focus on the estimation of variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient by analyzing the CO and CO2 measurements made by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The observed CO/CO2 ratio between altitudes of 75 and 105 km shows a significant seasonal variation in the southern hemisphere. The observed CO/CO2 profiles are compared with the simulated profiles obtained with a one‐dimensional photochemical model assigning several shapes and intensity of eddy diffusion coefficient. The comparison shows that the eddy diffusion coefficient is not constant but variable depending on altitude, season, and latitude, which suggests that the efficiency of the vertical diffusion varies with season and latitude. This fact is useful to other 1D photochemical models to reproduce the seasonal and latitudinal variation of atmospheric composition. Key Points: The CO/CO2 profiles from 75 to 105 km measured by NOMAD aboard TGO are used to investigate variations in the eddy diffusion coefficientThe estimated CO/CO2 profiles agree well with the observed profiles if altitude‐dependent eddy diffusion coefficients are consideredOur results demonstrate a substantial seasonal variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient in the southern hemisphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past aversive experiences shape our ability to deal with future dangers, through the encoding of implicit and explicit memory traces and through the ability to generalize defensive reactions to new stimuli resembling learned threats. Numerous evidence demonstrate that sleep is important for the consolidation of memories related to threatening events. However, there is a lack of studies examining the effects of sleep deprivation on the retrieval of consolidated threat memories, and previous studies on the role of sleep in threat generalization have produced mixed results. To address these issues, here we adopted a differential threat conditioning and a delayed (second half of the night) sleep deprivation during the first or the seventh night after learning. We found no effects of sleep deprivation on either implicit or explicit threat memories, regardless of its occurrence timing. Conversely, implicit but not explicit responses to novel cues similar to a learned threat displayed a widened generalization pattern, but only if sleep deprivation took place during the first night after conditioning and not if it occurred during the seventh night after conditioning. Therefore, we propose that sleeping after exposure to danger may support optimal implicit discrimination processes to evaluate new signals in the future and that even a brief period of sleeplessness may widen threat generalization to new stimuli, which is a hallmark of several threat-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping soil heavy metal concentration using machine learning models based on readily available satellite remote sensing images is highly desirable. Accurate mapping relies on appropriate data, feature extraction, and model selection. To this end, a data processing pipeline for soil copper (Cu) concentration estimation has been designed. First, instead of using single Landsat scenes, the utilization of multiple Landsat scenes of the same location over time is considered. Second, to generate a preferred feature set as input to a regression model, a number of feature extraction methods are motivated and compared. Third, to find a preferred regression model, a variety of approaches are implemented and compared for accuracy. In this research, 11 Landsat-8 images from 2013 to 2017 of Gulin County, Sichuan China, and 138 soil samples with lab-measured Cu concentrations collected from the area in 2015 are used. A variety a metrics under cross-validation are used for comparison. The results indicate that multi-temporal images increase accuracy compared to single Landsat images. The preferred feature extraction varies based on the regression model used; however, the best results are obtained using support vector regression and the original data. The final soil Cu map generated using the recommended data processing pipeline shows a consistent spatial pattern with a ground-truth land cover classification map. These results indicate that machine learning has the ability to perform large-scale soil heavy metal mapping from widely available satellite remote sensing images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe tilt with embedded hooks is a common obstacle to successful inferior vena cava (IVC) filter retrieval. We present a case for which the biopsy forceps-assisted loop snare technique was successfully used to retrieve filters with hooks embedded in the IVC wall for which conventional retrieval failed. The technique is effective and provides a less-invasive, low-cost method for the complex retrieval of IVC filters. Introduction: Severe tilt with embedded hooks is a common obstacle to successful inferior vena cava (IVC) filter retrieval. Methods: Disposal biopsy forceps were used to remodel the filter hook in the center position to release the embedded hook from the caval wall. Results: The biopsy forceps-assisted loop snare technique was successfully used to retrieve filters with hooks embedded in the IVC wall. Conclusion: The biopsy forceps-assisted loop snare technique we present here offers a new solution for the complex retrieval of IVC filters. This technique may prove useful in cases where standard techniques at filter retrieval fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Bilious vomiting (BV) in the neonatal period may herald malrotation with life‐threatening volvulus. In New South Wales, contrast fluoroscopy is not available in non‐tertiary paediatric centres; therefore, transfer is required. An infant with BV referred to Newborn and Paediatric Emergency Transport Service is prioritised for urgent retrieval to a surgical centre for contrast fluoroscopy and paediatric surgical review. This study analysed how many neonates with BV needed retrieval to prevent bowel loss or to save one life and to identify predictors of malrotation and/or volvulus. Methods: All neonatal referrals (<29 days) to Newborn and Paediatric Emergency Transport Service between 31 July 2014 and 31 July 2020 with BV or aspirates were examined. Data on time of onset of BV, time of call for retrieval, vital signs, lactate level and blood glucose at referral, time of arrival at the surgical centre and outcome were analysed. Results: Of 391 neonates referred with BV, 113 (28.9%) had a surgical cause and 31 (7.9%) had a time‐critical malrotation and/or volvulus. All 31 neonates were well at referral with normal vital signs including three neonates who subsequently died. Lactate levels at referral (1–7.5 mmol/L) were not predictive of outcome. The odds of a time‐critical diagnosis increased with every day of age (odds ratio = 1.097), heart rate >140 (P = 0.04) and decreased for each kilogram of birthweight (odds ratio 0.475; confidence interval 0.294–0.768). Conclusions: Neonates with BV require urgent referral to paediatric surgery and contrast fluoroscopy. Thirteen urgent transfers are required to preserve the bowel integrity and life in one baby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we explored the postlearning changes in a novel word's definition using a cue-induced memory reactivation. Native speakers of Spanish (N = 373) learned low-frequency words with their corresponding definitions. The following day, reactivated groups were exposed to a reminder and provided a subjective assessment of reactivation for each word, while control groups did not receive a reactivation. Study A demonstrated that memory reactivation enhances both explicit recall and semantic integration of new meanings. Study B investigated the effect of memory reactivation in the modification of the new meanings, through three different experiments. Results show an improvement of the updated definitions according to each word's reactivation strength. In addition, congruence with previous knowledge was suggested to be a boundary condition, while consolidation time had a positive modulatory effect. Our findings call attention to reactivation as a factor allowing for malleability as well as persistence of long-term memories for words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rememberers are often motivated to remember certain pieces of information more than they are motivated to remember other pieces. The literature suggests that this motivation results in selective remembering of valuable information and that it yields selective processing of this valuable information during encoding. However, the question of whether or not motivation to remember also elicits selective processing during retrieval is relatively underexplored. To fill this gap, two experiments examined the effect of incentive-based motivation to remember target information on selective encoding and retrieval processes using a paradigm that allowed participants to self-regulate their learning and cued-recall testing under relatively naturalistic settings. The results revealed that motivation yielded selective remembering of the target information and selective processing during encoding (i.e., selective allocation of study time, selective restudy, and selective control over study order), consistent with prior findings. Importantly, the results also revealed that motivation yielded selective processing during retrieval, as rememberers allocated more time to test queries about target information that they were motivated to remember and tended to start the test with these queries. These findings suggest that motivation affects how rememberers answer a cued-recall memory test. More generally, the current research demonstrates that by manipulating motivation and investigating self-regulated learning and remembering, research can advance our understanding of the intricate relationship between motivation, memory, and metacognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both rodents and humans, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is essential for encoding and retrieving conditioned fear memories. Although the BLA is a putative storage site for these memories, recent evidence suggests that they become independent of the BLA with the passage of time. We systematically examined the role for the BLA in the retrieval of recent (1 day) and remote (2 weeks) fear memory using optogenetic, electrophysiological, and calcium imaging methods in male and female Long-Evans rats. Critically, we used a behavioral design that permits within-subjects comparison of recent and remote memory at the same time point; freezing behavior served as the index of learned fear. We found that BLA c-Fos expression was similar after the retrieval of recent or remote fear memories. Extracellular single-unit recordings in awake, behaving animals revealed that single BLA neurons exhibit robust increases in spike firing to both recent and remote conditioned stimuli. Fiber photometry recordings revealed that these patterns of activity emerge from principal neurons. Consistent with these results, optogenetic inhibition of BLA principal neurons impaired conditioned freezing to both recent and remote conditioned stimuli. There were no sex differences in any of the measures or manipulations. These data reveal that BLA neurons encode both recent and remote fear memories, suggesting substantial overlap in the allocation of temporally distinct events. This may underlie the broad generalization of fear memories across both space and time. Ultimately, these results provide evidence that the BLA is a long-term storage site for emotional memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomedical images are utilized by radiologists and physicians in cases where diagnosis and recognition would be more efficient. Therefore, it is recommended to propose novel methods that can retrieve medical images with a high percentage of accuracy. A comprehensive feature selection and weighting combination method with novel learning of k-nearest neighbor artificial neural network (KNN-ANN) was introduced for retrieval of biomedical MR images. Modified Radon, and modified Hu moments operators with weighting combinational methods were proposed for achieving a higher percentage of retrieval. Moreover, these characteristics are re-composed for presenting outstanding statistic specification and spatial signals. This spatial and frequency information is obtained for all MR image datasets. The composition of shape and textural features presents robust vectors for retrieval of the biomedical database. In addition, a KNN-ANN framework is proposed and applied to measure the similarity between the query and biomedical database. The presented system achieves 90% retrieval for all types of classes. For matching features, the most similar highest priority principle with KNN is used. The image retrieved from the databases is the image which has less distance and less most-similar highest priority at KNN. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on two different databases. This novel scheme illustrates higher and better specialty in the MRI datasets. The results were compared and understood to be remarkable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For memory to be efficient, people need to remember important information. This involves selective encoding and retrieval operations to maximise the recall of valuable information at the expense of less important information. While past research has examined this in terms of strategic encoding operations, we investigated differences in the dynamics of retrieval in value-directed remembering tasks with younger adults under full and divided attention during encoding as well as in older adults. Participants typically initiated recall with the first presented, last presented, or highest valued words and also strategically organised retrieval according to information value such that high-value words tended to be recalled before low-value words. However, the average value of older adults' first recalled word was greater than that of younger adults, likely contributing to their enhanced selectivity. In addition, there were no differences in lag-conditional-response probabilities in younger adults under full or divided attention, but older adults showed impairments in the retrieval of items sharing contextual features with nearby items, while younger adults relied more on temporal-contextual cues to recall words. Together, this study suggests that both strategic encoding and strategic retrieval operations contribute to selectivity for valuable information and older adults may be able to maximise retrieval operations despite displaying impairments in temporal binding during encoding and an overall recall deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music's power to trigger memories has rarely been tested; in particular, it is not clear what mechanisms govern memory retrieval elicited by musical cues. Previous research has suggested that memory retrieval is underpinned by two mechanisms: (1) distinctiveness—the probability that a cue will retrieve a memory declines with the number of stimuli previously encoded with that same cue and (2) incongruence—a cue encoded with emotionally incongruent targets triggers more memories of the stimuli associated with it than a cue encoded with emotionally congruent stimuli. Our participants experienced an implicit encoding phase where they were presented with auditory-visual pairs of stimuli (pieces of music and images of facial expressions). In the retrieval phase, participants were asked to remember encoded stimuli triggered by music. As expected, musical cues encoded with emotionally incongruent facial expressions triggered more memories than cues encoded with congruent facial expressions. Contrary to our prediction and to previous findings, music from distinctive pairs of stimuli triggered fewer memories than cue pairs displayed multiple times in the encoding phase. Our finding suggests that the manipulation of stimuli at encoding is crucial when using musical cues to trigger memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Chlorophyll-a is an important parameter that characterizes the eutrophication of water bodies. The advantage of ZY1-02D hyperspectral satellite subdivision in the visible light and near-infrared bands is that it highlights the unique characteristics of water bodies in the spectral dimension, and it helps to assess the Class II water bodies of inland lakes and reservoirs, making it an important tool for refined remote sensing detection of the environment. In this study, the Baiyangdian Nature Reserve in northern China, which contains a typical inland lake and wetland, was chosen as the study area. Using ZY1-02D hyperspectral synchronization transit images and in situ measured chlorophyll-a concentration as the data source, remote sensing of the chlorophyll-a concentration of inland lakes was conducted. By analyzing the correlation between the spectral reflectance of the ZY1-02D hyperspectral image and the chlorophyll-a concentration and using algorithms such as the single band, band ratio, and three bands to compare and filter characteristic wavelengths, a quantitative hyperspectral model of the chlorophyll-a concentration was established to determine the chlorophyll-a concentration of Baiyangdian Lake. The dynamic monitoring of the water body and the assessment of the nutritional status of the water body were determined. The results revealed that the estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration of Baiyangdian Lake based on the hyperspectral Fluorescence Line Height (FLH) model was ideal, with an R2 value of 0.78. The FLH model not only comprehensively considers the effects of suspended solids, yellow substances, and backscattering of the water body on the estimation of the chlorophyll-a concentration, but also considers the influence of the elastic scattering efficiency of the chlorophyll. Based on the ZY1-02D hyperspectral data, a spatial distribution map of the chlorophyll-a concentration of Baiyangdian Lake was created to provide new ideas and technical support for monitoring inland water environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several global leaf area index (LAI) products were generated using neural networks, but the training dataset for the neural networks was sensor specific, and the construction of the training dataset was time consuming. In this paper, an unsupervised domain adaptation-based method was proposed to estimate LAI from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) surface reflectance dataset based on a training dataset constructed from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance dataset. A transfer component analysis (TCA) algorithm was first utilized to map the MODIS and VIIRS surface reflectance into the same subspace to reduce the distribution discrepancies between the MODIS and VIIRS surface reflectance. Then, the embedded data obtained from MODIS surface reflectance dataset, along with the LAI values produced by fusing the MODIS and the Carbon cYcle and Change in Land Observational Products from an Ensemble of Satellites (CYCLOPES) products, were employed to train general regression neural networks (GRNNs). Finally, for retrieving the LAI values, the embedded data acquired from the VIIRS surface reflectance dataset was input into the trained GRNNs. For multiple field sites with different biome types, we used this developed method to retrieve LAI values based on the VIIRS surface reflectance dataset. The results indicate that, based on the training dataset built from MODIS surface reflectance dataset, the domain adaptation-based retrieval method can effectively estimate LAI values from VIIRS surface reflectance dataset. By comparison with the VIIRS and MODIS LAI products, the retrieved LAI values with TCA are more consistent with the reference LAI values acquired from high-resolution remote sensing images. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the retrieved LAI values with TCA at all selected sites are 0.88 and 0.68, respectively. Furthermore, the accuracy of the retrieved LAI values with TCA is higher than the retrieved LAI values without TCA with the R2 0.81 and the RMSE 0.79. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the third most abundant anthropogenous greenhouse gas (after carbon dioxide and methane), with a long atmospheric lifetime and a continuously increasing concentration due to human activities, making it an important gas to monitor. In this work, we present a new method to retrieve N2O concentration profiles (with up to two degrees of freedom) from each cloud-free satellite observation by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), using spectral micro-windows in the N2O ν 3 band, the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) tools and the Tikhonov regularization scheme. A time series of ten years (2011–2020) of IASI N2O profiles and integrated partial columns has been produced and validated with collocated ground-based Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) data. The importance of consistency in the ancillary data used for the retrieval for generating consistent time series has been demonstrated. The Nitrous Oxide Profiling from Infrared Radiances (NOPIR) N2O partial columns are of very good quality, with a positive bias of 1.8 to 4% with respect to the ground-based data, which is less than the sum of uncertainties of the compared values. At high latitudes, the comparisons are a bit worse, due to either a known bias in the ground-based data, or to a higher uncertainty in both ground-based and satellite retrievals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overlap between events can lead to interference because of a trade-off between encoding the present event and retrieving the past event. Temporal context information, "when" something occurred, a defining feature of episodic memory, can cue retrieval of a past event. However, the influence of temporal overlap, or proximity in time, on the mechanisms of interference is unclear. Here, by identifying brain states using scalp EEG from male and female human subjects, we show the extent to which temporal overlap promotes interference and induces retrieval. In this experiment, subjects were explicitly directed to either encode the present event or retrieve a past, overlapping event while perceptual input was held constant. We find that the degree of temporal overlap between events leads to selective interference. Specifically, greater temporal overlap between two events leads to impaired memory for the past event selectively when the top-down goal is to encode the present event. Using pattern classification analyses to measure neural evidence for a retrieval state, we find that greater temporal overlap leads to automatic retrieval of a past event, independent of top-down goals. Critically, the retrieval evidence we observe likely reflects a general retrieval mode, rather than retrieval success or effort. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the role of temporal overlap on interference and memory formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) retrieved from spaceborne hyperspectral measurements can provide a synoptic perspective on the functioning of photosynthetic active vegetation and algae. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 precursor mission provides data for the retrieval of SIF with an unprecedented resolution in the spatial and temporal dimensions. In this study, we propose an approach for the retrieval of the red SIF peak value (at around 685 nm) over both land and ocean from TROPOMI measurements. This approach exploits the solar Fraunhofer lines located in the spectral window of 669–686 nm to disentangle SIF from the solar radiation reflected by the surface–atmosphere system. First, through simulated TROPOMI-like datasets, we determine the proper parameter settings and demonstrate the feasibility of the approach for the red SIF retrieval from TROPOMI data. Then, the approach is applied to real TROPOMI measurements. The red SIF retrieved with the proposed approach for two months’ TROPOMI data is compared with another TROPOMI red SIF dataset and the marine normalized fluorescence line height (nFLH) product of the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The comparisons display similar spatial distributions over both land and ocean for the weekly global composites. Especially, the comparison of the two red SIF datasets demonstrates good agreement overall, indicating consistency of the two retrieval approaches. The retrieval uncertainty for the weekly global composite is about 13% and 10% of the peak SIF value over land/ocean, respectively, which can be considered as satisfactory error thresholds for global SIF observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]