Search

Abiotic stresses adversely influence crop productivity and salt stress is one limiting factor. Plants need to evolve their defense mechanisms to survive in such fluctuating scenarios at either the biochemical, physiological, or molecular level. The analytical/critical investigations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants that involve looking into transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles could give a comprehensive picture of the response of the cotton plant to salt stress. This study was conducted on pre-treated cotton seeds by soaking them in a 3% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at room temperature for 0.5, 1, and 1.5 h. In total, 3738 and 285 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites, respectively, were discovered. The prominent DEGs included AtCCC1, EP1, NHE, AtpOMT, GAST1, CLC-c, ARP, AtKIN14, AtC3H2, COP9, AtHK-2, and EID1 to code for the regulation of seed growth, abscisic acid receptor PYR/PYL, a cellular response regarding stress tolerance (especially to salt) and germination, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and auxin-activated signaling pathways. A more significant amount of transcription factors, including the ethylene-responsive TFs ERF (205), bHLH (252), ZF-domains (167), bHLH (101), MYB (92), NAC (83), GATA (43), auxin-responsive proteins (30), MADs-box (23), bZIP (27), and HHO (13) were discovered in samples of NaCl-pretreated cotton seedlings under different treatments. The functional annotations of DEGs exposed their important roles in regulating different phytohormones and signal-transduction-mediated pathways in salt-treated seeds. The metabolites analysis revealed differential accumulation of flavonols, phenolic acid, amino acids, and derivatives in seedling samples treated for 0.5 h with NaCl. The conjoint analysis that showed most of the DEGs were associated with the production and regulation of glucose-1-phosphate, uridine 5′-diphospho-D-glucose, and 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate under salt stress conditions. These results indicated positive effects of NaCl 0.5 h treatments on seedlings' germination and growth, seemingly by activating specific growth-promoting enzymes and metabolites to alleviate adverse effects of salt stress. Hence, seed pre-treatment with NaCl can be beneficial in future cotton management and breeding programs to enhance growth and development under salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity is one of the most serious environmental factors affecting crop productivity around the world. We used a morpho-physiological approach to investigate the salt responses of four Tunisian natural populations of Medicago ciliaris. Forty-six lines of M. ciliaris were grown under a control treatment and 100 mM NaCl. We measured 11 quantitative traits of shoot and root growth during harvest. An analysis of variance showed that the variations in salt response can be explained by the effects of the population, line, treatment, and interactions between the population and treatment and the line and treatment. Most of the measured traits showed significant differences between the studied populations under the control treatment and salt stress. High to moderate broad-sense heritabilities (H2) were noted for most of the parameters under the control treatment and salt stress, implying that salt tolerance is highly heritable. Most correlations between the measured traits under the two treatments were positive, of which the strongest correlations were recorded between characteristics related to development. The 46 studied lines formed three groups in both conditions, while their genetic structure was dependent on the treatment factor. The results from this study can provide a basis for identifying and breeding salt-tolerant lines of M. ciliaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal immune cells serve as sentinels against ascending bacteria but also promote detrimental inflammation. The kidney medulla is characterized by extreme electrolyte concentrations. We here address how its main osmolytes, NaCl and urea, regulate tubular cell cytokine expression and monocyte chemotaxis. In the healthy human kidney, more monocytes were detected in medulla than cortex. The monocyte gradient was attenuated in patients with medullary NaCl depletion by loop diuretic therapy and in the nephrotic syndrome. Renal tubular epithelial cell gene expression responded similarly to NaCl and tonicity control mannitol, but not urea. NaCl significantly upregulated chemotactic cytokines, most markedly CCL26, CCL2, and CSF1. This induction was inhibited by the ROS scavenger n‐acetylcysteine. In contrast, urea, the main medullary osmolyte in catabolism, dampened tubular epithelial CCL26 and CSF1 expression. Renal medullary chemokine and monocyte marker expression decreased in catabolic mice. NaCl‐, but not urea‐stimulated tubular epithelium or CCL2 and CCL26, promoted human classical monocyte migration. CCL26 improved bactericidal function. In the human kidney medulla, monocyte densities correlated with tubular CCL26 protein abundance. In summary, medullary‐range NaCl, but not urea, promotes tubular cytokine expression and monocyte recruitment. This may contribute to the pyelonephritis vulnerability in catabolism but can possibly be harnessed against pathologic inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evaluate the effect of salinity due to NaCl on physiological variables of chickpea plants using native strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus cubensis and Rhizoglomus irregulare during the preflowering stage. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out under controlled weather conditions using the chickpea variety N-29 as an experimental model. The treatments consisted on the combination of four salinity levels: 0, 25, 50 and 75 mM NaCl (variation source A) and AMF (variation source B) in three levels. In total there were 12 treatments with six repetitions, which were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The evaluated variables were number of green and dry leaves, dry biomass per organ (leaves, root and stem), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf area ratio (LAR). Results: The green leaves, the NAR and the dry biomass from roots and leaves, were the variables with the greatest response in the 50 mM NaCl+R. irregulare treatment, with an average increase of 15% with respect to the rest of the treatments. Limitations/implications: A decrease on the evaluated variables was observed due to the salinity effect; however, chickpea plants subjected to NaCl 50 mM inoculated with R. irregulare were less affected by salt stress. Findings/conclusions. The R. irregulare strain was found to contribute more than the G. cubensis to the mitigation of the adverse effects from the salinity factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-channels in porous aluminum fabricated by the NaCl space holder method has been studied for the first time in this work. According to the material fabrication characteristics, the influence of two sets of technological processes and five kinds of process parameters was studied. The dissolution rate of NaCl particles was used to characterize the state of micro-channels indirectly and wholly and combined with the traditional direct and regional characterization methods to conduct a comprehensive study. It was found that there were three types of micro-channels in the fabrication process: gap-micro-channel, crack-micro-channel, and reticulation-micro-channel. The three types of micro-channels had significant differences in size and quantity and presented various states in different processes. Moreover, the participation of NaCl in sintering inhibited the formation of reticulation-micro-channels but promoted the formation and development of gap-micro-channels and crack-micro-channels. The NaCl particle content and size, sintering temperature, and compaction pressure can affect the micro-channels, but the sintering time cannot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anomalies in heating rate effects were observed in rock salt. • Rock salt exhibited a complex spectral TL glow curve. • Glow curve deconvolution of natural rock salt comprised of five peaks. • Detailed studies of kinetic parameters of rock salt from Tuzluca-Turkey. In this work, thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics and kinetic parameters of naturally occurring rock salts were presented. The samples were crushed and compressed into pellets before being irradiated with beta radiation doses ranging between 0.1 Gy and 15 Gy. TL responses exhibited four peaks at about 95 °C, 182 °C, 265 °C, and 360 °C in the glow curve. By increasing the heating rates, we observed an increase in the peak maximum temperature and the area of each peak as well as in the full width half maximum (FWHM), which shows an anomalous heating-rate effect. Taking a rock salt sample, the standard deviation was less than 1%, which was a good indication of repeatability. Using the initial rise (IR) and variable heating rate (VHR) approaches, the trapping parameters were calculated. The findings suggest that salt samples from the Tuzluca district in Turkey may be useful as radiation dosimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress has become an important limiting factor for plant growth and productivity. To evaluate the effect of salinity on plant and root development three pea genotypes were grown under different concentrations of NaCl (50, 100 and 200 mM NaCI) in an in vitro and in vivo conditions. After two weeks of cultivation in culture medium the seedling emergence rate was not significantly affected by 50 mM NaCl. In culture medium containing 200 mM NaCl only in variety Prometei over 50% of the seeds developed to the plants. The data indicated that increasing NaCl level significantly reduced shoot and root lengths, and plant fresh weight. Six weeks (42 days) after sowing in vivo, a reduction in plant height and weight was observed at 200 mM NaCl concentration. A proven differences of the root traits were established only in variety Prometei. On the bases of the obtained results it can be concluded that variety Prometei was the most tolerant to applied salt stress [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Salt stress is a severe environmental impediment that prevents the normal functioning of plants. • Selenium, as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, plays significant role to mitigate salt stress by improving photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and activates a progression of downstream signals that help in the alleviation of stress. • This review adds more to the comprehension of Se-interceded improvements in plant advancement under salt stress. Salt stress restricts the efficiency of plants grown under such conditions, prompting generous losses of yield, it is a severe environmental impediment that prevents the normal functioning of plants. A broad scope of modifications in development is incited by excess salt. It triggers osmotic, ionic, oxidative stress, and a torrent in the formation of ROS. A better comprehension of the mechanisms mediating salt stress mitigation will assist researchers with structuring approaches to improve crop performance under hostile natural conditions. Various compounds have been experimented with to upgrade the resilience of the plant towards salt stress. Selenium (Se) is one such candidate. Se plays significant roles, as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant. It improves photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and activates a progression of downstream signals that help in the alleviation of stress. It prompts flexibility against salt stress. Understanding the overall impact of Se like Se take-up, transport, and movement and how it influences different plant procedures will offer another chance to build up the salt resistance of plants. In this study, we review recent literature and summarize the regulatory roles of Se. Improved information on salt stress and its alleviation by Se can be utilized to get better yield under salt stress. The study related to Se in providing resistance under salt stress is limited. This review adds more to the comprehension of Se-interceded improvements in plant advancement under salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium ions (Na+) negatively affect most land plant species as a consequence of both general osmotic effects and specific ion toxicity. Na+ travels through the plant body via the transpiration stream, and this results in direct exposure of guard cells to apoplastic Na+. This article summarizes extant literature on short- and long-term stomatal conductance responses to salinity, stomatal movements of isolated guard cells in response to NaCl, and guard cell ion content following NaCl exposure. We discuss the potential role of Na+ as an osmoticum that itself could drive guard cell swelling and stomatal opening, possible contributions of carbohydrates in guard cell osmoregulation following NaCl exposure, and the role of ABA in stomatal responses to salinity. We highlight responses of glycophytes vs halophytes when comparative information is available. Based on our integration of published information, we propose that salt sensitivity arises in part by glycophytic guard cell uptake of Na+ and resultant short-term stomatal opening that promotes plant desiccation and toxic accumulation of Na+ in the leaf. However, many aspects of guard cell Na+ sensing, transport, and response remain unknown, and new studies are required both to test this hypothesis and to address numerous knowledge gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum polycystum is a low-sodium salt raw material that meets the dietary salt criteria, i.e., low Na: K ratio and NaCl content < 60%. This study aims to produce seaweed salt with high yield, dietary fiber content, and antioxidant activity according to the quality standard of dietary salt through a combination of the filtrate and salt extraction residue. The results showed that the produced S. polycystum brown seaweed salt had a mineral Na 96.97 mg/g and mineral K 247.59 mg/g. Na: K ratio of 0.39, NaCl content of 49.05%, and heavy metal residue below the Indonesian National Standard maximum standard for dietary salt. The levels of dietary fiber produced in salt samples 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 was 34.41%, 40.16%, and 23.83%, respectively, and the iodine content (KIO3) of the control salt was 125.95 mg/kg. The antioxidant activity of seaweed salt 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) on salt K (seaweed salt without residue), residue, S1 (1:1), S2 (1:2), and S3 (2:1) was 26.41 ppm, 59.06 ppm, 12.29 ppm, 67.30 ppm, and 87.50 ppm. Meanwhile, the antioxidant capacity of seaweed salt Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) on K salt, residue, S1, S2, and S3 were 12.36, 19, 7.86, 8.52 and 12.27 μmol ascorbic acid/g extract, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that increasing the yield and dietary fiber content in the seaweed salt production process is achievable by adding residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the effect of vermicompost humates as salinity mitigator in germination and morphometric characteristics of basil varieties seedlings, tolerant and sensitive to salinity, subjected to vermicompost humates diluted 1/60 (v/v) and 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl in a completely randomized design with four replications. The rate and percentage of germination, root length, shoot height, root and shoot fresh and dry-weight were measured. The varieties showed differential response, highlighting Napoletano as the most tolerant. Vermicompost humates showed biostimulant effects on variables evaluated, allowing that tolerant variety to improve germination and growth, and increasing the salinity tolerance of the sensitive variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for improved metallic materials in terms of physicomechanical, microstructure, and corrosion properties has necessitated the need to form metal matrix composites. This article adopted the stir casting procedure and used wood particles (WP) to reinforce aluminum alloy at different volume fractions. The corrosion properties of the aluminum matrix in 3.5% wt NaCl were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the potentiodynamic polarization curve, and open circuit potential. The corrosion results of the reinforced aluminum alloys was compared with the unreinforced alloy. The unreinforced sample showed improved resistance to corrosion compared to the reinforced aluminum alloy. All samples exhibited visible Pits on SEM observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, about 54 million ha of cropland are irrigated with saline water. Globally, the soils associated with about 1 billion ha are affected by salinization. A small decrease in irrigation water salinity (and soil salinity) can result in a disproportionally large increase in crop yield. This study uses a zero-valent iron desalination reactor to effect surface processing of ground water, obtained from an aquifer, to partially desalinate the water. The product water can be used for irrigation, or it can be reinjected into a saline aquifer, to dilute the aquifer water salinity (as part of an aquifer water quality management program), or it can be injected as low-salinity water into an aquifer to provide a recharge barrier to protect against seawater intrusion. The saline water used in this study is processed in a batch flow, bubble column, static bed, diffusion reactor train (0.24 m3), with a processing capacity of 1.7–1.9 m3 d−1 and a processing duration of 3 h. The reactor contained 0.4 kg Fe0. A total of 70 batches of saline water (average 6.9 g NaCl L−1; range: 2.66 to 30.5 g NaCl L−1) were processed sequentially using a single Fe0 charge, without loss of activity. The average desalination was 24.5%. The reactor used a catalytic pressure swing adsorption–desorption process. The trial results were analysed with respect to Na+ ion removal, Cl− ion removal, and the impact of adding trains. The reactor train was then repurposed, using n-Fe0 and emulsified m-Fe0, to establish the impact of reducing particle size on the amount of desalination, and the amount of n-Fe0 required to achieve a specific desalination level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using plant extracts have recently attracted considerable attention due to their environmental protection benefits and their easy and low cost of fabrication. In the current study, ZnO NPS were synthesized using the aqueous extract of Ochradenus arabicus as a capping and reducing agent. The obtained ZnO NPs were firstly characterized using ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray absorption (EDX), zeta potential, and zeta size. All these techniques confirmed the characteristic features of the biogenic synthesized ZnO NPs. Then, ZnO NPs were evaluated for their effects on morphological, biochemical, and physiological parameters of Salvia officinalis cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0, 75, 100, and 150 mM of NaCl. The results showed that ZnO NPs at a dose of 10 mg/L significantly increased the shoot number, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight of Salvia officinalis subjected or not to the salt stress. For the shoot length, a slight increase of 4.3% was recorded in the plant treated by 150 mM NaCl+10 mg/L ZnO NPs compared to the plant treated only with 150 mM of NaCl. On the other hand, without NaCl, the application of both concentrations 10 mg/L and 30 mg/L of ZnO NPs significantly improved the total chlorophyll content by 30.3% and 21.8%, respectively. Under 150 mM of NaCl, the addition of 10 mg/L of ZnO NPs enhanced the total chlorophyll by 1.5 times, whilst a slight decrease of total chlorophyll was recorded in the plants treated by 150 mM NaCl + 30 mg/L ZnO NPs. Additionally, ZnO NPs significantly enhance the proline accumulation and the antioxidative enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR) in plants under salinity. Our findings revealed that green synthesized ZnO NPs, especially at a dose of 10 mg/L, play a crucial role in growth enhancement and salt stress mitigation. Hence, this biosynthesized ZnO NPs at a concentration of 10 mg/L can be considered as effective nanofertilizers for the plants grown in salty areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The influence of NaCl on structural strength and durability of concrete is the objective of this study. Concrete specimens were treated with various amount of NaCl 35%, 45% and 55% for 28, 56 and 90 days the highest strength value for aged concrete specimens treated with 35% for 56 days is 57.88 MPa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) is one of the sulfide minerals of seafloor massive sulfide deposits. The presence of sodium chloride and high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) geological conditions seriously affect the process of arsenopyrite weathering. However, electrochemical oxidative dissolution has never been considered in the context of seafloors, though it has already been shown to increase dissolution significantly in terrestrial deposits. In this work, in situ electrochemical techniques and surface analysis were used to investigate the behaviors of oxidative arsenopyrite dissolution in different concentrations of NaCl at temperatures ranging from 280 to 360 °C and pressures ranging from 12.0 to 20.0 MPa. In the initial stage, arsenopyrite was oxidized to S0, As(III), and Fe(II). The S0 and As(III) were ultimately converted into SO42− and AsO43− and entered the solution. The Fe(II) was converted into α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, and Fe2O3 as a passivation film. The presence of Cl− ions promoted the oxidative dissolution of arsenopyrite without changing its oxidation mechanism. Higher temperatures or greater pressures promoted the oxidative dissolution of arsenopyrite by enhancing charge migration and ion diffusion. Under the experimental HTHP conditions, the oxidative arsenopyrite dissolution rate constant was 8.0 × 10–5 mol∙m−2∙s−1. This work expands the understanding of the geochemical cycles of Fe, As and S and provides an experimental basis for the formation of secondary minerals from arsenopyrite weathering under the hydrothermal solution conditions of the seafloor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm oil mill boiler ash is one of the substances that can be used as an adsorbent. The adsorbent can absorb certain components of a fluid phase, which before being applied needs to be activated using chemicals so that the effectiveness of the absorption is increasing. The use of adsorbents in CPO is quite effective in maintaining its quality. Several previous studies have studied the application of adsorbents in maintaining the quality of CPO. The purpose of the study was to utilize palm oil mill boiler ash as an adsorbent of several types of activators and to determine the effect of effective activator types in application to the quality of CPO oil. This study used a non-factorial completely randomized design with adsorbent activation treatment using H3PO4 and NaCl with a concentration of 10% and soaked for 24 hours. There are 3 parameters observed in the adsorbent application to CPO, namely free fatty acids, water content, and dirt content. The results showed that the adsorbent activated with H3PO4 was an effective adsorbent with a decrease in its free fatty acids up to 0.43%, water content decreased to 0.07%, but an increase in CPO impurities content of 0.24%. While the adsorbent activated using NaCl showed free fatty acids 0.22%, water content decreased by 0.03% and dirt content also increased by 0.24%.

Sea water as a raw material resources for the kitchen salt production, besides containing NaCl, has also containing other dissolved salts such as hygroscopic calcium and magnesium salts. The high content of other salts cause industrial NaCl has a low quality. This aim research was to find out the effect of seawater evaporation on NaCl content changes. Seawater obtained from Nggolonto, Nagekeo, NTT, was used with an initial volume of 200 mL, then it was concentrated in varying of final volume, i.e. 20, 23, 25, 27 and 29 mL. The NaCl content was calculated based on total chloride ion content, corrected toward magnesium and calcium ions content and the presence of sulphate anion. In addition, the chloride and magnesium also calcium ions content was analyzed volumetrically, while the sulphate anion was determined spectrophotometrically. The research result showed that NaCl content increase significantly up to 27 mL of final volume and was constantly afterward. Furthermore, the highest of NaCl content obtained from final volume of 29 mL was 96.01%. Nevertheless, comparing to SNI 06-0303-1989, its content was still below the standard of 98.5%.

This study explores the impact of varying concentrations of salt ions (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 mmol) on the physicochemical properties and 3D-printing performance of rice starch-curdlan composite gel. The relationship between gel structure, properties, printability, and printing accuracy was clarified through the evaluation of each parameter. The inclusion of an appropriate concentration of NaCl positively influenced the properties and printing characteristics of the composite gel. Specifically, a NaCl concentration of 7.5 mmol yielded the highest printing performance, achieving 98.61 % accuracy. Microstructural analysis indicates that the addition of ions promoted the formation of a denser network structure in the composite gel. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy reveals enhanced hydrogen bonding in the rice starch-curdlan gels with the addition of NaCl. Lastly, dysphagia testing demonstrates that the composite gels with 0–5 mmol NaCl concentrations exhibited grade 5 characteristics (clastic and wet) with satisfactory swallowing performance. [Display omitted] • The addition of ions improves printing precision of rice starch-curdlan (RS-CD) gel. • The proper salt concentration is conducive to form a more densely network structure. • The presence of NaCl enhances the electrostatic interaction between RS-CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During meat processing, the quality of food and structure of meat proteins are affected by different processing technologies and addition of raw and auxiliary materials. Different meat products are treated with varying processing temperatures and NaCl content, changing the protein molecular structure. This study aimed to determine impact of heating temperature (40–115 °C) and NaCl concentration (0–0.8 M) on the oxidation, structure, and digestibility of beef myofibrillar proteins. The results revealed that high temperatures and NaCl concentration of 0.4–0.8 M caused the salting-out effect, leading to a decrease in solubility. The oxidative denaturation of proteins leads to increased protein aggregation. Consequently, structural changes of myofibrillar proteins, and the digestive enzymes are unable to recognize specific sites, which reduces the digestibility of the proteins. The findings of this study revealed that heating beef myofibrillar proteins at 85 °C and 0.4 M NaCl substantially improved its digestibility to 85.66 %. [Display omitted] • Both heating and NaCl can promote the transition from β-folding to α-helix. • The joint action of NaCl and heating exacerbated protein oxidation. • The digestibility was highest at 85 °C heating combined with 0.4 M NaCl. • Pepsin and trypsin act primarily on myosin heavy chain of myofibrillar proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, it is a challenge that the yolk in salted preserved egg tends to preserved egg yolk due to extreme NaOH treatment. Therefore, NaCl, NaOH and thermal were successfully used to prepare a new translucent salted quail egg (T-SQE), which combined advantages of preserved egg white with transparent appearance and salted egg yolk with unique texture and odour. Moreover, transparency of opaque gel (Transmittance: 0.09 %) subjected to NaCl and thermal was demonstrated to be improved under the synergistic effect of NaOH (8.55 %) via empirical data and molecular simulation. The disordered and dense network in opaque T-SQE induced by NaCl and thermal tended to form an ordered, porous and transparent structure in presence of NaOH, with more immobilized water that was poorly bonded to protein, larger radius of gyration and lower hydrophobic interaction. This research provides new insight into understanding the influence of hierarchy and synergism on transparency of egg products. [Display omitted] • A new T-SQE is obtained orderly and jointly driven by NaCl, NaOH and heat treatment. • Features of SEY and transparency of PEW are simultaneously acquired in the T-SQE. • Transparency of egg white thermogel induced by NaCl and NaOH is proved by test and MD. • Transparency of egg white thermogel induced by NaOH, NaCl depends on ordered α-helice. • Transparency of egg white gel ascribes to more macropore, big Rg, low hydrophobicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantifies the impact of electrolytes on the emulsifier's diffusivity within an intermediate layer at a liquid-liquid interface during the spontaneous emulsification process. In this new technique, the mass transfer coefficient of the non-ionic amphiphilic molecules through the layer was investigated experimentally using a single oil droplet monitored photographically. The flux of the spontaneous emulsification process of hexadecane was measured with the presence of an emulsifier, Triton X-100, dissolved in either the aqueous or oil phase. The obtained data was employed to quantify the influence of electrolytes (NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2) on the diffusivity of surfactant molecules within the intermediate layer. The result shows that the diffusivity of the surfactant is proportional to the electrolyte concentration due to the increased packing of diffusing molecules. The influences of electrolytes on the diffusivity follow the order of NaCl > MgCl 2 > KCl > CaCl 2. Quantifying the mass transfer coefficient of surfactant molecules through the intermediate layer provides a mathematical framework to predict the overall emulsification kinetics. The modelling framework can be expanded to different emulsification systems which are controlled by the interaction between electrolytes and non-ionic surfactants. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of Capsicum chinense concentration and salt varieties on cholesterol oxides, physicochemical properties, microbial profiles and organoleptic attributes of Kilishi, a sundried beef jerky, was assessed. Kilishi (KL) was prepared from sundried strips of Biceps femoris and marinated with either 2 % Sodium chloride (NaCl) + 7 % fresh Capsicum chinense (CC) (KL−1), 1 % NaCl + 1 % Potassium chloride (KCl) + 7 % CC (KL−2), 1 % NaCl + 1 % Potassium citrate (C 6 H 5 K 3 O 7) + 7 % CC (KL−3), 1 % NaCl + 14 % CC (KL-4), 1 % KCl + 14 % CC (KL-5) or 1 % C 6 H 5 K 3 O 7 + 14 % CC (KL-6), and stored at 29 ± 1 °C for 90 d. The partial or total replacement of NaCl lowered (P < 0.05) the Na content in KL. The KL samples treated with 14 % CC had lower (P < 0.05) 25-hydroxy cholesterol, cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one, carbonyl, pH, malondialdehyde, and lightness and greater (P < 0.05) redness and Lactobacillus counts than those treated with 7 % CC. The chemical composition, sensory scores and water activity were unaffected by the additives. The taste, flavor, and overall acceptance scores of KL decreased (P < 0.05) after 30 days of storage. The substitution of KCl and C 6 H 5 K 3 O 7 for NaCl and the increase in CC concentration from 7 to 14 % lowered the Na content and selected cholesterol oxides, respectively, without impairing the organoleptic traits of Kilishi. • Kilishi was formulated with different salts and Capsicum chinensis (CC) levels • Partial replacement of NaCl with KCl, and C 6 H 5 K 3 O 7 reduced Na content in Kilishi • Addition of 14 % CC reduced cholesterol oxides and carbonyl content in Kilishi • Additives did not affect the chemical composition and sensory profiles of Kilishi • Sensory quality of Kilishi decreased after 30 days of storage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the electrodes of a microbial desalination cell (MDC) are investigated as the positive and negative electrodes of an internal supercapacitor. The resulting system has been named a supercapacitive microbial desalination cell (SC-MDC). The electrodes are self-polarized by the red-ox reactions and therefore the anode acts as a negative electrode and the cathode as a positive electrode of the internal supercapacitor. In order to overcome cathodic losses, an additional capacitive electrode (AdE) was added and short-circuited with the SC-MDC cathode (SC-MDC-AdE). A total of 7600 discharge/self-recharge cycles (equivalent to 44 h of operation) of SC-MDC-AdE with a desalination chamber filled with an aqueous solution of 30 g L-1 NaCl are reported. The same reactor system was operated with real seawater collected from Pacific Ocean for 88 h (15,100 cycles). Maximum power generated was 1.63 ± 0.04 W m-2 for SC-MDC and 3.01 ± 0.01 W m-2 for SC-MDC-AdE. Solution conductivity in the desalination reactor decreased by ∼50% after 23 h and by more than 60% after 44 h. There was no observable change in the pH during cell operation. Power/current pulses were generated without an external power supply.

Introduction: Salinity is a major constraint in rice crop production through inhibiting the absorption of water and minerals. The seedling age optimally can increase the adaptability of plants under saline conditions. The objective of this study was to examine the agronomic, physiological, and biochemical responses of rice under saline conditions using the different seed age to determine their adaptability to the abiotic stress. Methods: The study used a CRD non-factorial, there is seedling age with three levels including 21, 28, and 35 days after sowing (DAS). The study used rice cv. Banyuasin and salinity stress given is NaCl with the concentration 8 dS m-1. The addition of NaCl when the plants were 12 and 54 days after planting (DAP). Results: The different seed age planted under saline conditions significantly affects to agronomic and physiological characteristics as indicated by shoot dry weight, plant biomass, and chlorophyll content. The different seed age planted under saline conditions significantly affects biochemical characteristics as indicated by proline content and nitrate reductase activity. The rice seedling age of 21 DAS produced the highest biomass and shoot dry weight, the rice seedling age of 28 DAS produced the highest chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity, and the rice seedling age of 35 DAS produced the highest proline content. Conclusion: The older rice seedling (35 DAS) increased the higher proline content, while the younger rice seedling (21 DAS) increased the shoot dry weight and plant biomass. In addition, rice seedlings (28 DAS) produced the highest chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity.

During recovery phases following a nuclear or radiological incident analyses of doses received by members of the public and responders are often required. Several methods have been investigated for use at different timescales after the incident, including assessments based on measurements of materials present at the time of the incident. Common salt has previously been shown to have potential for retrospective dosimetry in the mGy dose range using laboratory instrumentation. This preliminary study investigates the use of portable instruments, with unprepared commercially sourced salt, in dose ranges below 100 μGy. Responses from pulsed IRSL and portable OSL instruments were compared. For OSL measurements, detection limits of 7 μGy have been demonstrated, with detection limits of 30–340 μGy for the other instruments investigated. Dose responses in the 0–500 μGy range were determined for the most sensitive systems, which show a linear response over this dose range with a non-zero intercept representing doses received from environmental sources since manufacture of the salt. For use as a dosimeter, methods of removing or accounting for inherited signals will be required in this low dose range. The results demonstrate that salt has considerable potential for use in retrospective dosimetry below 100 μGy, and that measurements can be conducted with portable OSL instruments.

The main objective of this work was to study a new technique for the sintering of marine sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals obtained from seawater. In order to obtain an efficient luminescence, a better control in the amount of sample to be used, a better distribution of crystals in every aliquot and verify its applicability as a dosimeter, with dosimetric requirements testing. The common salt is a material that have been already studied in the area of ​​dosimetry, because it has a high sensitivity when exposed to ionizing radiation, therefore can thus be used in luminescent dosimetry. With the purpose of synthesizing the marine crystals with low cost and easy fabrication, we pulverized a concentrated sea salt solution, on 1 cm recycled aluminum discs placed on an oven at 70aºC, with this process we obtained homogeneous aliquots. The salt has a hygroscopic property, we waterproof it using a commercial enamel, in order to inhibit this property. For analyzing the crystalline structure formed with this new technique, we used X-ray diffraction (XRD). For OSL measurements, we use the RISØ TL/OSL reader by blue light stimulation (470 nm) coupled with a beta source, at first, the heat treatment was carried out on the aliquots at 400 ºC, at different times to observe the effect on the OSL signal, irradiated with a dose of 162 mGy, with preheating at 160 °C for 1 s, afterwards we perform a measurement with an assisted temperature of 110 °C for 40 s with blue light. Lastly analyze the dosimetric requirement tests.

Increasing the emission intensity of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an effective way to improve the sensitivity of LIBS technology to elements analysis in liquid samples. In this work, the influence of the distance from lens to sample surface (DFLS) on the spectral emission of femtosecond laser-induced plasma of NaCl water film was studied by measuring Na atomic line. The results showed that the emission intensity of the spectral line presented the phenomenon of double peaks with an increase in the DFLS. The position for the highest spectral intensity was not geometric focal point of focusing lens, but was located in front of the geometric focal point. In addition, we carried out quantitative analysis on Na element with different concentrations, showing a calibration curve of Na element, and calculating limit of detection (LOD) and relative standard deviation (RSD) for different DFLSs. Subsequently, the changes in the LOD and RSD with the DFLS are discussed. With the increase of the DFLS, the LOD and RSD were greatly reduced. At the DFLS of 99.0 mm, the line intensity was highest, and the LOD and RSD were better. Therefore, it can be confirmed that femtosecond LIBS of water film can be optimized by changing the DFLS, the experiment shows great potential in real-time water quality monitoring.

This study aimed to analyze element content, antioxidative response, and related gene expression in two new wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) cultivars Longchun 30 and Longchun 27 when exposed to different NaCl concentrations. Low NaCl concentration (25 mM) promoted root growth and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative conductivity (REC) in Longchun 30. Differently, higher salinity stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) inhibited root growth and increased MDA content and REC in both cultivars. Under salt stress, the increment of Na content in the roots and leaves and the reduction of Ca content in the roots were more remarkable in Longchun 27 than in Longchun 30. In contrast, the potassium content decreased in the roots but did not significantly change in the leaves in both cultivars under salinity. When the seedlings were exposed to salinity, the increases of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in Longchun 27 roots were associated with high isoenzymes abundance and high TaCu/ZnSOD, TaMnSOD and TaCAT expression. Meanwhile, total peroxidase (POD) activity induced by NaCl treatment coincided with the changes of TaPOD expression and isoenzyme abundance in both cultivars. Besides, the inhibition of activities of apoplastic antioxidant enzymes, cell wall-bound POD, diamine oxidase, and polyamine oxidase was observed in salinity-stressed roots of both cultivars. Taken together, cv. Longchun 30 might be more suitable for growing in salinity environment in comparison with Longchun 27.

The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate the determination effect of salt tolerance of five new almond× peach hybrid rootstocks namely hybrid 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 through their vegetative growth parameters and chemical concentrations. This evaluation aimed to recommend these rootstocks for the commercial use. This experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt, during two successive seasons (2018-2019 and 2019- 2020) respectively. Rootstocks chosen for this study included new almond× peach rootstocks which are resistant to nematode. Salinity irrigated water included four levels of NaCl salt which was 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 ppm and the control which was the usual irrigated water. Results cleared that increasing salinity levels led to reduction in all growth parameters including seedling stem diameter, heights, average leaves number and buds per one, leaf area, fresh and dry weights. High salinity levels declined gradually mineral concentrations like N, P, K, Mg%, Fe and Mn ppm. Moreover the highest level of salinity conducted to the highest level of Na and Cl ppm concentrations. Chlorophyll values take the same trend while proline values take the opposite trend with high salinity due to it considered an indicator to high salinity. Moreover, there were differences between rootstocks to salinity tolerance. Hybrid No.5 was the most resistant hybrid to high salinity concentration followed by hybrid No.4 while hybrid No.3 was the least one. Hybrid No.5 reached the highest values of growth parameters and it shared with hybrid No.4 the highest values of N, P and K, Mg concentrations and the highest levels of Fe, Mn, Na and Cl. Chlorophyll values take the same trend with slightly differences with hybrid No.4. On the other hand hybrid No.3 was the least hybrid in all growth measurements, mineral concentration and chlorophyll except proline concentration it recorded the highest value. From the above investigation we can recommend hybrid number5 or hybrid number4 which had the best results compared to other seedlings rootstock under experiment salinity conditions.

Unlike the solubility models relying on the density or dielectric constant of water, a classical and general framework is established for the solubility models of insoluble minerals using the dissolution equilibrium condition and the chemical potentials of the mineral and aqueous species. By analyzing the chemical potential of water and the dissolution equilibrium condition, we found a nearly linear relationship between the logarithms of fugacity and density of water at given temperature or pressure, which can justify previous finding of the approximate linear relation between the logarithms of the mineral solubility (in molality) and water density, and the intrinsic correlation of the solubility models relying on the density or dielectric constant of water. Within the framework, a chemical potential-based classical model is developed for the solubilities of corundum in water based on carefully assessed experimental data in literature at 673.15–1373.15 K and 0.94–20 kbar. It is believed to be valid up to about 30 kbar at 647–1513 K with a much better accuracy than the existing models. By using an activity coefficient term, it is extended to calculate the solubilities of corundum in NaCl and/or SiO 2 solutions. The new model reveals some important changing trends of the corundum solubilities in water: (1) The promoting effect of pressure is profound below about 1073 K or 8 kbar, but becomes quite weak above 1373 K and 10 kbar; (2) Above 10 kbar, the corundum solubility rises dramatically with increasing temperature from about 1273 K, and reaches 0.185 mol kg−1 at 1513.15 K and 20 kbar, so high temperature is decisive in controlling the solubility of Al at depth. In addition, the presence of NaCl and SiO 2 in fluid can enhance the solubility of corundum over one order of magnitude, so it is very favorable for the formation of aluminosilicates. The results mentioned above help to explain the obvious fluid-mediated mobility of Al at depth reflected in natural samples, particularly the veins containing high-Al minerals in regional or ultrahigh pressure metamorphic complexes, where the mobility of Al was much stronger than that geologists knew in the past. The results are also used to analyze the direct contribution of aqueous fluid in the formation of corundum megacrysts in a sapphire deposit. • A new model is developed for corundum solubility in water and aqueous solutions. • The relationship between the logarithms of fugacity and density of water is analyzed. • The accuracy and applicable range of the new model are superior to the past models. • The corundum solubility rises rapidly with T but only slightly with P at high T and P. • The model is used to analyze the genesis of basaltic type corundum megacrysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presented the experimental data for NaCl and KCl solubility in the 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, acetonitrile, and propylene glycol. The solubility values were measured by a laser-based technique at 293.15–313.15 K and the generate data were correlated to some mathematical models and their accuracy was studied by the mean relative deviations for the back-calculated data. Furthermore, the apparent thermodynamic parameters of NaCl and KCl dissolution were also studied according to the van’t Hoff and Gibbs equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eu (III) and Cm (III) uptake by calcium silicate hydrate phases (C–S–H) was investigated in presence of EDTA in NaCl and CaCl 2 solutions. Different experimental parameters, i.e., ionic strength (0.1 m ≤ I 'm ≤ 5.05 m), ligand concentration (10−5 m ≤ [EDTA] ≤ 10−2 m), calcium-to-silicon ratio (0.6 ≤ C/S ≤ 1.3) and sorption time (7 d ≤ t ≤ 365 d) were varied in the frame of batch sorption experiments and Time Resolved Laser Fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) measurements. No effect of EDTA on the retention of Eu(III)/Cm(III) by C–S–H phases in NaCl or CaCl 2 systems was observed at ligand concentrations ≤ 10−3 M. In NaCl solutions with [EDTA] = 10−2 M and C/S < 1.3, low retention (log R d = 2–3, with R d in L∙kg−1) of Eu(III) was detected after 7 d of sorption time, while strong retention (log R d = 5–6) was observed after 50 d. This behaviour was explained by the initial stabilization of Eu(III)/Cm(III) in the aqueous phase due to the formation of two aqueous Eu(III)/Cm(III)-(OH) n -EDTA complexes, followed by the slow incorporation of Eu(III)/Cm(III) into the C–S–H structure. In CaCl 2 solutions for all C/S ratios, as well as in NaCl solutions for C/S ∼ 1.3, the presence of [EDTA] = 10−2 M led to a significant decrease of the uptake (log R d = 2–3) after 7 and 50 d of contact time. This effect was explained by the formation of stable aqueous Ca–Eu(III)/Cm(III)-EDTA complexes triggered by the presence of moderate to high Ca concentrations. No evident effect caused by increased ionic strength conditions could be confirmed in our sorption experiments. Results obtained in batch sorption experiments are underpinned by TRLFS data, with the observation of three main aqueous species, tentatively defined as Cm(OH)(EDTA)2-, Cm(OH) x (EDTA)-(x+1) and Ca–Cm(III)-EDTA, as well as a fourth species corresponding to Cm(III) incorporated in the CaO-layer of the C–S–H phases. In spite of the thermodynamic stability of the CaEDTA2− complex, which reduces the concentration of free EDTA, the formation of ternary Ca–Eu(III)/Cm(III)-EDTA complexes is expected to result in a significant impact of EDTA on the uptake of An (III)/Ln (III) by cement at high ligand concentrations. The assumption that Ca outcompetes actinides for the complexation with EDTA in cementitious systems may need to be revisited under these conditions. [Display omitted] • Significant reduction of the sorption of Eu(III)/Cm(III) on C–S–H phases by EDTA (>10−3 M) in Ca containing systems. • No significant effect of the total ionic strength observed. Rather, the Ca concentration plays a key role. • Formation of very stable ternary (Ca–Eu(III)/Cm(III)-EDTA) species effectively stabilizes Eu(III)/Cm(III) in solution. • Clear identification of the different Cm(III) species using Time Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of basic amino acids (Lysine, Arginine, Histidine) on the formation of total heterocyclic amines (HAs) was investigated in fried beef patties at 1% NaCl level. Different levels of basic amino acids (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%) significantly inhibited the formation of the total and individual HAs at 1% NaCl, and the inhibitory effect was more effective than 3% NaCl (6.19 ng/g, 26.93% inhibition) (P < 0.05). Lys at 1% reduced total HAs the most (2.46 ng/g, 70.88% inhibition), followed by 1% His (2.79 ng/g, 67.03% inhibition) and 1% Arg (3.43 ng/g, 59.51% inhibition). Compared to the 3% NaCl, the quality characteristics (moisture content, frying loss, texture profile, and color) of the fried beef patties were significantly improved when basic amino acids were added at 1% NaCl (P < 0.05). The lipid oxidation of fried beef patties was significantly inhibited by 1% Arg and 1% Lys at 1% NaCl level (P < 0.05). The results indicated that basic amino acids could inhibit the formation of total HAs while maintaining the quality of meat products at low NaCl condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia largely indicate central nervous system dysfunction. Acute hypernatremia can cause demyelinating lesions similar to that observed in osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). We have previously demonstrated that microglia accumulate in ODS lesions and minocycline protects against ODS by inhibiting microglial activation. However, the direct effect of rapid rise in the sodium concentrations on microglia is largely unknown. In addition, the effect of chronic hypernatremia on microglia also remains elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of acute (6 or 24 h) and chronic (the extracellular sodium concentration was increased gradually for at least 7 days) high sodium concentrations on microglia using the microglial cell line, BV-2. We found that both acute and chronic high sodium concentrations increase NOS2 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production. We also demonstrated that the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells-5 (NFAT5) is increased by high sodium concentrations. Furthermore, NFAT5 knockdown suppressed NOS2 expression and NO production. We also demonstrated that high sodium concentrations decreased intracellular Ca2+ concentration and an inhibitor of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCX, suppressed a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and NOS2 expression and NO production induced by high sodium concentrations. Furthermore, minocycline inhibited NOS2 expression and NO production induced by high sodium concentrations. These in vitro data suggest that microglial activity in response to high sodium concentrations is regulated by NFAT5 and Ca2+ efflux through NCX and is suppressed by minocycline. • High [Na+] increase NOS2 expression and NO production in microglia. • This effect of high [Na+] depends on NFAT5 and Ca2+ efflux. • Minocycline inhibits NOS2 expression and NO production due to high [Na+]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of halophytes in conjunction with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has been found to enhance the removal efficacy of heavy metals and salts in heavy metals contaminated saline soil. The mechanisms of AM fungi on promoting halophyte growth and regulating metabolism remain unclear. In this study, combinations of 0 g kg−1 NaCl and 3 mg kg−1 Cd (S0Cd3), 6 g kg−1 NaCl and 3 mg kg−1 Cd (S6Cd3), and 12 g kg−1 NaCl and 3 mg kg−1 Cd (S12Cd3) were employed to explore the impact of Funneliformis mosseae on the growth and metabolism of Suaeda salsa. The results showed that AM fungi increased the biomass and the P, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ accumulations, reduced the Cd and Na+ concentrations in S0Cd3 and S6Cd3, and increased the Cd concentrations in S12Cd3. AM fungi inoculation reduced the Cd and Na+ transfer factors and increased the Cd and Na+ accumulations in S6Cd3. The metabolomics of S6Cd3 showed that AM fungi upregulated the expression of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan and 3-indoleacid acid in tryptophan metabolism, potentially acting as crucial antioxidants enabling plants to actively cope with abiotic stresses. AM fungi upregulated the expression of arbutin in glycolysis process, enhancing the plants' osmoregulation capacity. AM fungi upregulated the expression of 2-hydroxycinnamic acid in phenylalanine metabolism and dopaquinone in tyrosine metabolism. These two metabolites help effectively remove reactive oxygen species. Correspondingly, AM fungi decreased MDA content and increased soluble sugar content. These results indicate that AM fungi improve the stress resistance of S. salsa by increasing nutrient uptake and regulating physiological and metabolic changes. [Display omitted] • AMF increased biomass, nutrient elements and toxic ions accumulations of Suaeda salsa. • AMF upregulated the expression of amino acid and phytohormone-related metabolites. • AM fungi activated glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is among the most widely used aromatic plants of Lamiaceae, often grown in areas where salinity is an adverse factor. Most studies on the effect of salinity on basil focused on the influence of salt stress on productive traits, while few reported on how it affects the phytochemical composition and the aroma profile. Three basil cultivars (Dark Opal, Italiano Classico, and Purple Ruffles) were grown hydroponically for 34 days with two nutrient solutions that differed in NaCl concentration [no NaCl (Control) and 60 mM NaCl]. Yield, secondary metabolite concentration (β-carotene and lutein), antioxidant activity [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP)], and aroma profile based on composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were appraised in response to salinity applications. Salt stress significantly reduced fresh yield in Italiano Classico and Dark Opal by 43.34 and 31.69%, respectively, while no effect was observed in Purple Ruffles. Furthermore, the salt-stress treatment increased β-carotene and lutein concentrations, DPPH, and FRAP activities, and the total nitrogen content of the latter cultivar. CG-MS analysis revealed significant differences in VOCs composition of the basil cultivars, with Italiano Classico and Dark Opal characterized by the predominance of linalool (average 37.52%), which, however, was negatively affected by salinity. In Purple Ruffles, the predominant VOC compound, estragole (79.50%), was not affected by the deleterious effects of NaCl-induced stress.

Soybean is an important oil crop with multiple uses. Soybeans can grow in various soil types and climates; however, salt stress reduces their yield. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms are an environmentally benign way to combat stress and boost plant tolerance. In the present study, we have identified plant growth-promoting bacteria that can produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and induce distinct growth characteristics in soybean plants under salt stress. The YNA40 isolate was identified as Acinetobacter pittii through 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A pure culture of Acinetobacter pittii YNA40 was subjected to chromatographic and mass spectrometry selected-ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) for IAA quantification. The results revealed that the YNA40 bacterial strain showed a significantly higher IAA concentration (473.88 ng/mL) at 4% sodium chloride (NaCl). Moreover, in a salt-stress condition, inoculation with Acinetobacter pittii YNA40 was able to induce increased shoot length (23.48%), shoot weight (24%), root length (2.47%), and root weight (44.82%) compared to the uninoculated control. Therefore, soybean seedlings were inoculated with YNA40 to examine their potential for promoting growth and reprogramming after salt stress. Inoculation with YNA40 isolates mitigated the salt stress and significantly improved the growth of the plant, enhanced the chlorophyll contents, and improved the quantum efficiency of chlorophyll fluorescence, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, the diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity, and antioxidant activities of soybean plants during and after salt stress. The present research demonstrated that the application of the YNA40 isolate is promising for reducing salt stress in soybean plants and helps plants grow better in a salt-stressed environment.

The mean ionic activity coefficients of NaCl in the system {yNaCl + (1 − y) NaH2PO4}(aq) were determined by electromotive force measurements (EMF) in two series in which the NaCl ionic strength fraction was as follows: I series, y = (0.2368; 0.3101; 0.4101; 0.5051; 0.6090; 0.7775; 0.9039) and II series, y = (0.1998; 0.4005; 0.5993; 0.8105) in the range of total ionic strength of the solution Im = (0.0887–1.0081) mol·kg−1 at a temperature T = 298.15 K. A cell of the Na–ISE∣NaCl(mNaCl)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${\text{NaCl}(m}_{\text{NaCl}})$$\end{document}, NaH2PO4(mNaH2PO4)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${\text{Na}}{\text{H}_{2}\text{PO}}_{4}{(m}_{{\text{Na}}{\text{H}_{2}\text{PO}}_{4}})$$\end{document}∣Ag∣AgCl type was utilized for the EMF measurements. The standard electrode potential of the electrode pair was estimated as E0 = 23.2288 mV. The values of the mean ionic activity coefficient of NaCl in the mixed electrolyte solution, γ±NaCl\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${\gamma }_{\pm \text{NaCl}}$$\end{document}, were determined using the Nerst equation. The experimental results from this study were treated with the models proposed by Pitzer, Clegg and Scatchard to estimate the mixture parameters. A high degree of agreement was found between the experimental and calculated values of the mean ionic activity coefficients of NaCl with an average standard deviation of fit being s.d.γ±∼\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$\text{s}.\text{d}.\left({\gamma }_{\pm }\right)\sim$$\end{document} 2.5·10–3 for each of the three models. The values of the osmotic coefficients of the system {yNaCl + (1 − y)NaH2PO4}(aq) were estimated based on the determined model parameters and compared with literature data. Negligible differences were found between the estimated and experimental values of the osmotic coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The dual effects on the heavy metal adsorption by NaCl correlated to its content. • The NaCl directly competed with PbCl 2 for the adsorption by forming NaAlSiO 4. • The eutectic melting effectively compensates for the competitive adsorption by NaCl. • The adsorption efficiency of PbCl 2 increased by 17.22% with 2.5% NaCl loaded. The effect of alkali metals on the heavy metals capture by aluminosilicates during the combustion of solid wastes was not unified. In the experiment of PbCl 2 adsorption by montmorillonite at 900 ℃, the influence of alkali metals on the adsorption behavior was quantitatively analyzed by loading different contents of NaCl. It was found that the loaded NaCl has dual effects on the heavy metal adsorption properties by montmorillonite at 900 ℃, and the effects were highly correlated with the amount of NaCl loaded. On one hand, the loaded NaCl will directly compete with PbCl 2 for the reactive sites of montmorillonite at high temperatures by forming NaAlSiO 4. On the other hand, an appropriate addition of NaCl will cause the eutectic melting and change the physical characteristics of sorbent. Both of them jointly influence the adsorption behavior of PbCl 2 , and the results are highly correlated with the NaCl content. After 2.5% NaCl was loaded to montmorillonite, the eutectic melting helped expose more reactive sites for the high-temperature adsorption, which can effectively compensate for the limited competitive adsorption. In this work, the adsorption efficiency of PbCl 2 increased from 25.11% to 42.33% when 2.5% NaCl was doped, with the percentage of chemisorption also increased from 38.26% to 66.82%. However, the adsorption efficiency decreased to 30.85% and 21.18% when 5% and 10% NaCl was loaded due to the excessive occupancy of adsorption sites. This work aimed to provide a quantitative analysis of the effect of alkali metals on the high-temperature adsorption of heavy metals, which may help capture more heavy metals when faced with alkali metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, artificial ground freezing (AGF) technology is utilized to guarantee tunnel safety during construction. However, the soil structure changes significantly after freeze-thaw, resulting in uneven deformation of the tunnel under traffic loading from subway vibration. To solve this problem effectively, it is necessary to consider the combined impact of freeze-thaw, salt, and traffic loading damage that marine soft soil must withstand simultaneously. For this reason, cyclic triaxial test and NMR test were performed on the silty clay saturated with NaCl solution in this study. The influence of three main factors on dynamic properties has been thoroughly investigated, namely freeze-thaw, salt content, and confining pressure. According to cyclic triaxial test, the shape of the hysteresis loop of the specimens after freeze-thaw changed more significantly with increasing loading cycles. The dynamic elastic modulus was weakened by freeze-thaw, while improved by the addition of NaCl. Damping ratio was consistent with the dynamic elastic modulus law. It was worth noting that the different freezing temperatures (−10 °C, −20 °C and − 30 °C) had only a slight impact on dynamic elastic modulus, as well as damping ratio. Mathematical models were proposed to forecast the dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio regarding marine soft clay. NMR test indicated that the addition of salt made the internal pore environment of the specimens tend to be consistent and enhanced the water-solid interaction. The increase in porosity resulted in the decrease in dynamic elastic modulus. The results have provided valuable insights into the mechanical characteristics of marine soft clay when AGF technology is applied. • The influence of the freeze-thaw conditions, salt content and confining pressure on dynamic properties of NaCl soil were investigated. • The dynamic elastic modulus of NaCl soil was predicted by considering the coupling effect of different factors. • The microscopic mechanism affected by salt content on dynamic properties was revealed by the NMR test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-incompatibility (SI) is an important genetic mechanism exploited by numerous angiosperm species to prevent inbreeding. This mechanism has been widely used in the breeding of SI trilinear hybrids of Brassica napus. The SI responses in these hybrids can be overcome by using a salt (NaCl) solution, which is used for seed propagation in SI lines. However, the mechanism underlying the NaCl-induced breakdown of the SI response in B. napus remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of two key proteins, BnaPLDα1 and BnaMPK6, in the breakdown of SI induced by NaCl. Pollen grain germination and seed set were reduced in BnaPLDα1 triple mutants following incompatible pollination with NaCl treatment. Conversely, SI responses were partially abolished by overexpression of BnaC05.PLDα1 without salt treatment. Furthermore, we observed that phosphatidic acid (PA) produced by BnaPLDα1 bound to B. napus BnaMPK6. The suppression and enhancement of the NaCl-induced breakdown of the SI response in B. napus were observed in BnaMPK6 quadruple mutants and BnaA05.MPK6 overexpression lines, respectively. Moreover, salt-induced stigmatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation had a minimal effect on the NaCl-induced breakdown of the SI response. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the essential role of the BnaPLDα1-PA-BnaMPK6 pathway in overcoming the SI response to salt treatment in SI B. napus. Additionally, our study provides new insights into the relationship between SI signaling and salt stress response. A new molecular mechanism underlying the breakdown of the NaCl-induced self-incompatibility (SI) response in B. napus has been discovered. It involves the induction of BnaPLDα1 expression by NaCl, followed by the activation of BnaMPK6 through the production of phosphatidic acid (PA) by BnaPLDα1. Ultimately, this pathway leads to the breakdown of SI. The involvement of the BnaPLDα1-PA-BnaMPK6 pathway in overcoming the SI response following NaCl treatment provides new insights into the relationship between SI signalling and the response to salt stress. • BnaPLD1 positively regulates salt-breaking the SI response. • PA produced by BnaPLD1 bound to BnaMPK6, and BnaMPK6 positively regulates salt-breaking the SI response. • BnaPLDα1-PA-BnaMPK6 pathway is essential for salt-breaking the SI response in B.napus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The texture of soybean protein-based products is primarily influenced by the aggregation and gel morphology of the protein, which is modulated by manufacturing factors. Interactions involved in protein morphology changes include disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. Notably, an interaction perspective probably provides a new way to explaining the aggregation and gel morphology, which could help overcome the hurdle of developing a textured product. Based on the interaction perspective, this review provides detailed information and evidence on aggregation, conformational stability, and gel network morphology of soybean protein and its components induced by pH, NaCl, and temperature. pH-induced electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds, NaCl-induced electrostatic interactions, and temperature-induced hydrophobic interactions and disulfide linkages are the main motivations responsible for changes in soybean aggregation and gel morphology. By reducing the proportion of strong-interactions, such as disulfide linkages and hydrophobic interactions, and increasing the proportion of weak-interactions, such as electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds, the protein total surface area expands, indicating increased conformational stretching and decreased cohesion. This possibly results in reduced hardness and increased toughness of textured proteins. The opposite effect can be observed when the proportion of strong interactions is increased and that of weak interactions is decreased. • Interactions influence protein cohesion, aggregation, and gel morphology. • Electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds are motivations in pH-induced aggregation. • Electrostatic interaction is the motivation in NaCl-induced aggregation. • Hydrophobic interaction and disulfide bonds are motivations in thermal-induced aggregation. • Aggregation and gel morphology are crucial in texture regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess sodium chloride (NaCl) in soil causes several secondary stresses for plants. The plant-specific vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) plays a positive role in regulating stress-induced cell death. Here, we observed that NaCl treatment leads to a significant increase in cell death and upregulation of MhVPEγ expression in Malus hupehensis roots. Meanwhile, we also identified a C2H2-type transcription factor upstream of MhVPEγ , MhZAT10L, which positively regulated MhVPEγ transcription. The transcription of MhZAT10L was induced by NaCl. And genetic experiments using transgenic Malus hupehensis roots and apple calli showed that the suppression of MhZAT10L decreased their sensitivity to NaCl, as well as mitigated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and MhVPEγ expression induced by NaCl. Conversely, the overexpression of MhZAT10L enhanced their sensitivity to NaCl, accelerated ROS generation, and promoted cell death by directly activating MhVPEγ transcription. Overall, our findings indicate that MhZAT10L positively regulates NaCl-induced cell death by activating MhVPEγ transcription. • NaCl induces cell death by activating MhVPEγ in Malus hupehensis. • MhZAT10L encodes a C2H2-type transcription factor and is induced by NaCl. • MhZAT10L directly activates MhVPEγ transcription. • MhZAT10L promotes NaCl-induced cell death in Malus hupehensis and apple calli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The proteome of MPs in NaCl and KCl solutions was comapred by 4D DIA proteomics. • NaCl facilitated solubilization of cytoskeletal, stromal, and biochemical proteins. • No significant difference was observed in the extraction of sarcomeric proteins. • Proteomic analysis uncovered the affinity interaction between ion and protein. Understanding the basic solubilization of fish myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in common monovalent chloride solutions is crucial for muscle food processing. In this study, the differential proteomic profiles of MPs during extraction and solubilization in NaCl and KCl solutions were investigated by using advanced four-dimensional data-independent acquisition (4D DIA) quantitative proteomics for the first time. Compared to routine biochemical analysis, this could provide insights into the solubilization of muscle proteins. We ensure the consistency of the effective ionic strength of NaCl and KCl buffers by adjusting the conductivity. The results showed that NaCl extractor mainly facilitated the solubilization of cytoskeletal proteins, biochemical enzymes, and stromal proteins compared to KCl, such as tubulin, myosin-9, collagen, plectin, protein phosphatase, and cathepsin D. However, no significant difference was observed in the extraction of major sarcomeric proteins, including myosin, actin, troponin C, myosin-binding protein C, M−Protein, α-actinin-3, and tropomyosin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary salinization caused by climate change is a growing global problem. Searching for plants that can survive in areas with high salt content and even have decorative value was the focus of our research. Thirty plants of Limonium gmelinii subsp. hungaricum were planted in clear river sand; another thirty plants were planted in Pindstrup, a growing substrate enriched with 40% clay. With the latter, we modeled the natural soil. In addition to the control tap-water treatment, plants received 50, 125, 250, 375, and 500 mM NaCl solution irrigation twice a week. The leaf sizes of plants planted in sand decreased proportionally with the increasing NaCl concentration, and their dry matter content increased. In the clay-containing medium, leaf sizes increased, even at a concentration of 375 mM, although the dry matter content increased only at high concentrations. Carotene content in both media became higher, due to the higher NaCl concentrations, while proline content in the plants grown in sandy media increased, even with the 125 mM concentration. With our present experiment we proved the salt tolerance of the taxon, and even the soil’s great importance in supporting the plant’s salt tolerance.