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Background: One of the acrylic resins properties is the water absorption that affect on the hardness changes of the acry/ic resins. This /aboratory experiments studied disinfectant Alkaline peroxide and celery (Apium graveolens L.) extract 75% effect on the hardness changes of acry/ic denture base resins materia/. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of immersion denture cleanser alkalin peroxide and celery (Apium graveolens L.) extract 75% of the hardness acrylic resin.Methods: The study a pure experimental study with posttest-only with control group design. The study was conducted by immersing heat cured acrylic samples of 30 mm of diameter and 5 mm of thickness in alkaline peroxide, ce/ery (Apium graveo/ens L.) extract 75% and aquades for 5 and 15 days. An Vickers Microhardness Testing Machine using the Vickers indentation technique with (50 gr load for 10s) were used for the hardness changes observationResults: The statistical test used One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni with 0.05 significance degree /eve/. The average va/ue of acry/ic hardness in a/ka/ine peroxide and celery extract 5 days 15.01 VHN and 15.37 VHN, 15 days 13.77 VHN and 14.07 VHN.Conclusion: The resu/t showed no significant difference hardness of acry/ic resins denture base plate after immersion in Alkaline peroxide and celery (Apium graveolens L.) extract 75% for 5 and 15 days.

Apium graveolens Linn. (Apiaceae) is an indigenous plant of the North and South Americas, Southern Europe, and Asia and has been widely used as a food or a traditional medicine for treatment of inflammation and arthritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of a methanolic extract of A. graveolens (AGE) against liver oxidative stress in an adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. The AGE (250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg) was given orally for 24 consecutive days after induction by injecting complete Freund's adjuvant. Liver and spleen weights were recorded. The superoxide anion level, total peroxide (TP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant status, and oxidative stress index (OSI) were also measured. AGE treatment significantly decreased the levels of the superoxide anion, TP, and OSI whereas the GPx and SOD activities significantly increased in the liver of the arthritic rats. These results indicated that AGE showed an ameliorative effect against liver oxidative stress in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats by reducing the generation of liver free radicals and increasing the liver antioxidant enzyme activity.

The aim of this study was to investigate impact of vermicompost on chemical and biological properties of an alkaline soil with high lime content in the presence of plant under the open field conditions in semiarid Mediterranean region of Turkey. The study also included farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers for comparison and was conducted in two consecutive growth seasons in the same plots to observe any cumulative effect. Plots were amended with fertilizers in different rates and celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce Mill.) was grown as the test plant. In general, vermicompost appeared to be more effective to increase organic matter, N, P, and Ca compared to farmyard manure. Soil alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities, especially in the second growth season, were significantly elevated by the vermicompost application. Urease activity, however, appeared not to be influenced by the type of organic fertilizer. A slight but statistically significant difference was detected between organic amendments in terms of number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria with vermicompost giving the lower values. Results showed that, in general, vermicompost significantly alters chemical and biological properties of the alkaline soil with high lime content during celery production under field conditions compared to farmyard manure and that it has a high potential to be used as an alternative to conventional organic fertilizers in agricultural production in the Mediterranean region of Turkey.

One concept used in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) for multidrug therapy is that of the convoy drug (Mobadregh). According to TPM texts, convoy drugs are substances (or drugs), which facilitate the access of drugs or foods to the whole body or to specific organs. This study reviewed some convoy drugs presented in TPM, their biological effects, and their probable interactions with main drugs, considering the increased absorption through inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux function, bioavailability-enhancing effects, and decreased metabolism of the main drug using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar in November and December, 2013. Recent studies have proven the beneficial effects of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and camphor on the heart and brain, the cerebral therapeutic effects of Asarum europaeum (hazelwort), the hepatoprotective effects of Cichorium intybus (chicory), and Apium graveolens (celery) seeds, and the diuretic effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), and Cucumis melo (melon) seeds. The effects of vinegar in targeting the liver and brain have also been demonstrated. An evaluation of the results demonstrated that the suggested convoy drugs, including Piper nigrum (black pepper), Piper longum (long pepper), red wine, Camellia sinensis (tea), hazelwort, Mentha longifolia (pennyroyal), Anethum graveolens (dill), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), cinnamon, and Sassafras albidum (sassafras) can increase the bioavailability of coadministered drugs by inhibition of P-gp or cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) or both of them. This evidence could be a good basis for the use of these agents as convoys in TPM.

The western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae), can be a serious pest of celery, Apium graveolens dulce (Mill.) Pers. in the Central Coast region of California. Little is known about injury symptoms caused by L. hesperus adults on celery. When celery seedlings were exposed to L. hesperus adults, their crown area was found destroyed with necrotic dead tissue. Destroyed crowns of dead seedlings were observed when seedlings were exposed to five or more L. hesperus adults for ≥24 h but was not observed on seedlings exposed ≤12 h. In addition, elongated lesions were noticed on the celery petiole and were significantly greater when exposed to five or more L. hesperus adults for as little as 4 h. Number of elongated lesion injuries and number of eggs recovered from elongated lesions was correlated (r = 0.66; P < 0.001). Data provide key diagnostic symptoms of L. hesperus feeding and ovipositional injury on celery seedlings. Also, this study expands our understandings on the effects of L. hesperus adult density and duration of exposure which reinforces the need for regular scouting, and immediate management decisions and action to reduce losses from L. hesperus injury in both celery seedlings and mature plants in greenhouse and field settings, respectively Accepted for publication 27 April 2016. Published 4 May 2016.

The efficacy of Fenugreek, Trigonellafoenum graecum, Celery, Apium graveolens Laurel, Laurus nobilis and Thyme, Thymus vulgaris extracts, against the four stored grains pests, rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, mould mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae were investigated. Mortality (%) increased with increasing concentrations, exposure periods and varying from plant to plant. Petroleum ether extract of A. graveolens induced 100% mortality after two, eight and seven days of exposure for C. maculates, S. oryzae and D. farinae, respectively. Foenum graecum caused 100% mortality after four, five and seven days for S.oryzae, D. farinae and T. putrescentiae, respectively and 93.3% for C. maculates after five days. Petroleum ether extract of L. nobilis caused 100% mortality to C. maculatus, T. putrescentiae and D. farina but declined to48% with S. oryzae. T. vulgaris caused a complete reduction in F1- progeny for C. maculatus but had no effect against S. oryzae moderate effect on T. putrescentiae and D. farinae. A. graveolens and T. foenumgraecum were the most toxic plants followed by L. nobilis; while T. vulgariswas the least. For all plants, petroleum ether extracts were more effective in mortality percentage and reduction in F1- progeny than acetone extracts.

Beneficial microbes can mitigate biotic or abiotic stress-induced damage to plant cell membranes. Yet, little is known about the effects of actinomycetes on cell membrane permeability in plants under joint biotic and abiotic stresses. Herein, the effects of three biocontrol actinomycetes (Streptomyces pactum Act12, S. globisporus Act7, and S. globisporus subsp. globisporus C28) on cell membrane permeability in the leaves of celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. “Hanyusiji”) were evaluated under fungal pathogen (biotic) and freezing (abiotic) stresses by using electrical conductivity measurements. Our results showed that, under freezing stress, any of three fungal pathogens alone resulted in increased cell membrane permeability. Under the single stress of freezing, medium and high concentrations of C28 respectively reduced cell membrane permeability by 37.0% and 30.6%; Act7 exerted no significant effects, whereas high concentration of Act12 increased cell membrane permeability. Under the dual stresses of fungal pathogen and freezing, these protective effects of Act12, Act7, and C28 did not differ significantly. Nonetheless, these protective effects depended on the type of pathogen infection involved: the largest reduction in cell membrane permeability occurred in the presence of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (46.4-69.2%) followed by A. alternate (17.4-51.8%), with F. sambucinum ranked lowest (8.8-35.5%). In conclusion, inoculating an appropriate concentration of actinomycetes can mitigate freezing-induced cell membrane injury in celery plants. Importantly, the actinomycete strains better protected the cell membrane against freezing injury under fungal pathogen stress, but this benefit depends on the adverse effects of pathogens on cell membrane permeability.

Intensive agriculture uses a lot of nitrogen fertilizers to increase crop productivity. These crops are in competition with soil-denitrifying microorganisms that assimilate nitrogen in the form of nitrate and transform it into N2O, a greenhouse gas, or N2. However, certain plant species exude secondary metabolites, called procyanidins, which inhibit denitrifiers and increase the nitrate pool in the soil available for plant nutrition. This phenomenon is called biological denitrification inhibition. Previously, we showed that the addition of exogenous procyanidins to a lettuce crop induces denitrifier inhibition and increases nitrate content in the soil, affecting lettuce morphological traits. Here, the effects of procyanidin amendments in the field on a more long-term and nitrogen-consuming crop species such as celery were tested. The effects of procyanidin amendment on celery growth with those of conventional ammonium nitrate amendments were, therefore, compared. Denitrification activity, nitrate concentration, the abundance of denitrifying bacteria in the soil, and traits related to celery growth were measured. It was shown that the addition of procyanidins inhibits denitrifiers and increases the soil nitrate level, inducing an improvement in celery morphological traits. In addition, procyanidin amendment induces the lowest nitrogen concentration in tissues and reduces N2O emissions.

In this research, the biological activities of five plant extracts from family Apiaceae; Italian Parsley ( Petroselinum neapolitanum ), Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare), Celery ( Apium graveolens ), Cilantro ( Coriandrum sativum ) and Dill ( Anethum graveolens ), were studied. Antiproliferative effect of eleven ethanol crude extracts was tested in Human Cervical (Hela) cancer cells. Results clearly demonstrated that all plant extracts showed high significant difference when compared to the negative control (DMSO).Parsley leaves extract, cilantro leaves extract and cilantro stems extract showed no significant difference with the positive control (Actinomycin D). As for, fennel bulb extracts, fennel stalks extracts, celery stems gave better results than the positive control with no significant difference through the 24, 48 and 72 h treatment. There were no significant difference between Fennel extracts and the positive control, which showed high effect on the cancer cells survival. There were no significant difference between both extracts of Cilantro leaves and stems through each time but the best result was after 72 h of treatments. Regarding Dill leaves and stems, cell numbers recorded no significant difference between the both on time dependent manner. Further investigation for ethanolic extracts of parsley leaves, fennel bulb, fennel stalks, celery stems, cilantro leaves and cilantro stems which showed better results than using the commercial drug Actinomycin D (25ml/ml) for 24 h treatment or less depending on concentrations manner. Also, further investigation on different types of cancer cell lines to avoid the toxic effect of chemotherapy.

Apium graveolens is a medicinal and aromatic plant used in pharmaceutical industry, cosmetic industry, gastronomy and traditional medicine. Aerial parts of Apium graveolens (stems and leaves) are rich in bioactive compounds (flavonoids, phenols, furanocoumarins, volatile oils, sesquiterpene alcohols, fatty acids, etc.). It is known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-spasmolytic, anti-infertility, cardiotonic activities. This is why studies in this direction have not yet ceased and are increasingly pursuing the discovery of new, unconventional methods for identifying, quantifying and isolating bioactive compounds from Apium graveolens waste. The aim of this study was to determine and correlate the total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and extraction yield from ethanolic extracts (70%) of stems and leaves waste with different unconventional extraction methods. Apium graveolens aerial parts waste were obtained after aqueous extraction of the leaves and stems. The extraction yield was expressed as function of freeze-dried extracts, and the extraction methods were ultrasound assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction. Regarding the chosen extraction methods, numerous studies have shown, especially in the case of microwave assisted extraction, the presence of bioactive compounds in plant waste, in a reasonable percentage, therefore this study aimed to identify an optimal extraction method also in the case of Apium graveolens aerial parts waste. Total phenols content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method, the flavonoids content waste determined by aluminium chloride spectrophotometric method and the antioxidant activity was studied using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) spectrophotometric method. The findings of this work indicated a positive dependence between the extraction yield of the waste material and the considerable content of bioactive compounds still present (phenols and flavonoids) for all considered extraction methods.

Burkholderia cepacia is considered as one of the most harmful soilborne pathogens of onion. Currently used chemical or biological methods for the eradication of B. cepacia from soil are not effective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of eradication of the pathogen from soil using dried leaves of celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum Mill. cv. Albin). The leaves were crushed and added to the soil at a dose of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% (w/v) in the pot experiments and 0.25 and 0.5% (w/v) in container open-air experiments. The results showed that soil amendment with celeriac wastes significantly reduced B. cepacia abundance. The detrimental effect of celeriac leaves depended on the incubation time and dosage of the material. In the laboratory experiment B. cepacia was not isolated two months after the addition of 2% celeriac to infested soil. In the container experiment, in 2017, decrease of the pathogen population was observed two months after celeriac application, in June. The decreasing tendency of the pathogen population was maintained through all experiment duration. The addition of the dried celeriac leaves caused also the changes in population of soil microorganisms, especially increase of fluorescent Pseudomonas, spore forming bacteria and actinomycetes.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is commonly complication of diabetes mellitus. Antimicrobial and antioxidant herbs can be used as complementary therapy in DFU and these properties will be strengthened by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This study was performed for screening of Indonesian herbs promising as antioxidant which can be subsequently involved in the green synthesis of AgNPs. Antioxidant of eight herbs extracts were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method. Their total group of compounds were quantified as well. Phyllanthus niruri and Orthosiphon stamineus exhibited the strongest antioxidant power with IC50 of 102 and 133 μg/ml, followed by Curcuma domestica, Stelechocarpus burahol, and Curcuma xanthorriza with the IC50 of 363, 481, and 540 μg/ml, respectively. Sonchus arvensis, Apium graveolens, Centella asiatica did not have antioxidants activity. Total phenolics from the highest is: O. stamineus > C. domestica > C. xanthorrizha > P. niruri > S. burahol > S. arvensis > A. graveolens > C. asiatica, whereas total flavonoids order is O. stamineus > S. burahol > P. niruri > A. graveolens > C. asiatica > S. arvensis > C. xanthorrizha > C. domestica. We concluded that O. stamineus was the most suitable herb to be used as a bioreductor in the green synthesis of AgNPs.

Cadmium contamination in greenhouse vegetable fields greatly limited the sustainable production especially of leafy vegetables. Hydroxyapatite (HAP), as a common soil amendment, has been widely used in the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils, while its remediation efficiency greatly depends on its particle sizes. In this study, a rhizobag pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of HAP (60 nm,12 μm and80 μm) on bioavailability of Cd to celery grown in acidic and slightly Cd-contaminated greenhouse soil. The results suggested that HAP with the largest particle size (80 μm) had the best effectiveness in reducing Cd uptake especially by the edible part of celery. Specifically, the increase in HAP (80 μm) addition from 0.5% to 3% prominently reduced Cd concentrations in celery shoot by 19.6%-76.8% as compared with the untreated group. Also, adding HAP (80 μm) especially at 3% significantly decreased translocation factor (TF) of Cd from celery root to shoot by 30.6% and reduced bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd from rhizosphere soil to celery shoot by 76.4%. These were predominantly associated with the significantly increased soil pH and the subsequently decreased soil CaCl

Application of plant extracts for corrosion inhibition of carbon steels continues to increase due to their nontoxic nature and presence of phytochemical components. The corrosion inhibition performance of Apium graveolens, Punica granatum, and Camellia sinensis plant extracts on plain carbon steel in 0.5 M sulfuric acid was assessed with coupon measurement, potentiodynamic polarization technique and optical microscopy characterization. The plant extracts effectively inhibited the carbon steel from 60% to 90% concentration with optimal inhibition efficiency values of 95.83%, 87.08%, and 92.37% at 90% concentration from coupon measurement. The corrosion inhibition capability of the plant extracts proves it to be time and concentration dependent, though time dependence decreases with increase in concentration and was negligible at 90% concentration. Polarization studies showed the extracts exhibited cathodic inhibition mechanism from the displacement of the polarization plots and significant decrease in cathodic portion of the polarization plots. Optical image of the steel without the extracts exhibited general corrosion with macro-pits which significantly differ from the image of the inhibited steel.

Pathogenic bacteria in the digestible tract can inhibit the optimization of the feed absorption on broiler chicken. The research aimed to determine the ability of the inhibition of bioactive compounds on celery as pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens was found in broiler digestive tracts. The stages of the study were the determination of celery plants and inhibitory test on Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens with P0 concentration: negative control (aquades), P1: positive control (5 μg / ml amoxicillin), P2: 2,5 mg / ml celery extraction, P3: 5 mg / ml celery extract, and P4: 10 mg / ml celery extraction. Variables observed were the inhibition zone diameter using the disc method. The data obtained were tabulated with the Microsoft Excel program, then analyzed by a completely randomized design (CRD) where the significant differences analyzed used Duncan's analysis. Based on the results study showed that plant determination was celery (Apium graveolens, L.). The addition of celery extraction with a concentration of 10 mg/ml showed a higher inhibitory power compared to the use of antibiotics against Salmonella and E Coli bacteria.

Celery fraction research (Apium graveolens L.) was carried out to determine the ability of the sedation effect of celery fraction compared to celery extracts which have been known to have the ability to effect the previous sedation. This study aims to find out which fraction has the best sedation effect. This study was an experimental study with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 5 replications. Test animals divided into 5 treatment groups namely negative control group (CMC Na 1%), celery extract group 200mg /kg and 3 treatment groups n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate, and methanol water fraction with a dose of 200 mg /kg . The sedation effect test was carried out using the Traction Test and Fireplace Testmethods. Quantitative data observed were the length of time the mice fell and the length of time the mice went out of the heated tube/glass. The results of the analysis showed that the celery fraction had a better sedation effect than the extract, and the methanol water fraction 200 mg/kg was the most effective fraction in causing sedation effects.

In this study, the effect of a dietary supplementation of Apium graveolens on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and immune response of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were evaluated. C. carpio, with an average weight at the beginning of the experiment of 6.5 ± 0.07 g, were supplemented with a celery (Apium graveolens) aqueous methanolic extract at a dose of 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.5% or 1% over 45 days. Every 15 days, respiratory burst, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity were measured, and at the end of the study, haematological responses, growth performance and digestive enzyme activity were investigated. Respiratory burst and myeloperoxidase activity was significantly improved in all treated groups compared with the control group (P ˂ 0.05). Lysozyme activity was highest in the 0.1% and 1% extract groups. At the end of the study, the final weight (FW), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly increased in the 0.1% group compared with the other groups. The feed concentration ratio was decreased in the 0.1% and 1% groups compared with the control (P < 0.05). Haematological parameters were affected by A. graveolens extract intake (P ˂ 0.05). The total white and red blood counts, haemoglobin content and haematocrit value were highest in the 0.1% extract group (P ˂ 0.05). However, the mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin concentration were decreased in the 0.5% group (P ˂ 0.05). Digestive enzyme activity (trypsin, amylase and lipase) in all experimental groups was significantly elevated compared with the control (P ˂ 0.05). These results indicated an immunostimulatory and growth-promoting effect and increasing digestive enzyme activity of C. carpio supplemented with an A. graveolens aqueous methanolic extract.

The objective of this study was to predict celeriac drying curves using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The experimental data for vacuum drying kinetics of celeriac slices reported by other researcher in the previously published article was used. The air temperature, chamber pressure and time values were used as ANN inputs. To predict the moisture content, the multilayer feed forward back propagation neural network, as a well-known network, was used. The network with Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm, hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer function, and 3-6-9-1 topology provided the superior results.

Aqueous extract of celery (2.5-20 g l-1, w/v) was evaluated for its phytotoxicity against three weed species, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Celery extract had a strong inhibitory effect on germination and seedling growth of Corchorus olitorius, Echinochloa crusgalli and Portulaca oleracea seeds. From dose response curves of tested seeds, LC50 were calculated to be in the range from 6.3 to 8.3 g l-1 for germination percent, from 7.2 to 8.0 g l-1 for shoot length and from 1.7 to 3.6 g l-1 for root length. Completely inhibition of root growth was exhibited C. olitorius and P. oleracea at 7.5 g l-1 corresponded with 15 g l-1 for E. crusgalli seed. Total phenolics in celery extract at 20 g l-1 constituted 201 mg l-1. Ten phenolic acids were identified in extract by HPLC, among of them p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were presented in high amounts. Aqueous extract was partitioning between three solvents, hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate. Generally, water residue after partitioning aqueous extract with the three solvents had the most phytotoxic effect on seedling growth of target seeds. In greenhouse trial, foliar spray of aqueous extract of celery (30, 60 and 90 g l-1) and its fractions did not produce any significant effect on growth of two-weeks-old C. olitorius, or E. crusgalli or P. oleracea weeds., Advances in Horticultural Science, Vol 32 No 4 (2018)

Seizures are finite episodes of brain dysfunction resulting from abnormal discharge of cerebral neurons. Aim of this study was to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of Apium graveolens.Mice (28) were divided into 4 groups,one and two receivedtwo doses of Apium graveolens (A.g.) for 10 days,at day eleven convulsions were induced by lidocaine,three and four were injected with D.W. (and diazepam (DIZ) respectively 30 minutes before lidocaine.No significant differences were found in convulsion onset between all groups.15 g/kgA.g. not significantly delayed onset of convulsion. Duration of convulsion was high significantly increased (p

The experiment was designed to study the effect of terpenoid compounds extracted from the leaves of four types of organum majorana,Mentha spp,Apium graveolens and Malva parviflora and concentrations (2.5,5,7.5,10,12.5) mg / ml and different exposure times (24,48 and 72) Treatment in nymphs and adult mortality rate for cotton insect. The results showed that the use of O. majorana extract with a concentration of 12.5 mg / ml recorded the highest mortality rate in both the nymph and adult stages and increased with increased exposure time. Followed by the extracts of Mentha spp,M. parviflora and A. gravelolens respectively.

The seeds of A. graveolens yielded coumarin derivatives such as seselin, methoxsalen, and 3H-isobenzofuran-1-one through chromatographic separation techniques. The structure of the components has been established on the basis of spectral data analysis. The present study was undertaken to explore the antihyperlipidemic and antitumor effects of ethanolic extract and phytoconstituents of A. graveolens in rodents. Albino rats were administered intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Triton WR 1339 for the induction of hyperlipidemia at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. After 24 h of Triton administration, the test drugs were administered orally at dose of 50 mg/kg body weight in rats. The extract and isolated components were further investigated for the tumor take inhibitory activity in hybrid mice (of C57BL strain + Swiss albino strain). Preventive group animals were injected daily with the extract and isolated components at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight i.p. for 10 consecutive days. The animals were observed for the growth of tumor after injection of B16F10 melanoma cells into the dorsal skin of mice. The study showed significant reduction in total cholesterol (p.001), triglycerides (p.001) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level (

Background Apium graveolens L. is a traditional Chinese medicine prescribed as a treatment for hypertension, gout, and diabetes. This study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effects of A. graveolens extract against a Parkinson’s disease (PD) model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in C57BL/6 mice. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice treated with MPTP were orally dosed with A. graveolens extract daily for 21 days. Behavioral tests, including a rotarod apparatus, a narrow beam test, a drag test, a grid walk test, a swimming test, and a resting tremor evaluation, were performed. Thereafter, the mice were sacrificed, and monoamine oxidase A and B activity, lipid peroxidation activity, and superoxide anion levels were measured. Immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase was performed to identify dopaminergic neurons. Results We found that treatment with A. graveolens at dose of 375 mg/kg demonstrated the highest effect and led to significant improvements in behavioral performance, oxidative stress parameters, and monoamine oxidase A and B activity compared with the untreated group (p

Apium graveolens (celery) is an edible and traditionally medicinal plant that is used worldwide, among others for the treatment of hypertension. Combining celery with antihypertensive drugs can affect the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the latter drugs. The aim of the study is to assess the effects of administrating the celery extract on captopril pharmacokinetics. Sprague-Dawley strain rats were divided into two groups (n = 6). Group I was given captopril (10 mg/kg Body Weight (BW)) orally, while Group II was pretreated with celery extract orally (40 mg/kg BW) an hour before administration of captopril. The blood samples were withdrawn at various intervals after drug administration. The captopril concentration was determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and from the blood data, the values of Ke, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The results showed that oral administration of the celery extract increased Cmax (38.67%), T1/2 (37.84%), and AUC (58.10%) and decreased Ke (27.45%) of captopril in Group II (celery + captopril) compared with Group I (captopril). In conclusion, celery extract can alter the pharmacokinetic of captopril when given in combination. The combination might be beneficial for the treatment of hypertension, as celery causes an increase in the plasma level of captopril, which can enhance its efficacy.

This study showed that a galactosyltransferase, AgUCGalT1, is involved in anthocyanin galactosylation in purple celery. Celery is a well-known vegetable because of its rich nutrients, low calories, and medicinal values. Its petioles and leaf blades are the main organs acting as nutrient sources. UDP-galactose: cyanidin 3-O-galactosyltransferase can transfer the galactosyl moiety from UDP-galactose to the 3-O-position of cyanidin through glycosylation. This process enhances the stability and water solubility of anthocyanins. In the present study, LC–MS data indicated that abundant cyanidin-based anthocyanins accumulated in the petioles of purple celery (‘Nanxuan liuhe purple celery’). A gene encoding UDP-galactose: cyanidin 3-O-galactosyltransferase, namely AgUCGalT1, was isolated from purple celery and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Sequence alignments revealed that the AgUCGalT1 protein contained a highly conserved putative secondary plant glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif. The glycosylation product catalyzed by AgUCGalT1 was detected using UPLC equipment. The recombinant AgUCGalT1 had an optimal enzyme activity at 35 °C and pH 8.0, and showed highest enzyme activity toward cyanidin among the enzyme activities involving other substances, namely, peonidin, quercetin, and kaempferol. The expression levels of AgUCGalT1 were positively correlated with the total anthocyanin contents in purple and non-purple celery varieties. Crude enzymes extracted from purple celery exhibited glycosylation ability, whereas crude enzymes obtained from non-purple celery did not have this ability. This work provided evidence as a basis for investigations on the function of AgUCGalT1 in anthocyanin glycosylation in purple celery.

Morphological and molecularcharacterization of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. apii associated to yellow wilt on celery inCosta Rica. Celery is cultivated in provinces ofCosta Rica, such as Cartago, Heredia, Alajuelaand San José. Total production is approximately25 metric tons annually. This crop is affectedby different pathogens but in the last few yearsFusarium oxysporum has caused substantialdamage at the plantation level. In celery, 4pathogenic Fusarium races are known, theyare defined using the tolerance of the celerycultivars to the pathogen. Race 1 affects onlyyellow celery; race 2 affects both yellow andgreen celery; race 3, the least pathogenic, isvirulent only for green celery; and race 4, isthe most aggressive causing losses in green asyellow celery. In Costa Rica only the presenceof Fusarium oxysporum has been reported. Tobetter identify and describe the pathogen, isolateswere obtained from diseased plants that showeda variety of symptoms including: delayed plant growth, dwarfism, yellow and wilting foliage, aswell as blackening and damaged root systems.Koch postulates and a morphological descriptionof the pathogen was done based on differentcharacteristics of spore quantity and the presenceof macro and microconidia on carnation leaf agar(CLA), as well as colony appearance (color andpigmentations), which were observed on potatodextrose agar (PDA). Molecular characterizationwas performed by sequencing the elongationfactor 1-alpha region (EF-1a). Results matchedsome isolates found at the National Center forBiotechnolgy Information (NCBI) related to F.oxysporum f. sp. apii and our results furthersuggested that we are dealing with the presenceof race 3 and/or 4 in Costa Rica. Costa Rica produce apio en las provincias de Cartago, Heredia, Alajuela y San José. La producción aproximada es de 25 toneladas métricas anuales. Este cultivo se ve afectado por diferentes patógenos, sin embargo, en los últimos años Fusarium oxysporum ha causado serios problemas de marchitez en plantas a nivel productivo. En apio se conocen 4 razas patogénicas de Fusarium, definidas a partir de la tolerancia que presentan los cultivares de apio al patógeno. La raza 1 afecta solo el apio amarillo; la raza 2 afecta tanto el apio amarillo como el verde; la raza 3, la menos patogénica, es virulenta únicamente para el apio verde; y la raza 4, es la más agresiva que causa tanto pérdidas en apio verde como amarillo. En Costa Rica se ha descrito la presencia de Fusarium oxysporum en apio, pero no se han descrito las razas presentes. Para identificar y describir el patógeno, se aisló el hongo a partir de plantas enfermas provenientes de campo que presentaban los siguientes síntomas: retraso en la tasa de crecimiento, enanismo, amarillamiento, marchitez en el follaje y reducción, oscurecimiento y daño en el sistema radical. Se realizaron los Postulados de Koch y la descripción morfológica del patógeno, para características tales como la cantidad y presencia o ausencia de macro y microconidios en medio de cultivo de clavel (CLA), además, la apariencia del micelio (color y pigmentación) en medio papa dextrosa agar (PDA). La caracterización molecular se realizó mediante la secuenciación de la región del factor de elongación uno alfa (EF1-α). El resultado tuvo una alta similitud con aislamientos encontrados en el National Center for Biotechnolgy Information (NCBI) relacionados a F. oxysporum f. sp. apii y se sugiere la presencia de las razas 3 y/o 4 en Costa Rica.

This study was aimed at assessing the growth and production of celery plants grown with various compositions of N,P and K fertilizer and compost. The study was done at the Trial Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University, Bogor fiom September to November 2015. A completely randomized design with two factors was used. The factors consisted of compost rate and N,P and K fertilizer rate. Compost was given in four levels, namely no compost (0% R), 26.3% gcompost/plant (50% R), 52.5 g compost/plant (100% R), and 78.7 g compost/plant (150% R). N, P and K fertilizer was given in five levels, namely no fertilizer (0% R), 4 g Urea, 0.3 g SP-36, 0.2 g KCl (25% R), 0.9 g Urea, 0.6 g SP-36, 0.4 g KCI (50% R), 1.3 g Urea, 0.8 g SP-36, 0.6 g KCl (75% R), and 1.7 g Urea, 1.1 g SP-36, 0.8 g KCl (100% R). All fertilizers were administered gradually at the time of planting and 2 weeks after planting. Three replicates were allocated into each treatment making up 60 experimental units. Results showed that celery plants given synthetic fertilizer at 100% R had higher plant height, number of leaves, number of seedlings, harvest fresh weight (g), saleable fresh weight (g), root biomass (g), and root dry weight (g) than those treated with no fertilizer (0% R). Plants treated with 150% compost had higher plant height, number of leaves, harvest fresh weight (g), saleable fresh weight (g), root length (cm), and root dry weight (g) than those treated with no fertilizer (0% R). Thus the best celery growth and production in this study was obtained on plant 150% R compost and 100% R synthetic fertilizer nourished.Key words: celery, compost, N, P, K fertilizer, harvest flesh weight

Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the effect of Iranian traditional remedy prepared from Apium graveolens and Trachyspermum copticom (AT) on the severity and frequency of symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Material and Methods: In total, 150 FD patients were included in this randomized double-blind trial, based on the ROME III diagnostic criteria, and they were divided into three intervention groups namely, AT, Placebo and omeprazole. Then, severity and frequency of symptoms during this eight-week trial were measured. Obtained information was analyzed using Chi-square test and repeated measures test. Result: In general, the severity and frequency of symptoms after the 4th week significantly decreased in the AT group as compared to the omeprazole and placebo groups, and continued to reduce by the end of the eighth week. General reduction of symptom severity and frequency in the omeprazole group was significantly different from the placebo group by the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. With respect to each individual symptom, AT markedly improved symptoms, such as burning, pain, early satiation, fullness, bloating, belching and nausea, as compared to placebo-treated group. Moreover, AT significantly improved symptoms, like vomiting, and nausea, except for pain, as compared to omeprazole-treated subjects. Conclusion: According to the results, AT, as Iranian traditional remedy, was more effective than omeprazole and placebo in reducing the symptoms in FD patients.

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Riego y Drenaje La investigación se realizó en Lima – Perú dentro de las instalaciones del Centro de Hidroponía de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM). El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el uso de un generador de micronanoburbujas (MNB) acoplado a un sistema NFT (Técnica de la película de nutriente) y comparado con un sistema NFT convencional con el fin de determinar mejoras en los indicadores de producción tales como altura de planta, peso fresco y peso seco. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en el cultivo de lechuga (Lactuca sativa) y apio (Apium graveolens) en dos estaciones, en primavera la primera campaña de siembra y en verano la segunda. El análisis estadístico fue un diseño completamente al azar y evaluación de las medias por la prueba múltiple de Tukey. Los resultados mostraron que el uso de micronanoburbujas en la época de primavera disminuye el ciclo vegetativo de lechuga en 13 días y apio en 6 días de diferencia a la cosecha y en la época de verano en lechuga 4 días y en apio 8 días de diferencia a la cosecha con respecto al testigo. El uso de micronaburbujas en la primera campaña de lechuga mejoro los indicadores de producción con respecto al testigo obteniendo un promedio de altura total de 59.3 cm y en el cultivo de apio no hubieron diferencias significativas. La segunda campaña de lechuga la altura de planta del testigo resulto ser estadísticamente mejor que el tratamiento NFT obteniendo un promedio de altura total de 53.4 cm pero en el peso fresco y peso seco no hubieron diferencias significativas y en el cultivo de apio fueron estadísticamente iguales. The research was conducted in Lima - Peru within the facilities of the Hydroponics Center of the Faculty of Sciences of the National Agrarian University La Molina (UNALM). The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of a micronanobuble generator (MNB) coupled to a NFT system (Technique of the nutrient film) and compared with a conventional NFT system in order to determine improvements in the production indicators such as plant height, fresh weight and dry weight. The evaluations were carried out in the cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and celery (Apium graveolens) in two seasons, in spring the first sowing campaign and in summer the second. The statistical analysis was a completely randomized design and evaluation of the means by Tukey's multiple test. The results showed that the use of micronanobubbles in the spring season decreases the vegetative cycle of lettuce in 13 days and celery in 6 days of difference to the harvest and in the summer season in lettuce 4 days and in celery 8 days of difference to the harvest with respect to the witness. The use of microbubbles in the first campaign of lettuce improved the production indicators with respect to the control obtaining an average of total height of 59.3 cm and in the cultivation of celery there were no significant differences. The second campaign of lettuce plant height of the control turned out to be statistically better than the NFT treatment obtaining an average of total height of 53.4 cm but the fresh weight and dry weight there were no significant differences and in the celery culture were statistically equal. Tesis

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el manejo de plaguicidas en la campiña de Moche, Trujillo, Perú. Se encontró que el 80% de agricultores poseen menos de 3 ha, correspondiendo a 13% de agricultores en el sector de Jushape, 50% en Cobranza, 63% en Chaquín Alto, 25% en Herequeque y 40% en El Tanque. Se presentaron los principales cultivos: Zea mays L. "maíz" (Poaceae), Brassica cretica Lam. "brócoli" (Brassicaceae), Apium graveolens L. "apio", Coriandrum sativum L. "cilantro" (Apiaceae) y Allium fistulosum L. "cebolla china" (Amaryllidaceae). Los agricultores hacen uso indiscriminado de los plaguicidas en 90% en el sector El Tanque, 85% en el sector Chaquín Alto y 83% en el sector Cobranza, constituyendo un peligro latente para la salud. Se determinó que el 50% de pobladores no utilizaron ningún equipo básico de seguridad, como es el caso del sector de Huerequeque, y con un rango del 20 al 37% para los sectores de Chaquín Alto, El Tanque, Cobranza y Jushape. Asimismo, se encontró una acumulación de envases contaminados en las parcelas agrícolas y falta de respuesta para su manejo y disposición final The present study had as main objective to determine the pesticide management in Moche countryside, Trujillo, Peru. We found that 80% of farmers own less than 3 ha, corresponding to 13% of farmers in Jushape sector, 50% in Cobranza, 63% in Chaquín Alto, 25% in Herequeque and 40% in El Tanque. The major crops are Zea mays L. "corn" (Poaceae), Brassica cretica Lam. "broccoli" (Brassicaceae), Apium graveolens L. "celery", Coriandrum sativum L. "coriander" (Apiaceae) y Allium fistulosum L. "scallion" (Amaryllidaceae). Farmers make indiscriminate use of pesticides at 90% in El Tanque sector, 85% in Chanquín Alto sector and 83% in Cobranza sector, which can cause serious damages to health. It was determined that 50% of people did not use any basic safety equipment, such as in Huerequeque sector, and within a range of 20 to 37% in Chaquín Alto, El Tanque, Cobranza and Jushape sectors. Likewise, accumulation of contaminated containers were found in agricultural plots, as well as a lack of response for handling and final disposal of them.

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, and a popular vegetable worldwide because of its abundant nutrients and various medical functions. Although extensive genetic and molecular biological studies have been conducted on celery, its genomic data remain unclear. Given the significance of celery and the growing demand for its genomic data, the whole genome of ‘Q2-JN11’ celery (a highly inbred line obtained by artificial selfing of ‘Jinnan Shiqin’) was sequenced using HiSeq 2000 sequencing technology. For the convenience of researchers to study celery, an online database of the whole-genome sequences of celery, CeleryDB, was constructed. The sequences of the whole genome, nucleotide sequences of the predicted genes and amino acid sequences of the predicted proteins are available online on CeleryDB. Home, BLAST, Genome Browser, Transcription Factor and Download interfaces composed of the organizational structure of CeleryDB. Users can search the celery genomic data by using two user-friendly query tools: basic local alignment search tool and Genome Browser. In the future, CeleryDB will be constantly updated to satisfy the needs of celery researchers worldwide. Database URL: http://apiaceae.njau.edu.cn/celerydb