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Oxidative stress-induced myocardial apoptosis and necrosis are involved in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study was performed to investigate microRNA (miR)-210’s role in oxidative stress-related myocardial damage. The expression of miR-210 was upregulated in myocardial tissues of I/R rats, while that of Bcl-2 adenovirus E1B 19kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) was downregulated. To simulate in vivo oxidative stress, H9c2 cells were treated with H2O2 for 48 h. MiR-210 level was increased upon H2O2 stimulation, peaked at 8 h, and then decreased. An opposite expression pattern of BNIP3 was observed. BNIP3 was demonstrated as a direct target of miR-210 via luciferase reporter assay. H2O2-induced cell apoptosis was attenuated by miR-210 mimics, whereas aggravated by miR-210 inhibitor. MiR-210 knockdown-induced cell apoptosis in presence of H2O2 was attenuated by BNIP3 siRNA. Our work demonstrates that miR-210 plays a protective role in H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis at least by regulating the pro-apoptotic BNIP3.

Dynamic analysis of a geared infinitely variable transmission (IVT) that can generate a continuous output-to-input speed ratio from zero to a certain value is studied for vehicle and wind turbine applications. With the IVT considered as a multirigid-body system, the Lagrangian approach is used to analyze its speeds and accelerations, and the Newtonian approach is used to conduct force analysis of each part of the IVT. Instantaneous input and output speeds and accelerations of the IVT have variations in one rotation of its input shaft. This work shows that the instantaneous input speed has less variation than the instantaneous output speed when the inertia on the input side is larger than that on the output side and vice versa. The maximum torque on the output shaft that is a critical part of the IVT increases with the input speed.

In this study, it was reported a novel approach for joining Cf/Al composites and TiAl intermetallic by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). Mixed powders of 14Al–2Ni–3CuO were used as the SHS interlayer, and differential thermal analysis test of Al–Ni–CuO interlayer was conducted to analyze the exothermic characteristic. Sound joint was got by SHS joining under the conditions of 600 °C, 30 min, and 5 MPa. The joint was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TiAl3 and NiAl3 are, respectively, formed in the TiAl/interlayer and Cf/Al/interlayer interfaces. Reaction products of Ni2Al3, NiAl3, Al2O3, and Cu were observed in the interlayer. And the formation mechanism of SHS joining was investigated.

Femtocells (small cells) augment the current mobile network by providing users short-range radio access at home and small-business settings. They have rapidly emerged as a promising scheme to alleviate capacity and coverage shortage by offloading traffic from the conventional Macrocells (large cells). Despite its increasing popularity, the real-world Femtocell performance has remained largely unexplored. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth study to assess Femtocell performance and diagnose identified issues in operational carrier networks. We focus on user-deployed Femtocells in a top-tier US mobile network. While the Femtocell generally works well, unanticipated performance degradations and even failures still occur. Contrary to conventional wisdom in the research community, we find that, radio link quality and interference is not the main bottleneck of Femtocells in many real-life usage scenarios. For instance, while Femtocell deployment at blind-zones with no radio coverage is desirable, not all deployments have succeeded; Compared with their Macrocell counterparts, Femtocells exhibit lower speed and larger speed variations, and induce larger delay for data services. Moreover, mobility support for femtocells is incomplete and no seamless migration is available under certain usage scenarios. We pinpoint their root causes, quantify the potential impacts, and share the learned lessons.

Chromatin insulators or boundary elements protect genes from regulatory activities from neighboring genes or chromatin domains. In the Drosophila Abdominal-B (Abd-B) locus, the deletion of such elements, such as Frontabdominal-7 (Fab-7) or Fab-8 led to dominant gain of function phenotypes, presumably due to the loss of chromatin barriers. Homologous chromosomes are paired in Drosophila, creating a number of pairing dependent phenomena including transvection, and whether transvection may affect the function of Polycomb response elements (PREs) and thus contribute to the phenotypes are not known. Here, we studied the chromatin barrier activity of Fab-8 and how it is affected by the zygosity of the transgene, and found that Fab-8 is able to block the silencing effect of the Ubx PRE on the DsRed reporter gene in a CTCF binding sites dependent manner. However, the blocking also depends on the zygosity of the transgene in that the barrier activity is present when the transgene is homozygous, but absent when the transgene is heterozygous. To analyze this effect, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) experiments on homozygous transgenic embryos, and found that H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 marks are restricted by Fab-8, but they spread beyond Fab-8 into the DsRed gene when the two CTCF binding sites within Fab-8 were mutated. Consistent with this, the mutation reduced H3K4me3 and RNA Pol II binding to the DsRed gene, and consequently, DsRed expression. Importantly, in heterozygous embryos, Fab-8 is unable to prevent the spread of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 marks from crossing Fab-8 into DsRed, suggesting an insulator bypass. These results suggest that in the Abd-B locus, deletion of the insulator in one copy of the chromosome could lead to the loss of insulator activity on the homologous chromosome, and in other loci where chromosomal deletion created hemizygous regions of the genome, the chromatin barrier could be compromised. This study highlights a role of homologous chromosome pairing in the regulation of gene expression in the Drosophila genome.

The current energy crisis is a worldwide problem, and developing energy from biomass is considered an effective partial solution. Sheyang Saltern is located in a coastal area in East China. The administration of saltern cooperated with our Halophyte Research Lab to create a Five-year Plan of Biomass Energy on Saline Land. In this plan, 3330 ha of salt-tolerant oil plants will be planted on the coastal saline land in Sheyang Saltern, including 2664 ha of Ricinus communis and 666 ha of Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) presl. These plants will produce biomass energy from land that is not fit for common crops, and thus this plan will not affect crop production. Moreover, the biomass of plants will be fully utilized in a hierarchical way, guided by an ecological engineering design. Thus, more outputs and more profits will be gained by applying this plan. This study uses the emergy analysis to predict and analyze the saltern ecosystem's ecological potential and compare it with an existing system founded in 2007, a 33.3 ha field of the two plants in the saltern. Four main emergy indices of the two ecosystems, EYR, EIR, ELR and ESI, are calculated and compared. To better show the system's ecological potential, we establish a new emergy index-potential yield ratio (PYR). PYR is designed to measure artificial ecosystems’ potential output capacity. It reflects a system's potential to transform stored emergy into output emergy using ecological engineering technology. The value of the predicted system's PYR is as great as 225, indicating that the system has a bright future to develop salt-tolerant oil plants. The system's future ecological potential and additional ways to utilize the two plants – the use of ricin and tuberous roots, etc. are also discussed in this paper. Our results will be helpful to the government's policy making, and provides useful information for enterprises.

Complex transportation networks abstracted as graphs can be effectively analyzed by random walk algorithm. This paper proposes a brief introduction to the principles and benefits of the related accessibility measures and develops an alternative and computational agent model that can help us to simulate random walk process in transportation networks for the measure of accessibility. We have unified many concepts into one framework and studied in details the structural properties of spatial graphs. By modeling and analyzing movement features, this paper investigates the moving objects behavior and calculates the SpaceRank of each open place.

Rationale Renal hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors (HOCTs) are benign tumors containing a mixture of cells with features of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CHRCC) and renal oncocytoma (RO). Sporadic HOCT, which means HOCT occurs in patients without Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHDS) or renal oncocytosis, is extremely rare. In this article, we would report a new case of a patient with both sporadic HOCT and multiple Schwannomas, which is even rarer than simplex sporadic HOCT. Patient concerns A 48-year-old female was noted with multiple left-kidney masses and a history of multiple Schwannomas. She had no complaints of urological symptoms, abdominal pain, and osphyalgia. The vital sign was stable and blood biochemistry test showed normal renal function. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) found multiple lesions occupying parenchyma of the left kidney. The largest one was measured 3.5 × 3.1 × 3.2 cm. It showed apparently enhancement in arterial phase and low-density in venous phase. Diagnoses The preoperative diagnosis was renal cell carcinomas. Interventions The masses were removed by laparoscopic partial left nephrectomy. Outcomes The diagnosis of HOCT was made by histopathology after surgery. No evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis was noted on imaging after 2-month follow-up. Lessons We searched PubMed for cases of sporadic HOCT and a total of 26 patients were evaluated. Our case was the first one involving sporadic HOCT and multiple Schwannomas. Although rare, sporadic HOCT does exist in patients presented with renal mass. Urological surgeons should be aware of the existence of HOCT when considering masses on kidney due to the different prognosis between HOCT and renal cell carcinoma. Further, a possible genetic relationship between HOCT and Schwannoma may contribute to a common pathogenesis in these 2 tumors.

This study reports on the reactive joining of TiAl intermetallics using Ti–Al–C interlayers. The composition of the interlayer was determined according to the calculation of adiabatic temperature in the reaction system. The effect of the interlayer and joining pressure on reactive joining was studied. The heat generated in the interlayer had a strong influence on the reactive joining.

The patch material and dimension are two important factors which might affect the surgical outcomes after the aortic arch coarctation repair surgery. To quantity their acute impacts on the biomechanical environment of the repaired aortic arch, an aortic arch model was constructed and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) technique was utilized to characterize its hemodynamics and wall mechanics. Three different patch materials were considered including pulmonary artery, ECM CorMatrix and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The induced wall shear stress, distribution of flow patterns, and von-Mises stress on arterial wall were compared. Results showed that ECM CorMatrix patch had better performance Two different patch dimension (large v.s small) using CorMatrix patch were compared and the relatively smaller patch demonstrated a better hemodynamics than the larger one. No significant difference in terms of wall stress was observed between the different patch sizes.Copyright © 2015 by ASME

Studies of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of humans are limited by the use of rodent models such as mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs. Tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri chinensis ) are small mammals indigenous to southwest Asia. At behavioral, anatomical, genomic, and evolutionary levels, tree shrews are much closer to primates than rodents are, and tree shrews are susceptible to HSV infection. Thus, we have studied herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in the tree shrew trigeminal ganglion (TG) following ocular inoculation. In situ hybridization, PCR, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses confirm that HSV-1 latently infects neurons of the TG. When explant cocultivation of trigeminal ganglia was performed, the virus was recovered after 5 days of cocultivation with high efficiency. Swabbing the corneas of latently infected tree shrews revealed that tree shrews shed virus spontaneously at low frequencies. However, tree shrews differ significantly from mice in the expression of key HSV-1 genes, including ICP0, ICP4, and latency-associated transcript (LAT). In acutely infected tree shrew TGs, no level of ICP4 was observed, suggesting the absence of infection or a very weak, acute infection compared to that of the mouse. Immunofluorescence staining with ICP4 monoclonal antibody, and immunohistochemistry detection by HSV-1 polyclonal antibodies, showed a lack of viral proteins in tree shrew TGs during both acute and latent phases of infection. Cultivation of supernatant from homogenized, acutely infected TGs with RS1 cells also exhibited an absence of infectious HSV-1 from tree shrew TGs. We conclude that the tree shrew has an undetectable, or a much weaker, acute infection in the TGs. Interestingly, compared to mice, tree shrew TGs express high levels of ICP0 transcript in addition to LAT during latency. However, the ICP0 transcript remained nuclear, and no ICP0 protein could be seen during the course of mouse and tree shrew TG infections. Taken together, these observations suggest that the tree shrew TG infection differs significantly from the existing rodent models. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) establish lifelong infection in more than 80% of the human population, and their reactivation leads to oral and genital herpes. Currently, rodent models are the preferred models for latency studies. Rodents are distant from primates and may not fully represent human latency. The tree shrew is a small mammal, a prosimian primate, indigenous to southwest Asia. In an attempt to further develop the tree shrew as a useful model to study herpesvirus infection, we studied the establishment of latency and reactivation of HSV-1 in tree shrews following ocular inoculation. We found that the latent virus, which resides in the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, could be stress reactivated to produce infectious virus, following explant cocultivation and that spontaneous reactivation could be detected by cell culture of tears. Interestingly, the tree shrew model is quite different from the mouse model of HSV infection, in that the virus exhibited only a mild acute infection following inoculation with no detectable infectious virus from the sensory neurons. The mild infection may be more similar to human infection in that the sensory neurons continue to function after herpes reactivation and the affected skin tissue does not lose sensation. Our findings suggest that the tree shrew is a viable model to study HSV latency.

Recent efforts in visible light communication over screen-camera links have exploited the display for data communication. Such practices, albeit convenient, have led to contention between space allocated for users and content reserved for devices, in addition to their visual anti-aesthetics and distractedness. In this paper, we propose INFRAME++, a system that enables concurrent, dual-mode, full-frame communication for both users and devices. INFRAME++ leverages the spatial-temporal flicker-fusion property of human vision system and the fast frame rate of modern display. It multiplexes data onto full-frame video contents through novel complementary frame composition, hierarchical frame structure, and CDMA-like modulation. It thus ensures opportunistic and unobtrusive screen-camera data communication without affecting the primary video-viewing experience for human users. Our prototype and experiments have confirmed its effectiveness of delivering data to devices in its visual communication with imperceptible video artifacts for viewers. INFRAME++ is able to achieve 150-240 kbps at 120FPS over a 24? LCD monitor with one data frame per 12 display frames. It supports up to 360kbps while data:video is 1:6.

We present and demonstrate INFRAME++, a novel system that enables concurrent, dual-mode, full-frame communication for both users and devices. It achieves unobtrusive screen-camera data communication without affecting the primary video-viewing experience for human users. It leverages the capability discrepancy and distinctive features of the human vision system and devices (modern display and camera). We have implemented INFRAME++ as a PC-phone application. Both communication will be realized through multiplexed videos frames which will be displayed on a modern monitor (120FPS) and captured by a smartphone camera for data decoding. In this demonstration (Figure 1), we will show that INFRAME++ can yield normal video-viewing experience for humans, and high-rate data communication for devices (up to 300 kbps). User participation will be welcome in this live demo.

The article takes the major of architectural decorative art design in a vocational education school in Hainan as the illustration to discuss the professional construction background, location of talent training, and thinking of talent training, and train the professional talents with the thinking of schoolenterprise integration. The article proposes four steps of school-enterprise integration, and uses “schoolenterprise” cooperation to break the ice of “school-enterprise cooperation”. Finally, we will use the form of school-enterprise integration to achieve the goals of alternation of work and study and work-shift of teachers, and deeply push production-study-research forward. KEYWORD: school-enterprise integration; school-enterprise cooperation; architectural decorative art design; talent training International Conference on Social Science, Education Management and Sports Education (SSEMSE 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 1736 professional talents, so Hainan software vocational education school set the major of architectural decorative art design to meet this requirement, to provide design talents of indoor and outdoor decoration design in Hainan province. 2 THE ORIENTATION OF TALENTS TRAINING Based on the principle of serving provincial economy, by extensive research, the major of architectural decorative art design will provide high quality technical special artistic talents who received basic theory and method of indoor and outdoor the architectural decorative art design training and can skilled in hand-painted performance, engineering drawing, computer effect, budget, and construction management for the stations as effectiveness performance, CAD drawing, decoration designer, interior designer, landscape designer, etc. of Interior design company, Interior decoration company, Garden design company, Real estate development company, architectural design and research institute and so on. 3 THE IDEA OF TALENTS TRAINING Establish the scientific and distinctive talent training mode and practical teaching orientation is the important premise of talent training. According to the development trend of decoration industry and disciplinary development characteristics of school, the talent training of the major of architectural decorative art design should put strengthen the foundation, emphasize the ability, pay attention to practice, work-integrated learning for station, "as the goal, to develop a solid professional foundation for fundamental, train practical ability of the student as the core, to aim at the employment as the goal, adhere to the combination of classroom teaching and practice, the principle of combining practical training inside campus and practice outside campus, emphasize the combination of learning with working to apply the practical teaching throughout the whole teaching process. 3.1 Promote talent training mode of schoolenterprise integration, section by section training and basic&example&item. To promote talent training mode of school-enterprise integration, section by section training and basic & example & item. That is through the win-win mechanism established by cooperation of universityenterprise, based on the actual working process, to carry out the training in accordance with four steps of "preparation, pre-design phase, latter design phase, construction organization", after the end of each phase, at least arrange for an actual combat training of project, all phases are finished, conduct a comprehensive actual combat training, so as to ensure to provide qualified design talents. Courses system of decoration art major will make the talent training mode be modular reflected, combined and optimized the courses, focus on professional basis, ability training, hands-on practice, station reproduction, truly achieve the goal of workintegrated learning. So that the students can be competent the requirement of the post given by society, to widen the students' employment and improve the students' employment ability on the basis of professional foundation and practice operation ability [3]. Prepartion Pre-design phase Later design Construction Negotiation with client

This study reports on a novel approach for joining TiAl by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The Ti, Al and C powders were applied in the joining process with the assisted electromagnetic field. The microstructure analysis revealed that a dark TiAl3 reaction layer existed at the interface. The TiC particles and multi-layer granular structures of the Ti–Al system were found in the reaction products. It was noted that the porosity was inevitable in direct SHS joining. In order to improve the joining quality, Ag-based brazing foil was inserted between the powder compacts and the TiAl substrate. Molten brazing alloy during SHS reaction improved the wettability of the interlayer to TiAl substrate and filled well into the holes in the reaction products. With the application of Ag-based brazing alloy, the density increased and the joining quality improved.

Since the Chinese government's rapid increase in expenditure on science and technology (S&T) during the 2000s, numerous related policies have been implemented by national-, provincial-, city-, and prefecture-level governments in China. Each level of government aims to promote innovation activities; however, few empirical evaluations have been conducted on each policy level and category. This paper estimates the treatment effects of innovation policies at each government level and category by using firm-level survey data from the inland city of Chengdu. Results suggest that S&T policies stimulate effective firm-level innovation activities; in particular, city-level policies and various government services. On the other hand, some policy categories, including tax incentives, seem to be inefficient. Restructuring the current policy menu and establishing further feedback mechanisms for S&T policy will improve the efficacy of such spending.

Electro-optic modulators (EOMs) are used to change the amplitude and/or phase of the incident light beam by altering the optical properties of a material with an applied voltage. Even though silicon-based EOMs have been demonstrated experimentally, future chip-based optical communication and signal processing technologies require EOMs with a high modulation depth, compact footprint, large bandwidth, low power consumption and cost. In this direction, indium tin oxide (ITO) and graphene have attracted significant attention primarily due to their extraordinary electro-optic properties for the design of such highperformance EOMs.

We report on strong index modulation of ITO-hybrid-plasmon gate stacks at telecomm wavelengths verified by gated ellipsometry for the first time. Using these results we design a compact 3-waveguide electro-optic switch for photonic integration.

Vector quantization (VQ) is a simple and useful data compression algorithm which has been widely applied in many fields such as image processing and pattern recognition. Because each data block is encoded by only one approximate vector in the codebook, the accuracy of the reconstructed blocks is usually poor in VQ. In this paper, the bilinear vector quantization (BVQ) algorithm is proposed with simple expressions. Experiment results show that the quality of the reconstructed data blocks in BVQ is much better than that in VQ when their encoding time is kept the same. Hence, BVQ is more efficient and more effective than VQ.

In this work we showcase two novel examples of electro-optic modulators (EOM) for ultrafast and low-power future transmitters. Unlike weak-interacting EOM design, which often require high feedback in form of high-Q cavity design we deploy novel materials and metal-based approaches. Both devices are based on novel materials, namely Graphene [1] and Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) [2], and feature the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) platform facilitating ease in monolithic integration (Fig 1).

Electro-optic modulators have been identified as the key drivers for optical communication. With an ongoing miniaturization of photonic circuitries, an outstanding aim is to demonstrate an on-chip, ultra-compact, electro-optic modulator without sacrificing bandwidth and modulation strength. While silicon-based electro-optic modulators have been demonstrated, they require large device footprints of the order of millimeters as a result of weak non-linear electro-optical properties. The modulation strength can be increased by deploying a high-Q resonator, however with the trade-off of significantly sacrificing bandwidth. Furthermore, design challenges and temperature tuning limit the deployment of such resonance-based modulators. Recently, novel materials like Graphene have been investigated for electro-optic modulation applications with a 0.1 dB per micrometer modulation strength, while showing an improvement over pure silicon devices, this design still requires devices lengths of tens of micrometers due to the inefficient overlap between the Graphene layer and the optical mode of the silicon waveguide. Here we experimentally demonstrate an ultra-compact, Silicon-based, electro-optic modulator with a record-high 1dB per micrometer extinction ratio over a wide bandwidth range of 500 nm in ambient conditions. The device is based on a plasmonic Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) waveguide, which efficiently concentrates the optical modes’ electric field into a nanometer thin region comprised of an absorption coefficient-tuneable Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) layer. The modulation mechanism originates from electrically changing the free carrier concentration of the ITO layer. The seamless integration of such a strong optical beam modulation into an existing silicon-on-insulator platform bears significant potential towards broadband, compact and efficient communication links and circuits.

For its simplicity and applicability, fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm is widely used in image segmentation. However, fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm has some problems in image segmentation, such as sensitivity to noise, local convergence, etc. In order to overcome the fuzzy c-means clustering shortcomings, this paper replaces Euclidean distance with Mahalanobis distance in the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a significant improvement on the effect and efficiency of segmentation comparing with the standard FCM clustering algorithm.

Herpes Simplex Virus type I (HSV-1) latently infects peripheral nervous system (PNS) sensory neurons, and its reactivation leads to recurring cold sores. The reactivated HSV-1 can travel retrograde from the PNS into the central nervous system (CNS) and is known to be causative of Herpes Simplex viral encephalitis. HSV-1 infection in the PNS is well documented, but little is known on the fate of HSV-1 once it enters the CNS. In the murine model, HSV-1 genome persists in the CNS once infected through an ocular route. To gain more details of HSV-1 infection in the CNS, we characterized HSV-1 infection of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) brain following ocular inoculation. Here, we report that HSV-1 enters the tree shrew brain following ocular inoculation and HSV-1 transcripts, ICP0, ICP4, and LAT can be detected at 5 days post-infection (p.i.), peaking at 10 days p.i. After 2 weeks, ICP4 and ICP0 transcripts are reduced to a basal level, but the LAT intron region continues to be expressed. Live virus could be recovered from the olfactory bulb and brain stem tissue. Viral proteins could be detected using anti-HSV-1 antibodies and anti-ICP4 antibody, during the acute stage but not beyond. In situ hybridization could detect LAT during acute infection in most brain regions and in olfactory bulb and brain stem tissue well beyond the acute stage. Using a homogenate from these tissues’ post-acute infection, we did not recover live HSV-1 virus, supporting a latent infection, but using a modified explant cocultivation technique, we were able to recover reactivated virus from these tissues, suggesting that the HSV-1 virus latently infects the tree shrew CNS. Compared to mouse, the CNS acute infection of the tree shrew is delayed and the olfactory bulb contains most latent virus. During the acute stage, a portion of the infected tree shrews exhibit symptoms similar to human viral encephalitis. These findings, together with the fact that tree shrews are closely related to primates, provided a valuable alternative model to study HSV-1 infection and pathogenesis in the CNS.

Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of ethane, propane and heavier hydrocarbons used as a fuel in heating appliancations and vehicles. Due to the composition of LPG, phase transition easier occurs than gas and oil. Therefore, the running parameters of LPG pipelines are different from those of the gas and liquid pipelines. In order to predict the pressure, flow rate and temperature within the network, the network is divided into the node, pipeline element and non-pipe element sub-systems. The mathematical models for each sub-system and the whole network are built. The solution method that unites the network model and physical parameters model is discussed based on the Newton-Raphson method. Finally, the methods are applied to a branching and loop LPG network. The results show the achievements of the paper are valid for steady state simulation of LPG pipeline network.

Background Replication of viral genome is the central event during the lytic infectious cycle of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). However, the details of HSV-1 replication process are still elusive due to the limitations of current molecular and conventional fluorescent microscopy methods. Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is one of the recently available super-resolution techniques allowing observation at sub-diffraction resolution. Methods To gain new insight into HSV-1 replication, we used a combination of stimulated emission depletion microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence (IF) to observe the HSV-1 replication process. Results Using two colored probes labeling the same region of HSV-1 genome, the two probes highly correlated in both pre-replication and replicating genomes. In comparison, when probes from different regions were used, the average distance between the two probes increased after the virus enters replication, suggesting that the HSV-1 genome undergoes dynamic structure changes from a compact to a relaxed formation and occupies larger space as it enters replication. Using FISH and IF, viral single strand binding protein ICP8 was seen closely positioned with HSV-1 genome. In contrast, ICP8 and host RNA polymerase II were less related. This result suggests that ICP8 marked regions of DNA replication are spatially separated from regions of active transcription, represented by the elongating form of RNA polymerase II within the viral replication compartments. Comparing HSV-1 genomes at early stage of replication with that in later stage, we also noted overall increases among different values. These results suggest stimulated emission depletion microscopy is capable of investigating events during HSV-1 replication. Conclusion 1) Replicating HSV-1 genome could be observed by super-resolution microscopy; 2) Viral genome expands spatially during replication; 3) Viral replication and transcription are partitioned into different sub-structures within the replication compartments.

Here we present two demonstrations of electro-optic modulators (EOM) based on emerging materials, namely Graphene and Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO). These devices feature high performance (ER=1dB/um), low insertion loss ( 300nm).

Pigging is an effective way of removing condensate liquid and improving the transportation efficiency of condensate gas transportation pipelines. Prediction of pig velocity, total pigging time and slug length are of great importance for pigging operation. The pipelines are divided into a reformation two-phase flow section, single-phase gas section, liquid slug section and downstream undisturbed two-phase flow section to model the pigging process. The dynamic model for each section is built based on the mass, momentum and energy conversation equations of the liquid and gas phase. Since the locations of the pig, liquid slug front and reformation two-phase section front are moving, a couple of method based on the fixed coordinate system and internal moving boundaries is applied the pigging model. Finally, a condensate gas transportation pipeline is used to validate the methods. The simulation results show how to predict total pigging time, pig velocity and its position reasonably.