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In order to solve the problems of domestic and foreign vegetable precision metering devices that easily damage seeds and have low seeding efficiency and poor qualification rate, this paper designs a one-machine for two-row pneumatic combination seeder, which is mainly composed of a pneumatic seeding mechanism and a honeycomb seeding mechanism. The mechanism and other components and theoretical analysis of the working process of the combined seed metering device clarifies the minimum negative pressure for adsorbing a seed during the suction stage, along with the negative pressure required for the seed-carrying stage. It also establishes the seeding speed and movement during planting with the trajectory parameter equation and uses ADAMS software to conduct virtual experiments on the influence of the number of holes, diameters, and heights of different types of honeycomb seeding disks on the success rate of seeding. Based on research on previous pneumatic seeding mechanisms, single factor tests, orthogonal tests, and high-speed photography tests of the honeycomb seeding disk of the combined seeder were carried out on the number of holes, the diameter of holes, and the height of seeding. The results of tests conducted on okra seeds showed that when the rotating speed of the pneumatic seeding disc was 18 r/min, the diameter of the pneumatic seeding disc hole was 2.4 mm, the vacuum degree was 3.5 kPa, the number of honeycomb seeding disc holes was 24, the hole diameter was 13 mm, and the seed height was 60 mm, the working performance of the combined seed meter reached the optimal level, which provides a reference for the development of a small seed vegetable precision seeder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]is the only vegetable cropof significance in the Malvaceae family and is very popular in the Indo-Pak subcontinent. In India, it ranks first in its consumption. The crop was found to suffer from stem and root rot disease in severe form in many region of Gujarat state during Kharif, 2021. So for its management non systemic fungicides evaluated under in vitro condition, recorded hexaconazole 5% at 250 and 500 ppm and propiconazole 25% at 500 ppm concentrations found significantly superior over rest of the treatments and found at par with each other with cent per cent mycelial growth inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture cannot be sustainable without using manure. Agriculturists throughout the world are continuously experimenting and enhancing agricultural practices in an effort to reach the goals of sustainability. Field experiment was carried out to examine the effects of different organic sources of nutrients on the growth, yield and quality of okra varieties (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties at Abuja, Northern Guinea Savanna in 2022 cropping season. The treatments consist of poultry manure, cow dung and goat manure applied at 10 tonnes/ha with control (no application). The experiment was laid in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates. Results obtained indicated that the application of poultry manure at 10 tonnes/ha significantly enhanced the growth and yield parameters of okra. On the other hand, the lady finger variety of okra significantly produced taller okra, higher numbers of leaves and branches when compared with NHe-47 -4. However, NHe-47 -4 variety, LD 88 -1 varieties had no significant differences in the yield characteristics. There was no significant difference in the varieties of okra used in the study at 5% probability level (P<0.05) during the 2022 cropping season in the northern guinea savannah ecology of Nigeria. Based on this outcome of this research, the application of 10 tonnes/ha of poultry manure as organic source of plant, the use of poultry manure is recommended instead of other organic manure tested in this study for the optimum production of Okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], is an economically exploited important traditional vegetable crop of the world. The present investigation examined the variability in induced chlorophyll mutants and other morphological variations in okra. Seeds of two open pollinated popular varieties of okra namely Arka Anamika and Arka Abhay were irradiated with gamma doses of 30, 50 and 80 kR. The treatment 50 kR enhanced plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, single fruit weight and total fruit yield per plant. Spectrum of several chlorophyll mutants were observed in the M1 generation. Other macro-mutants such as early and late flowering types, dwarf statured plants, leaf and flower mutants were also noticed at different doses of gamma radiation. The total number of visible mutation followed a trend of increasing frequency with the increase in dose of radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-tillage system, monocropping, and the excessive pursuit of economic efficiency have exacerbated impediments to continuous cropping in greenhouse production systems. Crop rotation is an effective strategy to avoid the deleterious impacts of continuous cropping. However, in practice, the rotation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) inhibits the growth and fruiting of tomato. To explore the mechanism by which tomato growth is disrupted, tomato seedlings were grown for 9 days in nutrient solution supplemented with an aqueous extract (0, 250, or 500 mg/mL) from soil continuously planted with okra for 10 years. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and physiological and biochemical analyses were conducted to characterize the response. In total, 4035 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the leaves. Compared with the control, 3239 and 2990 DEGs were detected in the leaves of seedlings treated with 250 and 500 mg/mL extract, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the DEGs participated in diverse biological processes, such as chlorophyll metabolism and lignin biosynthesis. The expression of chlorophyll synthesis-related genes was significantly inhibited, whereas chlorophyll decomposition-related gene expression and H2O2 content were promoted by the soil extract, which was not conducive to normal chlorophyll metabolism. The soil extract significantly increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and the transcript levels of lignin biosynthesis-related genes (PAL, HCT, CYP98A, CCoAMT1, CCoAMT2, CCR1, and CAD2), thereby promoting lignin biosynthesis and accumulation to enhance stress resistance, but the extract reduced 4CL1, CCR2, and CAD1 expression. The results from this study suggest that the soil aqueous extract is not conducive to normal chlorophyll metabolism in tomato leaves. Although tomato plants exposed to stress are capable of enhanced lignin synthesis through self-regulation to maintain higher water transport efficiency and stress resistance, long-term treatment is ultimately detrimental to lignin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress poses a serious concern to the growth, development, and quality of the okra crop due to factors including decreased yield, inadequate development of dietary fibre, increased mite infestation, and decreased seed viability. Grafting is one of the strategies that have been developed to increase the drought stress tolerance of crops. We conducted proteomics, transcriptomics and integrated it with molecular physiology to assess the response of sensitive okra genotypes; NS7772 (G1), Green gold (G2) and OH3312 (G3) (scion) grafted to NS7774 (rootstock). In our studies we observed that sensitive okra genotypes grafted to tolerant genotypes mitigated the deleterious effects of drought stress through an increase in physiochemical parameters, and lowered reactive oxygen species. A comparative proteomic analysis showed a stress responsive proteins related to Photosynthesis, energy and metabolism, defence response, protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis. A proteomic investigation demonstrated that scions grafted onto okra rootstocks increased more photosynthesis-related proteins during drought stress, indicating an increase in photosynthetic activity when plants were subjected to drought stress. Furthermore, transcriptome of RD2, PP2C, HAT22, WRKY and DREB increased significantly, specifically for grafted NS7772 genotype. Furthermore, our study also indicated that grafting improved the yield components such as number of pods and seeds per plant, maximum fruit diameter, and maximum plant height in all genotypes which directly contributed towards their high resistance towards drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field trial was conducted to study the dissipation of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on okra following application of Nativo (tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG) at 350 and 700 g ha−1. The estimation of trifloxystrobin and CGA 321113 residues was carried on gas–liquid chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector and that of tebuconazole on gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry. Average initial deposits of tebuconazole in okra were found to be 0.75 and 1.45 mg kg−1, whereas trifloxystrobin was found to be 0.28 and 0.61 mg kg−1 following the application of Nativo at 350 and 700 g ha−1, respectively. Residues of tebuconazole dissipated below limit of quantification of 0.05 mg kg−1 after 7 and 10 days and of trifloxystrobin after 5 days of last application at recommended and double of the recommended dosages, respectively. For risk assessment studies, theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRC) were calculated and compared with maximum permissible intake (MPI). It was observed that TMRC values were below MPI in zero day samples at both recommended and double of the recommended dosages. Therefore, the waiting period of 1 day should be observed for safe consumption of okra treated with tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant protein and dietary fiber content of cold-pressed pumpkin (PSF) and okra (OSF) seed byproducts are well-known. However, their impact on noodles' nutritional quality has never been studied. For the first time, noodle formulation was developed employing a genetic algorithm in the R programming language to achieve the most optimal sensory attributes as well as nutritional composition, color, cooking, and textural properties. The optimized noodle formulation was detected for OSF, PSF, gluten-free flour, salt, and egg with the following amounts: 11.5 g, 87.0 g, 0.9 g, 0.6 g, and 40 g, respectively, with 10.5 mL of water. The total protein (TP%), total fat (TF%), total carbohydrate (TC%), total dietary fiber content (TDF%), ash (%), total phenolic content (TPC mg GAE/100 g), and ABTS (%) of PSF were found to be 39%, 17%, 7%, 18%, 3%, 19%, and 48%, respectively, whereas for OSF, 33%, 8%, 21%, 32%, 5%, 16%, and 38%, respectively, were detected. In addition, TP (42.88%), TF (15.6%), ash (5.68%), TDF (40.48%), TPC (25.5 mg GAE/100 g), and ABTS (70%) values were obtained for the noodles. Consequently, the valorization of the cold oil press industry's byproducts may be used as ingredients that add high value to gluten-free protein and fiber-rich noodle production, and they may gain interest from both processors and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness and demand for global sustainability, as well as a mandate for the use of renewable and environmentally sustainable materials and processes. Due to which, massive efforts are being made to develop and nurture the next generation of composite materials that are energy efficient, environmentally friendly, and biodegradable. Light weight, lower coefficient of thermal expansion, and comparable tensile strength exhibited by natural fibers render them the choice for use in several industrial products and applications over the last decade. Natural fibers as the reinforcing entity are pitted against their synthetic variants primarily because of the superior aspects like biodegradability and excellent strength-to-weight ratio. This article presents the review on various nonconventional natural fibers such as tamarind seed and shell, Luffa cylindrica, groundnut shell, coconut coir, papaya bast, okra, and Ashoka tree seed. The flow of the chapter includes the introduction, extraction methodologies, and fabrication, and investigations of mechanical properties, applications, and sustainability are dealt in detail for nontraditional natural fibers. The okra fibers possess greater tensile strength of up to 262.8 MPa in comparison with other fibers, while the Ashoka tree seed fibers are known to possess a maximum flexural strength of up to 125 MPa. Further, these fibers are used as reinforcements in potential applications in interiors and automobile and aircraft panels and wood-based particle board composites owing to the increase in tensile and flexural strengths of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms colonize plant roots and exhibit plant growth promotion properties, therefore functioning as biofertilizers. To effectively use plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, understanding their colonizing behavior and ability to compete with co-existing bacteria is essential. In this study, 12 endophytic bacterial strains belonging to seven genera in four classes with 99–100% homology were isolated from the roots of okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Four isolates (Okhm3, Okhm5-4, Okhm10, and Okhm11) were inoculated on okra seeds and their effects on plant growth and colonization with single and mixed inoculations were evaluated. Okra was cultivated using sterilized vermiculite, and the growth parameters and colonization were measured 30 d after seed inoculation. All strains exhibited plant growth promotion traits that could improve okra plant growth in pot culture experiments. Notably, Okhm5-4 and Okhm10 strains (belonging to the Ensifer and Pseudomonas genera) revealed the highest growth-promoting effects on okra plants. Both strains were detected in the endosphere and rhizosphere of okra plants. Okhm10 and Okhm5-4, with lower colonization than Okhm3, showed better growth than Okhm3. Therefore, the colonization potential does not determine the growth-promoting effects. While Okhm3 populations remained stable in both inoculation conditions, the population level of other strains decreased in the mixed inoculation. This study showed bacterial endophytes isolated from Okra can be exploited as bio-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastro retentive floating matrix tablet provide drug delivery at the controlled rate, improve bioavailability and prolong the retention of dosage forms in gastrointestinal tract. In present study attempt has been made to develop gastroretentive floating matrix tablet of nifedipine in the management of hypertension by direct compression method using Okra gum and HPMCK4 M polymer ratio in single or in combination; Avicel PH 102 as a directly compressible material; citric acid for production of acidic microenvironment and sodium-bicarbonate as gas generating agent. Pre-compression parameters of powdered blend as well as prepared batches were studied and found within the range. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of physical mixture (nifedipine, Okra gum and HPMCK4 M) suggesting no incompatibility. Formulation batch F8 floated, and remained buoyant without disintegration with swelling index value 41.23 %, released nifedipine 91.30 % about 12 h might be due to combine use of HPMC K4 M and Okra gum; showed higher correlation coefficient (r-value) followed Zero order release kinetics. DSC thermogram of F8 confirms uniform dispersion of drug in an amorphous form as endothermic peak was below 173.5°. No significant changes in physiochemical properties, drug release profile as well as drug content of optimized F8 batch when subjected to stability at 40±2° temperature with relative humidity 75±5 % for 3 mo indicating there was no degradation and change in the matrix system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An experiment comprising 19 genotypes of okra {Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench} sown in RBD with three replications was conducted during rainy season of 2019 and 2020 at Vegetable Research Farm, BUAT Banda. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were highest for days to 50% germination and lowest for first flower, days to 50% flower, days to maturity, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of seeds/fruit, fruit yield/plant, fruit yield/plot and fruit yield. The heritability estimates were high for days to 50% germination, average fruit weight, number of fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant and fruit yield, indicating that selection based on phenotypic performance would be more operative. The high heritability coupled with high GAM was observed for days to 50% germination, average fruit weight and number of fruits/plant, indicating that additive gene effect was more important. Based on D2 analysis, 19 genotypes were grouped into six clusters. The cluster I had seven genotypes followed by cluster II and III with six and three genotypes respectively, while the remaining clusters were monogenotypic. The cluster II recorded maximum intra cluster distance, followed by cluster I and clusters III. Maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and VI, followed by that between cluster III and IV and between cluster I and III, suggesting that genotypes belonging to cluster III and VI, III and IV and I and III are more divergent than the rest of the clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is an important vegetable that has been indigenized in African countries where it is consumed as a relish. There is still, however, a lack of documented cultivation techniques for better yields. An organic medium-enclosed trough (OMET) system is a growing technique that has been developed to reduce water and nutrient seepage during plant production. The study objectives evaluated the effect of OMET on the growth, yield, and nutritional attributes of okra. A complete randomized block design was established to accommodate the two treatments: OMET and non-OMET, in a micro-plot under field conditions. The stem diameter and plant height were recorded weekly during plant growth, and a clear increasing trend in OMET over non-OMET was observed from week 4 of transplantation. The OMET growing technique significantly increased the stem diameter and plant height by 37 and 48%, respectively. When evaluating the yield attributes, a similar trend was observed, where the OMET system significantly increased the yield attributes of okra as follows: biomass by 50%, the number of branches by 50%, the number of pods per plant by 49%, fresh pod weight by 53%, and pod length by 51%, while there was no significant difference in pod diameter width. Non-essential amino acids compounds, including arginine, serine, glycine, aspartate acid, glutamic acid, alanine, and proline and essential amino acids, including histidine, threonine, methionine, lysine, tyrosine, leucine, phenylalanine, asparagine and glutamine, were highly maintained in OMET compared to non-OMET. OMET enhanced the upregulation of proteins, Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Na, P and Zn elemental nutrients in the disposal of less irrigation water than non-OMET. This growing technique could be recommended for small-scale and commercial farming to improve the okra production of nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro multiplication of okra is known to be delicate due to its recalcitrant nature. The current study was conducted to investigate the potential applications of thidiazuron (TDZ) on okra's in vitro regeneration. Cotyledonary leaves, hypocotyls and apices were taken from 15-day old in vitro grown seedlings, they were then inoculated on Gamborg (B5) medium containing different plant growth regulators. Maximum callus formation (100%) was obtained from cotyledonary leaves and hypocotyls on B5 without hormones also by adding 0.5 mgL-1 TDZ and 1 mgL-1 BAP for cotyledonary leaves followed by B5 containing 1 mgL-1 TDZ and 1 mgL-1 BAP with 95.83% of calli formed from hypocotyls. B5 supplemented with 1 mgL-1 of TDZ gave the highest rate (100%) of direct regeneration from apices followed by Gamborg medium without PGRs and B5 containing an equimolar concentration of TDZ and BAP with 66.66% of shoot formation. This regeneration system can be used to produce healthy plantlets with a low risk of genetic instability and somaclonal variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of polyploids can withstand many stresses better than their monoploid counterparts; however, there is no proven mechanism that can fully explain the level of tolerance at the biochemical and molecular levels. Here, we make an effort to provide an explanation for this intriguing but perplexing issue using the antioxidant responses, genomic stability, DNA methylation pattern and yield in relation to ploidy level under the elevated level of ozone in Abelmoschus cytotypes. The outcome of this study inferred that the elevated ozone causes an increase in reactive oxygen species leading to enhanced lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and DNA de-methylation in all the Abelmoschus cytotypes. The monoploid cytotype of Abelmoschus, that is Abelmoschus moschatus L., experienced the highest oxidative stress under elevated O3, resulting in maximum DNA damage and DNA de-methylation leading to the maximum reduction in yield. While the diploid (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) and triploid (Abelmoschus caillei A. Chev.) cytotypes of Abelmoschus with lower oxidative stress result in lesser DNA damage and DNA de-methylation which ultimately leads to lower yield reduction. The result of this experiment explicitly revealed that polyploidy confers better adaptability in the case of Abelmoschus cytotypes under ozone stress. This study can further be used as a base to understand the mechanism behind the ploidy-induced stress tolerance in other plants mediated by gene dosage effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most damaging pests in vegetable crops is the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) worldwide. The continuous use of nematicide is costly and has unintended consequences for human and environmental health. To minimize nematicides, eco-friendly integrated nematode management is required. Trichoderma, an antagonistic fungus has been explored to control root-knot nematode. The fungal bio-control strain FbMi6 was identified as Trichoderma asperellum (accession no. MT529846.1). T. asperellum FbMi6 showed substantial nematicidal activity in the laboratory, with egg hatch suppression (96.6%) and juvenile mortality (90.3%) of M. incognita. T. asperellum FbMi6 was examined under pot and field conditions (after neem cake enrichment), both alone and in combination, and compared with controls. Application of T. asperellum FbMi6 enriched neem cake (1-ton ha-1) increased (28.3%) the okra yield and decreased (57.1%) nematode population as compared with control. T. asperellum FbMi6 enriched neem cake had higher polyphenol content (resistance enhancer) in okra compared with inoculated check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dewatering process reduces the water quantity in sludge, allowing the decrease in its volume, which facilitates its storage, transport, stabilization, and improves the post-treatment efficiency. Chemical polymers including aluminum sulphate and polyaluminum chloride were applied as flocculants in the conditioning process in order to prepare sludge for dewatering. However, these synthetic polymers may cause risks for human health, and should be substituted with ecofriendly and safe materials. These materials include plant-based flocculants, animal-based flocculants, and microbial-based flocculants. Sludge dewaterability was evaluated by considering many parameters, such as moisture content (MC), dry solids (DS), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), capillary suction time (CST), and sludge volume index (SVI). The use of microorganisms for sludge dewatering is an available option, since many strains (R. erythropolis, A. ferrooxidans, P. mirabilis, T. flavus, etc.) demonstrated their ability to produce polymers useful for dewatering sludge from various origins (chemically treated primary sludge, activated sludge, anaerobically digested sludge, etc.). For plant-based flocculants, only okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), cactus (Opuntia ficus Indica), moringa (M. oleifera), and aloe (A. vera) plants are examined for sludge dewatering. Compared to synthetic polymers, plant-based flocculants showed a viable alternative to chemicals and a step forward in green sludge treatment technology. Among the animal-based flocculants, chitosan and aminated chitosan were able to reduce the SRF (SRF reduction rate > 80%) of the anaerobically digested sludge. A new strategy using methylated hemoglobin also showed a significant enhancement in cake solid content of sludge (47%) and a decrease in sludge bound water content of 17.30%. Generally, extensive investigations are needed to explore and optimize all the related parameters (operating conditions, preparation procedure, production cost, etc.) and to choose the appropriate materials for large-scale application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aphidophagous syrphid, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae) is an effective predator of aphids that infest many agricultural and horticultural crops. Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the natural host for culturing syrphid predator, I. scutellaris. The present study was conducted to evaluate the feeding and development of I. scutellaris on seven species of aphid hosts viz., A. craccivora, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis gossypii Glover (from cotton), Schoutedenia emblica (Patel & Kulkarni), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Aphis gossypii (from okra) and Hyperomyzus carduellinus (Theobald) and to identify an alternative aphid host to maintain the culture of I. scutellaris during the situation of non-availability/loss of the culture of A. craccivora. Results: Aphis fabae was not accepted for feeding by the larvae of I. scutellaris. The larvae of I. scutellaris did not survive on S. emblica. The descending order of feeding potential of aphids by I. scutellaris was A. craccivora > H. carduellinus > B.brassicae > A. gossypii (from cotton) > A. gossypii (from okra) > S. emblica. The larva of I. suctellaris completed its development in combination of the aphid prey (A. craccivora + H. carduellinus). The net reproductive rates (R0) of I. scutellaris when fed on A. craccivora and H. carduellinus were 308.28 and 302.33, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of I. scutellaris was significantly higher when reared on H. carduellinus (0.155 ± 0.003) than on A. craccivora (0.143 ± 0.004). Conclusion: The results confirmed that H. carduellinus reared on Lactuca virosa could serve as an alternate host for the mass production of I. scutellaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the use of available pharmaceutical drugs, high rates of metabolic diseases and cardiovascular disorders are alarming. This calls for alternative therapies that can attenuate these complications. Therefore, we investigated the beneficial effects of okra on glycaemic control in pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Methods: MEDLINE and Scopus were searched for relevant studies. Collected data were analysed using RevMan and reported as mean difference and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Eight studies, including 331 patients with pre-diabetes or T2D, were eligible. Results: Our findings showed that okra treatment reduced the levels of fasting blood glucose: mean difference (MD) = -14.63 mg/dL; 95% CI (-25.25, -4.00, p = 0.007); I² = 33%, p = 0.17 compared to placebo. Glycated haemoglobin, however, did not differ significantly between the groups: MD = 0.01%; 95%CI (-0.51, 0.54, p = 0.96); I² = 23%, p = 0.28. Conclusion: this systematic review and meta-analysis found that okra treatment improves glycaemic control in patients with pre-diabetes or T2D. The findings suggest that okra may be used as a supplemental dietary nutrient, especially in pre-diabetic and T2D patients due to its potential to regulate hyperglycaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil is a complex environment resulting from the interaction between plant cultivated and soil fauna. In this work, we investigated the relationship between the chemical components of plant roots and the biodiversity of soil fauna. The effect of root exudates of three different vegetable crops (cucumber, okra and eggplant) on the activity density of soil fauna was compared. The experiment was carried out at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Soil arthropod samples were weekly taken from the aforementioned crops using the pitfall trap method. Also, the chemical composition of dry plant roots was examined. The following remarks are summarizing the obtained results: 1) total chemical composition of dry plant root material from okra was higher than cucumber and eggplant. 2) the total number of soil fauna collected from okra was (3799 indiv. /10 traps) decreased to (3312 &2220 /10 traps) in cucumber and eggplant, respectively. 3) These results show that root type and its chemical composition may affect the increase or decrease of soil fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research highlights the potential for preparing nutraceutical yogurt using okra fruit mucilage and flaxseed powder as prebiotics and the potential of probiotics (lactic bacteria) to be preserved in these prebiotics at ambient temperature. Four yogurt formulation tablets were prepared and characterized for physicochemical, biochemical, biological, and pharmacodynamic (swelling and release of bioactive substances) properties. The primary findings showed that the yogurt formulation tablets F1 based on okra fruit mucilage and flaxseed powder are rich in flavonoids and exhibit interesting activities including antioxidant activity with% of DPPH inhibition=77.263%, antibacterial and pharmacodynamic. Okra fruit mucilage and flaxseed powder are good a source of bioactive substances, which could be further used as a natural antioxidant and as a matrix for the preservation of probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the optimum lateral spacing and irrigation frequency for subsurface drip irrigated okra in the semi-arid region of Haryana (India). Two lateral spacings (45 cm and 60 cm) and four irrigation frequencies (daily, after 1, 2 and 3 days) were selected to grow okra in the Kharif season of 2019 and 2020. The effect on soil water dynamics, growth parameters, efficiency and yield were assessed using equal amounts of water under all the treatments on the basis of pan evaporation. The results from the study depict that the overall soil moisture decreased laterally, but increased vertically downward with the increase in the irrigation interval. On the basis of soil water dynamics, plant growth parameters, efficiency and yield of okra, it was concluded that subsurface drip irrigation with daily irrigation at 45 cm lateral spacing gives better performance than all other treatments in sandy loam soil. The present study highlights the significance of proper irrigation frequency and lateral spacing for maximum production of okra. Using these guidelines, the income of okra growers/farmers in the semi-arid region may be increased by choosing the best frequency and lateral spacing of subsurface drip irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okra pod is sensitive to low temperature, which results in chilling injury under improper low‐temperature storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on okra pod stored at 4 ± 1°C for 12 days and illuminate the mechanism of MeJA alleviating chilling injury. Compared to the control, MeJA treatments maintained lower relative electric conductivity (REC), chilling injury (CI) degree, and lignin content, as well as higher total soluble solids, total soluble sugar, pectin content, and chlorophyll content. The factor analysis was applied to comprehensively evaluate the effects of MeJA so that 1 μmol/L MeJA was screened as the optimum concentration to maintain the okra quality throughout the storage time. In contrast with control, MeJA not only accelerated the generation of antioxidant substances (phenolics and flavonoids) but also increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD) activity, inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content accumulation, and the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. This work confirmed that MeJA could effectively alleviate chilling injury and maintain the quality during cold‐stored by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. These results provide theoretical guidance for the application of MeJA in okra storage and preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding varying levels of raw okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seed meal on the growth performance of weaner rabbits. Eighteen (18) weaner rabbits with average weight of 500±0.10g were used for the study. The experimental animals were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Three experimental diets were compounded using raw Okra seed meal (ROSM). Treatment 1 contained (0%ROSM) which served as the control, while treatments'2 and 3 contained 10% and 20% ROSM, respectively. Data collected during the experiment were final body weight, total body weight gain, total feed intake, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, internal organ weights and blood parameters. Data obtained during the experiment were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the growth performance showed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences across dietary treatments. Final body weight (FBW), average daily weight gain (ADWG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio of Rabbits fed T1 (0%ROSM) recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher values compared to other treatment diets. Among the raw okra seed meal (ROSM) base diets, rabbits fed T3 (20%ROSM) diet recorded significantly lower final body weight gain, average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain. The dressing percentages varied from 71.45 (T1) to 47.26% in (T3) and were significantly (p<0.01) affected by the dietary treatments. There were significantly (P<0.01) difference in the organ weights among the treatment groups. Rabbit fed T3 (20%ROSM) recorded relative highest lungs (0.79) heart (0.65) and kidney (0.61) weights. The result for large intestine length (103.67), small intestine length (201.89) were all significantly (P<0.01) different across the treatment groups. Haematological and serum biochemical indices showed that haemoglobin, and white blood cell count varied significantly (P<0.01) among treatment groups. It was concluded that inclusion of ROSM beyond 10% in the diet of weaner rabbits adversely affected their growth performance. Therefore, it was recommended that rabbit farmers should include ROSM in the diet of rabbits up to 10% in weaner rabbit diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality production of vegetable crops heavily reliant on faster and consistent germination of seeds. Due to harder seed coat, the seed germination and uniform seedling establishment in the field is always a problem in okra. Hydro-priming is one of the ideal, cheapest and environmentally friendly strategies to enhance the germination process of okra. The field trial was therefore designed in Department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan during 2022 to test the influence of seed hydro-priming durations on seed germination and vegetative growth of okra. The single factor randomized complete block design with three replications was followed to perform the trial. The seeds of Sabz pari, one of the most popular and widely grown varieties of the country were primed by applying six hydro-priming durations (viz; P1; Control, P2: 12 hours, P3: 18 hours, P4: 24 hours, P5: 36 hours, and P6: 48 hours). Signification variation was found in most of the traits with the application of hydro-priming durations. The hydro-priming duration (48 hours) showed maximum water uptake and seed germination whereas, unprimed seed (control) recorded lower water uptake and germination. Likewise, tallest plants with maximum vigour with respect to seedling vigour index was recorded in 48 hours hydro-priming duration followed by 36 hours hydro-priming duration whereas smallest plant with less vigour was observed in control. The 48 hours priming duration also showed positive effect on leaf and root growth and development. Thus it is suggested that 48 hours seed hydro-priming duration may be practiced to enhance the germination and better vegetative growth of okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: A comparative study for evaluating the influence of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) (Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2) on seed germination and seedling growth in okra was implemented under water deficit stress stimulated by PEG-6000. The results revealed that additive of SiO2 nanoparticles (SNPs) and Al2O3 (ANPs) have significant positive effect on seeds germination, while a reduction of that were observed by using TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) at 50 mg.L-1 concentration under 5% PEG-6000 stimulated drought stress as compared to that without MONPs. Further, relative to non-MONPs treatment, all the tested MONPs dramatically enhanced the drought stress tolerance in okra seedlings due to the improvement of morphological growth despite a few traits were inhibited under certain water deficiency to some degree. Improvement of drought resistance induced by TNPs and ANPs were found to be higher than that by SNPs. Our finding provides a promising approach to cope with water scarcity, as application of metal oxide nanoparticles to be a potential option to protect okra plants against drought stress.

This research aimed to reveal the properties of garbage compost, and to study the prospects for its use in cultivation and breeding of okra (Hibiscus esculentus). The research was divided into two parts; the first section was laboratory work by taking samples of compost and its mixture with soil and analyzing its properties. Six replicas were taken from each of three treatments. The first: [A] is 100% compost], the second is [B] 75% compost + 25% agricultural soil], and the third is [C] 100% agricultural soil. The second section is an agricultural work to study the possibility of germinating okra seeds and raising its seedlings on compost and its mixtures. The results showed a good content of organic matter and nutrients and an excellent ratio of C / N. The ratio of the heavy elements was within the permissible limits, but a high pH value and a high salinity value were noted in the event that the compost was not washed. The results of the tests showed the ability and validity of compost to improve the germination rate of vegetables after mixing it with soil by 50% compost, but compost should not to be used alone for germination without mixing it with the soil.

Rhizoctonia solani is an important necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes okra root disease and results in severe yield reduction. Many biocontrol agents are being studied with the intent of improving plant growth and defense systems and reducing crop loss by preventing fungal infections. Recently, a member of the Hypocrealean family, Metarhizium anisopliae, has been reported for insect pathogenicity, endophytism, plant growth promotion, and antifungal potentialities. This research investigated the role of M. anisopliae (MetA1) in growth promotion and root disease suppression in okra. The antagonism against R. solani and the plant growth promotion traits of MetA1 were tested in vitro. The effects of endophytic MetA1 on promoting plant growth and disease suppression were assessed in planta. Dual culture and cell-free culture filtrate assays showed antagonistic activity against R. solani by MetA1. Some plant growth promotion traits, such as phosphate solubilization and catalase activity were also exhibited by MetA1. Seed primed with MetA1 increased the shoot, root, leaves, chlorophyll content, and biomass content compared to control okra plants. The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra. Whereas MetA1 applied plants showed a reduction of H2O2 and MDA by 5.21 and 14.96%, respectively, under pathogen-inoculated conditions by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), by 30.11, 10.19, 5.62, and 5.06%, respectively. Moreover, MetA1 increased soluble sugars, carbohydrates, proline, and secondary metabolites, viz., phenol and flavonoid contents in okra resulting in a better osmotic adjustment of diseases infecting plants. MetA1 reduced disease incidence by 58.33% at 15 DAI compared to the R. solani inoculated plant. The results revealed that MetA1 improved plant growth, elevated the plant defense system, and suppressed root diseases caused by R. solani. Thus, MetA1 was found to be an effective candidate for the biological control program.

One of the medicinal plants that are rarely cultivated in Indonesia is okra. This plant has a business opportunity that can bring benefits to farmers. This research aimed to elucidate the effect of a compost mixture of coffee grounds and milled eggshell on nitrogen and calcium contents in a regosol soil and growth and yield of okra plants. Fertilizer treatments tested were: P0 (control), P1 (100% inorganic), P2 (25% compost + 75% inorganic), P3 (50% compost + 50% inorganic ), P4 (75% compost + 25% inorganic), and P5 (100% compost). The results showed that the application of a compost mixture of coffee grounds and eggshell with a dose of 100% compost had a significant effect on increasing soil pH, total N, and Ca compared to control, namely 30,77%, 147,52%, and 643,54%, but did not significantly affect the organic C of the soil. The application of coffee grounds and milled eggshell compost with a dose of 100% significantly affected plant height at 8 WAP and plant stem diameter at 6 WAP. The application of coffee grounds and milled eggshell compost with a dose of 100% significantly increased fresh fruit weight and dry weight of okra plants, respectively 18.27% and 33.33% compared to the control.

Okra is a commercially important vegetable crop that grows in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate parts of the world, but its productivity is hindered by a lack of improved cultivars and delayed and erratic seedling emergence in the field. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed priming treatments on okra genotypes' seedling emergence and fruit yield. In this experiment, Clemson spineless, Arka Anamika, SOH701, 240,207, and 240,586 okra genotypes were primed with tap water, 50% cow urine, 200 ppm GA3, and 0.5% KH2PO4 as treatments, and dry seed of each genotype was used as a control. The experiment was conducted in Dire Dawa by irrigation in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. GenStat software was used to analyse all the data collected in this experiment. Genotype and seed priming treatments significantly affected phenology, growth, fruit yield, and yield-related traits, and their interactions affected the above traits, except for days to seedling emergence and fruit number per plant. Genotype Clemson spineless (5.13 days) and seed primed with GA3 (4.6 days) had the shortest days to 50% seedling emergence, and genotype 240,586 primed with KH2PO4 produced the highest fruit yield per hectare (37.78 t ha−1). So, farmers in the study area are advised to use genotype 240,586 with KH2PO4 seed priming to increase fruit yield. However, research conducted at one site should be repeated at multiple sites in order to make recommendations that are relevant to the country.

Excessive soil salinity is a major stressor inhibiting crops’ growth, development, and yield. Seed germination is a critical stage of crop growth and development, as well as one of the most salt-sensitive stages. Salt stress has a significant inhibitory effect on seed germination. Okra is a nutritious vegetable, but its seed germination percentage (GP) is low, whether under salt stress conditions or suitable conditions. In this study, we used 180 okra accessions and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the germination percentage using 20,133,859 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers under 0 (CK, diluted water), 70 (treatment 1, T1), and 140 mmol/L (treatment 2, T2) NaCl conditions. Using the mixed linear model (MLM) in Efficient Mixed-model Association eXpedated (EMMAX) and Genome-wide Efficient Mixed Model Association (GEMMA) software, 511 SNP loci were significantly associated during germination, of which 167 SNP loci were detected simultaneously by both programs. Among the 167 SNPs, SNP2619493 on chromosome 59 and SNP2692266 on chromosome 44 were detected simultaneously under the CK, T1, and T2 conditions, and were key SNP loci regulating the GP of okra seeds. Linkage disequilibrium block analysis revealed that nsSNP2626294 (C/T) in Ae59G004900 was near SNP2619493, and the amino acid changes caused by nsSNP2626294 led to an increase in the phenotypic values in some okra accessions. There was an nsSNP2688406 (A/G) in Ae44G005470 near SNP2692266, and the amino acid change caused by nsSNP2688406 led to a decrease in phenotypic values in some okra accessions. These results indicate that Ae59G004900 and Ae44G005470 regulate the GP of okra seeds under salt and no-salt stresses. The gene expression analysis further demonstrated these results. The SNP markers and genes that were identified in this study will provide reference for further research on the GP of okra, as well as new genetic markers and candidate genes for cultivating new okra varieties with high GPs under salt and no-salt stress conditions.

Purpose Increase in global population and food demands have necessitated the need to enhance the health status of agricultural soils to overcome retrogresses in crop yields. Thus, amply use of animal manures is critical to improving low fertility status that characterised most agricultural soils in the tropics.Method This study investigated the effects of various animal manure types on soil properties and performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) grown on a degraded coarse-textured ultisol. The treatments were: T1, poultry manure; T2, cow manure; T3, pig manure applied at 702 g pot-1 (equivalent to 30 t ha-1) to a 10 kg potted soil and T4, control unamended soil.Results Amended treatments had 0.73-10.9% increase in organic matter, 191-370% increase in soil N, 30.4-170% and 25.5-76.5% increase in soil P and K, respectively relative to the control treatment. Amended treatments recorded significantly higher (p

Objective: Improve the quality of dried okra products. Methods: The rehydration ratio, shrinkage rate, vitamin C content, drying time and sensory score were used to analyze the effects of different pretreatment methods on the quality of dried okra products, and the coefficient of variation method was used for comprehensive weighted evaluation. Results: The results showed that blanching and ultrasonic pretreatment can significantly increase the rehydration ratio of the dried sample （P＜0.05）. The shrinkage rate was most affected by blanching. The vitamin C content of the pretreatment group was lower than that of the control group, and the ultrasound treatment group had the least loss. The blanching and ultrasonic pretreatment can shorten the drying time, and sensory scores of samples pretreated by ultrasound and color protection were significantly higher than those pretreated by blanching （P＜0.05）. The comprehensive evaluation by the coefficient of variation method showed that the quality of the okra pretreated by ultrasonic was the best, followed by the color protection treatment, and the blanching treatment had the lowest comprehensive score. When the ultrasonic pretreatment temperature was 20 ℃, the comprehensive score of the dried sample obtained was the highest, which was 0.907. Conclusion: The research showed that the ultrasonic pretreatment was a better pretreatment method with hot air drying of okra.