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In December 2019, the Chinese city of Wuhan was the center of origin of a pneumonia-like disease outbreak with an unknown causative pathogen. The CDC, China, managed to track the source of infection to a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2) that shares approximately 79.6% of its genome with SARS-CoV. The World Health Organization (WHO) initially declared COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and later characterized it as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Due to the novel nature of this virus, there is an urgent need for vaccines and therapeutics to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease, COVID-19. Global efforts are underway to circumvent its further spread and treat COVID-19 patients through experimental vaccine formulations and therapeutic interventions, respectively. In the absence of any effective therapeutics, we have devised h bioinformatics-based approaches to accelerate global efforts in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 and to assist researchers in the initial phase of vaccine and therapeutics development. In this study, we have performed comprehensive meta-analyses and developed an integrative resource, "CoronaVR" (http://bioinfo.imtech.res.in/manojk/coronavr/). Predominantly, we identified potential epitope-based vaccine candidates, siRNA-based therapeutic regimens, and diagnostic primers. The resource is categorized into the main sections "Genomes," "Epitopes," "Therapeutics," and Primers." The genome section harbors different components, viz, genomes, a genome browser, phylogenetic analysis, codon usage, glycosylation sites, and structural analysis. Under the umbrella of epitopes, sub-divisions, namely cross-protective epitopes, B-cell (linear/discontinuous), T-cell (CD4+/CD8+), CTL, and MHC binders, are presented. The therapeutics section has different sub-sections like siRNA, miRNAs, and sgRNAs. Further, experimentally confirmed and designed diagnostic primers are earmarked in the primers section. Our study provided a set of shortlisted B-cell and T-cell (CD4+ and CD8+) epitopes that can be experimentally tested for their incorporation in vaccine formulations. The list of selected primers can be used in testing kits to identify SARS-CoV-2, while the recommended siRNAs, sgRNAs, and miRNAs can be used in therapeutic regimens. We foresee that this resource will help in advancing the research against coronaviruses.

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens that are currently considered to be most directly aligned with fungi. These fungal-related microbes cause infections in every major group of animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, and more recently, because of AIDS, they have been identified as significant opportunistic parasites in man. The Microsporidia are ubiquitous parasites in the animal kingdom but, until recently, they have maintained relative anonymity because of the specialized nature of pathology researchers. Diagnosis of microsporidia infection from stool examination is possible and has replaced biopsy as the initial diagnostic procedure in many laboratories. These staining techniques can be difficult, however, due to the small size of the spores. The specific identification of microsporidian species has classically depended on ultrastructural examination. With the cloning of the rRNA genes from the human pathogenic microsporidia it has been possible to apply polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for the diagnosis of microsporidial infection at the species and genotype level. The absence of genetic techniques for manipulating microsporidia and their complicated diagnosis hampered research. This study should provide basic insights into the development of diagnostics and the pitfalls of molecular identification of these ubiquitous intracellular pathogens that can be integrated into studies aimed at treating or controlling microsporidiosis.

Seafood is an important component of the human diet. With depleting fish stocks and increasing prices, seafood is prone to fraudulent substitution. DNA barcoding has illustrated fraudulent substitution of fishes in retail and restaurants. Whether substitution also occurs in other steps of the supply chain remains largely unknown. DNA barcoding relies on public reference databases for species identification, but these can contain incorrect identifications. The creation of a high quality genetic reference database for 42 European commercially important fishes was initiated containing 145 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 152 Cytochrome b (cytB) sequences. This database was used to identify substitution rates of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and common sole (Solea solea) along the fish supply chain in Belgium using DNA barcoding. Three out of 132 cod samples were substituted, in catering (6%), import (5%) and fishmongers (3%). Seven out of the 41 processed sole samples were substituted, in wholesale (100%), food services (50%), retailers (20%) and catering (8%). Results show that substitution of G. morhua and S. solea is not restricted to restaurants, but occurs in other parts of the supply chain, warranting for more stringent controls along the supply chain to increase transparency and trust among consumers. ispartof: FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY vol:141 ispartof: location:England status: published

The flower fly genus Afrosyrphus Curran, 1927 (Diptera, Syrphidae) is revised and a new species, Afrosyrphus schmuttereri sp. nov., from Kenya and Uganda is described. Diagnoses, illustrations, DNA barcodes and known distributional data are provided for the two species of this genus, as well as an identification key. A critical review of the published literature is also provided.

Sporocarps (fruit bodies) are the sexual reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi. They are highly nutritious and consequently vulnerable to grazing by birds and small mammals, and invertebrates, and can be infected by microbial and fungal parasites and pathogens. The complexity of communities thriving inside sporocarps is largely unknown. In this study, we revealed the diversity, taxonomic composition and host preference of fungicolous fungi (i.e., fungi that feed on other fungi) in sporocarps. We carried out DNA metabarcoding of the ITS2 region from 176 sporocarps of 11 wood-decay fungal host species, all collected within a forest in northeast Finland. We assessed the influence of sporocarp traits, such as lifespan, morphology and size, on the fungicolous fungal community. The level of colonisation by fungicolous fungi, measured as the proportion of non-host ITS2 reads, varied between 2.8–39.8% across the 11 host species and was largely dominated by Ascomycota. Host species was the major determinant of the community composition and diversity of fungicolous fungi, suggesting that host adaptation is important for many fungicolous fungi. Furthermore, the alpha diversity was consistently higher in short-lived and resupinate sporocarps compared to long-lived and pileate ones, perhaps due to a more hostile environment for fungal growth in the latter too. The fungicolous fungi represented numerous lineages in the fungal tree of life, among which a significant portion was poorly represented with reference sequences in databases.

In the last decades, the evolution of molecular diagnosis methods has generated different advanced tools, like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Currently, it is a well-established technique, applied in different fields, such as the medicine, agriculture, and food industries, owing to its simplicity, specificity, rapidity, and low-cost efforts. LAMP is a nucleic acid amplification under isothermal conditions, which is highly compatible with point-of-care (POC) analysis and has the potential to improve the diagnosis in plant protection. The great advantages of LAMP have led to several upgrades in order to implement the technique. In this review, the authors provide an overview reporting in detail the different LAMP steps, focusing on designing and main characteristics of the primer set, different methods of result visualization, evolution and different application fields, reporting in detail LAMP application in plant virology, and the main advantages of the use of this technique.

The analysis of telomere dynamics in birds is a growing research field providing important findings on ecological and environmental variations in individuals’ aging, fitness and lifespan. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) has gained much interest for the evaluation of telomere length in birds. However, the assessment of several key preanalytical and analytical factors to optimize the method for achieving reproducible results, and the influence of these factors on the conclusions of each study, have been generally overlooked. In this study, we assessed the performance of eight commercially-available qPCR master mixes in the amplification of telomere fragments in two bird species (zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata and red-billed chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax). We observed that qPCR master mixes influence the telomere primer binding to target sequences and the amplification specificity within and between bird species, although PCR amplification efficiencies were very close to 100% for all master mixes. These findings indicated that the suitability of the master mix and other analytical factors must be carefully evaluated before starting a telomere dynamics study, especially when the technique has not previously been used in the species. We also showed that optimal PCR amplification efficiencies do not translate to good qPCR telomere assays, and that inference about amplification specificity based only on melting curve data can lead to misleading conclusions. Overall, this work highlights the complexity of qPCR optimization for the study of telomere length in birds., FM was supported by a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral fellowship (FJCI-2017-32055).

Banana Streak Virus (BSV), belonging to genus Badnavirus, causes great yield losses in banana. It is an infectious agent that spreads through the seeding of infected material and through mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). It is responsible for significant losses in profitability and a serious constraint in the genetic improvement of Musa sp. The absence of a highly sensitive and specific technique to identify the affected plants has enabled it to be disseminated in the plantations. Therefore, to achieve a correct identification of the plants affected by Badnavirus the following objective was proposed: Diagnose the presence of Badnavirus in the banana plantations of the province of El Oro. Total Nucleic Acid Extracts of banana were obtained with 2% CTAB with which a suitable template DNA was obtained for the analysis of the polymerase chain reaction. Using a pair of primers that flank a region of 221 bp that corresponds to the gene of the reverse transcriptase and RNase H of the ORF 3 of the badnaviruses. With the use of this methodology, it was possible to determine the existence of this virus in 89.36% of the plantations evaluated., El Virus del rayado del Banano (BSV) perteneciente al Género Badnavirus, causa grandes pérdidas en el rendimiento productivo de las bananeras, es un agente infeccioso que se disemina por medio de la siembra de material infectado y a través de las cochinillas Pseudococcidae, es responsable de importantes pérdidas en la rentabilidad y un grave inconveniente en el mejoramiento genético de Musa sp. La ausencia de una técnica altamente sensible y específica para identificar las plantas afectadas, ha posibilitado que el virus del rayado del banano esté diseminándose en las plantaciones. Por lo tanto, para lograr una correcta identificación de las plantas afectadas por el Virus del Rayado del Banano, se planteó el siguiente objetivo: Diagnosticar la presencia de Badnavirus en las plantaciones bananeras de la provincia de El Oro. Los extractos totales de ácidos nucleicos de banano fueron obtenidos con CTAB al 2% con el cual se obtiene un ADN molde apropiado para el análisis de Reacción en cadena de la Polimerasa. Utilizando un par de primers que flanquean una región de 221 pb que corresponde al gen de la transcriptasa inversa y RNasa H del ORF 3 de los badnavirus. Con el uso de esta metodología fue posible determinar la existencia de este virus en el 89.36 % de las plantaciones evaluadas, en la Provincia de El Oro.

High arsenic concentration in groundwater is a severe environmental problem affecting human health, particularly in countries of South and South-East Asia. The Bengal Delta Plain (BDP) distributed within India and Bangladesh is a major arsenic-affected region where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water. Previous studies have indicated that members of the bacterial class Betaproteobacteria constitute a major fraction of the microbial community in many of the aquifers within this region. Bacteria belonging to this class are known to be involved in redox cycling of arsenic as well as other metals such iron and manganese, thereby impacting arsenic mobilization and immobilization. While microbial diversity in arsenic-contaminated environments is generally assessed using universal 16S rRNA gene primers, targeted evaluation of Betaproteobacteria diversity remains poorly constrained. In this study, bacterial diversity was investigated in the groundwater from two shallow aquifers (West Bengal, India) based on 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and sequencing using a custom-designed pair of primers specific to Betaproteobacteria. Specificity of the primers was confirmed in silico as well as by the absence of PCR amplification of other bacterial classes. Four major families (Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Gallionellaceae and Rhodocyclaceae) were detected among which members of Burkholderiaceae represented 59% and 71% of the total community in each aquifer. The four OTUs (operational taxonomic units; 97% sequence identity) within Burkholderiaceae were close phylogenetic relatives of bacteria within the genus Burkholderia known to solubilize phosphate minerals. Additionally, the OTUs belonging to Gallionellaceae were closely related to the members of the genera Gallionella and Sideroxydans, known to oxidize iron under microaerophilic conditions. These results suggest that members of Betaproteobacteria can potentially influence iron and phosphorus cycling which can influence biogeochemistry in arsenic-contaminated aquifers of the BDP., Environmental Science; Environmental Geochemistry; Hydrology; Groundwater; Microbiology; Bacteria; Microorganism; primers; 16S rRNA gene; Betaproteobacteria; aquifer; Arsenic.

En diversas áreas como microbiología, ecología o agricultura es importante y necesario identificar adecuadamente las especies bacterianas presentes en una muestra cualquiera. Un ejemplo puede ser asociar en un humano, animal o planta, una patología concreta por la presencia o no de una especie bacteriana concreta. En muchos ámbitos de la investigación sobre la diversidad bacteriana es necesario tener la capacidad de identificar grupos concretos de bacterias y rechazar otros grupos para diferentes niveles taxonómicos. El gen 16S rRNA es de uso habitual desde hace muchos años como marcador filogenético para la identificación bacteriana, generalizándose su uso como gen diagnóstico para la identificación taxonómica. En la literatura están descritos muchos pares de cebadores que funcionan adecuadamente para las diferentes zonas conservadas del gen 16S rRNA. Sin embargo, se suelen utilizar cebadores genéricos que no permiten seleccionar familias o géneros bacterianos de interés. En este trabajo se desarrolla una herramienta en Python, llamada 16SPyPrimer, que permite realizar un análisis de la cobertura de pares de cebadores para conjuntos específicos de bacterias. Este software permite a los investigadores modificar cebadores ya conocidos para encontrar otros más específicos según sus necesidades. Esta herramienta posee amplias opciones configurables según el criterio del usuario y devuelve múltiples archivos de resultados con la información necesaria para realizar análisis propios a posteriori. In various areas such as microbiology, ecology, or agriculture, it is important and necessary to properly identify the bacterial species present in any sample. An example may be the association of a specific pathology in a human, animal or plant due to the presence or absence of any specific bacterial species. In many areas of research on bacterial diversity, it is necessary to be able to identify specific groups of bacteria and reject other groups for different taxonomic levels. The 16S rRNA gene has been used for many years as a phylogenetic marker for bacterial identification, being used as a diagnostic gene for taxonomic identification. Many pairs of primers are described in the literature that work adequately for the different conserved areas of the 16S rRNA gene. However, generic primers that do not allow the selection of bacterial families of interest are often used. The aim of this project is to develop a tool in Python, called 16SPyPrimer, that analyses the coverage of pairs of primers for specific sets of bacteria. This software will allow researchers to modify already known primers to find more specific ones according to their needs. This tool has extensive configurable options according to the user's criteria and returns multiple results files with the necessary information to carry out other analysis afterwards. En diverses àrees com a microbiologia, ecologia o agricultura és important i necessari identificar adequadament les espècies bacterianes presents en una mostra qualsevol. Un exemple pot ser associar en un humà, animal o planta, una patologia concreta per la presència o no d'una espècie bacteriana concreta. En molts àmbits de la recerca sobre la diversitat bacteriana és necessari tenir la capacitat d'identificar grups concrets de bacteris i rebutjar altres grups per a diferents nivells taxonòmics. El gen 16S rRNA és d'ús habitual des de fa molts anys com a marcador filogenètic per a la identificació bacteriana, generalitzant-se el seu ús com a gen diagnòstic per a la identificació taxonòmica. En la literatura estan descrits molts parells d'engreixadors que funcionen adequadament per a les diferents zones conservades del gen 16S rRNA. No obstant això, se solen utilitzar engreixadors genèrics que no permeten seleccionar famílies o gèneres bacterians d'interès. En aquest treball es desenvolupa una eina en Python, anomenada 16SPyPrimer, que permet realitzar un anàlisi de la cobertura de parells d'engreixadors per a conjunts específics de bacteris. Aquest programari permet als investigadors modificar engreixadors ja coneguts per a trobar altres més específics segons les seves necessitats. Aquesta eina posseeix àmplies opcions configurables segons el criteri de l'usuari i retorna múltiples arxius de resultats amb la informació necessària per a realitzar anàlisis pròpies a posteriori.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a universal adhesive and different primers on the bond strength to zirconia ceramic. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five zirconia ceramic samples were obtained and divided into five groups (n=15): G1–Scothbond Universal (SBU); G2 – silane + SBU; G3 - Signum Zirconia Bond; G4 - Z-Prime Plus; G5 - MZ Primer. A cone of composite resin was built. The specimens were stored in 100% relative humidity with distilled water at 37°C for 48 h and then submitted to a tensile bond strength test in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The type of failure that occurred during the de-bonding procedure was analyzed. Results: The mean results of the bond strength test (MPa) followed by the same letter represent no statistical difference by ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (pa (±6.99), G4=23.71a (±5.65), G1=22.64a (±5.67), G5=13.64b (±5.49), G3=7.54c (±4.75). G2 and G4 exhibited predominantly cohesive failure in the composite resin cone. G1 and G5 had predominantly mixed failures, and G3 exhibited only adhesive failures. Conclusion: The SBU and Z-Prime Plus provided higher bond strength to zirconia ceramic.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2021-03-08T17:08:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cartilhas_pre_livros_livros_de_alfabetizacao_livros_para_o_ensino_inicial_da_leitura_e_da_escrita.pdf: 541857 bytes, checksum: 5010a257bcf741e51a1f71cba7888d9c (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2021-03-09T15:45:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Cartilhas_pre_livros_livros_de_alfabetizacao_livros_para_o_ensino_inicial_da_leitura_e_da_escrita.pdf: 541857 bytes, checksum: 5010a257bcf741e51a1f71cba7888d9c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-09T15:45:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Cartilhas_pre_livros_livros_de_alfabetizacao_livros_para_o_ensino_inicial_da_leitura_e_da_escrita.pdf: 541857 bytes, checksum: 5010a257bcf741e51a1f71cba7888d9c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 Este artigo tem como objetivo principal discutir a importância da constituição de acervos de livros para o ensino inicial da leitura e da escrita, historicamente denominados de Cartas ABC, cartilhas, livros de leitura, pré-livros, livros de alfabetização, entre outros. Além disso, o intuito é discorrer sobre as possibilidades de pesquisas sobree comesse artefato cultural, que é parte importante da vida escolar e, portanto, da cultura material da escola. A referência para a discussão dos aspectos mencionados é a experiência do grupo de pesquisa História da Alfabetização, Leitura e dos Livros Escolares (Hisales), vinculado à Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (FaE/UFPel), desenvolvida desde o ano de 2006. Atualmente, com um acervo de 1488 livros didáticos para o ensino inicial da leitura e da escrita –assim denominado para justamente abarcar as diferentes denominações que tal suporte foi tendo ao longo da história –, algumas pesquisas já foram realizadas e algumas delas são aqui referidas. Desses livros, 1254 exemplares são nacionais; outros 65 exemplares são de autoria e/ou de editoras gaúchas, que estão armazenados separadamente pela natureza das pesquisas desenvolvidas no referido grupo; 43 deles são “artesanais”, ou seja, feitos por professoras ou por um grupo de docente; e, finalmente, 126 livros são estrangeiros (produzidos em diferentes países e várias línguas). Acredita-se que com ações deste tipo, de guarda, preservação e pesquisa, é possível colaborar com a história da educação regional e nacional, em especial ao que se refere à história da alfabetização, da leitura e da escrita.

Krogia borneensis Kistenich & Timdal, K. isidiata Kistenich & Timdal and K. macrophylla Kistenich & Timdal are described as new species, the first from Borneo and the two latter from New Caledonia. The new species are supported by morphology, secondary chemistry and DNA sequence data. Krogia borneensis and K. isidiata contain sekikaic and homosekikaic acid, both compounds reported here for the first time from the genus. Krogia macrophylla contains an unknown compound apparently related to boninic acid as the major compound. DNA sequences (mtSSU and nrITS) are provided for the first time for Krogia and a phylogeny of the genus based on 15 accessions of five of the six accepted species is presented. Krogia antillarum is reported as new to Brazil, Guatemala and Mexico. Krogia borneensis Kistenich & Timdal, K. isidiata Kistenich & Timdal and K. macrophylla Kistenich & Timdal are described as new species, the first from Borneo and the two latter from New Caledonia. The new species are supported by morphology, secondary chemistry and DNA sequence data. Krogia borneensis and K. isidiata contain sekikaic and homosekikaic acid, both compounds reported here for the first time from the genus. Krogia macrophylla contains an unknown compound apparently related to boninic acid as the major compound. DNA sequences (mtSSU and nrITS) are provided for the first time for Krogia and a phylogeny of the genus based on 15 accessions of five of the six accepted species is presented. Krogia antillarum is reported as new to Brazil, Guatemala and Mexico.

Genetic-population studies in marine fish have allowed to study patterns of dispersal and connectivity between habitats. One important tool in population genetics is the use of microsatellite molecular markers. Cross-amplification of microsatellite is a method that consists in using primers designed for one species in a different one but phylogenetically related. Because of the importance of genetic studies of populations in artisanal fisheries species, primers were evaluated and designed for the species Haemulon aurolineatum and Haemulon steindachneri. Samples were collected from the artisanal fisheries in Barú-Colombia. Amplification was standardized for 12 microsatellites which ten were polymorphic for H. aurolineatum and nine for H. steindachneri. It is considered that the primers implemented in this study are useful for future studies of gene flow in these species.

During lichenological explorations of tropical montane forests in Kenya, a remarkable new lichenicolous fungus was repeatedly found growing on thalli of the epiphytic tripartite cyanolichen Crocodia cf. clathrata. Molecular phylogenetic analyses placed the fungus within Gomphillaceae (Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes), a family mainly of lichen-symbiotic species in the tropics. The anatomical features (unitunicate, non-amyloid asci and simple, septate paraphyses) as well as the hemiangiocarpic ascoma development confirm its taxonomic affinity. DNA sequence data showed the closest relationship was with Gyalidea fritzei, followed by Corticifraga peltigerae. A monotypic genus, Taitaia, is introduced to incorporate a single species, T. aurea. The new fungus is characterized by aggregated ascomata with yellow margins and salmon red discs developing from a single base.

The article presents the results of a long-term study of biological and genetic stability of tick-borne encephalitis strain 205 which is used by the FSUE «SPA «Microgen» to produce tick-borne encephalitis vaccines EnceVir (for adults) and EnceVir Neo for children, both of which are tissue cultured, inactivated, purified, and sorbed. The biological stability of strain 205 was studied at the seed lot stage using passages on outbred white mice: initial production strain 205 and production «stock strain». Lyophilisates of production seed lots were studied at different storage intervals at -20 °С (up to 9 years of storage and more). Biological activity parameters (tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) titre in log LD50/ml) were studied by using different ways of infecting outbred white mice, and strain 205 identification (specificity) was determined by comparing it to a reference strain in a biological neutralization assay (BNA) according to the manufacturer’s specifications for the vaccines concerned. The same materials and a batch of TBEV vaccine produced from the production «stock strain» (lyophilisate of 1986) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing for genetic stability during passaging and long-term storage. The results of the study made it possible to demonstrate the biological and genetic stability of strain 205 during production of TBEV vaccines.

The first objective of this work included the development of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) which is also known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to quantify two species of lactic acid bacteria which play a very important role in cheese ripening: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The second objective was the comparison of qPCR and plate counts of these two species present in raw cow’s milk cheese samples during different stages of ripening. Thirty-three deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples coming from seven different bacterial species, which were phylogenetically related or commonly isolated from raw milk and dairy products, were chosen as positive and negative controls. The qPCR assays showed a high quantification capacity characterised by their linearity (R2 > 0.998), PCR efficiencies which were within the range 78.0–90.0% for L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and 93.6–100.5% for S. thermophilus, and quantification limit (103 gene copies/ml for L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and 10 gene copies/ml for S. thermophilus). The importance of our study is in the monitoring of changes in populations of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus contributing to cheese ripening using the newly designed qPCR assay.

Considering the importance of genetic studies to manifest inter population differences in species, samples of Artemia partenogenetica were collected from seven inland lakes including Shoor and Inche-Borun lakes in Golestan Province, Hoze-Soltan and Namak lakes in Qom Province, Maharloo and Bakhteghan lakes in Fars Province and Mighan pool in Markazi Province. A total of 210 samples were subjected to DNA extraction by phenol-chloroform method. Primers were designed on a ribosomal fragment (16SrRNA) of the species' mtDNA sequence and the PCR was conducted on the samples. Digestion of the PCR product with approximately 1584bp lengths by 10 restriction endonuclease (AluI, EcoRI, Eco47I, HaeIII, HindIII, HinfI, MboI, MspI, RsaI, TaqI) showed 12 different haplotypes: 4 haplotypes in Shoor and Inche-Borun, 1 in Namak and Hoze-Soltan, 3 in Mighan pool, 1 in Bakhtegan and Maharloo and 3 in Maharloo. Haplotype diversity values within collected samples varied from zero in Hoze-Soltan, Namak and B.....

Background: There is necessary of dry operating field for bonding of orthodontic brackets. The presence of moisture can alter the bond strength. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets with different adhesives. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a total of 100 orthodontically extracted premolars with sound crown structure were divided into 4 equal groups of different primers. Bonding on the buccal surface of all teeth was done after acid etching with upper premolar brackets using different primers followed by light curing. Shear bond strength was evaluated with or without salivary contamination with both adhesives. A shear force for deboning the bracket was done with universal testing machine. The debonded specimens were examined at ×10 magnification to check site of bond failure and remaining adhesive on tooth using adhesive remnant index (ARI). The obtained data were statistically evaluated using SPSS 20 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using ANOVA, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and Levene's test at the statistical significance of P < 0.05. Results: Transbond Plus showed higher shear bond strength of 8.92 MPa under dry and 5.65 MPa with saliva contamination over Transbond XT of 7.24 MPa under dry and 2.43 MPa with saliva contamination, respectively. Higher ARI score was found without contamination in both adhesives. Conclusion: Transbond Plus hydrophilic resin had good shear bond strength under both dry and contamination condition compared to hydrophobic Transbond XT resin material.

The reinvestigation of tetrazene single crystalline material by means of X-ray methods resulted in a slightly different structure when compared to previously published data. Reaction conditions responsible for different crystalline modification formation were investigated. Newly described C form was found to be the primary reaction product and the combined action of temperature and the presence of water over time is required for the transition to the A form. Both forms were described by X-ray powder diffraction. Tetrazene was also subjected to infrared and Raman spectroscopy, which allowed differentiating between the forms. The molecule was isotopically labeled with 15N atoms at two different locations (ring and nitrogen sidechain) and employed in assigning vibrational modes to the resulting bands. Differences between sensitivities to mechanical stimuli of the two modifications were investigated and found industrially insignificant. In the same vein, the performance of either modification in primer composition and primer was identical. Opětovné zkoumání tetrazenového monokrystalu pomocí rentgenových metod vedlo k mírně odlišné struktuře ve srovnání s dříve publikovanými údaji. Byly zkoumány reakční podmínky zodpovědné za odlišný vznik krystalických modifikací. Bylo zjištěno, že nově popsaná forma C je primárním reakčním produktem a pro přechod na formu A je nutné kombinované působení teploty a přítomnosti vody v čase. Obě formy byly popsány pomocí rentgenové práškové difrakce. Tetrazen byl rovněž podroben infračervené a Ramanově spektroskopii, což umožnilo formy rozlišit. Molekula byla izotopicky značena atomy 15N na dvou různých místech (kruh a postranní dusíkatý řetězec) a využita při přiřazování vibračních módů výsledným pásům. Byly zkoumány rozdíly mezi citlivostí obou modifikací na mechanické podněty, které byly shledány jako průmyslově nevýznamné. Podobně pak byla i funkčnost obou modifikací v zápalkových složích a zápalkách identická.