857 results on '"cancer immunity"'
Search Results
402. The Diverse Roles of γδ T Cells in Cancer: From Rapid Immunity to Aggressive Lymphoma.
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Schönefeldt, Susann, Wais, Tamara, Herling, Marco, Mustjoki, Satu, Bekiaris, Vasileios, Moriggl, Richard, and Neubauer, Heidi A.
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NEOPLASTIC cell transformation , *MOLECULAR pathology , *IMMUNITY , *HEMATOLOGIC malignancies , *LYMPHOCYTIC leukemia , *GENOMICS , *T cells , *TUMORS , *T-cell lymphoma , *IMMUNOTHERAPY , *SYMPTOMS - Abstract
Simple Summary: γδ T cells play important roles in cancer immunity. Their rapid activation and cytotoxic nature make them promising candidates for use in cell-based immunotherapies; however, under certain conditions, they can induce pro-tumour functions. Furthermore, upon transformation, γδ T cells can develop into aggressive lymphomas with a poor prognosis and no curative therapeutic options. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge on the complex roles of γδ T cells in cancer. We discuss their anti- and pro-tumour functions in both solid and blood cancers, highlighting the key subsets involved and their potential utility in anti-cancer immunotherapy. We also discuss the mechanisms of γδ T-cell transformation, summarising the resulting γδ T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma entities and their genetic and molecular profiles, as well as current and future treatment strategies. γδ T cells are unique players in shaping immune responses, lying at the intersection between innate and adaptive immunity. Unlike conventional αβ T cells, γδ T cells largely populate non-lymphoid peripheral tissues, demonstrating tissue specificity, and they respond to ligands in an MHC-independent manner. γδ T cells display rapid activation and effector functions, with a capacity for cytotoxic anti-tumour responses and production of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ or IL-17. Their rapid cytotoxic nature makes them attractive cells for use in anti-cancer immunotherapies. However, upon transformation, γδ T cells can give rise to highly aggressive lymphomas. These rare malignancies often display poor patient survival, and no curative therapies exist. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of γδ T cells in immune surveillance and response, with a particular focus on cancer immunity. We summarise the intriguing dichotomy between pro- and anti-tumour functions of γδ T cells in solid and haematological cancers, highlighting the key subsets involved. Finally, we discuss potential drivers of γδ T-cell transformation, summarising the main γδ T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia entities, their clinical features, recent advances in mapping their molecular and genomic landscapes, current treatment strategies and potential future targeting options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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403. Direct and Indirect Effect of TGFβ on Treg Transendothelial Recruitment in HCC Tissue Microenvironment.
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Dituri, Francesco, Mancarella, Serena, Serino, Grazia, Chaoul, Nada, Lupo, Luigi Giovanni, Villa, Erica, Fabregat, Isabel, and Giannelli, Gianluigi
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REGULATORY T cells , *TRANSFORMING growth factors-beta , *GENE expression , *FIBROBLASTS , *TH1 cells , *MYOFIBROBLASTS , *CANCER cell physiology , *MONONUCLEAR leukocytes - Abstract
The balance between anti-tumor and tumor-promoting immune cells, such as CD4+ Th1 and regulatory T cells (Tregs), respectively, is assumed to dictate the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) markedly shapes the HCC microenvironment, regulating the activation state of multiple leukocyte subsets and driving the differentiation of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The fibrotic (desmoplastic) reaction in HCC tissue strongly depends on CAFs activity. In this study, we attempted to assess the role of TGFβ on transendothelial migration of Th1-oriented and Treg-oriented CD4+ T cells via a direct or indirect, CAF-mediated mechanisms, respectively. We found that the blockage of TGFβ receptor I-dependent signaling in Tregs resulted in impaired transendothelial migration (TEM) of these cells. Interestingly, the secretome of TGFβ-treated CAFs inhibited the TEM of Tregs but not Th1 cells, in comparison to the secretome of untreated CAFs. In addition, we found a significant inverse correlation between alpha-SMA and FoxP3 (marker of Tregs) mRNA expression in a microarray analysis involving 78 HCCs, thus suggesting that TGFβ-activated stromal cells may counteract the trafficking of Tregs into the tumor. The apparent dual behavior of TGFβ as both pro- and anti-tumorigenic cytokines may add a further level of complexity to the mechanisms that regulate the interactions among cancerous, stromal, and immune cells within HCC, as well as other solid tumors, and contribute to better manipulation of the TGFβ signaling as a therapeutic target in HCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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404. Dendritic cells and innate defense against tumor cells
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Ullrich, Evelyn, Ménard, Cédric, Flament, Caroline, Terme, Magali, Mignot, Grégoire, Bonmort, Mathieu, Plumas, Jöel, Chaperot, Laurence, Chaput, Nathalie, and Zitvogel, Laurence
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DENDRITIC cells , *IMMUNE response , *ONCOGENES , *T cells , *CYTOKINES , *ANTIGENS , *COMMUNICABLE diseases - Abstract
Abstract: Tumor growth results from a delicate balance between intrinsic dysregulation of oncogenes, tumor suppressor and stability genes counteracted by extrinsic defenses composed of immune cells shaping tumor immunogenicity. Although immune subversion might be the ultimate outcome of this process, a complex network of cellular interactions take place eventually leading to tumor specific cognate immune responses. The links between innate and cognate antitumor immunity eliciting protective T cell responses are instigated by cytokines, chemokines and damage associated molecular patterns. The intricate differentiation pathway whereby dendritic cells could undergo an efficient maturation program in the tumor microenvironment appears crucial. We will discuss the role of innate effectors and cancer therapies in the process of defense against tumor cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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405. Dendritic cells and cytokines in immune rejection of cancer
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Ferrantini, Maria, Capone, Imerio, and Belardelli, Filippo
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DENDRITIC cells , *CYTOKINES , *CANCER , *COMMUNICABLE diseases , *IMMUNITY , *ANTIGEN-antibody reactions - Abstract
Abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in linking innate and adaptive immunity and, thus, in the generation of a protective immune response against both infectious diseases and tumors. The ability of DCs to prime and expand an immune response is regulated by signals acting through soluble mediators, mainly cytokines and chemokines. Understanding how cytokines influence DC functions and orchestrate the interactions of DCs with other immune cells is strictly instrumental to the progress in cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we will illustrate how certain cytokines and immune stimulating molecules can induce and sustain the antitumor immune response by acting on DCs. We will also discuss these cytokine–DC interactions in the light of clinical results in cancer patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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406. TLR7 and TLR8 as targets in cancer therapy.
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Schön, M P and Schön, M
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CANCER research , *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *SKIN tumors , *CYTOKINES , *DENDRITIC cells - Abstract
Small-molecule agonists at Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 have sparked a vivid interest in cancer research owing to their profound antitumoral activity. The lead compound of the imidazoquinoline family, imiquimod, is marketed as a topical formulation. It is efficacious against many primary skin tumors and cutaneous metastases. Using different imidazoquinoline species, distinct functions of TLR7 and TLR8 have been discovered. The predominant antitumoral mode of action of these agents is TLR7/8-mediated activation of the central transcription factor nuclear factor-κB, which leads to induction of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Cutaneous dendritic cells are the primary responsive cell type and initiate a strong Th1-weighted antitumoral cellular immune response. Recent research has shown that dendritic cells themselves acquire direct antitumoral activity upon stimulation by imiquimod. In addition, there are a number of secondary effects on the molecular and cellular level that can be explained through the activation of TLR7/8. The proinflammatory activity of imiquimod, but not resiquimod, appears to be augmented by suppression of a regulatory mechanism, which normally limits inflammatory responses. This is achieved independently of TLR7/8 through interference with adenosine receptor signaling pathways. Finally, at higher concentrations imiquimod exerts Bcl-2- and caspase-dependent proapoptotic activity against tumor cells.Oncogene (2008) 27, 190–199; doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210913 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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407. Molecular characteristics of immunogenic cancer cell death.
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Tesniere, A., Panaretakis, T., Kepp, O., Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Zitvogel, L., and Kroemer, G.
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CANCER cells , *CELL death , *APOPTOSIS , *DNA damage , *IMMUNE system , *ENDOPLASMIC reticulum - Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is initiated by a morphologically homogenous entity that was considered to be non-immunogenic and non-inflammatory in nature. However, recent advances suggest that apoptosis, under certain circumstances, can be immunogenic. In particular, some characteristics of the plasma membrane, acquired at preapoptotic stage, can cause immune effectors to recognize and attack preapoptotic tumor cells. The signals that mediate the immunogenicity of tumor cells involve elements of the DNA damage response (such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated and p53 activation), elements of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (such as eukaryotic initiation factor 2α phosphorylation), as well as elements of the apoptotic response (such as caspase activation). Depending on the signal-transduction pathway, tumor cells responding to chemotherapy or radiotherapy can express ‘danger’ and ‘eat me’ signals on the cell surface (such as NKG2D ligands, heat-shock proteins and calreticulin) or can secrete/release immunostimulatory factors (such as cytokines and high-mobility group box 1) to stimulate innate immune effectors. Likewise, the precise sequence of such events influences the ‘decision’ of the immune system to mount a cognate response or not. We therefore anticipate that the comprehension of the mechanisms governing the immunogenicity of cell death will have a profound impact on the design of anticancer therapies.Cell Death and Differentiation (2008) 15, 3–12; doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402269; published online 16 November 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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408. Potential functional role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in cancer immunity.
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Kim, Ryungsa, Emi, Manabu, Tanabe, Kazuaki, and Arihiro, Koji
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DENDRITIC cells , *IMMUNOREGULATION , *TUMOR antigens , *CANCER , *PATHOLOGY - Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), as well as myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), have a dual role not only in initiating immune responses but also in inducing tolerance to exogenous and endogenous antigens. Tumour antigens originate from endogenous self-antigens, which are poorly immunogenic and also subject to change during tumour progression. In general, tumour antigens derived from apoptotic cells are captured by immature mDCs, antigen presentation by which is most likely to result in immune tolerance. In contrast, tumour antigens may be taken up by pDCs through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) via receptor-mediated endocytosis. TLR9-dependent activation of pDCs results in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12 and type I interferons (IFNs) through a MyD88-dependent pathway. Type I IFNs also activate mDCs for T-cell priming. Although pDCs recruited to the tumour site are implicated in facilitating tumour growth via immune suppression, they can be released from the tumour as a result of cell death caused by primary systemic chemotherapy, and can then be activated through TLR9. Thus, synergistically with mDCs, pDCs may also play a crucial role in mediating cancer immunity. In this review, the potential functional duality and plasticity of pDCs mediated by TLR9 ligation in cancer immunity will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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409. Suppression of anti-cancer immunity by regulatory T cells: Back to the future
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Orentas, Rimas J., Kohler, M. Eric, and Johnson, Bryon D.
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CANCER immunology , *T cells , *IMMUNOTHERAPY , *SUPPRESSOR cells - Abstract
Abstract: Suppressor/regulatory T cells were first shown to have an impact on cancer progression in experimental tumor models during the 1970s. However, the lack of specific markers hindered mechanistic investigations, and skepticism grew in the scientific community due to variability in cell populations and reported functions. The identification of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells has generated a great deal of renewed interest in cells that have immune regulatory properties. This article will provide a brief historical review of suppressor T cells and cancer, experimental and clinical evidence that CD4+CD25+ natural regulatory T cells play a role in cancer progression, and briefly discuss current strategies to inhibit these cells in an effort to enhance cancer immunotherapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2006
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410. CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORK MODELS OF GROWTH AND IMMUNE OF EFFECTOR CELLS RESPONSE TO CANCER.
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YONGMEI SU and LEQUAN MIN
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CANCER cells , *IMMUNE response , *ARTIFICIAL neural networks , *DIFFERENTIAL equations , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
Four reaction-diffusion cellular neural network (R-D CNN) models are set up based on the differential equation models for the growths of effector cells and cancer cells, and the model of the immune response to cancer proposed by Allison et al. The CNN models have different reaction-diffusion coefficients and coupling parameters. The R-D CNN models may provide possible quantitative interpretations, and are good in agreement with the in vitro experiment data reported by Allison et al. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
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411. TIGIT: A Key Inhibitor of the Cancer Immunity Cycle
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Jane L. Grogan, Nicholas A. Manieri, and Eugene Y. Chiang
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0301 basic medicine ,Immunity, Cellular ,biology ,T-Lymphocytes ,Immunology ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Cancer immunity ,03 medical and health sciences ,Therapeutic approach ,030104 developmental biology ,Immune system ,Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors ,TIGIT ,Antigen ,Immunity ,Neoplasms ,biology.protein ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Immunotherapy ,Receptors, Immunologic ,Antibody ,Receptor - Abstract
Immunotherapies that harness the activity of the immune system against tumors are proving to be an effective therapeutic approach in multiple malignancies. Indeed, through accumulation of genetic mutations, many tumors express antigens that can potentially elicit specific tumor immunity. However, tumors can also suppress these responses by activating negative regulatory pathways and checkpoints such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. Blocking these checkpoints on T cells has provided dramatic clinical benefit, but only a subset of patients exhibit clear and durable responses, suggesting that other mechanisms must be limiting the immune response. We discuss here the role of TIGIT, an inhibitory receptor expressed by lymphocytes, in limiting antitumor responses and we review its mechanisms of action during the cancer immunity cycle.
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- 2017
412. Antibodies and vaccines–hope or illusion?
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Jäger, Dirk and Knuth, Alexander
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BREAST cancer treatment ,IMMUNOTHERAPY ,IMMUNE response ,MONOCLONAL antibodies ,ONCOGENES - Abstract
Summary: The search for target molecules on tumor cells eliciting strong immune responses in cancer patients has been pursued over decades. Growth factors and their respective receptors were discovered as suitable targets for passive or active immunotherapy approaches. Monoclonal antibodies directed against some of these targets like the proto-oncogene HER2/neu have become an accepted standard of therapy in the clinical management of subgroups of HER2/neu overexpressing breast cancer patients and in other malignancies. Antibodies against multiple other target molecules like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), etc., are explored in ongoing trials in order to enter clinical practice in the near future. More recently, potent techniques have been developed to identify cancer antigens eliciting spontaneous immune responses in cancer patients. Cancer vaccination strategies targeting some of these cancer antigens have also been developed, and are maturing for clinical application. With reliable immunomonitoring techniques in place it has been shown that vaccination with some of these cancer antigens may induce strong integrated (humoral and cellular) immune responses in antigen-positive cancer patients. A prominent example is the cancer testis (CT-) antigen NY-ESO-1, which is expressed in 30% of all breast cancers. NY-ESO-1 is one of the most immunogenic human cancer antigens known to date. The aim of ongoing clinical trials is to induce or augment preexisting immune responses in cancer patients with strong NY-ESO-1 positive disease. There is preliminary evidence that patients with strong NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses have more favorable courses of disease. In several clinical phase I trials targeting HER2/neu it was shown that antigen-specific T cell responses could be induced. Another new cancer antigen explored for cancer vaccination is the breast differentiation antigen NY-BR-1, expressed in 70% of all tested primary breast cancers. Although this cancer antigen is still in preclinical testing, its strong and restricted pattern of expression in breast cancer makes it a promising target for clinical development. For all cancer vaccines there is mounting evidence that the stage of disease to be targeted is minimal residual disease or in adjuvant settings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2005
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413. Antibiotic-induced Dysbiosis as a Putative Actionable Driver of Cancer Immunity in Renal Cell Carcinoma
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David J. Pinato
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0303 health sciences ,Bacteria ,business.industry ,medicine.drug_class ,Urology ,Antibiotics ,MEDLINE ,Cancer immunity ,medicine.disease ,Kidney Neoplasms ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Renal cell carcinoma ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,medicine ,Cancer research ,Dysbiosis ,Humans ,Immunotherapy ,business ,Carcinoma, Renal Cell ,030304 developmental biology - Published
- 2020
414. MP18-09 ROLE FOR THE ECTONUCLEOTIDASE CD39
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Tetsushi Murakami, Shinya Morita, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Kimiharu Takamatsu, Takeo Kosaka, Toshikazu Takeda, Kyohei Hakozaki, Youta Yasumizu, Hiroshi Asanmua, Kazuhiro Matsumoto, Mototsugu Oya, Shuji Mikami, and Ryuichi Mizuno
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biology ,business.industry ,Urology ,Cancer immunity ,medicine.disease ,Adenosine ,Clear cell renal cell carcinoma ,PD-L1 ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Cancer research ,Extracellular ,Ectonucleotidase ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Extracellular adenosine generates a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment in solid tumors. The ectonucleotidases, CD39 and CD73, are important factors in adenosine pr...
- Published
- 2020
415. HDL and the golden key to cancer immunity?
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Bhaumik D, Thaxton Cs, and Michael P. Plebanek
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Cancer Research ,business.industry ,Cholesterol ,scavenger receptor type B-1 ,cholesterol ,ATP-binding cassette transporter ,Cancer immunity ,high-density lipoprotein ,myeloid derived suppressor cell ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Editorial ,High-density lipoprotein ,Oncology ,chemistry ,Cancer research ,Key (cryptography) ,Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cell ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2018
416. RNA binding protein PCBP1 is an intracellular immune checkpoint for shaping T cell responses in cancer immunity
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Supinya Iamsawat, Dongjun Chung, Philip H. Howe, Jin Hyun Nam, Caroline C. Philpott, Xue-Zhong Yu, Chrystal M. Paulos, Huai-Cheng Huang, Brian Riesenberg, Michelle H. Nelson, Bei Liu, Davis Borucki, Ephraim A. Ansa-Addo, and Zihai Li
- Subjects
T cell ,Immunology ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Cancer immunity ,RNA-binding protein ,Biology ,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ,Lymphocyte Activation ,T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating ,TIGIT ,Neoplasms ,medicine ,Humans ,Research Articles ,030304 developmental biology ,Cancer ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Effector ,fungi ,food and beverages ,RNA-Binding Proteins ,SciAdv r-articles ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Immune checkpoint ,Cell biology ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,bacteria ,human activities ,Intracellular ,Research Article - Abstract
RNA binding protein PCBP1 guards effector and antitumor T cell functions., Distinct lineages of T cells can act in response to various environmental cues to either drive or restrict immune-mediated pathology. Here, we identify the RNA binding protein, poly(C)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) as an intracellular immune checkpoint that is up-regulated in activated T cells to prevent conversion of effector T (Teff) cells into regulatory T (Treg) cells, by restricting the expression of Teff cell–intrinsic Treg commitment programs. This was critical for stabilizing Teff cell functions and subverting immune-suppressive signals. T cell–specific deletion of Pcbp1 favored Treg cell differentiation, enlisted multiple inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules including PD-1, TIGIT, and VISTA on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and blunted antitumor immunity. Our results demonstrate a critical role for PCBP1 as an intracellular immune checkpoint for maintaining Teff cell functions in cancer immunity.
- Published
- 2019
417. The gut microbiome: an unexpected player in cancer immunity
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Ze'ev Ronai, Linda M. Bradley, and Scott N. Peterson
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0301 basic medicine ,General Neuroscience ,Microbiota ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Cancer immunity ,Disease ,Biology ,Gut flora ,biology.organism_classification ,digestive system ,Disease etiology ,Gut microbiome ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Immunity ,Neoplasms ,Immunology ,Humans ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Numerous independent studies link gut microbiota composition and disease and imply a causal role of select commensal microbes in disease etiology. In the gut, commensal microbiota or pathobionts secrete metabolites that underlie pathological conditions, often impacting proximal tissues and gaining access to the bloodstream. Here we focus on extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting composition of gut microbiota and their impact on the immune system, as a key driver of anti-tumor immunity. In discussing exciting advances relevant to microbiome-tumor interaction, we note existing knowledge gaps that need to be filled to advance basic and clinical research initiatives.
- Published
- 2019
418. A Three-in-One Immunotherapy Nanoweapon via Cascade-Amplifying Cancer-Immunity Cycle against Tumor Metastasis, Relapse, and Postsurgical Regrowth
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Aixin Song, Jing Zhang, Yue Jiang, Zhonghao Li, Qian Li, Yuxia Luan, and Di Zhang
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Porphyrins ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Antigen presentation ,Melanoma, Experimental ,Bioengineering ,Cancer immunity ,02 engineering and technology ,Lymphocyte Activation ,B7-H1 Antigen ,Metastasis ,Mice ,Immune system ,Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological ,Cell Line, Tumor ,medicine ,Animals ,General Materials Science ,Lymphocytes ,Neoplasm Metastasis ,Chlorophyllides ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Chemistry ,Immunotherapy ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,medicine.disease ,Neoplasm Proteins ,Cancer research ,Lymphocyte activation ,Immunogenic cell death ,Nanoparticles ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
The antitumor immune response involves a cascade of three phases, namely, antigen presentation (Phase I), lymphocyte activation and proliferation/differentiation (Phase II), and tumor elimination (Phase III). Therefore, an ideal immunotherapy nanoplatform is one that can simultaneously execute these three phases. However, it is of great challenge to develop a single immunotherapy nanoplatform which can deliver individual immunoagent to their on-demand target sites for simultaneously tailoring three phases because of the different target sites restricted by three phases. Herein, for the first time we reported a three-in-one immunotherapy nanoplatform that can simultaneously execute these three phases. Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HC), dextro-1-methyl tryptophan (1-mt)-conjugated polylysine (PM) and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (aPD-L1) were rationally designed as aPD-L1@HC/PM NPs via an assembling strategy. The step-by-step detachment of the antigen from near-infrared light irradiated HC component, the indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitor 1-mt, and the anti-PD-L1 toward their on-demand target sites demonstrated the simultaneous tailoring of Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III, respectively, of the immunotherapy. The aPD-L1@HC/PM NPs were verified to be an excellent immunotherapy nanoplatform against tumor metastasis, relapse, and postsurgical regrowth because of the cascade-amplifying cancer-immunity cycle. The present all-immunity-phase-boosted immunotherapy strategy is of great interest for designing excellent immunotherapy treatments.
- Published
- 2019
419. An Integrated Pan-Cancer Analysis and Structure-Based Virtual Screening of GPR15
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Qin Xu, Dong-Qing Wei, Aman Chandra Kaushik, Xiangeng Wang, Cheng-Dong Li, Yi Xiong, Yanjing Wang, and Lu Shen
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Models, Molecular ,Receptors, Peptide ,medicine.medical_treatment ,pan-cancer ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Biology ,Catalysis ,Article ,Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Orphan receptor GPR15/BOB ,Cancer immunotherapy ,cancer immunity ,Neoplasms ,medicine ,Rectal Adenocarcinoma ,Humans ,Computer Simulation ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Receptor ,differential gene expression ,Molecular Biology ,Spectroscopy ,Early Detection of Cancer ,G protein-coupled receptor ,oncology_oncogenics ,Organic Chemistry ,Cancer ,General Medicine ,TCGA ,medicine.disease ,Prognosis ,virtual screening ,Computer Science Applications ,Squamous carcinoma ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Molecular Docking Simulation ,Cancer cell ,Mutation ,Cancer research ,Adenocarcinoma - Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15, also known as BOB) is an extensively studied orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, colonic inflammation, and smoking-related diseases. Recently, GPR15 was deorphanized and its corresponding natural ligand demonstrated an ability to inhibit cancer cell growth. However, no study reported the potential role of GPR15 in a pan-cancer manner. Using large-scale publicly available data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, we found that GPR15 expression is significantly lower in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and rectal adenocarcinoma (READ) than in normal tissues. Among 33 cancer types, GPR15 expression was significantly positively correlated with the prognoses of COAD, neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC), and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and significantly negatively correlated with stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). This study also revealed that commonly upregulated gene sets in the high GPR15 expression group (stratified via median) of COAD, HNSC, LUAD, and STAD are enriched in immune systems, indicating that GPR15 might be considered as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, we modelled the 3D structure of GPR15 and conducted structure-based virtual screening. The top eight hit compounds were screened and then subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for stability analysis. Our study provides novel insights into the role of GPR15 in a pan-cancer manner and discovered a potential hit compound for GPR15 antagonists.
- Published
- 2019
420. An In Vitro System for Evaluating Molecular Targeted Drugs Using Lung Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids
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Kenju Shimomura, Kazuhito Goda, Nobuhiko Takahashi, Takagi Kosuke, Hirosumi Tamura, Motoki Takagi, Mayu Ogawa, Arisa Higa, Gen Hiyama, Shinya Watanabe, Naoyuki Okabe, Satoshi Muto, Hirotaka Hoshi, and Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Subjects
Antibody-drug conjugate ,Lung Neoplasms ,Cell Survival ,Receptor, ErbB-2 ,medicine.drug_class ,molecular targeted therapy ,Biopsy ,medicine.medical_treatment ,immune checkpoint inhibitor ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Pembrolizumab ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ,Monoclonal antibody ,Article ,antibody-drug conjugate ,Carcinoma, Adenosquamous ,Immune system ,Cancer immunotherapy ,cancer immunity ,molecular targeted drugs ,medicine ,Humans ,Epidermal growth factor receptor ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Cells, Cultured ,Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity ,cancer immunotherapy ,3D cell-analysis system ,L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ,biology ,General Medicine ,patient-derived tumor organoid ,ErbB Receptors ,Organoids ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Cancer research ,biology.protein ,Drug Evaluation ,antibody drug ,Nivolumab ,antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity - Abstract
Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) represent a promising preclinical cancer model that better replicates disease, compared with traditional cell culture models. We have established PDOs from various human tumors to accurately and efficiently recapitulate the tissue architecture and function. Molecular targeted therapies with remarkable efficacy are currently in use against various tumors. Thus, there is a need for in vitro functional-potency assays that can be used to test the efficacy of molecular targeted drugs and model complex interactions between immune cells and tumor cells to evaluate the potential for cancer immunotherapy. This study represents an in vitro evaluation of different classes of molecular targeted drugs, including small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and an antibody-drug conjugate, using lung PDOs. We evaluated epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) inhibitors using a suitable high-throughput assay system. Next, the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity of an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody was evaluated to visualize the interactions of immune cells with PDOs during ADCC responses. Moreover, an evaluation system was developed for the immune checkpoint inhibitors, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, using PDOs. Our results demonstrate that the in vitro assay systems using PDOs were suitable for evaluating molecular targeted drugs under conditions that better reflect pathological conditions.
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- 2019
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421. Beyond cDC1: Emerging Roles of DC Crosstalk in Cancer Immunity
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Sonia Majri-Morrison, Kristin V. Tarbell, and Rajkumar Noubade
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Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ,lcsh:Immunologic diseases. Allergy ,0301 basic medicine ,T cell ,Immunology ,Antigen presentation ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Cell Communication ,Review ,CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Biology ,Immunotherapy, Adoptive ,crosstalk ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Antigen ,cancer immunity ,Neoplasms ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,cDC1 ,Immunology and Allergy ,Cytotoxic T cell ,cDC2 ,dendritic cells ,Antigen Presentation ,Dendritic cell ,Acquired immune system ,Tumor antigen ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cytokines ,lcsh:RC581-607 ,030215 immunology - Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) efficiently process and present antigens to T cells, and by integrating environmental signals, link innate and adaptive immunity. DCs also control the balance between tolerance and immunity, and are required for T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity. One subset of classical DCs, cDC1, are particularly important for eliciting CD8 T cells that can kill tumor cells. cDC1s are superior in antigen cross-presentation, a process of presenting exogenous antigens on MHC class I to activate CD8+ T cells. Tumor-associated cDC1s can transport tumor antigen to the draining lymph node and cross-present tumor antigens, resulting in priming and activation of cytotoxic T cells. Although cross-presenting cDC1s are critical for eliciting anti-tumor T cell responses, the role and importance of other DC subsets in anti-tumor immunity is not as well-characterized. Recent literature in other contexts suggests that critical crosstalk between DC subsets can significantly alter biological outcomes, and these DC interactions likely also contribute significantly to tumor-specific immune responses. Therefore, antigen presentation by cDC1s may be necessary but not sufficient for maximal immune responses against cancer. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of DC subset interactions to maximize anti-tumor immunity, and propose that such interactions should be considered for the development of better DC-targeted immunotherapies.
- Published
- 2019
422. Steroid hormones and cancer immunity - insights into adrenocortical carcinoma
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Sabine Herterich, Thomas Dexneit, Martin Fassnacht, Silviu Sbiera, Laura-Sophie Landwehr, Jochen Schreiner, Matthias Kroiss, and Iuliu Sbiera
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business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,medicine ,Cancer research ,Adrenocortical carcinoma ,Cancer immunity ,medicine.disease ,business ,Steroid ,Hormone - Published
- 2019
423. Hippo Pathway in Mammalian Adaptive Immune System
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Toshiro Moroishi and Takayoshi Yamauchi
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Cell type ,animal structures ,Hippo pathway ,T-Lymphocytes ,Review ,Biology ,Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Immune system ,cancer immunity ,Lymphopenia ,Neoplasms ,Animals ,Humans ,TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,innate immunity ,Mammals ,Hippo signaling pathway ,MST (mammalian STE20-like protein kinase) ,Innate immune system ,Mechanism (biology) ,Regeneration (biology) ,autoimmunity ,Cell Differentiation ,General Medicine ,adaptive immunity ,YAP (yes-associated protein) ,Acquired immune system ,Review article ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,LATS (large tumor suppressor kinase) ,Drosophila ,Neuroscience ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The Hippo pathway was originally identified as an evolutionarily-conserved signaling mechanism that contributes to the control of organ size. It was then rapidly expanded as a key pathway in the regulation of tissue development, regeneration, and cancer pathogenesis. The increasing amount of evidence in recent years has also connected this pathway to the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Notably, the Hippo pathway has been revealed to play a pivotal role in adaptive immune cell lineages, as represented by the patients with T- and B-cell lymphopenia exhibiting defective expressions of the pathway component. The complex regulatory mechanisms of and by the Hippo pathway have also been evident as alternative signal transductions are employed in some immune cell types. In this review article, we summarize the current understanding of the emerging roles of the Hippo pathway in adaptive immune cell development and differentiation. We also highlight the recent findings concerning the dual functions of the Hippo pathway in autoimmunity and anti-cancer immune responses and discuss the key open questions in the interplay between the Hippo pathway and the mammalian immune system.
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- 2019
424. IFNγ, a Double-Edged Sword in Cancer Immunity and Metastasis
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Allen C. Gao and Chengfei Liu
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Cancer Research ,Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ,T-Lymphocytes ,Cancer immunity ,Metastasis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Prostate cancer ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,microRNA ,Medicine ,Humans ,Epithelial–mesenchymal transition ,business.industry ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,medicine.disease ,Neoplasm Proteins ,Family member ,Tetratricopeptide ,MicroRNAs ,030104 developmental biology ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,business - Abstract
IFNγ has antitumorigenic effects; however, the findings of IFNγ in promoting the tumor cell survival and inducing adaptive immune resistance via CD4+ T-cell loss and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation challenge this concept. Lo and colleagues determined that IFNγ induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) by regulating the turnover of miRNA in prostate cancer, emphasizing the duplicitous effects of IFNγ. IFIT5, an IFN-induced tetratricopeptide repeat (IFIT) family member, was found to form a complex with the exoribonuclease-XRN1 to process miRNA maturation. These findings unveil a new IFNγ–STAT1–IFIT5–miRNA–EMT pathway in prostate cancer progression. The biphasic effects of IFNγ in prostate cancer raise concerns about its therapeutic application, which need to be evaluated in future studies. See related article by Lo et al., p. 1098
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- 2019
425. NNMT Regulates Cancer Immunity and Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker in Gastric and Colorectal Cancers
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Guosheng Wang, Wei Tian, Yihan Yao, Miaowei Wu, and Weilei Hu
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Gene expression profiling ,Immune system ,Immune infiltration ,business.industry ,Colorectal cancer ,Cancer research ,Medicine ,Cancer ,Cancer immunity ,Prognostic biomarker ,business ,Lung cancer ,medicine.disease - Abstract
Background: Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the N-methylation of nicotinamide, has been shown to be critical for promoting cancer progression, but little is known its role in gastric and colorectal cancers. Methods: We explored the role of NNMT in predicting prognosis and immune infiltration of gastric and colorectal cancers. Data was obtained from RNAseq Atlas, Oncomine, tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) databases, Kaplan-Meier plotter, PrognoScan database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). Findings: NNMT is overexpressed in gastric and colorectal cancers compared to adjacent normal tissues. High NNMT expression was significantly associated with worse outcome in gastric and colorectal cancer patients. However, high expression of NNMT was highly predictive of effectual 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment in HER2 negative gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between NNMT expression and immune cells infiltration in gastric and colorectal cancers. Conversely, NNMT did not exert any significant effect on prognosis and immune infiltration in lung cancer. Interpretation: NNMT could be a prognostic factor for predicting clinical outcomes and immune infiltration, as well as a molecular target for the treatment of gastric and colorectal cancers. Funding: This work was supported in part by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81502598). Declaration of Interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethical Approval: Not required.
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- 2019
426. Next-generation computational tools for interrogating cancer immunity
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Hubert Hackl, Francesca Finotello, Dietmar Rieder, and Zlatko Trajanoski
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Cancer immunity ,Translational research ,Computational biology ,Cell Communication ,Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Single-cell analysis ,Neoplasms ,Genetics ,medicine ,Humans ,Mass cytometry ,Molecular Biology ,Genetics (clinical) ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Multidimensional data ,Cancer ,Computational Biology ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,medicine.disease ,Immune checkpoint ,3. Good health ,Method selection ,Single-Cell Analysis ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Software - Abstract
The remarkable success of cancer therapies with immune checkpoint blockers is revolutionizing oncology and has sparked intensive basic and translational research into the mechanisms of cancer–immune cell interactions. In parallel, numerous novel cutting-edge technologies for comprehensive molecular and cellular characterization of cancer immunity have been developed, including single-cell sequencing, mass cytometry and multiplexed spatial cellular phenotyping. In order to process, analyse and visualize multidimensional data sets generated by these technologies, computational methods and software tools are required. Here, we review computational tools for interrogating cancer immunity, discuss advantages and limitations of the various methods and provide guidelines to assist in method selection. The interactions between tumours and the immune system are highly complex. This article discusses methods — primarily computational tools — for characterizing diverse aspects of cancer–immune cell interactions, including antigen presentation, T cell repertoires and heterogeneity in cell types and cell states. The Review particularly highlights the insights from single-cell data from both sequencing technologies and in situ imaging of tissues.
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- 2019
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427. The Role of Tumor-Associated Neutrophils in Colorectal Cancer
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Kenji Kawada, Yoshiharu Sakai, Ryotaro Ogawa, Yoshiyuki Kiyasu, Rei Mizuno, and Yoshiro Itatani
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0301 basic medicine ,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ,Angiogenesis ,Neutrophils ,Review ,Catalysis ,Metastasis ,Inorganic Chemistry ,lcsh:Chemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Circulating tumor cell ,cancer immunity ,Transforming Growth Factor beta ,Tumor Microenvironment ,Medicine ,Humans ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Molecular Biology ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Spectroscopy ,Tumor microenvironment ,business.industry ,Hepatocyte Growth Factor ,Organic Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Neutrophil extracellular traps ,Interferon-beta ,medicine.disease ,Computer Science Applications ,Vascular endothelial growth factor ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,colon cancer ,Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer cell ,Cancer research ,Hepatocyte growth factor ,business ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,medicine.drug ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths worldwide and the number of CRC patients is increasing progressively. Despite the improvement of the surgical techniques and chemotherapy, we have not completely overcome this disease yet due to the metastases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms through which metastasis occurs is important for overcoming CRC. Normal host cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as macrophages and fibroblasts, have been reported to promote the growth of CRCs. Although neutrophils were originally considered to have defensive functions against tumor cells, it has been revealed that some populations of neutrophils, called as tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), have tumor-supportive functions. The plasticity between tumor-suppressive and -supportive neutrophils are regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and Interferon-β signaling. Some studies have demonstrated that TANs promote the spread of cancer cells to distant organs. TANs contribute to the tumor invasion and angiogenesis through the production of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the primary and metastatic sites. Neutrophils also promotes tumor cell dissemination by capturing circulating tumor cells using neutrophil extracellular traps and promote their migration to distant sites. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a well-defined predictive marker for CRC patients. In this review, we highlight the molecular signaling between TANs and CRC cells and the possibility of TANs as a potential target for cancer therapy.
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- 2019
428. Hsp60 in Cancer Immunity: Biological Basis, Diagnostic Potential and Therapeutic Opportunities
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Christian R. Gomez
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Tumor microenvironment ,animal structures ,business.industry ,fungi ,Disease progression ,Cancer ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Cancer immunity ,medicine.disease ,complex mixtures ,Biomarker (cell) ,Immune system ,Cancer research ,Medicine ,HSP60 ,business ,Tumor marker - Abstract
Hsp60 is involved in tumor immune mechanisms leading to recognition of transformed cells and inhibition of growth of neoplastic tissue. As tumors grow, Hsp60 participates in disease progression through its involvement in immunoescape. In this chapter, the interactions between Hsp60 and the tumor microenvironment are discussed as they offer key elements to illustrate the context-dependent functions of Hsp60 in tumor immunomodulation. Next, the applicability of Hsp60 as a diagnostic, prognostic, and marker for therapy response is discussed. Finally, the prospect of targeting Hsp60 and its immunomodulatory effects in tumors is explored. A critical component of self- and nonself-recognition, Hsp60 has value as a tumor marker and therapeutic agent. Study of its context-dependent immune functions offer the prospect of delivering better diagnostic and personalized therapeutic approaches.
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- 2019
429. T lymphocyte subsets in cancer immunity: Friends or foes
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Asmaa Naim, Daniel Olive, Abdallah Badou, Dounia Chraa, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, and Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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0301 basic medicine ,T cell ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Immunology ,clinical outcome ,Cancer immunity ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,[SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer ,Biology ,immune response ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,T-Lymphocyte Subsets ,Neoplasms ,Tumor Microenvironment ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Cytotoxic T cell ,Cancer ,Tumor microenvironment ,Immunity ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Immune checkpoint ,3. Good health ,Blockade ,Treatment Outcome ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,T cell subsets ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology - Abstract
Although immune-based therapy is proving to be a success in several cancer types, only a set of patients appear to respond to immune checkpoint blockade including PD-1 and CTLA-4. A better understanding of the crucial components of cancer immunity is therefore necessary. T lymphocytes, a key element, are found within the tumor microenvironment and seem to be critical in determining the efficacy of immune surveillance. In this review, we will depict the pro- and antitumor roles of major T cell subsets in distinct cancer tissues. The central role of the mainly antitumor subsets, cytotoxic T cells and Th1 cells, will be delineated. Subsequently, we will indicate how other subsets including Th2, Th17, and T regulatory cells exhibit ambivalent roles. We will also describe the emerging and favorable role of Th9 cells in cancer immunity. In parallel, we will go through main mechanisms by which these cells operate, and will pinpoint pathways, which could be used as potential therapeutic targets in order to positively impact the immune response and ameliorate patients’ clinical outcome. Review on the distinct T cell subsets in cancer immunity and potential T cell-related molecules, which could be targeted in order to improve patients' clinical outcome.
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- 2018
430. Corrigendum to 'Uncovering the underlying physical mechanism for cancer-immunity of MHC class I diversity'. [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 504 (2018) 532-537
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Jin Wang and Wenbo Li
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Mechanism (biology) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,MHC class I ,Biophysics ,biology.protein ,Cancer immunity ,Cell Biology ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry ,Diversity (politics) ,media_common - Published
- 2018
431. Cancer Immunity and Gene Expression Data: A Quick Tool for Immunophenotype Evaluation
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Masayuki Hirano
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Cancer Research ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Cancer ,Gene Expression ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,Cancer immunity ,Computational biology ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,DNA sequencing ,3. Good health ,Immunophenotyping ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Immune system ,Oncology ,Neoplasms ,Gene expression ,medicine ,Humans - Abstract
The rapid advancement of next generation sequencing technology has resulted in accumulation of many datasets in cancer clinical and research laboratories, many of which do not have bioinformaticians. Xu and colleagues developed a user-friendly web-based tool to define the tumor immunophenotype among patients with cancer. By uploading user-defined datasets on the web, it can systematically track, analyze, and visualize the status of anticancer immune activity and the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. This tool can help immunologists and clinical researchers to perform quick, efficient, and comprehensive analysis of the tumor immunophenotype. See related article by Xu et al., p. 6575
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- 2018
432. The Immune Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma: Friend or Foe?
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Filipa Barahona, Raquel Lopes, Bruna Ferreira, Cristina João, Emilie Arnault Carneiro, Joana Caetano, and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
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0301 basic medicine ,Cancer Research ,Immune microenvironment ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Cancer immunity ,Review ,Biology ,lcsh:RC254-282 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,Multiple myeloma ,cancer immunity ,medicine ,tumor microenvironment ,Permissive ,Tumor microenvironment ,Immunotherapy ,lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,medicine.disease ,multiple myeloma ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,immunotherapy ,Bone marrow ,Function (biology) - Abstract
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most prevalent hematological cancers worldwide, characterized by the clonal expansion of neoplastic plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). A combination of factors is implicated in disease progression, including BM immune microenvironment changes. Increasing evidence suggests that the disruption of immunological processes responsible for myeloma control ultimately leads to the escape from immune surveillance and resistance to immune effector function, resulting in an active form of myeloma. In fact, one of the hallmarks of MM is the development of a permissive BM milieu that provides a growth advantage to the malignant cells. Consequently, a better understanding of how myeloma cells interact with the BM niche compartments and disrupt the immune homeostasis is of utmost importance to develop more effective treatments. This review focuses on the most up-to-date knowledge regarding microenvironment-related mechanisms behind MM immune evasion and suppression, as well as promising molecules that are currently under pre-clinical tests targeting immune populations., This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), PTDC/MEC-HEM/30315/2017.
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- 2021
433. Microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer patient-derived xenograft models for cancer immunity research
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Yoshiaki Nagatani, Hironobu Minami, Yohei Funakoshi, Takeru Matsuda, Shinwa Tanaka, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Yoshihiro Kakeji, Hirotaka Suto, Naomi Kiyota, Yoshinori Imamura, Kimihiro Yamashita, Masanori Toyoda, Hisayuki Matsumoto, and Ryo Takai
- Subjects
Male ,Colorectal cancer ,Apoptosis ,Cancer immunity ,Mice, SCID ,DNA Mismatch Repair ,Mice ,Mice, Inbred NOD ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Tumor xenograft ,Aged ,Cell Proliferation ,Aged, 80 and over ,business.industry ,Microsatellite instability ,General Medicine ,DNA Methylation ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ,Oncology ,Mutation ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,Cancer research ,Female ,Microsatellite Instability ,Immunotherapy ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,MutL Protein Homolog 1 ,business - Abstract
There is an increasing demand for appropriate preclinical mice models for evaluating the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.Therefore, we established a humanized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model using microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).The CRC tissues of patients scheduled for surgery were tested for MSI status, and CRC tumors were transplanted into NOD/LtSz-scid/IL-2Rg-/-(NSG) mice to establish MSI-H PDX models. PDX tumors were compared to the original patient tumors in terms of histological and genetic characteristics. To humanize the immune system of MSI-H PDX models, patient PBMCs were injected through the tail vein.PDX models were established from two patients with MSI-H CRC; one patient had a germline mutation in MLH1 (c.1990-2AG), and the other patient had MLH1 promoter hypermethylation. PDX with the germline mutation was histologically similar to the patient tumor, and retained the genetic characteristics, including MSI-H, deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), and MLH1 mutation. In contrast, the histological features of the other PDX from a tumor with MLH1 promoter hypermethylation were clearly different from those of the original tumor, and MLH1 promoter hypermethylation and MSI-H/dMMR were lost in the PDX. When T cells from the same patient with MLH1 mutation were injected into the PDX through the tail vein, they were detected in the PDX tumor.The MSI-H tumor with an MMR mutation is suitable for MSI-H PDX model generation. The PBMC humanized MSI-H PDX has the potential to be used as an efficient model for cancer immunotherapy research.
- Published
- 2021
434. Short-Term Fasting Synergizes with Solid Cancer Therapy by Boosting Antitumor Immunity.
- Author
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de Gruil N, Pijl H, van der Burg SH, and Kroep JR
- Abstract
Short-term fasting (STF), using a low caloric, low protein fasting mimicking diet (FMD), appears to be a promising strategy to enhance chemotherapy-based cancer efficacy, while potentially alleviating toxicity. Preclinical results suggest that enhanced tumor immunity and decreased growth signaling, via lowering of circulating insulin and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels form the potential underlying mechanisms. STF may boost anti-tumor responses by promoting tumor immunogenicity and decreasing local immunosuppression. These findings warrant further studies focused on the combination of STF, not only with chemotherapy, but also with immunotherapy to evaluate the full range of benefits of STF in cancer treatment. Here, we delineate the underlying anticancer mechanisms of fasting. We summarize preclinical evidence of STF boosting antitumor immunity and alleviating immunosuppression, as well as the clinical findings reporting the immunomodulatory effects of STF during various cancer treatments, including immunotherapy.
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- 2022
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435. Neoantigen Quantity and Quality in Relation to Pancreatic Cancer Survival.
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Levink IJM, Brosens LAA, Rensen SS, Aberle MR, Olde Damink SSW, Cahen DL, Buschow SI, Fuhler GM, Peppelenbosch MP, and Bruno MJ
- Abstract
Introduction: Factors underlying antitumor immunity in pancreatic cancer (PC) are poorly understood. We hypothesized that not neoantigen quantity, but quality, is related to immune cell infiltration and survival., Methodology: We performed genomic and transcriptomic profiling of paired normal, tumor tissue of 13 patients with PC with distinct survival times. Additionally, neoantigens prediction and immunological profiling were performed., Results: The proportion of neoantigens with a low similarity-to-self score was higher in short-term survivors ( p < 0.0001), while mutational load and burden, similarity-to-known-pathogens, and immunogenicity of neoantigens were not associated with immune cell infiltration or survival., Discussion: No tumor mutational load or neoantigen quantity, but low similarity-to-self score, was associated with immune cell infiltration and survival., Competing Interests: SR: A shareholder of Adjutec B.V. SOD: A shareholder of Adjutec B.V. MB: Boston Scientific (Consultant, support for industry and investigator-initiated studies), Cook Medical (Consultant, support for industry and investigator-initiated studies), Pentax Medical (Consultant, support for investigator-initiated studies), Mylan (Support for investigator-initiated studies), ChiRoStim (Support for investigator-initiated studies). LB served as a paid consultant for Bristol-Myers Squibb in Pathologist Advisory Board PD-L1 CPS testing in upper GI cancer. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Levink, Brosens, Rensen, Aberle, Olde Damink, Cahen, Buschow, Fuhler, Peppelenbosch and Bruno.)
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- 2022
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436. Effective Combinations of Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy for Cancer Treatment.
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Yu S, Wang Y, He P, Shao B, Liu F, Xiang Z, Yang T, Zeng Y, He T, Ma J, Wang X, and Liu L
- Abstract
Though single tumor immunotherapy and radiotherapy have significantly improved the survival rate of tumor patients, there are certain limitations in overcoming tumor metastasis, recurrence, and reducing side effects. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new tumor treatment methods. The new combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy shows promise in improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing recurrence by enhancing the ability of the immune system to recognize and eradicate tumor cells, to overcome tumor immune tolerance mechanisms. Nanomaterials, as new drug-delivery-system materials of the 21st century, can maintain the activity of drugs, improve drug targeting, and reduce side effects in tumor immunotherapy. Additionally, nanomaterials, as radiosensitizers, have shown great potential in tumor radiotherapy due to their unique properties, such as light, heat, electromagnetic effects. Here, we review the mechanisms of tumor immunotherapy and radiotherapy and the synergy of radiotherapy with multiple types of immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), tumor vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and cytokine therapy. Finally, we propose the potential for nanomaterials in tumor radiotherapy and immunotherapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Yu, Wang, He, Shao, Liu, Xiang, Yang, Zeng, He, Ma, Wang and Liu.)
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- 2022
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437. TNFSF15 facilitates differentiation and polarization of macrophages toward M1 phenotype to inhibit tumor growth.
- Author
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Zhao CC, Han QJ, Ying HY, Gu XX, Yang N, Li LY, and Zhang QZ
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- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Mice, Phenotype, RAW 264.7 Cells, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Carcinoma, Lewis Lung metabolism, Carcinoma, Lewis Lung pathology, Macrophages metabolism, Macrophages pathology, Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 15 metabolism
- Abstract
Macrophages of the M2 phenotype in malignant tumors significantly aid tumor progression and metastasis, as opposed to the M1 phenotype that exhibits anti-cancer characteristics. Raising the ratio of M1/M2 is thus a promising strategy to ameliorate the tumor immunomicroenvironment toward cancer inhibition. We report here that tumor necrosis factor superfamily-15 (TNFSF15), a cytokine with anti-angiogenic activities, is able to facilitate the differentiation and polarization of macrophages toward M1 phenotype. We found that tumors formed in mice by Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells artificially overexpressing TNFSF15 exhibited retarded growth. The tumors displayed a greater percentage of M1 macrophages than those formed by mock-transfected LLC cells. Treatment of mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells with recombinant TNFSF15 led to augmentation of the phagocytic and pro-apoptotic capacity of the macrophages against cancer cells. Mechanistically, TNFSF15 activated STAT1/3 in bone marrow cells and MAPK, Akt and STAT1/3 in naive macrophages. Additionally, TNFSF15 activated STAT1/3 but inactivated STAT6 in M2 macrophages. Modulations of these signals gave rise to a reposition of macrophage phenotypes toward M1. The ability of TNFSF15 to promote macrophage differentiation and polarization toward M1 suggests that this unique cytokine may have a utility in the reconstruction of the immunomicroenvironment in favor of tumor suppression., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.)
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- 2022
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438. Screening and Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer-Associated tRNA-Derived Fragments.
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Zhou Y, Cui Q, and Zhou Y
- Abstract
tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) constitute a novel class of small non-coding RNA cleaved from tRNAs. In recent years, researches have shown the regulatory roles of a few tRFs in cancers, illuminating a new direction for tRF-centric cancer researches. Nonetheless, more specific screening of tRFs related to oncogenesis pathways, cancer progression stages and cancer prognosis is continuously demanded to reveal the landscape of the cancer-associated tRFs. In this work, by combining the clinical information recorded in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the tRF expression profiles curated by MINTbase v2.0, we systematically screened 1,516 cancer-associated tRFs (ca-tRFs) across seven cancer types. The ca-tRF set collectively combined the differentially expressed tRFs between cancer samples and control samples, the tRFs significantly correlated with tumor stage and the tRFs significantly correlated with patient survival. By incorporating our previous tRF-target dataset, we found the ca-tRFs tend to target cancer-associated genes and onco-pathways like ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response, angiogenesis, cell cycle process regulation, focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cellular senescence and FoxO signaling pathway across multiple cancer types. And cell composition analysis implies that the expressions of ca-tRFs are more likely to be correlated with T-cell infiltration. We also found the ca-tRF expression pattern is informative to prognosis, suggesting plausible tRF-based cancer subtypes. Together, our systematic analysis demonstrates the potentially extensive involvements of tRFs in cancers, and provides a reasonable list of cancer-associated tRFs for further investigations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Cui and Zhou.)
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- 2022
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439. Metformin-Induced Heat Shock Protein Family A Member 6 Is a Promising Biomarker of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
- Author
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Sekino N, Kano M, Kobayashi S, Murakami K, Sakata H, Toyozumi T, Endo S, Matsumoto Y, Suito H, Takahashi M, Otsuka R, Yokoyama M, Shiraishi T, Okada K, Kamata T, Ryuzaki T, Hirasawa S, Kinoshita K, Sasaki T, Iida K, Komatsu A, and Matsubara H
- Subjects
- Biomarkers, Tumor analysis, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Cell Line, Tumor, Heat-Shock Proteins genetics, Humans, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, RNA, Messenger, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell drug therapy, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell genetics, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell metabolism, Esophageal Neoplasms drug therapy, Esophageal Neoplasms genetics, Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma drug therapy, Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma genetics, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins metabolism, Metformin pharmacology, Metformin therapeutic use
- Abstract
Introduction: Antidiabetic drug metformin exerts various antitumor effects on different cancers. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an intractable digestive organ cancer and new treatment strategy is required. In this study, we performed a comprehensive gene expression analysis of ESCC cell lines treated with metformin, which provided helpful information on the antitumor effects of metformin in ESCC. Next, we selected a promising gene among them and examined its effects on ESCC properties., Methods: We examined metformin-induced mRNA expression changes in two human ESCC cell lines by performing next-generation sequencing (NGS) and pathway analysis. Heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 (HSPA6) expression in surgical specimens obtained from 83 ESCC patients who underwent curative operations was evaluated immunohistochemically and analyzed., Results: Metformin upregulated mRNA expression of the many genes, including HSPA6, a cancer immune-related gene, and inhibited mRNA expression of the other many genes. Pathway analysis indicated major canonical pathways and upstream regulators related to metformin. The result indicated HSPA6 as a promising biomarker. HSPA6 expression correlated with disease-free survival (DFS) of the patients with all stage ESCC (p = 0.021), especially with stage I/II ESCC (p < 0.001). With stage III, low HSPA6 expression was not associated with poor DFS (p = 0.918). Multivariate analysis indicated that independent low HSPA6 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor of stage I/II ESCC (p < 0.001). However, HSPA6 expression did not correlate with the clinicopathological characteristics, including age, sex, tumor depth, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and tumor markers of the patients with stage I/II ESCC., Conclusions: This NGS analysis detected prospective candidate genes, including HSPA6. Our results indicate that HSPA6 is a promising biomarker of the recurrence risk of stage I/II ESCC. Further studies on HSPA6 would lead to better treatment., (© 2022 S. Karger AG, Basel.)
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- 2022
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440. Secreted gelsolin inhibits DNGR-1-dependent cross-presentation and cancer immunity.
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Giampazolias, Evangelos, Schulz, Oliver, Lim, Kok Haw Jonathan, Rogers, Neil C., Chakravarty, Probir, Srinivasan, Naren, Gordon, Oliver, Cardoso, Ana, Buck, Michael D., Poirier, Enzo Z., Canton, Johnathan, Zelenay, Santiago, Sammicheli, Stefano, Moncaut, Natalia, Varsani-Brown, Sunita, Rosewell, Ian, and Reis e Sousa, Caetano
- Subjects
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GELSOLIN , *T cells , *IMMUNITY , *TUMOR antigens , *DENDRITIC cells , *F-actin , *ANTIGENS , *CYTOTOXIC T cells - Abstract
Cross-presentation of antigens from dead tumor cells by type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) is thought to underlie priming of anti-cancer CD8+ T cells. cDC1 express high levels of DNGR-1 (a.k.a. CLEC9A), a receptor that binds to F-actin exposed by dead cell debris and promotes cross-presentation of associated antigens. Here, we show that secreted gelsolin (sGSN), an extracellular protein, decreases DNGR-1 binding to F-actin and cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens by cDC1s. Mice deficient in sGsn display increased DNGR-1-dependent resistance to transplantable tumors, especially ones expressing neoantigens associated with the actin cytoskeleton, and exhibit greater responsiveness to cancer immunotherapy. In human cancers, lower levels of intratumoral sGSN transcripts, as well as presence of mutations in proteins associated with the actin cytoskeleton, are associated with signatures of anti-cancer immunity and increased patient survival. Our results reveal a natural barrier to cross-presentation of cancer antigens that dampens anti-tumor CD8+ T cell responses. [Display omitted] • Secreted gelsolin (sGSN) inhibits DNGR-1 binding to F-actin • sGSN dampens DNGR-1-dependent cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens • sGSN impairs DNGR-1-dependent cDC1-mediated anti-tumor immunity • Low sGSN expression and mutations in FABPs correlate with cancer patient survival The secreted gelsolin component of the plasma actin-scavenging system impairs the ability of the receptor DNGR-1 to recognize dead cells and selectively dampens cross-presentation of tumor antigens by type 1 dendritic cells, acting as a barrier to anti-tumor immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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441. Tumor growth suppression by the combination of nanobubbles and ultrasound
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Norihito Nishiie, Yoshikazu Sawaguchi, Yusuke Oda, Johan Unga, Tomoyuki Naoi, Kazuo Maruyama, Shigeru Kawakami, Risa Koshima, Mitsuru Hashida, Ryo Suzuki, Daiki Omata, Yasuyuki Shiono, and Yoichi Negishi
- Subjects
Hyperthermia ,Cancer Research ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Necrosis ,T-Lymphocytes ,Cell ,Mice, Nude ,Cancer immunity ,02 engineering and technology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Basic and Clinical Immunology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Immune system ,cavitation ,In vivo ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Neoplasms ,medicine ,Animals ,Immunity, Cellular ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,ultrasound ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Ultrasound ,Histology ,Original Articles ,Hyperthermia, Induced ,General Medicine ,hyperthermia ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,medicine.disease ,Tumor Burden ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Ultrasonic Waves ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Liposomes ,Cancer research ,Nanoparticles ,Original Article ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Neoplasm Transplantation ,CD8 ,nanobubbles - Abstract
We previously developed novel liposomal nanobubbles (Bubble liposomes [BL]) that oscillate and collapse in an ultrasound field, generating heat and shock waves. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of cancer therapy using the combination of BL and ultrasound. In addition, we investigated the anti-tumor mechanism of this cancer therapy. Colon-26 cells were inoculated into the flank of BALB/c mice to induce tumors. After 8 days, BL or saline was intratumorally injected, followed by transdermal ultrasound exposure of tumor tissue (1 MHz, 0–4 W/cm[2], 2 min). The anti-tumor effects were evaluated by histology (necrosis) and tumor growth. In vivo cell depletion assays were performed to identify the immune cells responsible for anti-tumor effects. Tumor temperatures were significantly higher when treated with BL + ultrasound than ultrasound alone. Intratumoral BL caused extensive tissue necrosis at 3–4 W/cm[2] of ultrasound exposure. In addition, BL + ultrasound significantly suppressed tumor growth at 2–4 W/cm[2]. In vivo depletion of CD8[+] T cells (not NK or CD4[+] T cells) completely blocked the effect of BL + ultrasound on tumor growth. These data suggest that CD8[+] T cells play a critical role in tumor growth suppression. Finally, we concluded that BL + ultrasound, which can prime the anti-tumor cellular immune system, may be an effective hyperthermia strategy for cancer treatment.
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- 2016
442. PLAN B for immunotherapy: Promoting and leveraging anti-tumor B cell immunity.
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Shi Y
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- Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunologic Factors, Nanomedicine, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms therapy
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Current immuno-oncology primarily focuses on adaptive cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes. The other important lymphocytes, B cells, are largely ignored in cancer immunotherapy. B cells are generally considered to be responsible for humoral immune response to viral and bacterial infections. The role of B cells in cancer immunity has long been under debate. Recently, increasing evidence from both preclinical and clinical research has shown that B cells can also induce potent anti-cancer immunity, via humoral and cellular immune responses. Yet it is unclear how to efficiently integrate B cell immunity in cancer immunotherapy. In the current perspective, anti-tumor immunity of B cells is discussed regarding antibody production, antigen presentation, cytokine release and contribution to intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures. Afterwards, immunosuppressive regulatory phenotypes of B cells are summarized. Furthermore, strategies to activate and modulate B cells using nanomedicines and biomaterials are discussed. This article provides a unique perspective on "PLAN B" (promoting and leveraging anti-tumor B cell immunity) using nanomedicines and biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy. This is envisaged to form a new research direction with the potential to reach the next breakthrough in immunotherapy., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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443. A Pan-Cancer Landscape of HOX-Related lncRNAs and Their Association With Prognosis and Tumor Microenvironment.
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Shao W, Ding Q, Guo Y, Xing J, Huo Z, Wang Z, Xu Q, and Guo Y
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The highly conserved homology cassette family (HOX) as well as 18 referenced long non-coding antisense transcripts (HOXATs) play vital roles in the development of some cancers. Nevertheless, their expression patterns as well as their association with cancer prognosis and the tumor microenvironment (TME) in pan-cancers are still unclear. Here, based on public databases, the expression levels of HOXATs, their prognostic potentials, and correlation with tumor mutation burden (TMB), immune cell infiltration, immune subtype, immune response-related genes, and stemness scores corresponding to 33 tumor types were analyzed systematically using R language. The results of the analysis indicated that different cancer tissues show different HOXAT expression profiles. Further, HOXAT expression showed association with cancer prognosis and immune and stemness regulation. Gene set enrichment analysis also demonstrated that HOXATs participate in cancer- and immune-related pathways, and based on their expression levels, HOTAIRM1 and HOXB-AS1 showed potential involvement in oncogenesis as well as possible involvement in immune regulation across a variety of cancer types. Further investigation also confirmed a significantly higher expression of HOXB-AS1 in GBM than in lower grade glioma tissues. Importantly, in vitro cell function experiments indicated that HOXB-AS1 supports cancer stem cell and plays a fundamental role in glioma metastasis. In conclusion, our results provide valuable resources that can guide the investigation of the mechanisms related to the role of HOXATs in cancers as well as therapeutic analysis in this regard., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Shao, Ding, Guo, Xing, Huo, Wang, Xu and Guo.)
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- 2021
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444. Clinical Relevance and Prognostic Value of the Neuronal Protein Neuroligin 2 in Breast Cancer.
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Zhang G, Sun Y, Wu ZS, and Huang X
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Neuroligin 2 (NLGN2) is a well-recognized transmembrane scaffolding protein that functions in synapse development and neuronal signal transduction. It has recently been implicated in multiple diseases of peripheral ectodermal origin. However, the potential roles of NLGN2 in tumors remain ill-defined. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical relevance and prognostic value of NLGN2 in breast cancer. To this end, breast cancer datasets were extracted from TCGA and other public databases, and subjected to Kaplan-Meier potter for survival analysis, GEPIA2 for assessing the immunological relevance of NLGN2 and THPA for identifying its subcellular localization. The in-silico results were further validated by immunohistochemistry analysis of in-house tumor tissue specimens. NLGN2 was identified as a prognostic factor in breast cancer subtypes, and its high expression correlated to a favorable survival outcome. Moreover, NLGN2 overexpression in breast cancer was significantly associated with large tumor size, lymph node metastasis, late TNM stage, and high histological grade. Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between the expression level of NLGN2 and the immunomodulatory molecules, along with increased interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes. Furthermore, NLGN2 was predominantly localized in the mitochondria of breast cancer cells. In conclusion, NLGN2 has a prognostic role and immunoregulatory potential in breast cancer, and its functions likely have a mitochondrial basis. It is a promising therapeutic target in breast cancer and should be explored further., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Sun, Wu and Huang.)
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- 2021
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445. APOBECs orchestrate genomic and epigenomic editing across health and disease.
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Cervantes-Gracia K, Gramalla-Schmitz A, Weischedel J, and Chahwan R
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- Cytidine Deaminase genetics, Cytidine Deaminase metabolism, Genome, Genomics, Retroelements, APOBEC Deaminases genetics, APOBEC Deaminases metabolism, Epigenomics
- Abstract
APOBEC proteins can deaminate cytosine residues in DNA and RNA. This can lead to somatic mutations, DNA breaks, RNA modifications, or DNA demethylation in a selective manner. APOBECs function in various cellular compartments and recognize different nucleic acid motifs and structures. They orchestrate a wide array of genomic and epigenomic modifications, thereby affecting various cellular functions positively or negatively, including immune editing, viral and retroelement restriction, DNA damage responses, DNA demethylation, gene expression, and tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, the cumulative increase in genomic and epigenomic editing with aging could also, at least in part, be attributed to APOBEC function. We synthesize our cumulative understanding of APOBEC activity in a unifying overview and discuss their genomic and epigenomic impact in physiological, pathological, and technological contexts., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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446. Lactate in the tumour microenvironment: From immune modulation to therapy.
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Wang ZH, Peng WB, Zhang P, Yang XP, and Zhou Q
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- Animals, Biological Transport, Biomarkers, Disease Management, Disease Susceptibility, Energy Metabolism, Glycolysis, Humans, Immunomodulation, Immunotherapy, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Neoplasms pathology, Neoplasms therapy, Lactic Acid metabolism, Neoplasms etiology, Neoplasms metabolism, Tumor Microenvironment immunology
- Abstract
Disordered metabolic states, which are characterised by hypoxia and elevated levels of metabolites, particularly lactate, contribute to the immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Excessive lactate secreted by metabolism-reprogrammed cancer cells regulates immune responses via causing extracellular acidification, acting as an energy source by shuttling between different cell populations, and inhibiting the mechanistic (previously 'mammalian') target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in immune cells. This review focuses on recent advances in the regulation of immune responses by lactate, as well as therapeutic strategies targeting lactate anabolism and transport in the TME, such as those involving glycolytic enzymes and monocarboxylate transporter inhibitors. Considering the multifaceted roles of lactate in cancer metabolism, a comprehensive understanding of how lactate and lactate-targeting therapies regulate immune responses in the TME will provide insights into the complex relationships between metabolism and antitumour immunity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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447. Identification and Validation of an Immune-Related lncRNA Signature to Facilitate Survival Prediction in Gastric Cancer.
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Ma E, Hou S, Wang Y, Xu X, Wang Z, and Zhao J
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Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are versatile in functions and can regulate cancer development, including the modulation of cancer immunity. Immune-related lncRNA signatures predicting prognosis have been reported in multiple cancers, but relevant studies in gastric cancer (GC) are still lacking., Methods: We performed a comprehensive analysis using TCGA and Immport databases and identified an immune-related lncRNA signature by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry assays were used for further validation. KEGG and GO analysis and ceRNA network establishment were carried out to explore the regulatory functions., Results: We first identified an immune-related lncRNA signature, which can stratify gastric cancer patients into high- and low-risk subgroups and the high-risk cases frequently suffered from shorter overall survival time. Next, we validated the reliability of the lncRNA signature in an independent 75 gastric cancer samples and demonstrated that the three-year survival rate in high-risk patients was only 30.8% versus 66.5% in low-risk counterparts. Functional exploration indicated that the lncRNA signature might participate in multiple cancer-associated processes including cell adhesion and migration, cytokine-receptor interaction and immune evasion. Additionally, we observed that high-risk samples tended to form an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which had more M2-polarized macrophages and Tregs, but fewer CD8 effector T cells within tumors. Moreover, we found that PD-1 and PD-L1 were dramatically upregulated in a subset of high-risk patients with abundant M2 and Treg infiltration, implying these patients may benefit from anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 immunotherapy., Conclusions: These results showed that the immune-related lncRNA signature had a prominent capacity to predict overall survival and the immune status of microenvironment in gastric cancer. Our findings may be useful for the risk-stratification management and provide a valuable clue to identify proper patients potentially benefit from immune checkpoint therapy in gastric cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling editor FL declared a shared parent affiliation with the authors EM, YW, XX, ZW, and JZ at the time of the review., (Copyright © 2021 Ma, Hou, Wang, Xu, Wang and Zhao.)
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- 2021
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448. The Therapeutic Potential of Tackling Tumor-Induced Dendritic Cell Dysfunction in Colorectal Cancer.
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Subtil B, Cambi A, Tauriello DVF, and de Vries IJM
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- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Colorectal Neoplasms pathology, Dendritic Cells pathology, Humans, Organ Culture Techniques, Tumor Microenvironment drug effects, Colorectal Neoplasms immunology, Dendritic Cells immunology, Immunotherapy methods, Tumor Microenvironment immunology
- Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Locally advanced and metastatic disease exhibit resistance to therapy and are prone to recurrence. Despite significant advances in standard of care and targeted (immuno)therapies, the treatment effects in metastatic CRC patients have been modest. Untreatable cancer metastasis accounts for poor prognosis and most CRC deaths. The generation of a strong immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) by CRC constitutes a major hurdle for tumor clearance by the immune system. Dendritic cells (DCs), often impaired in the TME, play a critical role in the initiation and amplification of anti-tumor immune responses. Evidence suggests that tumor-mediated DC dysfunction is decisive for tumor growth and metastasis initiation, as well as for the success of immunotherapies. Unravelling and understanding the complex crosstalk between CRC and DCs holds promise for identifying key mechanisms involved in tumor progression and spread that can be exploited for therapy. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the impact of CRC-driven immunosuppression on DCs phenotype and functionality, and its significance for disease progression, patient prognosis, and treatment response. Moreover, present knowledge gaps will be highlighted as promising opportunities to further understand and therapeutically target DC dysfunction in CRC. Given the complexity and heterogeneity of CRC, future research will benefit from the use of patient-derived material and the development of in vitro organoid-based co-culture systems to model and study DCs within the CRC TME., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Subtil, Cambi, Tauriello and de Vries.)
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- 2021
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449. Polymorphism of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) reduces the therapeutic efficiency and antitumor immunity after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer.
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Chiang SF, Huang KC, Chen WT, Chen TW, Ke TW, and Chao KSC
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- Animals, Chemoradiotherapy, Female, Humans, Mice, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Prognosis, Rectal Neoplasms, Receptors, Formyl Peptide metabolism
- Abstract
Immunosurveillance and immunoscavenging prompted by preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) may contribute to improve local control and increase survival outcomes for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). In this study, we investigated several genotypes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their impact on therapeutic efficacy in LARC patients treated with CCRT. We found that homozygosis of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) (E346A/rs867228) was associated with reduced 5-year overall survival (OS) by Kaplan-Meier analysis (62% vs. 81%, p = 0.014) and multivariate analysis [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.383, 95% CI = 1.374-10.239, p = 0.007]. Moreover, in an animal model, we discovered that the FPR1 antagonist, Boc-MLF (Boc-1), reduced CCRT therapeutic efficacy and decreased cytotoxic T cells and T effector memory cells after chemoradiotherapy treatment. Pharmacologic inhibition of FPR1 by Boc-1 decreased T lymphocyte migration to irradiated tumor cells. Therefore, these results revealed that the FPR1 genotype participates in CCRT-elicited anticancer immunity by reducing T lymphocytes migration and infiltration, and that the FPR1-E346A CC genotype can be considered an independent biomarker for chemo- and radiotherapy outcomes., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2021
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450. Application of immune checkpoint targets in the anti-tumor novel drugs and traditional Chinese medicine development.
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhao W, Li H, Zhang L, Li X, Zhang T, Zhang H, Huang H, and Liu C
- Abstract
Immune checkpoints are the crucial regulators of immune system and play essential roles in maintaining self-tolerance, preventing autoimmune responses, and minimizing tissue damage by regulating the duration and intensity of the immune response. Furthermore, immune checkpoints are usually overexpressed in cancer cells or noninvasive cells in tumor tissues and are capable of suppressing the antitumor response. Based on substantial physiological analyses as well as preclinical and clinical studies, checkpoint molecules have been evaluated as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of multiple types of cancers. In the last few years, extensive evidence has supported the immunoregulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). The main advantage of TCMs and natural medicine is that they usually contain multiple active components, which can act on multiple targets at the same time, resulting in additive or synergistic effects. The strong immune regulation function of traditional Chinese medicine on immune checkpoints has also been of great interest. For example, Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides can induce anti-PD-1 antibody responses in animals, and these antibodies can overcome the exhaustion of immune cells under tumor immune evasion. Furthermore, many other TCM molecules could also be novel and effective drug candidates for the treatment of cancers. Therefore, it is essential to assess the application of immune checkpoints in the development of new drugs and TCMs. In this review, we focus on research progress in the field of immune checkpoints based on three topics: (1) immune checkpoint targets and pathways, (2) development of novel immune checkpoint-based drugs, and (3) application of immune checkpoints in the development of TCMs., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (© 2021 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)
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- 2021
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