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The relentless growth in Mexico City’s aviation traffic has inevitably strained capacity development of its airport, raising the dilemma between the possible solutions. In the present study, Mexico’s Multi-Airport System is subjected to analysis by means of multi-model simulation, focusing on the capacity-demand problem of the system. The methodology combines phases of modelling, data collection, simulation, experimental design, and analysis. Drawing a distinction from previous works involving two-airport systems. It also explores the challenges raised by the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico City airport operations, with a discrete-event simulation model of a multi-airport system composed by three airports (MEX, TLC, and the new airport NLU). The study is including the latest data of flights, infrastructures, and layout collected in 2021. Therefore, the paper aims to answer to the question of whether the system will be able to cope with the expected demand in a short-, medium-, and long term by simulating three future scenarios based on aviation forecasts. The study reveals potential limitations of the system as time evolves and the feasibility of a joint operation to absorb the demand in such a big region like Mexico City

Our goal in this paper is to advance the state of the art of the topic of uniqueness of unconditional basis. To that end we establish general conditions on a pair (X, Y) formed by a quasi-Banach space X and a Banach space Y which guarantee that every unconditional basis of their direct sum X ⊕ Y splits into unconditional bases of each summand. As application of our methods we obtain that, among others, the spaces Hp(Td) ⊕ T (2) and Hp(Td) ⊕ 2, for p ∈ (0, 1) and d ∈ N, have a unique unconditional basis (up to equivalence and permutation). F. Albiac acknowledges the support of the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation under Grant PID2019-107701GB-I00 for Operators, lattices, and structure of Banach spaces. F. Albiac and J. L. Ansorena acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation, and Universities under Grant PGC2018-095366-B-I00 for Análisis Vectorial, Multilineal y Aproximación. P. Wojtaszczyk was supported by National Science Centre, Poland grant UMO-2016/21/B/ST1/00241.

With global warming and rising energy demands, it is important now than ever to transit to renewable energy systems. Thermoelectric (TE) devices can present a feasible alternative to generate clean energy from waste heat. However, to become attractive for large-scale applications, such devices must be cheap, efficient, and based on ecofriendly materials. In this study, the potential of novel silicide-tetrahedrite modules for energy generation was examined. Computer simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) and implicit finite difference method (IFDM) were performed. The developed computational models were validated against data measured on a customized system working with commercial TE devices. The models were capable of predicting the TEGs’ behavior with low deviations (≤10%). IFDM was used to study the power produced by the silicide-tetrahedrite TEGs for different ΔT between the sinks, whereas FEM was used to study the temperature distributions across the testing system in detail. To complement these results, the influence of the electrical and thermal contact resistances was evaluated. High thermal resistances were found to affect the devices ΔT up to ~15%, whereas high electrical contact resistances reduced the power output of the silicide-tetrahedrite TEGs by more than ~85%., This research was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, through the contracts UID/Multi/04349/2020 and UI/BD/150713/2020. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and European Regional Development Fund, for funding under the PDI2021-126926OB-C22 research project.

The use of carbon dioxide in transcritical state has become one of the most used solutions to comply with the F-Gas directive and reduce greenhouse gases emissions from refrigeration systems at high ambient temperatures. For low-medium power units, the commonly used solutions to improve the efficiency such as the ejector, multiple compressor arrangements, mechanical subcooler, etc., add complexity and increase the cost of the refrigeration facility, which is not ideal for small units. In this low-medium power range, two technologies stand out to increase the performance of a carbon dioxide transcritical cycle: the internal heat exchanger and the thermoelectric subcooler. This study brings a complete research in which both solutions have been tested in the same experimental transcritical carbon dioxide refrigeration facility under the same working conditions. It focuses on the real performance of both systems and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of using an internal heat exchanger or a thermoelectric subcooler. The results show that the thermoelectric subcooler outperforms the internal heat exchanger in both the coefficient of performance and the cooling capacity while also being a more controllable and flexible solution. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and European Regional Development Fund, for the funding under the RTI2018-093501-B-C21 and RTI2018-093501-B-C22 research projects. We would also like to acknowledge the support from the Education Department of the Government of Navarra with the Predoctoral Grants for Phd programms of Interest to Navarra and the Official School of Industrial Engineers of Navarre with the scholarship Fuentes Dutor. Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra.

In this work, a hibonite-type Ni/La-hexaaluminate (Ni/LHA) synthesized from an industrial waste is used and compared as catalyst in the dry reforming of methane (DRM) at 973 K. The structure, catalytic behavior, and stability during a run time of at least 50 h of three Nicatalysts obtained from two commercial supports and two preparation methods were used for comparison. An aluminum solution (9.40 g/L) obtained from an aluminum saline slag waste by acid extraction was used to synthesize the hexaaluminate by mixing with a stoichiometric amount of lanthanum nitrate and methanol/Peg400/PegMn400 under hydrothermal conditions at 493 K for 16 h. The Ni/LHA catalyst (10 wt% NiO) was obtained by impregnation of the synthesized support, calcined previously at 1473 K for 2 h. The resulting solids were characterized by several techniques as: X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption at 77 K, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). In order to compare the catalytic behavior and properties of the Ni/LHA catalyst, three Ni catalysts obtained from two commercial supports (g-Al2O3 and SiO2) and two preparation methods (wet impregnation (I) and precipitation-deposition (PD)) were synthesized. Analysis of the TPR patterns for the catalysts allowed the type of metal support interaction and NiO species to be determined, with a weak interaction with the support being observed in Ni/LHA and NieI/ SiO2. The NiO species observed, with crystallite sizes between 9.7 and 40.4 nm, confirm the X-ray structural analyses. The Ni/LHA catalyst was found to be active and very stable in the DRM reaction after 50 h. The catalytic behavior was evaluated from the CO2 and CH4 conversions, as well as the H2/CO selectivity, with values of 99% over almost all the time range evaluated. The behavior of this catalyst is comparable to that of NieI/Al2O3 and NiPD/SiO2. The results found indicating that the strong interaction of nickel with the support favors the stability of the catalysts in the DRM reaction. The authors are grateful for financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN/AdslEI/ 10.13039/501100011033) through project PID2020-112656RBC21. JJTH thanks Universidad Pública de Navarra for a postdoctoral grant. AG also thanks Santander Bank for funding via the Research Intensification Program.

This article provides an overview of wealth inequality in England from the late thirteenth to the sixteenth century, based on a novel database of distributions of taxable household wealth across 17 counties plus London. To account for high thresholds of fiscal exemption, a new method is introduced to reconstruct complete distributions from left-censored observations. First, we analyse inequality at the county level, finding an impressive stability across time in the relative position of the English counties, perturbed only by the tendency of the South and South-East to become relatively more inegalitarian. Then, we produce an aggregate distribution representative of England as a whole, and we detect an overall tendency for inequality to grow from medieval to early modern times due largely to North-South divergence in average household wealth. We discuss our results in the light of the recent literature on historical inequality. We are grateful for the support received from the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure. In particular, the Cambridge-based project 'The occupational structure of Britain 1379-1911', funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, the Leverhulme Trust, and the British Academy, provided us with the GIS layers of historical county and hundred boundaries. The research leading to this article has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 283802, EINITE-Economic Inequality across Italy and Europe, 1300-1800, as well as under European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Program/ERC grant agreement no. 725687, SMITE-Social Mobility and Inequality across Italy and Europe, 1300-1800.

Obra en colaboración coordinada por Alejandro Torres Este Libro Blanco representa un esfuerzo intelectual riguroso sobre cuestiones como la enseñanza de la religión, el reconocimiento del matrimonio religioso, las objeciones de conciencia, la asistencia religiosa en centros públicos, el régimen urbanístico de los lugares de culto, y el de los cementerios, así como la normativa que haya de aplicarse en materia de ritos funerarios, o cuestiones tan actuales como la de una adecuada definición de la posición que haya de desempeñar la mujer, la protección de las minorías religiosas frente a los discursos del odio y la intolerancia, o el régimen económico y tributario aplicables a las confesiones religiosas, y la seguridad social de sus ministros de culto. El Libro Blanco incorpora 12 Informes, que cubren los campos anteriores, y que han sido elaborados por una docena de profesores universitarios, procedentes de 8 universidades españolas: las Universidades Carlos III de Madrid, León, Loyola de Andalucía, País Vasco, Pública de Navarra, Rey Juan Carlos, Valencia y Valladolid. Todos ellos cuentan con una dilatada trayectoria académica, y producción científica. Otro elemento destacable sobre esta obra, es haber tenido en cuenta en la elaboración de los Informes a las principales confesiones religiosas afectadas, pues ello contribuye a poder detectar mejor los posibles problemas existentes y a definir alternativas y propuestas que puedan servir para solucionar los mismos. Estudio financiado y ejecutado en desarrollo del Proyecto "Pluralidad de ordenamientos y gestión de la diversidad en las sociedades interculturales", dirigido por el Prof. Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez, concedido en la Convocatoria de ayudas para el desarrollo de Proyectos UPNA 2020, aprobada por Resolución 2044/2020, de 26 de noviembre de 2020, del Rector en funciones, Francisco J. Arregui San Martín). Resolución de concesión: Resolución 561/2021, de 5 de marzo del Vicerrector de Investigación de la UPNA. Y el Proyecto "Estatuto Jurídico de las Confesiones Religiosas sin Acuerdo de Cooperación en España - Legal Statute of Religious Groups without Cooperation Agreement in Spain". Referencia: PID2020-114825GB-I00, del que son IPs los Profesores Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez y Óscar Celador Angón. Financiado por MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033, en el marco de la Convocatoria de Proyectos I+D+i - Modalidades «Retos Investigación» y «Generación de Conocimiento» 2019-2020.

Hospitals and healthcare centers are experiencing a remarkable implementation of new systems based on wireless communications technologies. Many of these systems provide location services and identification of materials, instrumentation and even patients, which promotes the increase of the quality and the efficiency of healthcare. A tracking system based on short-range radio frequency, UHF-RFID is evaluated. This system helps with location of orthopedic prosthesis according to the criteria and requirements of a specific hospital environment. It is characterized the influence of UHF-RFID system in the electromagnetic environment by measuring the parameters and characteristics of the emission levels. The results of the assessment are represented through 2D contour maps and simulations have been performed by means of an in-house 3D-RL algorithm. The proposed graph aims to provide a methodology of studying the electromagnetic environments and the evaluation of the safety conditions of workers, patients, and people in general. E field exposure levels due to the RFID localization system were analyzed in order to verify regulations concerning the safety of patients and the general public in the labor and healthcare fields. Localized electromagnetic field exposure at levels which may cause electromagnetic hazards in the specific healthcare environment have been found and potentially excessive exposure to EMF emitted by UHF RFID devices may apply to patients or bystanders. In all cases, insufficient electromagnetic immunity of electronic devices (including AIMD and other medical devices) should be considered and the electromagnetic hazards may be limited also by relevant preventive measures, as also shown in this paper, together with the principles of an in-situ evaluation of electromagnetic hazards near the UHF-RFID devices. This work was supported in part by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III Project 'Electromagnetic Characterization in Smart Environments of Healthcare, and Their Involvement in Personal, Occupational, and Environmental Health' under Grant PI14CIII/00056, and in part by the Sub-Directorate-General for Research Assessment and Promotion through the Project 'Metrics Development for Electromagnetic Safety Assessment in Healthcare Centers in the Context of 5G [(PI19CIII/00033) TMPY 508/19].'

In Ethiopia there is a severe calcium nutrient deficiency problem. Cereals are appropriate vehicles for food fortification along with eggshell powder (EP), a waste product, which contains a high amount of Ca. The objective of the current study was to enrich injera (Ethiopian flat bread from cereal teff) with EP to improve Ca content and to assess its effect on quality parameters. Injera was prepared by adding 4.5% and 9% EP to the teff flour (injera I4.5 and I9.0, respectively). The fortification resulted in significantly increased bioavailable Ca from 16.1 mg/100 g (control) to 742.7 mg/100 g (I4.5) and 1743.1 mg/100 g (I9.0). With the consumption of 200 g of injera, an adult could meet 60% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of Ca from I4.5 and 140% of Ca RDA from I9.0. The addition of eggshell powder affected pH, titratable acidity, color and texture. However, there was no significant effect on moisture content, aw, viscosity, microbial quality, and eye characteristics. Current research revealed that fortification of injera with EP could be a good source of total and bioavailable Ca without significant deleterious effects on the key physico-chemical quality parameters of injera. Authors wish to mention Women for Africa Foundation and International Relations and Cooperation Office from Universidad Pública de Navarra for the financial support of Mrs. Fekadu.

A new topology for groove gap waveguide (GGW) technology is proposed to ease its manufacturing process by computer numerical control (CNC) milling. GGW technology consists of two metal plates, where one of them presents a λ/4 height pin bed that avoids contact with the other plate, making it an ideal alternative to other waveguides for millimeterwave applications. However, the manufacture of the pins by CNC milling may be troublesome due to the large pin height required. A GGW with reduced height pins will be proposed, maintaining the standard dimensions of the equivalent rectangular waveguide ports and the operation bandwidth. The performance of this new topology will be compared with other proposals by means of simulations and measurements, and a bandpass filter will be also implemented and manufactured in this technology to validate its usefulness. This work was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación-Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 under project PID2020-112545RB-C53).

In this paper, the assessment of multiple scenario cases for large-scale farm monitoring using Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) based near-ground sensor nodes with the interaction of both tractors and farmers are presented. The proposed scenario under analysis considers multiple communication links, namely nodes to infrastructure, nodes to tractor, nodes to farmer, tractor to infrastructure and farmer to infrastructure communications. Moreover, these scenarios are proposed for tractors and agricultural equipment performance improvement and tracking, as well as resources management within the farm field. Different link type configurations are tested in order to consider the impact of ground, spatial distribution as well as infrastructure elements. The results show that LPWAN-based WSNs can provide better performance in terms of coverage and radio link quality results than ZigBee for a non-flat large-scale farm field in both cases of near-ground fixed nodes and moving tractor and farmer. The proposed systems are validated by cloud-based platforms for LoRaWAN, Sigfox and NB-IoT communications, providing flexible and scalable solutions to enable interactive farming applications. This research is supported by the 2017 Predoctoral Research Grant supported by the Xunta de Galicia and the research projects TEC2017-85529-C03-3R and RTI2018-095499-B-C31, funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU, AEI, FEDER, UE), as well as from European Union's Horizon 2020 research and Innovation programme under grant agreement N°774094 (Stardust-Holistic and Integrated Urban Model for Smart Cities).

Background and aims: grafting in viticulture has been essential since the advent of the phylloxera crisis at the end of the 19th century, but relatively little is known about the relevance of the quality of the connection at the grafting junction on the behaviour of grafted grapevines. Methods and results: an experimental procedure comparing omega grafted vines with complete alignment of the scion and the rootstock (CA) and vines with partial alignment (PA) was developed. Three complementary trials were carried out in the nursery, in the field and under controlled conditions. The CA vines increased the success rate in the nursery. Vine growth was significantly affected by the alignment between the rootstock and scion both in the nursery and in their first year of establishment in a commercial vineyard and in a potted trial, although these differences dissipated in years 2 and 3 under commercial vineyard conditions. The CA graft also maintained a higher level of leaf gas exchange, but such differences did not correspond to those in the hydraulic conductivity across the graft union itself. Conclusions: the degree of alignment of the grafted vine material affected vine development, but a better understanding of the role of vascular connections in different graft types and qualities is needed. Significance of the Study: to the best of our knowledge, this is the first scientific study that developed an experimental procedure for assessing the implication of the alignment at the grafting point on grapevine physiology and water use. This work was performed with the financial support of the Department of Economic Development of the Government of Navarra (Vit-Feet, Ref.: 0011-1365-2018-000106 and Best-Feet, Ref.: 0011-1365-2021-000068 projects co-funded with FEDER funds) and with the project EFA 324/19-VITES QUALITAS 65% co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg Program V-A Spain-France-Andorra (POCTEFA 2014-2020). Dr Diana Marín is beneficiary of postgraduate scholarship funded by Universidad Pública de Navarra (FPI-UPNA-2016). Dr Francisco J. Abad is beneficiary of postgraduate scholarship funded by INIA (FPI-INIA-2016). Ana Villa-Llop is beneficiary of an Industrial pre-doctoral contract of the Government of Navarra (Ref. 283E/2020). Dr Nazareth Torres is beneficiary of a Juan de la Cierva post-doctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (JdC-Formation 2020). The Government of Navarra financed Dr Marín's stay in Bordeaux through the call for ‘predoctoral grants for international mobility for 2019’. Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra.

La competencia investigativa es fundamental para construir una cultura científica básica. Trabajarla desde la primera infancia contribuye a desarrollar la capacidad de elaborar explicaciones a partir de la indagación y la construcción teórica. La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre la competencia investigativa del profesorado se enfocan desde un plano teórico. El objetivode este trabajoes analizar las percepciones de 208 alumnos del Grado de Maestro sobre su propia competencia investigativa y contrastarlas con su desempeño real. Las percepciones se valoran mediante un cuestionario que tomaen cuenta las habilidades y destrezas vinculadasa la competencia investigativa, ajustadas enuna escala Likert. El desempeñose midióa partir de cuatro tareas que responden a los tipos de pensamiento exigidos para el desarrollo de esta competencia: comprensivo, crítico, creativo y metacognitivo. Los resultados muestran que el alumnado no es consciente de sus carencias ni de sus necesidades formativas, lo que es imprescindible para aprender a aprender. Research competence is essential for basic scientific literacy; if trained from early childhood, it enhances the ability of the learner to elaborate explanations, stemming from inquiry and following theoretical construction. So far, most of the research devoted on teachers’ research competence has been focused on theoretical questions. Thus, the objective of this work is to get 208 student teachers to estimate their research competence and to compare it to their actual performance. Students' perceptions were measured using a questionnaire that referred to the skills and abilities included in the research competence. Their real performance was assessed through four specific tasks, which mobilized the four types of thinking required for the development of this competence: comprehensive, critical, creative and metacognitive. The results show that students' beliefs do not generally adjust to their real performance and that therefore they are unaware of their training needs, which is essential for learning to learn.

Upgraded metallurgical grade silicon (UMG-Si) PV modules have failed to make their space in the PV market, which was partly to the uncertainty on their in-field performance that brings the wide disparity of results published over the years. The most-recently developed UMG-Si PV modules have demonstrated similar initial degradation and efficiencies under standard test conditions (STC) to those obtained with conventional solar grade silicon (SoG-Si). Nevertheless, their performance under operating conditions other than STC and its impact on the energy production are key aspects that have not yet been properly characterized in the literature. This article analyzes the in-field performance of a PV generator comprised of recently developed UMG-Si modules. This performance was compared to that of another PV generator comprising standard polysilicon modules. The cells and modules of both types of generators were made by the same manufacturer in the same period and on the same production lines, which guarantees that performance differences encountered are exclusively due to the silicon employed. Contrary to the previous experience, this article reveals that UMG-Si modules do not necessarily present a better temperature performance than today's conventional modules. The analyzed UMG-Si modules presented 1.6% less efficiency under low irradiance conditions, but this different irradiance performance led to an insignificant difference (less than 0.5%) in their energy production. No significant degradation was measured in both UMG-Si and SoG-Si modules during the two-year analyzed period, being the final energy performance of both types of modules essentially the same. These results can be considered as highly representative of the current state-of-the-art of UMG-Si technology. This work was supported by the Spanish State Research Agency and the ERDFEU under Grant PID2019-110816RB-C21 and Grant PID2019-111262RB-I00.

Trabajo presentado a The Science of Making Torque from Wind (TORQUE 2022), Holanda, 2022 Incluye póster Wind turbines are reaching their remaining useful life, thus it is important to guarantee the well status of its components. A common way to check the status is to measure the loads on the Low Speed Shaft with strain gauges, but not always are bonded perfectly. In this work a sensitivity analysis of strain gauge con gurations is carried out, where the infuence of geometric and material parameters, and misplacement and misalignment parameters is analyzed. An analytical model for a single gauge was developed, obtaining a relation between the exerted loads and the strain measured by the strain gauge. By means of Taylor approximations the estimated loads were approached in order to have into account the in uence of the uncertainty of parameters. Results shown that the sensitivities with respect to the geometric and material parameters did not depend on the secondary loads while in the sensitivities with respect to the gauge bonding parameters the cross-talk e ect was present. In order to obtain realistic numerical results, a horizontal-axis NREL 5-MW wind turbine was simulated in OpenFAST with two wind-speed scenarios. The uncertainty of the estimated loads by the strain gauge con gurations was calculated.

Traditionally, Convolutional Neural Networks make use of the maximum or arithmetic mean in order to reduce the features extracted by convolutional layers in a downsampling process known as pooling. However, there is no strong argument to settle upon one of the two functions and, in practice, this selection turns to be problem dependent. Further, both of these options ignore possible dependencies among the data. We believe that a combination of both of these functions, as well as of additional ones which may retain different information, can benefit the feature extraction process. In this work, we replace traditional pooling by several alternative functions. In particular, we consider linear combinations of order statistics and generalizations of the Sugeno integral, extending the latter’s domain to the whole real line and setting the theoretical base for their application. We present an alternative pooling layer based on this strategy which we name ‘‘CombPool’’ layer. We replace the pooling layers of three different architectures of increasing complexity by CombPool layers, and empirically prove over multiple datasets that linear combinations outperform traditional pooling functions in most cases. Further, combinations with either the Sugeno integral or one of its generalizations usually yield the best results, proving a strong candidate to apply in most architectures., Tracasa Instrumental (iTRACASA), Spain, Gobierno de Navarra-Departamento de Universidad, Innovacion y Transformacion Digital, Spain, Spanish Ministry of Science, Spain PID2019-108392GB-I00, Andalusian Excellence project, Spain PID2019-108392GB-I00, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) PC095-096, Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) P18-FR-4961 301618/2019-4 19/2551-000 1279-9

In this work, a novel topology of groove gap waveguide (GGW) technology is presented to facilitate the fabrication process by Computer Numerical Control (CNC) milling. GGW has been proposed as an interesting alternative to the rectangular waveguide for the design of microwave and millimeter-wave components. This technology consists of two parallel metal plates, where one of them has a (lambda)/4-height pin bed that provides a high impedance condition at the plane over the pins, avoiding electrical contact requirement with the upper plate and hence facilitating the fabrication requirements. However, the manufacture by CNC milling of the pins may be troublesome, especially for devices operating at high frequency. A way to facilitate this process is achieved by using pins with reduced height. Moreover, the proposed configuration allows us to maintain the standard dimension ports of the equivalent rectangular waveguide and the operation in its corresponding bandwidth. A comparison with other GGW topologies has been presented and a bandpass filter has been fabricated to validate its usefulness. Este proyecto ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación –Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033) en el marco del proyecto PID2020-112545RB-C53.

Invar, also known as FeNi36, is a material of great interest due to its unique properties, which makes it an excellent alterna tive for sectors such as tooling in aeronautics and aerospace. Its manufacture by means of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technology could extend its use. This paper aims to evaluate the comparison of two of the most widespread WAAM technologies: plasma arc welding (PAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). This comparison is based on the analysis of wall geometry, metallography, and mechanical properties of the material produced by both technologies. The results show a slight increase in toughness and elongation before fracture and worse tensile strength data in the case of PAW, with aver age values of 485 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 31% for elongation and 475 MPa, 40% in GMAW and PAW, respectively. All results gathered from the analysis show the possibility of successful manufacturing of Invar by means of WAAM technologies. The novelties presented in this paper allow us to establish relationships between the thermal input of the process itself and the mechanical and metallographic properties of the material produced. Open Access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra. The authors acknowledge funding from the Basque Govern ment to the HARITIVE project [ZE-2017/00038], HARIPLUS project [ZE-2019/00352], QUALYFAM project [kk-2020/00042], and the European Institute of Innovation and Technology to DEDALUS project [reference ID 20094]

In this paper we study the aggregation of fuzzy preferences on non-necessarily finite societies. We characterize in terms of possibility and impossibility a family of models of strongly-connected preferences in which the transitivity is defined for any t-norm. For that purpose, we have described each model by means of some crisp binary relations and we have applied the results obtained by Kirman and Sondermann about ultrafilters and Arrovian models. This work is partially supported by the research project PID2019-108392GB-I00 and a predoctoral grant from the UPNA research institutes.

Agricultural activity can significantly affect the environment. The rising global demand for agricultural products, largely as a result of population growth, only increases the pressure on soil resources. In fact, soil erosion and water pollution with sediment are considered among the most critical environmental threats worldwide. This thesis aims to obtain new insights into the phenomenon of soil erosion and sediment export in cultivated areas, of its processes, and to the factors that control them, and evaluate our capacity to predict and simulate some of these processes. The spatial and temporal scale of the study consists of multiple levels, starting from the analysis of at the "watershed scale" using the Experimental Agricultural Watershed Network of the Government of Navarre, both at the multiannual and event-level, and going further into the analysis at the micro-watershed level by studying ephemeral gully erosion and its modeling using information from very detailed observations in Iowa. The following specific objectives addressed this general objective: (i) analyze the hydrological and sediment export behavior of small agricultural watersheds in Navarre; (ii) explore the use of high-resolution measurements of hydrological variables (turbidity, discharge and precipitation) to characterize sediment concentration in agricultural watersheds during storm events; (iii) obtain new insights about internal watershed processes by investigating the factors that condition the occurrence and growth of ephemeral gullies in agricultural micro-watersheds in Iowa; and (iv) to evaluate the capability of the AnnAGNPS-TIEGEM (Tillage lnduced Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model) model to simulate ephemeral gully erosion in Iowa, and propose improvements to the model in light of the results obtained. This work was performed under the Non-Funded Cooperative Agreement between USDA (REE) - UPNA project number 6060-13000-026-037-N and received funding via the Research Project CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R and PID2020-112908RB-I00 funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER 'Una manera de hacer Europa'. In addition, the author of this thesis was funded by a scholarship from the Public University of Navarre and received two travel grants from the Government of Navarre. Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias y Tecnologías Industriales (RD 99/2011) Industria Zientzietako eta Teknologietako Doktoretza Programa (ED 99/2011)

Introducción: las razones que motivan a estudiar medicina o enfermería, y el cumplimiento de las expectativas profesionales, son los factores que determinan el volver a realizar los mismos estudios. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las razones que motivaron a estudiar Medicina o Enfermería, y la relación con la satisfacción laboral en el ejercicio profesional en sanitarios del Sistema Navarro de Salud–Osasunbidea. Metodología: estudio multicéntrico, transversal, con diseño de cuestionario específico. El cuestionario es remitido por correo electrónico a medicina y enfermería de atención primaria y hospitalaria. Consta de 4 apartados: características sociodemográficas, razones que motivaron los estudios, satisfacción con las expectativas y posicionamiento sobre volver a realizar dicha formación. El análisis estadístico incluyó comparación de proporciones, comparación de medias (t de Student) para muestras independientes y modelos de regresión logística uni- y multivariante. Resultados: se recogen 879 cuestionarios (tasa respuesta: 16,9%) en los que predominó el sexo femenino: 94% enfermería; 67% medicina. Las razones vocacionales fueron señaladas como principal motivo de elección de los estudios cursados en ambos colectivos: (85% medicina, 79% enfermería). El 9% de enfermería frente al 27% de profesionales médicos están insatisfechos con su profesión, siendo la «rigidez de la organización» el motivo más frecuente de insatisfacción (p = 0,004). El 21,5% de los profesionales médicos no volvería a realizar los mismos estudios frente al 11% de enfermería (p < 0,001). Al 33% de profesionales médicos y al 28% de enfermería no les gustaría que sus hijos tuvieran la misma formación (p = 0,213). Conclusiones: Las razones vocacionales son el factor determinante en la elección de estos estudios. La rigidez del sistema es el factor más importante de insatisfacción de los profesionales sanitarios, siendo necesaria una mayor flexibilidad en la organización de las tareas. Introduction: The reasons for wanting to study medicine or nursing, as well as the fulfillment of career expectations, are both determinant factors in order to re-take the same training again. The objective of this study is to better understand the reasons which motivated students to pursue a career in nursing or medicine, and how this is related to job satisfaction of health professionals from Navarre’s Health System (Osasunbidea). Methodology: Multicentral and Cross-sectional Study, with a specifically designed questionnaire. The questionnaire is sent by e-mail to physicians and nurses from primary and hospital-based health care. The questionnaire is composed of four sections: Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents of the survey, reasons for wanting to pursue these studies, respondents’ satisfaction with the expectations, and about their position on re-taking the same training again. Statistic analysis includes the comparison of percentages and of averages (Student T- test) for independent samples and logistic simple and multivariate regression models. Results: 879 questionnaires were collected (16.9% response rate). The majority from women (94% nursing; 67% general medicine). Vocational reasons are the main motives for choosing these professions for both occupational groups: physicians (87%) and nurses (79%): p = 0.057. 9% of nurses and 27% of physicians are dissatisfied with their occupation, “rigidness of the organization” the most frequent reason for such dissatisfaction: p < 0.001. 21.5% of medical professionals would not follow same studies again compared to 11% of nursing professionals: p < 0.001. 33% of medical professionals and 28% of nursing professionals would not like their children to follow the same careers: p = 0.213 Conclusions: Vocational reasons are the determining factors for choosing these careers. The System’s stiffness is the most important source of dissatisfaction for health professionals, suggesting that increased flexibility in work organization is required.

In this work, the decomposition of a prototypical azide, isopropyl azide, both in the ground and excited states, has been investigated through the use of multiconfigurational CASSCF and MS-CASPT2 electronic structure approaches. Particular emphasis has been placed on the thermal reaction starting at the S0 ground state surface. It has been found that the azide thermally decomposes via a stepwise mechanism, whose rate-determining step is the formation of isopropyl nitrene, which is, in turn, the first step of the global mechanism. After that, the nitrene isomerizes to the corresponding imine derivative. Two routes are possible for such a decomposition: (i) a spin-allowed path involving a transition state; and (ii) a spinforbidden one via a S0/T0 intersystem crossing. Both intermediates have been determined and characterised. Their associated relative energies have been found to be quite similar, 45.75 and 45.52 kcal mol1, respectively. To complete this study, the kinetics of the singlet and triplet channels are modeled with the MESMER (Master Equation Solver for Multi-Energy Well Reactions) code by applying the RRKM and Landau Zener (with WKB tunnelling correction) theories, respectively. It is found that the canonical rate-coefficients of the singlet path are 2-orders of magnitude higher than the ratecoefficients of the forbidden reaction. In addition, the concerted mechanism has been investigated that would lead to the formation of the imine derivative and nitrogen extrusion in the first step of the decomposition. After a careful analysis of CASSCF calculations with different active spaces and their comparison with single electronic configuration methods (MP2 and B3LYP), the concerted mechanism is discarded. This work has been supported by projects UMA18-FEDER-JA-049 and P18-RT-4592 of Junta de Andalucía and FEDER founds.

We present an experiment to test different individual attitudes toward choice, such as preference for flexibility, choice aversion, betweenness and choice neutrality. Unlike other related experimental papers, we want to analyze whether different choice attitudes can coexist for the same subject, depending on the characteristics of the choice set she is facing. In particular, our main hypothesis is that the presence of incomparability among the alternatives in the choice set, and the time at which such incomparability is solved, affect crucially the kind of attitude towards choice that the subject will exhibit. We find that, indeed, choice attitudes are not homogeneous across choice sets, yet they are conditional on the preferences over the alternatives. We also find some evidence supporting that subjects tend to value heuristically sets as a whole. Financial support from the National Agency for Research (ANR-17-EURE-0017 FrontCog), from the Universidad Pública de Navarra (PID2020- 119703RB_I00 and PJUPNA19-2022), from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2021-127799NB-I00) and from the Government of Navarre is acknowledged. Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra

Pulsed laser-deposited (PLD) MnBi films were fabricated by alternating deposition of Mn and Bi layers. In order to obtain the ferromagnetic MnBi phase, heat treatments were performed on the samples. Simultaneously, the resistance of the samples was monitored as a function of the temperature. Thus, on increasing the temperature, a steep decrease in the resistance of the films was observed, simultaneous to the onset of the formation of the MnBi phase. At room-temperature, these annealed samples showed a ferromagnetic behavior, as well as the presence of the characteristic LT-MnBi phase diffraction peaks in the X-ray diffraction patterns. The temperature of the generation of the MnBi phase depended on the relative concentration of Mn and Bi in the different samples: on increasing the Bi atomic concentration, the temperature of the generation of the MnBi phase decreased.

Mechanical actuators based on shape memory alloys (SMA) are becoming a key component in the development of novel soft robotic applications and surgically implantable devices. Their working principle relies in the temperature induced martensitic transformation (MT), which is responsible of the actuation mechanism. In this work, we found experimental evidence to show that the martensitic transformation can be controlled by electromagnetic field (EF) by a wireless process in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. It is shown that the martensitic transformation can be driven by an external EF (frequency 45 kHz) while the specific absorption rate (SAR), which was determined through real-time dynamic magnetization measurements, allows the instantaneous monitoring of the transformation evolution. On the basis of the obtained results, we propose a strategy to achieve a battery-free wireless SMA actuator that can be remotely controlled. This concept can be applicable to other SMA material that exhibit a similar magneto-structural phase transition This work has been carried out with the financial support of the Spanish ‘‘Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” (Projects number RTI2018-094683-B-C54 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, EU)), Navarra Government (Project number PC017-018 AMELEC). P. La Roca has received funding from ‘‘la Caixa” and ‘‘Caja Navarra” Foundations, under agreement LCF/PR/PR13/51080004.

Trabajo presentado a The Science of Making Torque from Wind (TORQUE 2022), Delft (Holanda) Traditionally, stability assessment of wind turbines has been performed by eigenanalysis of the azimuthally-averaged linearized system after applying the Multi-Blade Coordinate (MBC) transformation. However, due to internal or external anisotropy, the MBC transform does not produce an exact Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system, and a Floquet analysis is required to capture the influence of all periodic terms, leading to a more accurate stability analysis. In this paper exponential integration methods that use system linearizations at different blade azimuth positions are used to integrate the perturbed system state and compute the Floquet monodromy matrix. The proposed procedure is assessed for a simple 6 DOF wind turbine model and a more complex aeroelastic model of a 5MW onshore wind turbine. The defined along-the-path or moving-point exponential integrator is found to be the suitable in order to perform a Floquet stability analysis even using a coarse linearization grid. This work has been funded by Gobierno de Navarra’s call “Convocatoria 2020 de ayudas a centros tecnológicos y organismos de investigación para la realización de proyectos de I+D colaborativos” under the project PC001-002 AdaptFoil3D II.

The concept of spatial confounding is closely connected to spatial regression, although no general definition has been established. A generally accepted idea of spatial confounding in spatial regression models is the change in fixed effects estimates that may occur when spatially correlated random effects collinear with the covariate are included in the model. Different methods have been proposed to alleviate spatial confounding in spatial linear regression models, but it is not clear if they provide correct fixed effects estimates. In this article, we consider some of those proposals to alleviate spatial confounding such as restricted regression, the spatial+ model, and transformed Gaussian Markov random fields. The objective is to determine which one provides the best estimates of the fixed effects. Dowry death data in Uttar Pradesh in 2001, stomach cancer incidence data in Slovenia in the period 1995–2001 and lip cancer incidence data in Scotland between the years 1975–1980 are analyzed. Several simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the methods in different scenarios of spatial confounding. Results reflect that the spatial+ method seems to provide fixed effects estimates closest to the true value although standard errors could be inflated Open Access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra. This work has been supported by Project PID2020-113125RB-I00/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.

In this work, the feasibility of a magnetic binary encoding system using 3D printing technology is analyzed. The study has a double interest, that is, the possibility of printing a 3D piece that contains the codified information and the development of a system for its decoding. For this purpose, magnetic nanoparticles (magnetite Fe3O4) were embedded in a polymeric matrix of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Similar to a conventional barcode, a rectangular piece with an alternating pattern of strips with absence (only polymer) and a 5 wt% of embedded magnetic nanoparticles was 3D printed employing the Fused Deposition Modelling tech- nique (FDM). The information was decoded by means of a Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) sensor-based pro- totype, by scanning the surface of the piece and measuring the changes in the magnetic field. As sensor nucleus, an amorphous soft magnetic wire of nominal composition (Co0.94 Fe0.06)72.5 Si12.5 B15 was employed. The decoding prototype incorporates a homemade electronic sensor interface that permits, at the time, the GMI sensor excitation and the subsequent signal conditioning to optimize its response. The output signal enables the detection of the magnetite nanoparticles and the magnetic decoding of the encoded information (“1” and “0”, presence or absence of the magnetic nanoparticles, respectively). This work has been funded by the Gobierno de Navarra - Departamento de Desarrollo Económico within the framework of the Project: “Advanced Manufacturing of Electronics, AMELEC”. It has also been partially funded by the Spanish Government - Ministerio Ciencia-Innovación (PID2019–107258RB-C32 of MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra. The authors also want to acknowledge the Technological Center specialized in mobility and mechatronics of Navarra (NAITEC), for supplying the 3D printed piece and Prof. M. Vázquez (ICMM, Madrid Spain) for kindly supplying the soft magnetic wires.

La industria de los videojuegos está creciendo rápidamente. Aunque la investigación académica sobre videojuegos también ha crecido, los investigadores de marketing aún prestan mucha menos atención a este campo que otras industrias del entretenimiento. En esta tesis, se introduce un marco conceptual para delinear los principales actores en el entorno de los videojuegos: la plataforma de videojuegos, el contenido de videojuegos y el jugador de videojuegos. A través de la revisión de la literatura, se han identificado varias brechas de investigación en las siguientes áreas: el comportamiento de cambio de plataformas tradicionales a las móviles, el comportamiento de compra dentro del juego y la experiencia de flow1 de los jugadores. Esta tesis contiene tres estudios, cada uno de ellos sirve para resolver las brechas de investigación identificadas en sus correspondientes campos de investigación. El primer estudio analiza cuáles son los determinantes que llevaron a los jugadores de videojuegos a cambiar desde los juegos tradicionales hasta los juegos móviles. El segundo estudio explora por qué y cómo los jugadores de videojuegos compraron diferentes tipos de bienes dentro del juego. En el tercer estudio, se conceptualiza la experiencia de flow en el contexto de los videojuegos y se desarrolla una escala de flow disposicional para los jugadores de videojuegos adultos. The video game industry is growing fast. Although academic research on video games has also grown, marketing researchers still devote far less attention to this field than other entertainment industries. In this thesis, a conceptual framework is introduced to outline the main actors in the video game environment: video game platform, video game content, and video game player. Through reviewing the literature, several research gaps have been identified in the following areas: video game players’ switching behaviour from traditional consoles to mobile gaming, video game players’ in-game purchase behaviour, and video game players’ flow experience. This thesis contains three studies, each of them fulfils the identified research gaps in the corresponding research field. The first study discusses what are the determinants that drive video game players’ switching behaviour from traditional gaming to mobile gaming. The second study explores why and how video game players purchased different types of in-game goods. In the third study, the flow experience in the video game context is conceptualised, and a dispositional flow scale is developed for adult video game players. Universidad Pública de Navarra Programa de Doctorado en Economía, Empresa y Derecho (RD 99/2011) Ekonomiako, Enpresako eta Zuzenbideko Doktoretza Programa (ED 99/2011)

Bovine milk mainly contains two types of β-casein: A1 and A2 variants. In recent years, a new variety of cows’ milk has emerged in the dairy sector called “A2 milk”. This novel product is characterised by the absence of A1 β-casein, which has been associated with possible gastrointestinal discomfort due to β-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) release during gastrointestinal digestion. In this context, methods to verify the A1 allele absence in A2 milk are required as a quality control in the A2 milk commercialisation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe-based duplex real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for A1 allele detection in A2 milk samples. Firstly, four DNA isolation methods from milk somatic cells were optimised and evaluated. The results suggests that the commercial kit NucleoSpin Tissue was the most suitable method in terms of DNA quality and amplificability for downstream applications. Then, optimisation and validation of the qPCR assay were carried out. For both A1 and A2 alleles, the absolute limits of detection of this qPCR assay were 7.3 DNA copies/reaction (2 x 10−5 ng DNA) and 30.4 DNA copies/reaction (0.1 ng DNA) at a 95% confidence level with synthetic reference DNA samples and heterozygous genotyped DNA sample, respectively. The relative limits of detection were 2% (15 copies) and 5% (152 copies) for the A1 allele in A2 samples at 95% confidence with synthetic reference and genotyped DNA samples, respectively. The qPCR assay was robust, with intra- and inter-assay variability below 4.3%, and specific, differentiating between A1 and A2 alleles with 100% genotyping accuracy. In conclusion, this cost-effective and fast method could be used to discriminate A1 allele in A2 samples and, consequently, to verify the A1 allele absence in “A2 milk” by screening commercial products on the market. This research was conducted in collaboration with the Rural Development Program (RDP), which is co-financed by FEDER funds and Government of Navarre (grant number 210190016 ) and Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant number PID2019-110752RB-I00). Open Access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA).

Natural plant extracts have emerged as a potential alternative to sulphites in minimally processed potatoes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory capacity of various plant extracts on potato polyphenol oxidase (pPPO) and to optimize the extraction conditions for preventing browning in fresh-cut potatoes (cv. Monalisa). Fifteen aqueous plant extracts were characterized by their total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and their pPPO. Clove extract showed the highest TPC and AA among all plant extracts. Garlic, green tea and wheat bran and, clove and marjoram have a pPPO inhibition >50% at the lowest (1–25 g GAE L−1 extract) and highest (200–350 g GAE L1 extract) range of TPC, respectively. The green tea extract was selected for further evaluation due to its high capacity to inhibit pPPO activity regardless of the solution concentration. The optimum extraction conditions and treatment concentration were 55 °C, 7 min and 50 mL L1 of original extract solution. These conditions guaranteed the conservation of fresh-cut potato colour mainly preventing the reduction of luminosity parameter. Green tea extract controlled browning in fresh-cut potatoes (cv. Monalisa) for 14 days when stored at 4 °C. Gloria Bobo is grateful to the Educational Department of the Government of Navarre (Spain) for the PhD Scholarship. This material is based upon research supported by the Public University of Navarre (Spain).

We introduce a technique to compensate the performance impairments due to the laser phase noise in long-range pulse-compression DAS sensors. Experiments demonstrate the use of the longest duration pulse compression waveform to date. This work was supported in part by European Union "Next generationEU"/PRTR and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 under grant PDC2021-121172-C21, in part by FEDER "A way to make Europe"and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 under grant PID2019-107270RB, in part by Gobierno de Navarra under grant PC210-211 FIBRATRAFIC, and in part by the Israeli Science Foundation (ISF) under grant number 2675/20.

The potential of batteries from electric vehicles to be given a second life in stationary applications could be starting to become a reality in few years. However, the technical and economic feasibility of such second-life batteries (SLBs) is still uncertain. In this context, this paper analyses the real operation of a SLB in three scenarios: two of residential microgrids with photovoltaic generation under different strategies, and a fast charging station for electric mobility. To this end, three energy management strategies are developed, the first of which seeks to maximise the self-consumption of a typical household with photovoltaic generation; the second, in addition to maximising self-consumption, presents a night-time charge and peak shaving of the contract power from the grid; and the last refers to an urban bus charging station in which the aim is to reduce the contract power from the grid. Experimental validation of SLB during more than three weeks of operation in each of the scenarios have proved the technical viability of these batteries in the applications analysed. Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) grant PID2019-111262RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; European Union H2020 Project STARDUST (74094). E. Braco was supported by a Predoctoral Contract of the Government of Navarra.

The nowadays European educational framework boosts applying the learned theoretical concepts to real situations. Hence, practice sessions are key resources to present students direct applications of the theoretical concepts shown in class. Thus, developing new educational equipment and practice sessions oriented to bringing theoretical knowledge closer to practice should be one of the objectives of teachers. The present work describes a solution proposed by lectures of two Spanish universities looking to increase the knowledge of their engineering students. Along the years, these docents have noticed the lack of connection between the theoretical and practical knowledge among their students, drastically harming their learning procedure. Thus, in order to deepen into practical learning, a teaching methodology involving low-cost prototypes of vapor compression systems and a gamification method to help the students understand the concepts is proposed. The proposed methodology is expected to make a big positive impact on the results obtained by the students, taking into account the preliminary results reached. The authors are indebted to the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and European Regional Development Fund for the economic support to this work, included in the RTI2018-093501-B-C21 and RTI2018-093501-B-C22 research projects and to the Public University of Navarre for the economic support to this work included in the PJUPNA2003 research project.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact on child welfare of introducing solution-focused principles and intervention techniques in the local child protection service of the island of Tenerife, Spain. 152 workers from 34 local child protection teams participated in the study. Goal achievement, parent's and children’s self-reported well-being, and statutory child welfare measures were recorded during one year. Then the child protection teams were randomly assigned to a control or an experimental condition. 73 workers in the experimental condition, serving 271 families, received 30 h of training and 30 h of supervision in solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT). 79 workers in the control condition, serving 206 families, continued to intervene as usual. The dependent variables were evaluated again in the experimental and in the control group one year after the supervision in SFBT had finished. Results indicate that the experimental and the control group had equivalent outcomes at pre-test. At post-test, the experimental group achieved better outcomes than the control group: workers’ and parents’ goal achievement ratings as well as parents’ and children well-being ratings were higher, fewer cases had been referred to risk teams, fewer children had been removed from their homes and recidivism was lower. The effects were small for goal achievement, medium for recidivism, and large for well-being and child removal. The teams that used SFBT reached these outcomes with fewer sessions and allocating fewer additional resources than the control group. This study was partially supported by a grant of the European Brief Therapy Association (EBTA) and by a grant of the Spanish Federation of Family Therapy Associations (FEATF). Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra

This analysis addressed the potential systemic effects of guarantee requirements by central counterparties. Using data from the Spanish BME and German Eurex central clearing counterparties and controlling for tail risk and monetary and real activity variables, we found a significant, positive, and robust relationship between the guarantees required and the spillover or total connectedness effects among nine financial assets in the Spanish, United States, and German capital markets. Bad economic times also had a significant incremental effect on the relationship between guarantees and connectedness. These findings are robust across central clearing corporations and futures contracts in the IBEX 35, DAX 30, and EURO STOXX 50. In addition, an event study indicated that global spillover effects tend to increase before central counterparty institutions raise their guarantees. The implication of the findings is that European clearing institutions react to rather than cause bad economic times. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities through grant PGC2018-095072-B-I00. In addition, Gonzalo Rubio acknowledges financial support from Generalitat Valencia grant Prometeo/2017/158 and Ana González-Urteaga acknowledges financial support through grant PID2019-104304GBI00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and UPNA Research Grant for Young Researchers, Edition 2018.

We are grateful to the participants involved in the study. This study was conducted under the umbrella of the CoCA project supported by the European Union's 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement #667302). JHM is supported by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (2021-00036). CC-S is supported by a Grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC2018-037925-I). LVT-L is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FPU17/04802). AVR is supported by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, and the Collaboration for leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midlands. Additional funding was obtained from the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEENS). Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades and European Regional Development Funds (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR). In addition, funding was provided by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PN I + D+I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII- Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Ref. RD16/0022), and the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health (DEP2005-00046/ACTI; 09/UPB/19; 45/UPB/20; 27/UPB/21)., The benefits of physical activity (PA) and sleep for health, accurate and objective population-based surveillance is important. Monitor-based surveillance has potential, but the main challenge is the need for replicable outcomes from different monitors. This study investigated the agreement of movement behavior outcomes assessed with four research-grade activity monitors (i.e., Movisens Move4, ActiGraph GT3X+, GENEActiv, and Axivity AX3) in adults. Twenty-three participants wore four monitors on the non-dominant wrist simultaneously for seven days. Open-source software (GGIR) was used to estimate the daily time in sedentary, light, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sleep (movement behaviors). The prevalence of participants meeting the PA and sleep recommendations were calculated from each monitor’s data. Outcomes were deemed equivalent between monitors if the absolute standardized difference and its 95% confidence intervals ( CI95%) fell within ± 0.2 standard deviations (SD) of the mean of the differences. The participants were mostly men (n = 14, 61%) and aged 36 (SD = 14) years. Pairwise confusion matrices showed that 83–87% of the daily time was equally classified into the movement categories by the different pairs of monitors. The between-monitor difference in MVPA ranged from 1 ( CI95%: − 6, 7) to 8 ( CI95%: 1, 15) min/day. Most of the PA and sleep metrics could be considered equivalent. The prevalence of participants meeting the PA and the sleep guidelines was 100% consistent across monitors (22 and 5 participants out of the 23, respectively). Our findings indicate that the various research-grade activity monitors investigated show high inter-instrument reliability with respect to sedentary, PA and sleep-related estimates when their raw data are processed in an identical manner. These findings may have important implications for advancement towards monitor-based PA and sleep surveillance systems., European Commission 667302, Swedish Research Council, Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) 2021-00036, Spanish Government FJC2018-037925-I FPU17/04802, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Collaboration for leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midlands, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEENS), European Commission SOMM17/6107/UGR, SAMID III network, RETICS - PN I + D+I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII- Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, European Commission RD16/0022, EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health DEP2005-00046/ACTI 09/UPB/19 45/UPB/20 27/UPB/21

Plants are challenged by diverse environmental constraints, among which drought stress is increasingly important. Meteorological models predict an increase in the areas prone to drought in the future. Legumes are important sources of fiber, oils, and protein, constituting an essential amenity in the global economy. Additionally, legumes contribute to nitrogen input in the biosphere due to their ability to establish symbiotic interactions with diazotrophs, collectively named rhizobia. Therefore, efforts to decipher the molecular, metabolic, physiological, and agronomic responses are crucial contributing novel strategies to aid drought tolerance in legumes. This Research Topic contains articles either providing new findings or discussing the latest research concerning drought research in legumes, including one mini-review on soybean tolerance to drought (Arya et al.) and seven original research papers dealing with strategies to confer drought tolerance such as priming (Zhou et al.); studies on intraspecific variation in traits associated with drought tolerance (Prince et al.); the analysis of water use efficiency under terminal drought (Polania et al.); and the contribution of a legume dehydrin to drought tolerance (Sun et al.); the functional characterization of a LOX gene family (Mou et al.); the functional analysis of a soybean APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) (Wang et al.); and a study on AP2/ERF gene family in a tolerant desert legume (Zhao et al.). AF work was financed by PICT-2020-02926 from FONCYT. Research in SRC lab is supported by DBT-Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship (BT/RLF/Re-entry/01/2018) and STARS Research Grant (MoE/STARS-1/508). SS work is supported by the CPR scheme of the International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) ICGEB_URY21_04_EC_2021 and the CSIC I+D program of CSIC (Uruguay) CSIC_I+D_2020_21. AF is thankful to National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET, Argentina), SS is thankful to the Uruguayan National System of Researchers (SNI, Uruguay) and the Basic Research Development Program (PEDECIBA, Uruguay). EG is thankful to the Navarra Government and the Public University of Navarra for research Furlan et al. 10.3389/fpls.2022.1026157 Frontiers in Plant Science 02 frontiersin.org funding (Spain). SC is thankful to the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati.

This work presents an experimental analysis and comparison of the performance of quasi-randomly distributed reflectors inscribed into a single-mode fiber as a sensing mirror both in C- and L-band. Single-wavelength emission has been obtained in either band when using these artificially controlled backscattering fiber reflectors in a ring-cavity fiber laser. Single-longitudinal mode operation with an optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of 47 dB and an output power instability as low as 0.04 dB have been measured when employing a C-band optical amplifier. When replaced by an L-band optical amplifier, a single-longitudinal mode behavior has also been obtained, showing an OSNR of 44 dB and an output power instability of 0.09 dB. Regarding their performance as fiber-laser sensing systems, very similar temperature and strain sensitivities have been obtained in both bands, comparable to fiber Bragg grating sensors in the case of temperature and one order of magnitude higher in the case of strain variations. This work was supported in part by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER A way to make Europe under Grant PID2019-107270RB, in part by the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte of Spain under Ph.D. Grant FPU2018/02797, and in part by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union Next generation EU/PTR under Grant PDC2021-121172.

There is increased interest in research on yeasts as potential phytopathogen biocontrol agents due to increasing restrictions in the use of chemical pesticides. Yeast strains from a range of genera and species have been reported to inhibit postharvest decay in different fruits. However, the mechanisms behind these yeast biocontrol capacities have not been completely deciphered because they are complex and act synergistically. In this study, we performed a thorough untargeted analysis of the exometabolome generated in a co-culture of the fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea with four antagonistic yeast strains: Pichia fermentans (two strains), Issatchenkia terricola and Wickerhamomyces anomalus. As a result, general and strain-specific antifungal mechanisms and molecules were identified. The P. fermentans strains secreted the highest number of differential metabolites to the extracellular medium when co-cultured with B. cinerea. In vitro antagonistic and in vivo pathogen protection assays were performed with the selected metabolites. Among a plethora of 46 differentially secreted metabolites related to yeast-fungus competitive interaction, the phenylpropanoid trans-cinnamic acid and the alkaloid indole-3-carboxaldehyde were identified as the best antagonistic metabolites against gray mold infection under in vivo protection assays. Both metabolites caused damage to the fungal membrane and increased ROS generation in spores of B. cinerea. In addition, enhanced yeast secretion to the extracellular medium of oxylipins, dipeptides, alkaloids or antibiotics deserve to be further investigated as signaling or antagonistic molecules. This study opens the door to future investigations of roles of these molecules in yeast metabolism and application of this knowledge for biotechnological purposes. This work was financed by the Departamento de Desarrollo Económico y Empresarial from the Gobierno de Navarra (Spain): grants 0011-1365-2021-000079 and 0011-1411-2019-000009. Open Access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra.

A water flow and velocity fiber optic sensor system was developed and tested. The sensing head was especially developed and ruggedized to measure velocities at different depths, in order to calculate the discharge in channels. This work is part of the projects PID2019-107270RB-C02, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER "A way to make Europe", and PDC2021-121172-C01 funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union "Next generation EU"/PTR.

Restricted dissimilarity functions (RDFs) were introduced to overcome problems resulting from the adoption of the standard difference. Based on those RDFs, Bustince et al. introduced a generalization of the Choquet integral (CI), called d-Choquet integral, where the authors replaced standard differences with RDFs, providing interesting theoretical results. Motivated by such worthy properties, joint with the excellent performance in applications of other generalizations of the CI (using its expanded form, mainly), this paper introduces a generalization of the expanded form of the standard Choquet integral (X-CI) based on RDFs, which we named d-XC integrals. We present not only relevant theoretical results but also two examples of applications. We apply d-XC integrals in two problems in decision making, namely a supplier selection problem (which is a multi-criteria decision making problem) and a classification problem in signal processing, based on motor-imagery brain-computer interface (MI-BCI). We found that two d-XC integrals provided better results when compared to the original CI in the supplier selection problem. Besides that, one of the d-XC integrals performed better than any previous MI-BCI results obtained with this framework in the considered signal processing problem. This work was supported by Navarra de Servicios y Tecnologías, S.A. (NASERTIC), FAPERGS-Brazil (19/2551-0001279-9, 19/2551-0001660), CNPq-Brazil (301618/2019-4, 305805/2021-5), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (TIN2016-77356-P, PID2019-108392GB-I00 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)).

OBJECTIVE: In adults, there is evidence that improvement of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) depends on the reduction of myosteatosis. In children, in whom the prevalence of MAFLD is alarming, this muscle-liver crosstalk has not been tested. Therefore, we aimed to explore whether the effects of a multicomponent intervention on hepatic fat is mediated by changes in intermuscular abdominal adipose tissue (IMAAT) in children with overweight/obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 116 children with overweight/obesity were allocated to a 22-week family-based lifestyle and psychoeducational intervention (control group, n = 57) or the same intervention plus supervised exercise (exercise group, n = 59). Hepatic fat percentage and IMAAT were acquired by MRI at baseline and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS: Changes in IMAAT explained 20.7% of the improvements in hepatic steatosis (P < 0.05). Only children who meaningfully reduced their IMAAT (i.e., responders) had improved hepatic steatosis at the end of the intervention (within-group analysis: responders -20% [P = 0.005] vs. nonresponders -1.5% [P = 0.803]). Between-group analysis showed greater reductions in favor of IMAAT responders compared with nonresponders (18.3% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.018), regardless of overall abdominal fat loss. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of IMAAT plays a relevant role in the improvement of hepatic steatosis after a multicomponent intervention in children with overweight/obesity. Indeed, only children who achieved a meaningful reduction in IMAAT at the end of the intervention had a reduced percentage of hepatic fat independent of abdominal fat loss. Our findings suggest that abdominal muscle fat infiltration could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of MAFLD in childhood. This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health's Fondos de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01335), the Spanish Ministry of the Economy Industry and Competitiveness (DEP2016-78377-R), and by European Regional Development Funds (ERDF): Una Manera de Hacer Europa. Support was also provided by the Regional Government of Navarra's Department of Economic Development (0011-1365-2019-000152 & 0011-1365-2020-000243), co-funded by European Regional Development Funds (ERDF 2014-2020 for Navarra). CC-S is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC2018-037925-I). MM is supported by Junta de Andalucía and European Union (SNGJ Ref-8025). MO is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2017-080770). This study was supported by the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2021 -Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise, Nutrition and Health (UCEENS)- and the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, European Regional Development Funds (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR).

El cambio en nuestro modelo de consumo y producción de energía es cada vez más urgente. Los problemas medioambientales, económicos y sociales relacionados con los combustibles fósiles han motivado la reacción gubernamental y ciudadana en búsqueda de soluciones alternativas. Así, la transición en el sector de la automoción hacia el vehículo eléctrico es ya una realidad. Las baterías de iones de litio son el corazón de los vehículos eléctricos, ya que posibilitan su autonomía y operación de forma similar a sus homólogos de combustión. No obstante, debido al uso, las características internas de estas baterías se degradadas, de tal modo que son retiradas cuando pierden en torno a un 30 % de capacidad energética. En los últimos años, la reutilización de estas baterías ha surgido como alternativa que permite aprovechar la capacidad energética remanente, alargando de este modo su vida útil. Aplicaciones estacionarias, como la integración de energías renovables o servicios de red, son consideradas como escenarios prometedores para estas baterías de segunda vida. Sin embargo, la viabilidad técnica y económica de estos sistemas de almacenamiento es hoy en día incierta. Esta tesis se centra en la viabilidad técnica de baterías de iones de litio de segunda vida provenientes de vehículos eléctricos. El estudio tiene un gran carácter experimental, utilizando para ello baterías reales que ya han finalizado su primera vida. Las principales líneas de trabajo de la tesis son: • Revisión del estado del arte actual de la segunda vida. • Caracterización del estado interno y análisis de la dispersión. • Estudio de la degradación y durabilidad en función del envejecimiento. • Mejora de la evaluación del estado interno, tanto en la etapa de reconfiguración como durante la operación de la segunda vida. • Estudio de la viabilidad técnica de un prototipo reconfigurado con módulosde segunda vida en distintas aplicaciones estacionarias. The transformation of our energy consumption and production model is increasingly urgent. Environmental, economic and social problems associated with fossil fuels have prompted the government and public reaction in the search for alternative solutions. Thus, the transition in the automotive sector towards an electric fleet is already a reality. Lithium-ion batteries are the core of electric vehicles, as they enable autonomy and operation in a similar way to their combustion counterparts. However, the performance features of these batteries degrade due to usage, in such a way that they are retired when their initial energy capacity fades by 30 %. The reuse of electric vehicle batteries has recently emerged as an alternative that allows benefiting from the remaining energy capacity, thus extending their lifetime. Stationary applications, such as the integration of renewable energies or the provision of grid services, are considered promising scenarios for these second-life batteries. Nevertheless, the technical and economic feasibility of these storage systems is currently uncertain. This thesis focuses on the technical feasibility of second-life lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. The study has a significant experimental approach, by using real batteries that have already ended their first life. The main work lines of the thesis are: • Revision of the existing state of the art on second-life batteries. • Characterisation of the internal state and analysis of dispersion. • Study of degradation and durability depending on ageing. • Improvement of the internal state assessment, both in the repurposing stage and during the second-life operation. • Study of the technical feasibility of a repurposed prototype with secondlife modules in different stationary applications. This thesis was awarded with public funding from a predoctoral scholarship of the Government of Navarre.; R&D national project, 'Design of optimal energy storage systems based on first and second-life lithium-ion batteries for the integration of renewable energies', DA2VIDA PID2019-111262RB-I00, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, 2020-2022; R&D national project, 'Hybridisation of advanced electricity storage systems in renewable-sources microgrids', HIBRITAER DPI2016-80642-R, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, 2016-2020; R&D Navarre Plan, 'Design and experimental validation of BMS for second-life lithium-ion batteries (ReBMS)', PJUPNA1904, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), 2020-2021. R&D Navarre Plan, 'Integration of renewable energy in the electric grid by means of advanced energy storage systems', GERA PI020 0011-1411-2018-000029, Government of Navarre, 2018-2020. Programa de Doctorado en Tecnologías de las Comunicaciones, Bioingeniería y de las Energías Renovables (RD 99/2011) Bioingeniaritzako eta Komunikazioen eta Energia Berriztagarrien Teknologietako Doktoretza Programa (ED 99/2011)

This study explores the effect of collaborative writing (CW) and peer feedback (PF) practices on subsequent individual writing assignments. Two groups of university students in a Spanish as a foreign language course experienced both CW and PF (Group 1 CW then PF; Group 2 PF then CW), and pre and posttests were analyzed for syntactic complexity, lexical diversity, accuracy, and fluency, as well as for overall quality using an analytic scale. Results suggest both treatments produced improvements, although PF was more beneficial for syntactic complexity, fluency, and overall quality, while CW led to more accurate texts. The order of treatments also affected scores: PF followed by CW produced better results in overall quality and fluency, while CW followed by PF was more beneficial for syntactic complexity and accuracy. Based on the results, pedagogical implications and recommendations, as well as limitations and suggestions for future research, are provided. The first author would like to thank the Public University of Navarre for providing financial support to carry out this study and to publish it open access.

Both manufacturing and service industries are subject to uncertainty. Probability techniques and simulation methods allow us to model and analyze complex systems in which stochastic uncertainty is present. When the goal is to optimize the performance of these stochastic systems, simulation by itself is not enough and it needs to be hybridized with optimization methods. Since many real-life optimization problems in the aforementioned industries are NP-hard and large scale, metaheuristic optimization algorithms are required. The simheuristics concept refers to the hybridization of simulation methods and metaheuristic algorithms. This paper provides an introductory tutorial to the concept of simheuristics, showing how it has been successfully employed in solving stochastic optimization problems in many application fields, from production logistics and transportation to telecommunication and insurance. Current research trends in the area of simheuristics, such as their combination with fuzzy logic techniques and machine learning methods, are also discussed. This work has been partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science (PID2019-111100RB-C21-C22 /AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and RED2018-102642-T), as well as by the Barcelona City Council and Fundació “la Caixa” under the framework of the Barcelona Science Plan 2020–2023 (grant 21S09355-001). Moreover, we appreciate the financial support of the Erasmus+ Program (2019-I-ES01-KA103-062602).

Involvement in sports is considered a powerful way to generate social capital. However, the role of sport engagement in the development of social relationships of older adults has not received much attention. Remarkably, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the quality and diversity of social relations built through active sport participation and spectatorship. This paper attempts to assess the relationship between sport engagement and various measures of network social capital, including the extension and quality of social networks and the heterogeneity of personal relationships. Also, it proposes new and more informative measurements of an individual's quantity and quality of social ties. By analysing data from a survey in Spain (N = 600) and applying logistic regressions, the results show that sport participation and attendance at sporting events are closely related to different dimensions of network social capital. Concerning people who are not actively engaged in sports, more extensive social networks characterise those who frequently attend sporting events. In contrast, active sport participation is associated with the extensity and quality measures of social connectedness, the level of satisfaction with friends and the opportunity to enjoy close relationships. Therefore, this paper provides new evidence on how sport engagement may result in tighter and extensive networks for older adults and serve as support for emphasising sports, physical activity and leisure as strategies for maintaining and boosting older people's social and psychological health. This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain (JMS-S and PR, grant number CSO2017-86178-R); and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (FL-L, grant number PID2020-115018RB-C31). Open access funding was provided by the Public University of Navarra.

An interferometric sensor based on hollow core fibers for the measurement of micro-displacement has been designed. Its characterization has resulted in a linear response, suggesting its application in pressure sensors. This work is part of the projects PID2019-107270RB-C02, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER "A way to make Europe", and PDC2021-121172-C01 funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union "Next generationEU"/PTR.

Freshwater macrophytes include different groups of plants that are capable of growing in or very close to aquatic environments (spermatophytes, pteridophytes and bryophytes). These plants play a fundamental role in their ecosystems, regulating biogeochemical cycles, hydrology and sediment dynamic. Currently, many exotic freshwater macrophytes are being anthropogenically introduced into new ecosystems, posing a serious problem as a consequence of their massive and uncontrolled growth. Despite this, these plants can have different uses, such as biomarkers, phytoremediators, producers of metabolites of interest, or biomass formers for the production of feed, biofuels, pellets or ceramics. In this sense, the use of freshwater macrophytes in vivo, as fresh tissues, dry matter, compost, vermicompost, anaerobic digestate, liquid extracts or biochar has reported important benefits in different crops, promoting plant growth, increasing yield, reducing use of chemical fertilizers or reducing the diseases incidence. These benefits are the consequence of different mechanisms of action of the use of macrophytes as an agricultural resource, such as the contribution of nutrients, the improvement of the microbiota and soil structure, the elimination of heavy metals and pollutants, or the presence of antimicrobial compounds in their tissues. This review proposes the use of the biomass of these macrophytes, whose uncontrolled growth is an environmental problem, as an agricultural resource with important agricultural, environmental and economic benefits. A total of 118 published papers were analyzed and discussed. Grants for the Recualification of the Spanish University System for 2021–2023, Public University of Navarra; Recualification Modality; Funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU. Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra, Spain.

In dairy industry there has always been great concern about the microbial and protein quality of liquid milk protein fractions obtained by microfiltration (MF). The objectives of research were to study the impact of MF on the evolution of protein and microbial quality of microfiltered milk (MFM), liquid micellar casein concentrates (LMCC) and serum permeates (SP) during storage at 4 °C. This study was carried out with three different batches of milk using diafiltration. Samples were characterized by physicochemical properties; evolution of microbial load and protein (RP-HPLC). Ceramic MF (pore size 1.4 μm) did not change the protein profile, but reduced microbial load by up to 2 log CFU/mL. Polymeric MF (pore size 0.1 μm) was not a sterilizing process since all samples from the permeate presented bacterial growth after 6 days. Protein degradation was observed after 13 days at 4 °C in all studied products. Caseins (CN) were much more affected than whey proteins. β-CN A2 content was reduced by 25–50%, αs1-CN by 30% and β-CN A1 by 10–30%.; κ-CN was the most stable casein. The contents of the whey proteins remained unaltered for 21 days. Protein degradation was likely due to the action of endogenous and bacterial enzymes. This research was supported by the Government of Navarra (Servicio de Innovación del Departamento de Desarrollo Económico del Gobierno de Navarra) through the projects: INTEGRAPROMILK (expedient number 0011-1365-2017-000085) and OPTICASEINAPPLY (expedient numbers 0011-1365-2017-000146 and 0011-1365-2017-000173).