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Cognitive dysfunction is a significant, untreated clinical need in patients with psychiatric disorders, for which preclinical studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Early-life stress (ELS) leads to long-lasting deficits of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in adult mice, which may be associated with the hypofunction of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). In this study, we carried out eight experiments using male mice to examine the causal involvement of the BDNF-TrkB pathway in dentate gyrus (DG) and the therapeutic effects of the TrkB agonist (7,8-DHF) in ELS-induced cognitive deficits. Adopting the limited nesting and bedding material paradigm, we first demonstrated that ELS impaired spatial memory, suppressed BDNF expression and neurogenesis in the DG in adult mice. Downregulating BDNF expression (conditional BDNF knockdown) or inhibition of the TrkB receptor (using its antagonist ANA-12) in the DG mimicked the cognitive deficits of ELS. Acute upregulation of BDNF (exogenous human recombinant BDNF microinjection) levels or activation of TrkB receptor (using its agonist, 7,8-DHF) in the DG restored ELS-induced spatial memory loss. Finally, acute and subchronic systemic administration of 7,8-DHF successfully restored spatial memory loss in stressed mice. Subchronic 7,8-DHF treatment also reversed ELS-induced neurogenesis reduction. Our findings highlight BDNF-TrkB system as the molecular target of ELS-induced spatial memory deficits and provide translational evidence for the intervention at this system in the treatment of cognitive deficits in stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder.

Blacus (Hysterobolus) xui sp. nov. (Figs. 15–16) Material examined. Holotype: ♀, Guangdong, Fuyuan, Nanling, 4.VIII.2004, Xu Zaifu, No. 20049864 (ZJUH). Paratypes: 3 ♀♀, Guangdong, Fuyuan, Nanling, 4.VIII.2004, Xu Zaifu, No. 20049813, 20049819, 20049936 (ZJUH). Description. Female. Length of body 2.9 mm, length of fore wing 2.4 mm. Body setosity. Body with long pubescence, pubescence on propodeum denser than the remainder. Head. Antennomeres 19; length of first flagellomere 1.7 × second flagellomere; length of first, second, penultimate and terminal flagellomere 4.75, 2.5, 1.5 and 2.7 × their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.0 × height of head; OOL: diameter of posterior ocellus: POL = 11:4:5; frons smooth, with a longitudinal groove in upper second; eyes with short setose, sparse; length of eye in dorsal view 1.0 × temple; occiput concave; face transversely rugose; temple smooth; clypeus convex, slightly punctate, smooth; width of clypeus 2.6 × its medial height; tentorial pits large, distance between pits 2.1 × distance from pit to eye; malar suture absent, length of malar space 2.4 × basal width of mandible, mandible with long setae. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 × its height; side of pronotum smooth dorsally, remainder coarsely reticulate; precoxal sulcus wide, with long striae, reaching the anterior edge of mesopleuron; notauli complete, wide and crenulate; mesoscutal lobes rather convex, with long and soft pubescence; scutellar sulcus with distinct median carina and four carinae on both sides; scutellum reticulate, its lateral carina lamelliform; propodeal tubercles small, obtuse apically, lateral apical angle slightly less than 90°; surface of propodeum rugulose. Wings. Fore wing: parastigma small; length of pterostigma 3.5 × its maximum width; length of vein r 1.1 × width of pterostigma; vein r arising from apical of pterostigma; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 4:5. Hind wing: 1r-m:1-M = 19:25; M+CU subequal to1-M; 2-1A present and short, slightly branched down. Legs. Hind coxa coarsely rugose dorsally, with distinct dorsal carina; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.8, 8.9 and 8.0 × their width, respectively; fore tarsal claws with brownish bristles. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.8 × its apical width, widened apically, longitudinally rugose, dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.6; remainder of tergites smooth; length of ovipositor sheath 0.21 × length of fore wing. Colour. Brown; dorsal head (stemmaticum darker), scapus and dark brown; palpi, labrum, tegulae, fore and middle legs yellow; several basal flagellomeres brown, gradually paler towards apex, but several apical flagellomeres dark brown; parastigma and pterostigma basally white; scutellum reddish-brown; most mesoscutum black, partly yellowish-red; mesopleuron, propodeum and metasomal first tergite black; remainder of metasomal, ovipositor and sheath, veins and pterostigma brown; hind leg blackish-brown; all basitarsi apically brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Variation. Length of first tergite 1.7–1.8 × its apical width; length of apical flagellomeres 2.7–2.9 × their width, dorsal head dark brown to blackish; most mesoscutum dark brown to black, partly yellowish-red to reddish-brown; hind leg dark brown to blackish-brown. Male. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Guangdong). Etymology. The specific name refers to the collector of the species, the late Prof. Zai-fu Xu, who was a wellknown specialist of Chrysidoidea. Notes. The new species is similar to B. (H.) fuscitibialis van Achterberg,1988 because the scutellum is coarsely rugose, the hind tibia infuscated medially, the first metasomal tergite widened apically, the face transversely rugose, length of eye in dorsal view approx. 1.1 times temple, and fore claw with brownish bristles, but differs by having the precoxal sulcus with long striae (with a few medium-sized striae in B. fuscitibialis), dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.6 of first tergite (basal 0.7), length of ovipositor sheath 0.21 × length of fore wing (0.18 ×), vein 2-SR of the fore wing 1.9 × longer than vein r (1.6 x), vein 1-CU1 oblique and nearly as long as vein 2-CU1 (horizontal and shorter than vein 2-CU1), and most of mesoscutum dark brown to black (mesoscutum reddish-brown)., Published as part of Lu, Qian-Yu, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Tang, Pu & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2023, The discovery of the subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Brachistinae, Blacini, Blacus) in China, with description of nine new species, pp. 472-498 in Zootaxa 5293 (3) on pages 491-495, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7961330

Blacus (Hysterobolus) niger sp. nov. (Figs. 11–12) Material examined. Holotype: ♀, China, Yunnan, Baoshan, Gaoligongshan Nature park (24º50′N, 98º46′E), 11.V.2009, Wang Manman, No. 200904572 (ZJUH). Description. Female. Length of body 2.35 mm, length of fore wing 2.4 mm. Body setosity. Body with long pubescence, pubescence on mesopleuron sparse, propodeum and side of pronotum ventrally densely setose. Head. Antennomeres 19; length of first flagellomere 1.6 × second flagellomere; length of first, second, penultimate and terminal flagellomere 4.75, 3.0, 1.5 and 3.0 × their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.1 × height of head; OOL: diameter of posterior ocellus: POL = 20:7:9; frons smooth, with a shallow longitudinal groove in upper second; eyes with short setose, sparse; length of eye in dorsal view 1.0 × temple; occiput slightly concave; face with shallow transversely rugae; temple smooth; clypeus convex, slightly punctate, smooth; width of clypeus 2.7 × its medial height; tentorial pits large, distance between pits 1.7 × distance from pit to eye; malar suture absent, length of malar space 1.8 ×basal width of mandible, mandible with long setae. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.35 × its height; side of pronotum smooth dorsally, remainder coarsely reticulate; precoxal sulcus wide, with some medium-sized striae, only one stria reaching the anterior edge of mesopleuron; notauli complete and crenulate; mesoscutal lobes rather convex, with long and soft pubescence; scutellar sulcus with distinct median carina and two weakly developed carinae (Fig. 12D); scutellum reticulate, its lateral carina lamelliform; propodeal tubercles small, slightly acute apically, lateral apical angle slightly less than 90°; surface of propodeum rugulose. Wings. Fore wing: parastigma small; length of pterostigma 3.5 × its maximum width; length of vein r 1.1 × width of pterostigma; vein r arising from apical of pterostigma; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 2:3. Hind wing: 1r-m:1-M = 4:7; M+CU slightly less than 1-M; 2-1A absent. Legs. Hind coxa coarsely rugose dorsally, with distinct dorsal carina; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.55, 9.6 and 7.1 × their width, respectively; fore tarsal claws with blackish bristles. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.8 × its apical width, widened apically, longitudinally rugose, dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.5; remainder of tergites smooth; length of ovipositor sheath 0.23 × length of fore wing. Colour. Dark reddish-brown; dorsal head black; palpi, tegulae, ovipositor, fore and middle legs yellow; scape, clypeus reddish-brown; several basal flagellomeres yellowish-brown, gradually paler towards apex, but several subapical flagellomeres brown; mandible yellow; parastigma and base of pterostigma white; most of mesonotum black; metasomal tergite (except first) brown; ovipositor sheath, veins and pterostigma reddish-brown; hind legs coxa brown, femur and tibia blackish-brown; all apical basitarsus (basal yellow) and claws brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Male. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan) Etymology. The specific name refers to the black mesonotum and is derived from “ niger ” (Latin for black). Notes. The new species is similar to B. (H.) fuscitibialis van Achterberg,1988 because the scutellum is coarsely rugose, the malar suture absent, the hind tibia infuscated medially, the first metasomal tergite widened apically, the face transversely rugose, and the precoxal sulcus with medium-sized striae, but differs by having the fore claw with blackish bristles (brownish), dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.5 (0.7), length of ovipositor sheath 0.23 × length of fore wing (0.18 ×), and the mesonotum black (mesoscutum reddish-brown)., Published as part of Lu, Qian-Yu, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Tang, Pu & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2023, The discovery of the subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Brachistinae, Blacini, Blacus) in China, with description of nine new species, pp. 472-498 in Zootaxa 5293 (3) on pages 486-488, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7961330

Blacus (Hysterobolus) variegatus sp. nov. (Figs. 13-14) Material examined. Holotype: ♀, China, Chongqing, Jinfo Mtn, (29º3′N, 107º7′E), 18.VIII.2012, Huang Xinlei, No. 201207984 (ZJUH). Paratypes: 5 ♀ ♀, China, Zhejiang, Tianmu Mtn, 3-5.X.1983, Ma Yun, No. 834329; 25-29.VII.2011, yellow pan trap, No. 201501198; Chanyuan Temple, 9. V.1998, Zhao Mingshui, No. 20003401; Zhejiang, Fengyang Mtn, 1. VI.2005, Liu Jingxian, No. 200809039; Zhejiang, Longtang Mtn, 29. V.2012, Tang Pu, No. 201204960; 1 ♀, China, Hunan, Shimen, Huping Mtn, 12.VII.2009, Zeng Jie, No. 200903015; 1 ♀, China, Guizhou, Leigong Mtn, Tree Farm, 12.VII.2009, Zhang Hongying, No. 200606873 (ZJUH). Description. Female. Length of body 2.6 mm, length of fore wing 2.65 mm. Body setosity. Body with dense pubescence, pubescence on head and mesopleuron sparser, propodeum denser. Head. Antennomeres 18; length of first flagellomere 1.7 × second flagellomere; length of first, second, penultimate and terminal flagellomere 4.0, 2.4, 1.2 and 2.8 × their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.1 × height of head; OOL: diameter of posterior ocellus: POL = 24:8:9; frons smooth, with a shallow longitudinal groove in upper second and five groove between antennal sockets; eyes with short setose, sparse; length of eye in dorsal view 0.9 × temple; occiput concave; face transversely rugose; temple smooth; clypeus convex, smooth; width of clypeus 2.4 × its medial height; tentorial pits large, distance between pits 1.55 × distance from pit to eye; malar suture absent, length of malar space 2.0 × basal width of mandible, mandible with long setae. Mesosoma. Pubescence on mesonotum sparser than remainder. Length of mesosoma 1.25 × its height; side of pronotum smooth dorsally, remainder coarsely reticulate; precoxal sulcus wide, with some long striae, reaching the anterior edge of mesopleuron; notauli complete, wide and crenulate, with short transversely carina in anterior third; mesoscutal lobes rather convex, densely pubescent; scutellar sulcus with distinct median carina, and distinctly crenulate laterally; scutellum sculpture reduced and smooth medially, its lateral carina lamelliform, distinctly protruding apically; propodeal tubercles small, obtuse apically, lateral apical angle almost 90°; surface of propodeum rugulose. Wings. Fore wing: parastigma small; length of pterostigma 5.0 × its maximum width; length of vein r 1.4 × width of pterostigma; vein r arising from apical of pterostigma; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 13:15. Hind wing: 1r-m:1-M = 9:17; M+CU about subequal to 1-M; 2-1A absent. Legs. Fore leg tibial spur large and long; hind coxa coarsely rugose dorsally, with distinct dorsal carina; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 4.8, 9.3 and 8.0 × their width, respectively; fore tarsal claws with blackish bristles. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 2.0 × its apical width, widened apically, medio-dorsally rugose, both sides with longitudinally striae; dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.4; remainder of tergites smooth; length of ovipositor sheath 0.16 × length of fore wing. Colour. Dark reddish-brown; dorsal head, propodeum and metasomal first tergite black; palpi, tegulae, fore and middle legs yellow; several basal flagellomeres reddish-brown, gradually paler towards apex, but two apical flagellomeres dark brown; clypeus and mandible yellowish-red; parastigma and bottom margin of pterostigma white; side of pronotum yellowish-red, remainder reddish-brown; most mesonotum and scutellum yellowish-red, mesoscutum partly brown; metasomal second tergite yellowish-red, remainder of metasomal tergites and sternum, ovipositor and sheath, veins and pterostigma brown; hind leg (except second, third and fourth tarsus) reddish-brown; all basitarsi apically brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Variation. Length of first tergite 1.8–2.1 × its apical width; penultimate flagellomere 1.25–1.3 (occasionally 1.4) × its width; length of fore wing 2.4–2.65 mm; length of ovipositor sheath 0.16–0.18 × length of fore wing; propodeal tubercles medium size to large; scutellum sculpture reduced, at most slightly rugose; head and propodeum dark reddish-brown; two (or at most three) apical flagellomeres dark brown. Male. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Chongqing, Hunan, Zhejiang, Guizhou) Etymology. The specific name refers to the particular different difference in colour of head and mesonotum and is derived from “ varius” (Latin for different). Notes. The new species is similar to B. (H.) fuscitibialis van Achterberg, 1988 because the malar suture is absent, the face transversely rugose, and the first metasomal tergite widened apically, but differs by having the precoxal sulcus with long striae (with a few medium-sized striae in B. fuscitibialis), hind leg (except second, third and fourth tarsal flagellomeres) reddish-brown (only hind tibia infuscated medially), fore claw with blackish bristles (brownish bristles), length of penultimate flagellomere 1.2 × its width (1.5 ×), dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.4 of tergite (basal 0.7), and length of ovipositor sheath 0.16 × length of fore wing (0.18 ×). This new species is also similar to B. (H.) melanoapicalis sp. nov., but differs by having 18 antennomeres (19 antennomeres in B. melanoapicalis), occiput comparatively slightly concave (distinctly concave), and the colour of head and mesonotum particularly different (similar)., Published as part of Lu, Qian-Yu, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Tang, Pu & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2023, The discovery of the subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Brachistinae, Blacini, Blacus) in China, with description of nine new species, pp. 472-498 in Zootaxa 5293 (3) on pages 488-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7961330

Blacus (Hysterobolus) longiapicalis sp. nov. (Figs. 7–8) Material examined. Holotype: ♀, China, Liaoning, Laotudingzi National Nature Reserve (41º22′N, 124º57′E), 16-19.VII.2011, Chen Huayan, NO. 202027906 (ZJUH). Description. Female. Length of body 3.2 mm, length of fore wing 2.7 mm. Body setosity. Body with dense setae, setae on head sparser than on mesosoma. Head. Antennomeres 19; length of first flagellomere 1.6 × second flagellomere; length of first, second, penultimate and terminal flagellomere 4.8, 3.0, 1.2 and 3.0 × their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.1 × height of head; OOL: diameter of posterior ocellus: POL = 12:4:7; frons smooth, with a deep longitudinal groove in upper half; stemmaticum with a distinct furrow from triangle centre to occipital carina; eyes with short sparse setae; length of eye in dorsal view 0.9 × temple; occiput concave; face transversely rugose; temple smooth; clypeus convex, slightly punctate, smooth; width of clypeus 2.3 × its medial height; tentorial pits large, distance between pits 2.4 × distance from pit to eye; malar suture absent, length of malar space 2.0 × basal width of mandible, mandible with long setae. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.5 × its height; side of pronotum smooth dorsally, remainder coarsely reticulate; precoxal sulcus wide, with some long striae, reaching anterior edge of mesopleuron; notauli complete, wide and crenulate; mesoscutal lobes rather convex, densely pubescence; scutellar sulcus with distinct median carina and two weakly developed carinae; scutellum reticulate, its lateral carina lamelliform; propodeal tubercles large (Fig. 8H and 8K), obtuse apically, lateral apical angle slightly less than 90°; surface of propodeum rugulose. Wings. Fore wing: parastigma small; length of pterostigma 3.5 × its maximum width; length of vein r 1.1 × width of pterostigma; vein r arising slightly from apical of pterostigma; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 14:17. Hind wing: 1r-m:1- M = 9:17; M+CU about subequal to 1-M; 2-1A present and short, branched posteriorly. Legs. Hind coxa coarsely rugose dorsally, with distinct dorsal carina; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 11.25 and 8.75 × their width, respectively; fore tarsal claws with blackish bristles. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.5 × its apical width, widened apically, longitudinally rugose, dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.5; remainder of tergites smooth; length of ovipositor sheath 0.16 × length of fore wing. Colour. Black; head (dorsal and frontal) black, palpi, labrum, tegulae, fore and middle legs yellow; scape, clypeus reddish-brown; several basal flagellomeres yellowish-brown, gradually lighten towards apex, but several apical flagellomeres dark brown; mandible yellow, apex reddish-brown; parastigma and base of pterostigma white; side of pronotum reddish-brown, remainder black; edges of mesoscutum reddish-brown, remainder of mesoscutum and scutellum black; mesopleuron, propodeum and first metasomal tergite black; second tergite and sternum yellow, remainder of metasomal tergites and sternum, ovipositor and sheath, veins and pterostigma brown; hind leg yellowish-brown; all basitarsi apically brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Male. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Liaoning). Etymology. The specific name refers to the long apical flagellomere is derived from “ longus ” (Latin for long) and “ apex ” (Latin for top). Notes. The new species is similar to B. (H.) robustus Haeselbarth, 1973 because the scutellum is coarsely rugose, the malar suture absent, the propodeal tubercle rather large, length of eye in dorsal view 0.9 × temple, and fore claw with blackish bristles, but differs by having malar space 2.0 × longer than basal width of mandible (1.7 × in B. robustus), length of first and second flagellomeres 4.8 and 3.0 × their width, respectively (4.1 and 2.6 ×), dorsal carinae of first tergite distinct in basal 0.5 (in basal 0.3), and hind leg yellowish-brown (femur, tibia and tarsus of hind leg darkened apically, base of hind tibia yellowish).

Blacus (Hysterobolus) chabarovi Belokobylskij, 1995 (Figs. 19–20) Hysterobolus chabarovi Belokobylskij, 1995: 458; Lee et al., 2020: 32. Material examined. 1 ♀, China, Chongqing, Jinfo Mt. (29º3′N, 107º7′E), 19.VIII.2012, Huang Xinlei, No. 201209624; 2 ♀♀, China, Ningxia, Longde, Liupanshan Nature Park, Sutai Tree Farm, 24. VI.2008, No. 200903090, 200903097; 1 ♀, Ningxia, Jingyuan, Liupanshan Nature Reserve, Hongxia Tree Farm, 1.VII.2008, Liu Jingxian, No. 200902112 (ZJUH). Distribution. China (Chongqing, Ningxia); Korea; Russia. New record for China. Remarks. The characters are largely consistent as described by Belokobylskij (1995), but the fore tarsal claws have weakly developed bristles., Published as part of Lu, Qian-Yu, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Tang, Pu & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2023, The discovery of the subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Brachistinae, Blacini, Blacus) in China, with description of nine new species, pp. 472-498 in Zootaxa 5293 (3) on page 476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7961330, {"references":["Belokobylskij, S. A. (1995) New and rare species of the genus Blacus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Russian Far East. European Journal of Entomology, 92 (2), 449 - 467.","Lee, H. - R., Belokobylskij, S. A., Ku, D. - S. & Byun, B. - K. (2020) Eight newly recorded species of the genus Blacus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Blacinae) in Korea. Animal Systematics Evolution and Diversity, 36 (1), 31 - 34."]}

Blacus (Hysterobolus) flaviceps sp. nov. (Figs. 3-4) Material examined. Holotype: ♀, China, Yunnan, Baoshan, Gaoligongshan Nature Park (24º50′N, 98º46′E), 10.V.2009, Wang Manman, No. 200904546 (ZJUH). Description. Female. Length of body 2.6 mm, length of fore wing 2.6 mm. Body setosity. Body with long pubescence, entire head with long setae, pubescence on mesonotum sparser than on remainder of mesosoma. Head. Antennomeres 20; length of first flagellomere 1.7 × second flagellomere; length of first, second, penultimate and terminal flagellomere 4.4, 2.9, 1.75 and 3.3 × their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp subequal to height of head; OOL: diameter of posterior ocellus: POL = 11:4:3; frons smooth, with a shallow longitudinal groove in upper half; stemmaticum smooth; eyes with short sparse setae; length of eye in dorsal view 0.8 × temple; occiput concave; face transversely rugose; temple smooth; clypeus convex, slightly punctate; width of clypeus 2.5 × its medial height; tentorial pits large, distance between pits twice distance from pit to eye; malar suture absent, length of malar space 2.8 × basal width of mandible. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 × its height; side of pronotum smooth dorsally, remainder coarsely reticulate; precoxal sulcus wide, with some long striae, reaching anterior edge of mesopleuron; notauli complete, wide and crenulate; mesoscutal lobes rather convex, densely pubescence; scutellar sulcus with median carina; scutellum reticulate, its lateral carina lamelliform; propodeal tubercles small, obtuse apically, lateral apical angle about 90°; surface of propodeum rugulose. Wings. Fore wing: parastigma small; length of pterostigma 3.75 × its maximum width; length of vein r 1.0 × width of pterostigma; vein r arising almost from middle of pterostigma; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 6:7. Hind wing: 1r-m:1-M = 1:2; M+CU slightly short than 1-M; 2-1A present and short, branched down. Legs. Hind coxa coarsely rugose dorsally, with distinct dorsal carina; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.8, 11.4 and 10.0 × their width, respectively; fore tarsal claws missing. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.8 × its apical width, widened apically, longitudinally rugose, dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.5; second tergite smooth; length of ovipositor sheath 0.17 × length of fore wing. Colour. Dark reddish-brown; head (dorsal and anterior), scape, palpi, tegulae, hind leg (except tibia) and ovipositor yellow; antenna yellow, gradually darkened towards apex; stemmaticum, pterostigma (basally paler), parastigma, veins, ovipositor sheath brown; edges of mesoscutum yellow, remainder of mesoscutum and scutellum reddish-brown, reddish-brown area on middle lobes remain separated from each other; dorsal side of pronotum yellow, remainder of pronotum, mesopleuron, propodeum and metasomal first tergite reddish-brown; second metasomal tergite and sternum yellow, remainder of metasomal tergites blackish; fore and middle legs light yellow; all basitarsi dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Male. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. The specific name refers to the yellow head and is derived from “ flavus ” (Latin for yellow) and “ caput ” (Latin for head). Notes. The new species differs from other species by having a yellow head, 20 antennomeres, length of basitarsus of hind leg 10.0 × its width, and length of vein r of fore wing almost equal to width of pterostigma., Published as part of Lu, Qian-Yu, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Tang, Pu & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2023, The discovery of the subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Brachistinae, Blacini, Blacus) in China, with description of nine new species, pp. 472-498 in Zootaxa 5293 (3) on pages 476-477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7961330

Blacus (Hysterobolus) yunnanensis sp. nov. (Figs. 11–12) Material examined. Holotype: ♀, China, Yunnan, Ruili (24º1′N, 97º51′E), 29. IV.1981, He Junhua, NO. 812372 (ZJUH). Description. Female. Length of body 2.6 mm, length of fore wing 2.5 mm. Body setosity. Body with long setae, mesopleuron and side of pronotum glabrous, propodeum denser setose than head and mesonotum. Head. Antenna with at least 18 antennomeres (apex missing); length of first flagellomere 1.8 × second flagellomere; length of first and second flagellomere 4.9 and 2.7 × their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.1 ×height of head; OOL:diameter of posterior ocellus:POL=20:8:11;frons with sparse setae and a deep longitudinal groove in upper second; eyes with short setose, sparse; length of eye in dorsal view 1.2 × temple; occiput slightly concave; face almost entirely smooth; temple smooth; clypeus convex, slightly punctate, smooth; width of clypeus 2.5 × its medial height; tentorial pits large, distance between pits 2.7 × distance from pit to eye; malar suture present, length of malar space 2.0 × basal width of mandible, mandible with long setae. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.35 × its height; side of pronotum largely smooth dorsally; precoxal sulcus narrow, with a few short striae, far from the anterior edge of mesopleuron (Fig. 18G); notauli complete, wide and crenulate; mesoscutal lobes rather convex, with long and soft pubescence; scutellar sulcus with median carina; scutellum (superficially) rugulose, its lateral carina lamelliform, distinctly protruding apically; propodeal tubercles small, acute apically, lateral apical angle slightly more than 90°; surface of propodeum rugulose. Wings. Fore wing: parastigma small; length of pterostigma 3.75 × its maximum width; length of vein r 1.2 × width of pterostigma; vein r arising from apical of pterostigma; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 12:13. Hind wing: 1r-m:1-M = 20:27; M+CU almost subequal to 1-M; 2-1A absent. Legs. Hind coxa slightly rugose dorsally, with distinct dorsal carina; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.9, 11.5 and 7.1 × their width, respectively, fore tarsal claws with blackish bristles. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.6 × its apical width, widened apically, longitudinally rugose, dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.7; remainder of tergites smooth; length of ovipositor sheath 0.14 × length of fore wing. Colour. Reddish-brown; dorsal head black; palpi, tegulae, parastigma, fore and middle legs yellow; medial flagellomeres lighter in colour; mandible yellow, apex red; veins, pterostigma, ovipositor sheath, and metasomal tergite (except first) brown; ovipositor, hind legs coxa, femur and telotarsus yellowish-brown, tibia brown; all apical basitarsus (basal yellow) and claws brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Male. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan) Etymology. The specific name refers to the locality of the holotype. Notes. The new species is similar to B. (H.) nixoni Haeselbarth, 1973 because the malar suture is present, the scutellum (superficially) rugulose, the propodeal tubercle comparatively small, length of first tergite 1.6 × its apical width, flagellomeres long setose, and face almost entirely smooth, but differs by having the eighth flagellomere 2.2 × longer than wide (about 1.7 × in B. nixoni), length of malar space of 2.0 × basal width of mandible (1.5 ×), dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.7 (0.9 ×), precoxal sulcus with less striae (with more striae), and body reddish-brown (black)., Published as part of Lu, Qian-Yu, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Tang, Pu & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2023, The discovery of the subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Brachistinae, Blacini, Blacus) in China, with description of nine new species, pp. 472-498 in Zootaxa 5293 (3) on pages 495-497, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7961330, {"references":["Belokobylskij, S. A. (1995) New and rare species of the genus Blacus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Russian Far East. European Journal of Entomology, 92 (2), 449 - 467."]}

The subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Blacus) is newly recorded from China. Nine new species are proposed, B. (H.) baishanzuensis sp. nov., B. (H.) flaviceps sp. nov., B. (H.) laculaticornis sp. nov., B. (H.) longiapicalis sp. nov., B. (H.) melanoapicalis sp. nov., B. (H.) niger sp. nov., B. (H.) variegatus sp. nov., B. (H.) xui sp. nov., B. (H.) yunnanensis sp. nov., and one species, B. (H.) chabarovi Belokobylskij, 1995, is newly recorded from China. An updated key to the currently known species of the subgenus Hysterobolus in China is provided.

Blacus (Hysterobolus) melanoapicalis sp. nov. (Figs. 9–10) Material examined. Holotype: ♀, China, Zhejiang, Tianmu Mtn, Xianren Peak (30º21′N, 119º25′E), 27.VII.2011, Song Shengnan, NO. 201102181 (ZJUH). Paratypes: 49 ♀♀, China, Fujian, Wuyi Mtn, Guadun, 1.VII.1985, Huang Donghong, No. 20004198, 20003902, 20003903; 2.VII.1985, Huang Donghong, No. 20003901, 20003902, 20003903, 20003906, 20003907; 25.VII.1985, Huang Donghong, No. 20004200; Fujian, Wuyi Mtn, 20.VII.1985, Lin Naiquan, No. 968113, 968114, 968122, 968125, 968127, 968130, 968146, 968154, 968155, 968157; Fujian, Wuyi Mtn, Erliping, 2. VI.1985, Tang Yuqing, No. 20004172; Fujian, Huanggang Mtn, VI.1980, Huang Juchang, No. 20003957, 20003958, 20003959, 20004127; Zhao Jingwei, No. 20003968, 20003969, 20003971, 20003973; Zhao Xiufu, No. 20004126, 20004128; IX.1981, Huang Juchang, No. 20003960; 9. V.1982, Xu Jianfei, No. 20003780; 28.VII.1984, Huang Juchang, No. 20004129; 6.VII.1985, Chen Xinjin, No. 20004134; Liu Minghui, No. 20004132; 13.VII.1985, Huang Donghong, No. 20004096; 14.VII.1985, Huang Donghong, No. 20004097, 20004098; Tang Yuqing, No. 20004107; Zheng Geng, No. 20004102, 20004103; 1.VIII.1985, Huang Donghong, No. 20003775, 20003960, 20004092; 30.VII.1985, Chen Xinjin, No. 20004113, 20004115, 20004116, 20004118; Liu Minghui, No. 20004123; 3 ♀♀, Fujian, Fuzhou, 22.IX.1984, Wang Jiadong, No. 20004150; 8.X.1984, Wang Jiadong, No. 20004155; Jinshan Park, 16.VII.1984, Liu Changming, No. 20004217; 1 ♀, China, Zhejiang, Tianmu Mtn, 8. VI.1992, Lin Wei, No. 922874; 9 ♀♀, Zhejiang, Tianmu Mtn, Xianren Peak, 2-4. VI.1990, Lou Yonggen, No. 900905; 29.VII.1998, Zhao Mingshui, No. 993644; 30.VII.1998, Zhao Mingshui, No. 993531; 18.VIII.1999, Ma Yun, No. 997608; 25-29.VII.2011, Liu Zhen, No. 201102647; 26.VII.2011, Song Shengnan, No. 201101970; 27.VII.2011, Song Shengnan, No. 201102181; Liu Zhen, No. 201101425, 201101431 (ZJUH). Description. Female. Length of body 2.8 mm, length of fore wing 2.75 mm. Body setosity. Body with long setae, setosity on mesopleuron and propodeum denser. Head. Antennomeres 19; length of first flagellomere 1.4 × second flagellomere; length of first, second, penultimate and terminal flagellomere 4.0, 2.8, 1.45 and 2.8 × their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 1.2 × height of head; OOL: diameter of posterior ocellus: POL = 11:4:7; frons smooth, with a shallow longitudinal groove in upper second; eyes with short setose, sparse; length of eye in dorsal view 1.2 × temple; occiput distinctly concave; face transversely rugose; temple smooth; clypeus convex, smooth, slightly punctate; width of clypeus 2.3 × its medial height; tentorial pits large, distance between pits 1.9 × distance from pit to eye; malar suture absent, length of malar space 2.75 × basal width of mandible, mandible with long setae. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 × its height; side of pronotum smooth dorsally, remainder coarsely reticulate; precoxal sulcus wide, with some long striae, reaching anterior edge of mesopleuron; notauli complete, wide and crenulate, with some short transversely rugae in anterior third; mesoscutal lobes rather convex; scutellar sulcus with median carina only; scutellum reticulate, its lateral carina lamelliform; propodeal tubercles small, obtuse apically, lateral apical angle almost 90°; surface of propodeum rugulose. Wings. Fore wing: parastigma small; length of pterostigma 5.0 × its maximum width; length of vein r 1.5 × width of pterostigma; vein r arising almost from middle of pterostigma; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 15:16. Hind wing: 1r-m:1- M = 5:7; M+CU about subequal to 1-M; 2-1A present and short, branched posteriorly. Legs. Fore leg tibial spur large and long; hind coxa coarsely rugose dorsally, with distinct dorsal carina; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.7, 9.5 and 8.0 × their width, respectively; fore tarsal claws with blackish bristles. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.75 × its apical width, widened apically, rugose; dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.4; remainder of tergites smooth; length of ovipositor sheath 0.15 × length of fore wing. Colour. Reddish-brown; stemmaticum, propodeum and metasomal first tergite dark reddish-brown; palpi, labrum, mandible, tegulae, all legs yellow; clypeus yellowish-red; scapus, 5 apical flagellomeres dark brown, remainder of flagellomeres brownish; parastigma and basal of pterostigma white; side of pronotum yellowish-red, remainder reddish-brown; most mesonotum and scutellum yellowish-red, consistent with dorsal head, mesoscutum companied with reddish-brown, the reddish-brown area on middle lobe separate from each other; metasomal second tergite yellowish-brown, remainder of metasomal tergites and sternum, ovipositor and sheath, veins and pterostigma brown; all basitarsi apically brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Variation. Length of first tergite 1.7–1.8 × its apical width; penultimate flagellomere 1.4–1.7 × their width; length of eye in dorsal view 1.0–1.2 × temple; length of fore wing 2.4–2.8 mm; length of ovipositor sheath 0.15– 0.18 × length of fore wing; dorsally head yellowish-red to reddish-brown, similar to mesonotum, propodeum and metasomal first tergite reddish-brown to blackish, remainder of metasomal tergites and sternum brownish to dark brown; 5 (or at most 6) apical flagellomeres dark brown. Male. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Fujian) Etymology. The specific name refers to the dark apical flagellomeres and is derived from “ melanos ” (Greek for black) and “ apex ” (Latin for top). Notes. The new species is similar to B. (H.) fuscitibialis van Achterberg, 1988 because the scutellum is coarsely rugose, the malar suture absent, the first metasomal tergite widened apically, and the face transversely rugose, but differs by having the precoxal sulcus with long striae (only with a few medium-sized striae in B. fuscitibialis), the hind leg brownish (hind tibia infuscated medially), fore claw with blackish bristles (brownish), length of malar space 2.75 × basal width of mandible (2.0 ×), dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.4 of tergite (basal 0.7), and length of ovipositor sheath 0.15 × length of fore wing (0.18 ×).

Key to Chinese species of subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck 1 Vein M+CU of hind wing distinctly shorter than vein 1-M; penultimate flagellomere quadrate, about as long as wide (Fig. 6C); length of malar space 3.0 × to basal width of mandible; first metasomal tergite about 2.1 × longer than its apical width (Fig. 6F)......................................................................... B. ( H.) laculaticornis sp. nov. - Vein M+CU of hind wing about subequal to vein 1-M; penultimate flagellomere distinctly longer than wide (Fig. 8D); length of malar space at most 2.8 × basal width of mandible; first tergite usually 1.5–1.8 × longer than wide apically (Figs 2H, 4H, 8E, 10J, 12F, 16F, 18E), except in B. variegatus (Fig.14E)........................................................ 2 2 Length of vein r of fore wing almost equal to width of pterostigma; antennomeres 20; length of hind basitarsus 10.0 × its width; head yellow....................................................................... B. ( H.) flaviceps sp. nov. - Length of vein r of fore wing 1.1–1.5 × width of pterostigma; antennomeres less than 20; length of hind basitarsus 7.1–8.8 × its width; colour of head variable........................................................................... 3 3 Malar suture present................................................................................... 4 - Malar suture absent.................................................................................... 5 4 Vein 2-CU1 of fore wing 1.2 × longer than vein 1-CU1 (Fig. 18F); face largely smooth; precoxal sulcus narrow, striae very short (Fig. 18G)..................................................................... B. ( H.) yunnanensis sp. nov. - vein 2-CU1 of fore wing 2.2 × longer than vein 1-CU1(Fig. 20I); face transversely rugose; precoxal sulcus wide, striae long (Fig. 20F)............................................................ B. ( H.) chabarovi Belokobylskij, 1995 5 Hind tibia yellow or reddish-brown....................................................................... 6 - Hind tibia dark brown or blackish-brown.................................................................. 8 6 First metasomal tergite 1.5 × longer than its apical width (Fig. 8E); length of pterostigma 3.5 × its maximum width; length of terminal flagellomere 3.0 × its width; body generally black............................. B. ( H.) longiapicalis sp. nov. - First tergite 1.7–2.1 × longer than its apical width; length of pterostigma 5.0 × its maximum width; length of terminal flagellomere 2.8 × its width; body generally reddish-brown............................................................... 7 7 Length of first flagellomere 1.7 × second flagellomere; scutellum smooth medially; antennomeres 18; occiput slightly concave (Fig. 14A); hind tibia reddish-brown; 2–3 apical flagellomeres dark brown; first metasomal tergite about 2.1 × longer than its apical width (Fig. 14E)............................................................ B. ( H.) variegatus sp. nov. - Length of first flagellomere 1.4 × second flagellomere; scutellum rugose medially; antennomeres 19; occiput distinctly concave (Fig. 10A); hind tibia yellow; 5–6 apical flagellomeres dark brown; first tergite 1.7–1.8 × longer than its apical width (Fig. 10J)........................................................................ B. (H.) melanoapicalis sp. nov. 8 Fore claw of ♀ with blackish bristles (Fig. 12I); face weakly rugose (Fig. 12B); striae of precoxal sulcus medium-sized; vein 2-1A of hind wing absent (Fig. 12H)...................................................... B. ( H.) niger sp. nov. - Fore claw of ♀ with brownish bristles (Figs 2J, 16I); face coarsely rugose (Figs 2B, 16B); striae of precoxal sulcus long; vein 2-1A of hind wing present (Figs 2M, 18F).................................................................. 9 9 Terminal flagellomere 2.7–2.9 × longer than wide; first discal cell of fore wing acute (Fig. 16H); setose part of ovipositor sheath slightly longer, 0.21 × length of fore wing; mesoscutum largely dark brown to black; hind femur dark brown to blackish-brown............................................................................... B. ( H.) xui sp. nov. - Terminal flagellomere about 2.2 × longer than wide; first discal cell of fore wing truncate (Fig. 2L); setose part of ovipositor sheath slightly shorter, 0.18 × length of fore wing; mesoscutum yellowish-brown; hind femur yellow............................................................................................. B. ( H.) baishanzuensis sp. nov., Published as part of Lu, Qian-Yu, Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Tang, Pu & Chen, Xue-Xin, 2023, The discovery of the subgenus Hysterobolus Viereck, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Brachistinae, Blacini, Blacus) in China, with description of nine new species, pp. 472-498 in Zootaxa 5293 (3) on page 473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7961330, {"references":["Belokobylskij, S. A. (1995) New and rare species of the genus Blacus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Russian Far East. European Journal of Entomology, 92 (2), 449 - 467."]}

Blacus (Hysterobolus) baishanzuensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) Material examined. Holotype: ♀, China, Zhejiang, Qingyuan, Baishanzu, 18.VII.1994, Wu Hong, No. 946835 (ZJUH). Description. Female. Length of body 2.3 mm, length of fore wing 2.35 mm. Body setosity. Body with dense pubescence, pubescence on propodeum denser than on remainder. Head. Antennomeres 19; length of first flagellomere 1.6 × second flagellomere; length of first, second, penultimate and terminal flagellomere 4.75, 3.0, 1.3 and 2.2 × their width, respectively; length of maxillary palp 0.9 × height of head; OOL: diameter of posterior ocellus: POL = 11:3:5; frons smooth, with a very shallow longitudinal groove in upper half; eyes with short sparse setae; length of eye in dorsal view 1.0 × temple; occiput slightly concave; face transversely rugose; temple smooth; clypeus convex, slightly punctate, smooth; width of clypeus 3.0 × its medial height; tentorial pits large, distance between pits 2.3 × distance from pit to eye; malar suture absent, length of malar space 2.0 × basal width of mandible, mandible with setae. Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 × its height; side of pronotum smooth dorsally, remainder coarsely reticulate; precoxal sulcus wide, with some long striae, reaching the anterior edge of mesopleuron; notauli complete, wide and crenulate; mesoscutal lobes rather convex; scutellar sulcus with distinct median carina and four weakly developed carinae; scutellum convex, reticulate, its lateral carina lamelliform, distinctly protruding apically; propodeal tubercles small, the left acute apically, the right obtuse apically, lateral apical angle slightly less than 90°; surface of propodeum rugulose. Wings. Fore wing: parastigma small; length of pterostigma 4.7 × its maximum width; length of vein r 1.3 × width of pterostigma; vein r arising slightly from apical of pterostigma; 1-CU1:2-CU1 = 11:15. Hind wing: 1r-m:1- M = 17:23; M+CU about subequal to 1-M; 2-1A present and short, branched posteriorly. Legs. Hind coxa coarsely rugose dorsally, with distinct dorsal carina; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 5.0, 9.2 and 7.7 × their width, respectively; fore tarsal claws with brownish bristles. Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.8 × its apical width, widened apically, longitudinally rugose, dorsal carinae distinct in basal 0.5; remainder of tergites smooth; length of ovipositor sheath 0.18 × length of fore wing. Colour. Brown; scape, head (dorsal and frontal) dark brown, palpi, labrum, mandible, tegulae, all legs (except hind coxa and tibia, all basitarsi) yellow; flagellomeres dark brown, but medial flagellomeres yellow; parastigma and base of pterostigma white; side of pronotum and mesopleuron reddish-brown; mesoscutum yellowish-brown; propodeum and first metasomal tergite black; remainder of metasoma, ovipositor and sheath, veins and pterostigma brown; hind tibia apically dark brown; all basitarsi dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate. Male. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China (Zhejiang). Etymology. The specific name refers to the name of the collection site. Notes. The new species is similar to B. (H.) robustus Haeselbarth, 1973 because the scutellum is coarsely rugose, the malar suture absent, length of eye in dorsal view as long as temple, length of the penultimate flagellomere 1.3 × its width, and the hind tibia darkened apically, but differs by having a more setose body (sparser setose in B. robustus), the temples more narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view and also in anterior view, the notauli completely crenulate (at least partly simple), the fore claw with brownish bristles (blackish), length of the malar space 2.0 × basal width of mandible (1.7 ×), length of the first tergite 1.8 × its apical width (1.4–1.5 ×), and dorsal carinae of first tergite distinct in basal 0.5 (in basal 0.3).

In a paper about a new species of Apanteles (Microgastrinae)(Liu & Chen, 2023), we regret the omission of one author Jun-hua Chen in the second place of the author list who did great job in construction of the ZJUH collection for this study and the mistake in institution order and corresponding author. We provide the correct information below. Zhen Liu1, 2, Jun-hua He1, Xue-xin Chen1 1 Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. 2 Zoology Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China.

Introduction: Chuanxiong, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been proved to treat a variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by promoting angiogenesis. However, the mechanisms of Chuanxiong’s pro-angiogenesis is currently unknown. This study aimed to uncover the effect and mechanisms of Chuanxiong promoting angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro.Methods: First, potential targets were predicted by network pharmacology analysis, and PPI network was established and the pathways were enriched. Then, the chorioallantoic membrane test on quails was applied to assess the proangiogenic effects in vivo. As well, to evaluate the effects in vitro, real-time PCR, western blot analysis, the scratch test, and the tube formation experiment were used. Subsequently, the major metabolic pathways were analyzed using non-targeted metabolomics.Results: As a result of network pharmacological analysis, 51 collective targets of Chuanxiong and angiogenesis were identified, which are mainly associated with PI3K/AKT/Ras/MAPK pathway. And the biological verification results showed that Chuanxiong could increase the vessel numbers and vessel area in qCAM models. Meanwhile, Chuanxiong contributed to HUVEC proliferation, tube formation, migration, by encouraging scratch healing rates and boosting tube branch points. In addition, the levels of VEGFR2, MAPK and PI3K were elevated compared to the control group. The western blot analysis also confirmed Chuanxiong could promote an increase in AKT, FOXO1 and Ras. Furtheremore, metabolomic results showed that the proangiogenic effect of Chuanxiong is associated with glycine, serine and threonine metabolism.Discussion: In conclusion, this study clarified that Chuanxiong could promote angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro via regulating PI3K/AKT/Ras/MAPK pathway.

Neural representation is often described by the tuning curves of individual neurons with respect to certain stimulus variables. Despite this tradition, it has become increasingly clear that neural tuning can vary substantially in accordance with a collection of internal and external factors. A challenge we are facing is the lack of appropriate methods to accurately capture the moment-to-moment tuning variability directly from the noisy neural responses. Here we introduce an unsupervised statistical approach, Poisson functional principal component analysis (Pf-PCA), which identifies different sources of systematic tuning fluctuations, moreover encompassing several current models (e.g.,multiplicative gain models) as special cases. Applying this method to neural data recorded from macaque primary visual cortex– a paradigmatic case for which the tuning curve approach has been scientifically essential– we discovered a simple relationship governing the variability of orientation tuning, which unifies different types of gain changes proposed previously. By decomposing the neural tuning variability into interpretable components, our method enables discovery of unexpected structure of the neural code, capturing the influence of the external stimulus drive and internal states simultaneously.

Precise synthesis of polyoxometalates (POMs) is important for the fundamental understanding of the relationship between the structure and function of each building motif. However, it is a great challenge to realize the atomic-level tailoring of specific sites in POMs without altering the major framework. Herein, we report the first case of Ce-mediated molecular tailoring on the unprecedented gigantic {Mo132}, which has a closed structural motif involving a never seen {Mo110} decamer. Such capped wheel {Mo132} undergoes a rare quasi-isomerism with known {Mo132} ball displaying different optical behaviors. Experiencing an ‘Inner-On-Outer’ binding process with the substituent of {Mo2} reactive sites in {Mo132}, the site-specific Ce ions drive the dissociation of {Mo2*} clipping sites and finally give rise to a predictable half-closed product {Ce11Mo96}. By virtue of the tailor-made open cavity, the {Ce11Mo96} achieves high proton conduction, nearly two orders of magnitude than that of {Mo132}. This work offers a significant step toward the controllable assembly of POM clusters through a Ce-mediated molecular tailoring process for desirable properties.

Although recent advances in systemic chemotherapy have improved the clinical outcomes of gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis, the peritoneum still represents a common site of treatment failure and disease recurrence. Neoadjuvant intraperitoneal-systemic chemotherapy has been acknowledged as a more aggressive treatment for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. In this multicenter phase III randomized controlled trial, 238 patients will be randomly separated into two groups in a 2:1 ratio after laparoscopic exploration. The experimental arm will receive the proposed neoadjuvant intraperitoneal-systemic chemotherapy regimen, whereas the control group will receive a Paclitaxel + S-1 (PS) chemotherapy regimen. The endpoints for the study are overall survival, response rate, gastrectomy radicality rate, progression-free survival and adverse events.Recent advances in technology have improved the outcomes of stomach cancer patients. However, there are still many patients who die of cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Neoadjuvant intraperitoneal–systemic chemotherapy has been acknowledged as a more aggressive treatment for stomach cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis (cancer that has spread to the very thin layer of tissue on the inside of the abdomen that covers the stomach and other organs). In this study, 238 patients will be randomly separated into two groups in a 2:1 ratio after evaluation. The experimental group will receive the proposed neoadjuvant intraperitoneal–systemic chemotherapy regimen, whereas the control group will receive a Paclitaxel + S-1 (PS) chemotherapy regimen. The endpoints for the study are how long patients live, number of patients who respond to treatment, number of patients who undergo surgery, how long patients live without their disease getting worse and problems caused by treatment.