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Xenia macrospiculata Gohar, 1940 is a dominant xeniid species on the coral reefs of the Gulf of Eilat. The colonies are dioecious and the gonads develop along the four lateral and two sulcal mesenteries, except for the anthocodial part of the polyps. The population starts to reproduce at a markedly early age of two years and the percentage of sexually mature colonies increases with coral size. The sex ratio of the population is significantly skewed toward a higher abundance of males.A synchronization of gonadal development occurs among the polyps within a colony. In every annual cycle the development of initial gonadal primordia starts in September or October and it lasts until April-May. In addition to these gonads, more oocytes and sperm sacs continue to appear along the mesenteries of male and female colonies during the succeeding 7-8 months. Due to the prolonged period of gonadal initiation, the population contains colonies in various stages of development. The successive maturation of gametes starts ...

The research reported in this paper develops individual value and choice expressions for a sample of travellers in Xenia, Ohio, U.S.A. A brief description of the methodology for constructing and forecasting with individual-level demand equations is given, relying principally on multiple linear regression and multiple analysis of variance. The research tests the hypothesis that coefficients of individual value functions are systematically associated with experiential, situational and personal characteristics of the individuals. We also obtain data on the distributions of the individual value coefficients and their interrelationships. Finally, the research applies these specifications to the retrospective prediction of transit patronage in a situation of rapidly changing transit system characteristics from 1974 to 1977.

Sexual reproduction of the soft coral Xenia macrospiculata Gohar, 1940 was studied for a four year period at the Gulf of Eilat(Red Sea). Ripe eggs detach successively from the mesenteries into the polyp cavities, where fertilization probably occurs. Subsequently, they pass to special brooding pouches situated near the anthocodial bases. Embryogenesis takes place in these endodermal chambers and after maturation planulae are shed via temporary openings found among the polyps. The planulation period lasts for 4-5 months (May-September) every year. Larval expulsion occurs at night in bi-weekly cycles during interlunar phases: near the first and the last moon quarters. Colony fecundity depends on its size: large colonies are estimated to produce several hundred larvae per polyp each year. Although little information exists on other planulating octocorals, the study indicates that X. macrospiculata exhibits a remarkably high reproductive potential, which contributes to its dominance in the Red Sea coral reefs....

Two pairs of diastereomeric diterpenes, xeniolone (1) and isoxeniolone (3), and hydratoxeniolone (16) and hydratoisoxeniolone (18), were isolated, together with their putative biogenetic precursor, germacrexeniolone (20), from an Okinawan soft coral of Xenia sp. (Xeniidae). On the basis of chemical and physiochemical evidence, the absolute stereostructures of these five diterpenes have been elucidated. It has also been shown that germacrexeniolone (20) is gradually air-oxidized to yield xeniolone (1) and isoxeniolone (3) upon standing, while in an aqueous acetone solution, it yields hydratoxeniolone (16) and hydratoisoxeniolone (18).

The inheritance of seed colour was investigated in the progenies of crosses between seven yellow seeded forms and a brown seeded one of turnip rape (Brassica campestris L.). Seed colour differences were found to be determined in each case by one or two genes with epistatic effect. Moreover, independent inheritance of hilum colour was observed. Seed colour was predominantly but not completely determined by the maternal parent. In total, two genes for seed colour with epistatic (Br 1 br 1; Br 6 br 6) and four with hypostatic effect (Br 3 br 3; Br 4 br 4; Br 5 br 5; Br 7 br 7) as well as one gene for hilum colour (Br 8 br 8) were distinguished. Two alleles for yellow seed colour (br 1 (1) and br 1 (2) ) were present in the locus Br 1 br 1, whereas in the locus Br 6 br 6 one allele was found for yellow seed colour (br 6 (1) ) and another for light hilum colour (br 6 (2) ). The possibilities of multiple allelism are discussed.

The substantial difference between waxy and non-waxy endosperm character lies in the amylose content of the endosperm starch. In the rice plant, waxy starch consists of only arnylopectine, and non-waxy starch contains seven to 33 percent amylose (WEBB et al. 1968 and JULIANO 1970). Endosperm character of the kernels of the F1 plants between waxy and non-waxy varieties segregates into waxy and non-waxy, because of the xenia. In such F1 plants, the dimentional capacity of floral glumes and the photosynthate supply to the developing kernel of waxy grain is considered be equal to those of non-waxy grain, therefore any dimentional difference between waxy and non-waxy kernel should be attributable to the waxyness itself and or the interaction between the waxy allele and the genetic background.

Summary Primary leaves of susceptible barley varieties (“Xenia” and “Valja”) were infected with the yellow rust fungus (Puccinia striiformis West.). Scanning electron and fluorescence micrographs of the pathogen showed characteristic infection structures during pathogenesis. The infection cycle was described, beginning with the development of primary infection hyphae and ending with production of mature uredospores.

Previously the authors (MURAKAMI et al. 1972) reported the predominance of pollen grains from F1 plant in selective fertilization as compared wlth pollen grains from inbred lines. The selective fertilization of pollen graln.s from inbred lines and F1s observed in that experiment was, however, tested by using one particular inbred line as a female parent to be pollinated and as a pollen source to be mixed with pollen grains from other lines. The present study was planned to confirm whether the predominance of pollen grains from F1 plant in selective fertilization reported in the previous paper generally occurs in the pollination of all combinations of pollen and female parents including F1. In thls experiment (Table 1), two sets of inbred lines and their F1s were used as female parents, i.e. A34 (W1)', CI 64 (W2), and A34XCI 64 (WF1) in Set I, and Koshu-564 (O1)' Outomorokoshi-143 (02), and Koshu-564XOutomorokoshi-143 (OF1) in Set II As regards endosperm character, the materials for female parents in Set I were white dent, and on the other hand those of in Set II were orange flint, respectively. Due to xenia, the kernels fertilized by pollen grains from the alternative endosperm characters in pollen-mixture always produced yellow kernel in the both sets. The pollination by pollenmixture consisting of equal volumes of pollen grains from an inbred line or F1 plant of two different endosperm characters was performed (Table 2).

Two new diterpenes, named xeniolone (1) and isoxeniolone (2), were isolated from an Okinawan soft coral of Xenia sp. and their absolute configurations having a perhydroazulene skeleton were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence.

Erucic acid is the major and characteristic component of common rapeseed oils. Seed oils from a total of 125 strains from three species of Brassica (B. napus L., B. campestris L., and B. juncea (L.) Coss.) grown near Winnipeg in 1959 were analysed for erucic acid content. The range of variability for this component was similar to the range of previously reported values. Analyses of seed oils from individual plants revealed a greater range of variability and repeated selection resulted in isolation of rape strains (Brassica napus L.) from two different sources with seed oils containing only traces of erucic acid. Oleic has replaced erucic acid as the major constituent of these oils. Analysis of F2 data indicated that inheritance of erucic acid content is conditioned by two independent gene loci and that the dosage effect of the genes is additive. Pollen source exerts a direct effect on the composition of the oil (xenia effect).

In plums different pollinations can result in differences in the time of maturity and in the size of the fruit. The pollen influences the development of the fruit inasmuch as defective embryos promote earlier ripening and smaller fruits. Further, the wider the difference between the two parents, the more defective the embryos. The developmental differences in the fruit are an expression of different degrees of seed growth. In some varieties of pears frost injury to the styles induces parthenocarpy, i.e. the complete absence of embryo development. Difference in the fruit due to the action of the pollen (formerly known as xenia) fall into three classes: (1) where the developing zygote is affected, (2) where the endosperm is affected, (3) where the effect is on the maternal tissues. In classes (1) and (2) the effects or differences are due to the action of paternal genes in heredity, and since they are readily explicable on a simple genetic basis there is no reason why they should continue to be referred to as xenia. In class (3) they are due to differences in the constitution and development of the embryo, endosperm and seed which affect the development of the maternal tissue. At one extreme the fruits are seedless (parthenocarpy), and at the other they have seeds larger than normal.

1. Continued from the previous report on the anomalous segregation of glutinous character in pollens and in xenia in F1 hybrids between Japanese and foreign varieties (MIZUSHIMA and KONDO, 1961) behaviors in segregation in their F2 population were described. 2. In eight of the 26 different F2 strains investigated which were originated from 7 Japanese X Japanese and I IndianXJapanese crosses the segregation took place normally, i.e., gl+gl:gl+gl :glgl 1 : 2 :1 (Table 1). The other 18 crosses showed abnormal ratios which could be classified into the following 5 different types according to the ratio gl+gl+ : gl+gl : glgl i ) 2 : 3 : 1-type' ?? ?? 10 crosses (Table 2) ii ) 4 : 5 : 1-type or 4 : 4 : 1-type ?? ?? crosses (Table 3) iii) O.76 : 1.74 : 1.OO-type ?? 2 crosses (Table 4) iv) 4 : 7 : 3-type ?? ?? crosses (Table 5) v) Undefined type ?? ?? cross (Table 6) 3. For the explanation of anomalous segregation ratios observed in xenia in F1 hybrids we assumed a) three different degrees of partial infunctionality of glutinous pollens, 25, 50 and 75 per cent, in such hybrids as to show a significant decrease in the number of glutinous endosperms and b) about 13 per cent infuhctionality of both non-glutinous pollens and ovules in hybrids showing sig'nificant decrease in the number of non-glutinous endosperms. The three of the above-mentioned 5 types, i), ii), and iv), can be explained as the results due to the cause a) and another one, iii), as that due to the cause b). The undefined type, v), is however, difflcult to explain. 4. The genetic mechanism causing the partial gametic infunctionality in F1 hybrids was discussed to the effect that it might be due to aco mplementary lethal action of two recessive genes, one of which being linked with gl-gene, or to deficiency of genes brought about by some unknown structural hybridity. 5. Behavior in segregation of C-gene was investigated, which was one of the two fundamentaL genes responsible for anthocyanin pigmentation in the rice plant body and had already been confirmed to be linked with gl-gene by other workers (Nagao and Takahashi, 1947). As was expected, anomalous mode of C-gene segregation was recognized in the present materials, presenting significant decrease in the number of gametes carrying one allel. 6. The recombination values between x and C and x and gl were calculated, here x being one of the complementary lethal genes linked with gl-gene. We obtained the values 0.323 fcr the fcrmer and O.392 for the latter.

Three “fast” drying and three “slow” drying corn inbreds, whose hybrids demonstrate various rates of drying after physiological maturity, were used to study the genetics controlling differential drying rates among hybrids. Drying rate was estimated by the moisture loss from husked ears in a forced-air dryer at 38 C for 18 hours. Initial moisture range was 30 to 40% while dried ears had a range of 20 to 30%. Correlations in this population indicate that selection for faster drying rate would most likely result in smaller ears, later silking date, and lower moisture content at 60 days after silking. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were moderately high and similar. Most environmental correlations were nonsignificant. Diallel analysis indicated significant differences for both general and specific combining ability effects with the additive component more important than the non-additive; therefore, drying rate is fixable. Broad sense heritability estimates obtained by the F₂ variance method were moderately high, while higher estimates were obtained by genetic components of variance from F₁ replication means. High heritability was also indicated by the genetic correlations. Estimates of HMb were between 52% and 95%. Xenia effect on differential drying rates was generally found to be non-significant. Determination of drying rate by use of forced-air dryers offers a good approach for the plant breeder in selection for faster drying rates.

The endosperm of the cereal grasses has been the subject of numerous investigations directed from many different points of view, but certain phases of its development, involving the differentiation of its tissues, the accumulation of food material, and the relations between the endosperm and the embryo, have not been thoroughly studied. The application of the principle of the alternation of generations to the higher plants during the latter part of the past century gave to the endosperm a new morphological meaning, which was modified and made more interesting by the discovery of "double fecundation" and by the studies on xenia at the very close of the century. In most studies of development, however, the embryo has been the structure emphasized, and the chief interest in the endosperm has been its r6le as a nurse tissue for the embryo. From the work that has been done on various grasses it is evident that there is considerable uniformity in the development of the endosperm. The polar nuclei remain in contact with each other, without fusing, until the time of fecundation. The union of a sperm with them has been observed in Zea (9, I2, I7) and in Triticum (ii), and all circumstantial evidences indicate that double fecundation regularly occurs in other species. After fecundation there is a period of rapid division of free nuclei, with a migration of nuclei toward the antipodal end of the endosperm cell (Randolph, I3). These nuclei are located in a thin wall layer of cytoplasm, and the center of the cell is a large vacuole (P1. XXVIII, fig. I3). The formation of cell walls apparently begins in the peripheral region, for a stage of development is soon to be seen in which the endosperm is a hollow mass of tissue surrounding a central cavity (text figs. I, 2). The steps of development preceding this stage have not been investigated in detail, but it is reasonable to assume that they are similar to those of corresponding stages in the development of the endosperm of typical angiosperms. It would probably be better to regard this hollow endosperm as a cellular mass having a large, multinucleate cell in the middle. This cavity is soon eliminated by further nuclear division and wall formation (text fig. 3 and P1. XXVIII, fig. I4). Of the course of development of the endosperm from this time onward we have only fragmentary information drawn from studies of different grasses. These studies long ago indicated considerable differentiation in the mature endosperm of the cereals. Publication 46 of the Waterman Institute, Indiana University. 37I

Xenia which occurs in the endosperm is commonly found in maize, rice and other plants. But metaxenia is a curious phenomenon. This is caused by the direct action of pollen on the character of the fruit which consists of the ovarial tissues of the mother plant. SWINGLE and NIXON discovered this phenomenon in fruits of the date-plam and the former named it“metaxenia”.We have observed a sort of metaxenia of Swingle or some such phenomenon in some plants of solanaceae.The materials used in this experiment were the following three kinds of plants of genus Solanum.S. citrullifouliun: The fruit is 7.8mm. in diameter on the average. It contains about 42 seeds, and turns red, becoming transparent when it maturesS. Delilei: The diameter of the fruit measures 6.7mm. on the average. Single fruit containing about 43 seeds becomes intransparently black-purple when mature.S. aggregatum: The fruit is 14mm. in diameter on the average. It containes about 56 seeds, and becomes intransparently deep purple when it matures.When the pistils of S. citrullifolium were pollinated with the pollen grains of S. Delilei, the fruits grew larger than those of the parents, containing no or very few filled seeds but many unfilled ones, and became, when matured, dark red colour, which was almost intermediate between that of their parents.When the pistils of S. citrullifolium were pollinated with the pollen grains of S. aggregatum, the fruits became smaller than those of the parents and contained many uufilled seeds but no filled ones. The colour they assumed when ripe was intermediate of the fruits of their parents.Xenia in the endosperm is easily explained by the double fertilization. But the explanation of metaxenia is still sought for. Swingle says that the embryo or endosperm or both of them secrete hormones, or some such substances, which biffuse out into the tissues of the ovary and affect them according to the particular male parent used to fecundate the embryo and endosperm. This is an interesting and clever explanation. In fact, the fruits grown by cross pollinating in our experiments were bluish in the center or near the seeds. As these fruits are observed through the red juice of the outer side, their colour seems intermediate one. Therefore it seems as though the seeds secrete some substances which change the colour of the fruit. But it must be added here that in all our cases the seeds in the fruits were nearly always unfilled or abortive ones. This fact makes the explanation difficult.PH value of the juice of all kinds of these fruits were measured, but the results did not bring our cases to light.Thus we shall reserve the discussion on this problem to still later work.

The inheritance of blue kernel colour was studied in crosses of a blue-kernelled Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv. X Triticum vulgare (Vill.) Host. derivative, Blue 1, with Rescue, a red-kernelled variety, and with Lemhi a white-kernelled variety. The blue colour was found to be in the endosperm and xenia was observed. Each generation from F1 to F3 was grown at a different location under varying environments. From the ratios obtained it was concluded that blue colour is conditioned by two complementary dominant genes whose expression appears to be influenced by environment.

The specimen referred to in this note is a colony of the Alcyonaseous coral Xenia sp. ? from Celebes. The Xeniidæ are distinguished from all other Alcyonaria by their soft fleshy consistency and non-retractile polyps. The former character is due to the fact that heir spicules are very minute rounded or oval discs (average measurements 0·015 mm. long, 0·01 mm. broad, 0·004 mm. thick), which have horny basis impregnated with only a small quantity of calcium carbonate.

I have had the opportunity of making a renewed examination of the structure of Heliopora, partly through the kindness of Professor Ray Lankester, who gave me a very well preserved fragment of a colony brought by Dr. S. J. Hickson from Talisse, Celebes. I have also used some specimens which I collected and preserved in spirit in Diego Garcia, and, in studying the dried corallum, I have had the advantage of a large collection, originally the property of the late Mr. George Brook, which Mrs. Brook has very kindly handed over to me.

Although the structure of Heliopora has been the subject of a careful memoir by the late Professor H. N. Moseley, a renewed examination of this interesting and isolated Alcyonarian has, for many reasons, seemed to me to be desirable. There are questions relating to the structure and formation of the hard parts which were not conclusively settled by Moseley’s paper, and the great increase of our knowledge of the anatomy of other Alcyonaria has rendered it necessary to overhaul all older work in the light of more arecent researches. Professor Moseley himself was anxious that the genus should be re-examined, and, some time before his death, he pressed me to commence work on some specimens which I had brought back with me from Diego Garcia. The material which I have used in the course of my work consisted of the above-mentioned spirit specimens from Diego Garcia, of the fragments of the specimens which served Professor Moseley for his original memoir, and a well preserved portion of a colony, which Dr. S. J. Hickson brought from Talisse, and gave to Professor Lankester, who kindly handed it over to me for examination. This specimen of Dr. Hickson’s was most useful, because the growing tips of the colony were preserved uninjured, and I was therefore able to make sections illustrating the structure at the point where most active growth takes place. Of dried specimens, I have had a large collection, including my own from Diego Garcia, Dr. Hickson’s from Celebes, and a number of specimens from the collection of the late Mr. George Brook, which Mrs. Brook has been kind enough to hand over to me, together with a rich and varied collection of other Anthozoa. Unfortunately the labels have become detached from most of the specimens, but those that remain show that the corals formed part of the collection made by Professor Haddon in Torres Straits.

It is the object of this department to present to teachers of physics the results of recent research. In so far as is possible, the articles and items will be nontechnical, and it is hoped that they will furnish material that will be of value in the classroom. Suggestions and contributions should be sent to Dr. Homer C. Sampson, Department of Zoology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

The known species of Coffea can be grouped into two categories according to the color of their endosperm which is either green or yellow. The commercially cultivated varieties of Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner are well known for the green color of their seed while the less known varieties of Coffea liberica Hiern and Coffea Dewevrei De Wild, et Th. Dur. have yellow Feed. In 1935, however, a yellow seeded type of C. arabica, was found in Brazil and has been described as Coffea arabica L. var. cera K.M.C. ; it is believed to have originated by mutation from Coffea arabica L. var. typica Cramer. In this paper the authors present the results of a genetic study of the yellow seeded mutant known as "cera". It has been found that in C. arabica, yellow endosperm is controlled by one pair of recessive factors cece. Hybrid seeds containing a Cece embryo were green (xenia), their endosperm being either Cecece or CeCece. Cera is a tetraploid variety and when it was crossed with diploid Coffea species having yellow endosperm, it was found to produce only yellow hybrid seeds. The cera, which is a yellow seeded mutant has been useful not only for definitely showing that the bulk of the coffee seed is true endosperm, but it has also proved useful is study of the biology of the coffee flower.

As is well known, the term "xenia" was proposed by FOCKE to describe any effect of pollen of another race upon the tissue of a seed plant apart from that initiating the formation of an embryo. As it has been exceedingly questionable whether any such effect beyond a chemical irritation ever occurs, the word has come to be applied to the appearance of the F, hybrid endosperm produced by the fusion of the second male nucleus with the so-called endosperm nucleus of the embryo sac, when its characters are different from those exhibited by the mother plant after self-fertilization. Since the fact of this fusion was proved cytologically by GUIGNARD (io) and NAWASCHIN (i i), data on this type of xenia have interested botanists because of the differences of opinion existing concerning the phylogenetic significance of the angiosperm endosperm. The most detailed observations on xenia have been those on maize, since numerous maize varieties exist with differences in endosperm characters. The behavior of the following factors in heredity is known from the researches of DEVRIES (5), CORRENS (2), WEBBER (12), EAST and HAYES (7), and EMERSON (9). In addition, EAST (6) has found good indications of at least three additional factors that modify the expression of the red and the purple aleurone colors.

The morphology and ctyology of synthetic tetraploids resulting from the cross,A. hypogaea × (A. hypogaea × A. sp. A. 329) is described. These are genetically variable and revealed a low degree of meiotic lability. The probable origin of the tetraploids as well as the basis for the variability has been discussed. The role of allotriploids as an intermediate stage in the experimental gene transference from related diploid species to the tetraploids and in facilitating gene introgression in nature has been indicated. Xenia is suggested as a possible explanation for the variation in the pod characters of crossed plants and hybrids.

The present study aimed to screen for antibacterial activities in soft corals of the eastern Red Sea coast. Specimens of different species were surveyed, collected, preserved, extracted and assayed according to standard protocols. Bioactive materials were extracted using a dichloromethane/methanol mixture, and the activity was determined using the well diffusion and microdilution assay methods. All extracts demonstrated variable activity against marine bacteria previously isolated from the sea water (in situ near the soft corals). Among soft corals, Sarcophyton spp. and Sinularia polydactyla showed the highest activity (MIC = 30–50 μg/ml), while the crude extract of Xenia spp. showed the lowest activity (MIC = 200–250 μg/ml) against the isolated marine bacterial strains. Antibacterial activity was observed for five out of the seven soft coral extracts (72%) against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp.) bacterial pathogens, while none of the extracts inhibited Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The most potent (MIC = 40–75 μg/ml) crude extracts were obtained from S. polydactyla and Sarcophyton spp., while the crude extract of Xenia spp. was the least effective (MIC ≥ 200 μg/ml) against the tested Gram-positive bacteria. The results from the current study suggest that soft corals of the Red Sea (Yunbu, SA) are a potential source of novel antibiotics.

The nanostructure of polysaccharides is supposed to determine properties such as stiffness or diffusivity of cell walls and their functionality for various tailored properties of food. However, at present, a relation of these nano-properties with sensory texture and firmness remains to some degree unknown. In this work, water (WSP), calcium chelator (CSP) and sodium carbonate (DASP) soluble pectins, hemicellulose and cellulose, extracted from cell walls of two pear cultivars ‘Xenia’ and ‘Conference’ at their harvest times, were studied. An atomic force microscope and image analysis were used to evaluate diameter and branching of the molecules. Sensory texture of ‘Xenia’ was considered as better and its firmness (87 N) was higher than ‘Conference’ (76 N). WSP molecules were present as short molecules with a height of about 0.5 nm for both cultivars. A chain-like and branched CSP fraction had diameter of about 0.3–0.4 nm for both cultivars with a pronounced contribution of molecules with diameter of about 1 nm for ‘Xenia’, which had also higher branching index. DASP revealed similar regular structures for both cultivars however the network was much denser for ‘Xenia’. A rod-like hemicellulose molecules had length of about 20–400 nm and diameter of 1 nm for ‘Xenia’ and 1–4 nm for ‘Conference’. Cellulose diameter for both cultivars was about 23 nm. This study showed that less degraded, thicker and more branched pectin molecules were associated with higher firmness and more favourable texture. Hemicellulose provided a positive contribution to texture when they were thinner and more flexible.

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Cette etude jette une lumiere nouvelle sur les relations de Joachim du Bellay avec le fameux et omnipresent cardinal de Lorraine. En appendice, des poemes latins de Du Bellay inedits a ce jour, les Xenia.

Der neue Naturstoff (I) fand sich erstaunlicherweise nur in Bestanden, die vor Heron Island (Australien) gesammelt wurden, nicht dagegen inExemplaren von der Picnic Bay, Magnetic Island (Australien) oder von den Fidschiinseln.

13‐epi‐9‐desacetylxenicin (2), isoxeniolide‐A (3) and 7, 8‐oxido‐isoxeniolide‐A (4), three novel nine‐membered diterpenoids have been isolated from the alcyonarian Xenia novae‐britanniae. Their structures have been established on the basis of their spectral properties. Structure 2 has been confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Copyright © 1979 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

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The effect of pollinizer on sweet or bitter almond flavor was studied by tasting the seeds obtained from 32 crosses between sweet, bitter, and slightly bitter parents. Out of eight female parents, two were homozygous sweet (`Del Cid' and `Aï'); two were heterozygous sweet (`Marcona' and `Nonpareil'); one heterozygous with an almost undetectable slightly bitter flavor (`Ferrastar'); two heterozygous slightly bitter (`Garrigues' and `Marie Dupuy'); and one bitter homozygous (`S3067', self-compatible clone obtained in CEBAS). Each cultivar was hand-pollinated with four male cultivars: one homozygous sweet (`Ramillete'), one heterozygous sweet (`Atocha'), one heterozygous slightly bitter (`Garrigues'), and one homozygous (`S3067'). Since `Garrigues' is self-incompatible, the cross `Garrigues' × `Garrigues' was replaced by `Garrigues' × `S3065' (slightly bitter clone obtained in CEBAS). Tasting of the seeds resulting from each cross resulted in the complete absence of any influence of pollinizer on flavor, which only depended on the female parent.

Xenophon's Anabasis is a work of apologetics, written in response to attacks against the author. The work answers two types of accusation concerning exchange and the right way to conduct exchange. The first accusation appears as the collective pressure from the rank and file of the Ten Thousand: Xenophon attempts to counter the forceful accusations of corruption levelled at him by the troops. Part of the Anabasis-- especially Book 7-- is devoted to refuting such accusations. But Xenophon also uses the Anabasis to respond to another type of accusation, produced much later by his aristocratic peers rather than the rank and file. The Athenian general seeks to put as much distance as possible between himself and the disgraceful shadow of the mercenary. He must erase anything that might portray him to his readership as a paid soldier, on the move for base financial reasons. For a Greek aristocrat keen to demonstrate his detachment from the purely monetary, such a mercenary's status was necessarily compromising, especially since two barbarians assembled the mercenary host in question: the Persian Cyrus, then a Thracian, the ambiguous character of Seuthes. The present paper is offered as a reading of this double exercice de style.