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Several ethnopharmacological techniques used for sampling and data collection cannot be used as they are for different areas and cultural groups. This study combined and adapted reported ethnopharmacological research techniques for sampling and data collection of medicinal plants in forests adjacent to urban areas, and evaluated their potential applicability. The areas considered in this study included the neighborhoods adjacent to the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. Application of combined ethnopharmacological research techniques ensured a practical strategy and reliability in the collected data. Preliminary interviews with 303 questionnaires constituted the general sampling of the population, and interviews with eleven people knowledgeable of medicinal plants constituted specific sampling. Using the two techniques, it was possible to identify sixty species, which are stored in the CESJ Herbarium. Given the lack of specific ethnopharmacological research tools in the context of multi-cultural urban communities located adjacent to forest areas that require preservation, this study shows that the synergistic use of techniques provides more reliable and reproducible data. The combined use of these techniques provides safety and simplifies the tools for future use in similar studies. Keywords: Botanical garden, Cultural knowledge, Medicinal plants, Sampling, Combination of techniques, Urban communities

The current report is part of the work on integrating poor areas and marginalized communities in Romania. Specifically, the Bank's technical assistance provided through this project focuses on three primary components: (1) a methodology for defining different types of urban disadvantaged communities based on a set of key criteria and indicators; (2) detailed maps that present the spatial distribution of these indicators and the corresponding types of marginalized communities; and (3) strategies for integrating these communities in the form of an integrated intervention tool and six conceptual pilots. The atlas presents the methodology used to define different types of urban disadvantaged areas as well as urban pockets of urban marginalization where deprivation is most severe. It identifies criteria and sets of indicators for each type that enable their identification and spatial location using the 2011 population census data. The atlas also produces the results of an analysis to determine the rate of urban marginalization in Romania and the characteristics of urban marginalized communities. Lastly, the atlas presents a series of maps at the city and town, county and regional level that present the spatial distribution of disadvantaged areas and marginalized communities, based on data from the 2011 population and housing census and information collected directly from municipalities.

This article discusses how biographical materials may be used in youth arts education projects to develop new methodologies and approaches that can stimulate artistic and social intervention in contemporary urban communities, thus changing the field of arts education policy at the community level. Through their creation of Artistic Society Projects, a group of young people from the arts education project Bando à Parte: Youth Cultures, Arts and Social Inclusion (O Teatrão, Coimbra, Portugal) have created a voice that may be used to transform their own communities. The starting points for this transformation are the young peoples’ biographical paths. The influence of youth on education policy may be strategically understood in the context of formal and nonformal school curricula. How can youth use their biographies to develop specific contributions both to change in individual behaviors and to social change in urban communities, influencing arts education policies to instigate action? The exploration of these processes through the work of artistic creation, inspired by collected biographical materials, represents a contribution to ongoing reflection on the issues of memory, identity, youth resistance, and community change in urban settings, influencing the ways in which arts education policy is understood and implemented.

This report looks at the growth poles policy in Romania to determine ways to increase its effectiveness and efficiency for the next programming cycle (2014-2020). The growth poles policy in Romania has been initiated in 2008, as a means to support a balanced economic development of the country, while still targeting investments to maximize economic impact. A total of seven growth poles have been designated and are currently supported as such, via an integrated development plan designed for each. In an effort respond to all the above the Romanian Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (MRDPA) has engaged with the World Bank in a broader advisory services partnership implemented between 2012-2013. The current review is a result of this joint work. The report is grouped into three main parts. The first part sets out the context of analysis, including a brief presentation of growth poles policy objectives as well as the European policy context, and conceptual debates in which it is framed. The second part includes a set of recommendations regarding the growth poles policy for the next programming cycle (2014-2020). The third part includes an analysis of each of the growth poles, presenting specific recommendations for each.

Submitted by Glauber de Assunção Moreira (glauber.moreira@ufba.br) on 2022-05-23T17:36:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final.pdf: 4697458 bytes, checksum: 3541a46d5728a6b257a373e7a6a73395 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca de Administração (bibadm@ufba.br) on 2022-05-25T12:59:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final.pdf: 4697458 bytes, checksum: 3541a46d5728a6b257a373e7a6a73395 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-25T12:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Final.pdf: 4697458 bytes, checksum: 3541a46d5728a6b257a373e7a6a73395 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-11 Este trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar uma metodologia que possa contribuir para o fortalecimento da sustentabilidade em comunidades urbanas, a partir da integração da abordagem do Programa Ecobairro/Brasil, com as do Programa Gaia EDE - Ecovillage Design Education e do Movimento Cidades em Transição. Para tanto, procedeu-se a analise de documentos dos três movimentos acima referidos, visitou-se experiências afins, durante a residência social, e desenvolveu-se uma Pesquisa-ação exploratória, em um contexto específico – uma Rua da Comunidade do Calabar – Salvador, Bahia. Por um período de seis meses, foram realizadas oficinas, palestras e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os moradores. Verificou-se que, apesar dos desafios para a realização das ações, algumas práticas foram incorporadas, a exemplo da reciclagem de garrafas pet, que reduziu o volume do lixo e contribuiu para a limpeza da rua. Outro resultado desta Pesquisa-ação foi a elaboração da Cartilha Ecobairro: Sustentabilidade e Cultura de Paz no Eixo Urbano, uma ferramenta de fácil manuseio e autoexplicativa, capaz de contribuir com ideias e informações de boas práticas para qualquer pessoa interessada em iniciar ações sustentáveis na vida pessoal e coletiva. This paper aims to apply a methodology that can contribute to the strengthening of sustainability in urban communities. For that it was developed the analyzes of some papers of the three movements that are known as: Ecobairro/Brazil Programm, Gaia EDE - Ecovillage Design Education and Transition Towns Movement, and we found great similarities. We also had similar experiences during social residency and when developing an exploratory research, also known as research in action action at an specific context - a Street located at “Calabar Community” - Salvador - Bahia .During a period of six months it was realised workshops, lectures and semi-structured interviews with the residents of the community . It was found that despite the challenges in conducting such activities, some practices had been incorporated such as the recycling of PET bottles , which contribution was to reduce the volume of waste and as consequence the street was cleaner. Another result of this research was the development of an Ecobairro hornbook entitled: Sustainability and Peace Culture in Urban Axis a tool easy to use and self explanatory . The hope is that it can contribute with ideas to create sustainable habits both in their personal and or collective lives.

Dans le contexte actuel de mobilité indienne vers les grandes villes, Bogotá et ses alentours témoignent du surgissement de maisons traditionnelles amazoniennes destinées à un secteur particulier de la population urbaine. À partir de la reconstitution de ce processus cet article analyse la reconfiguration de la maloca et de certains éléments qui lui sont associés. En particulier la figure de l’anciano, les alliances interethniques avec d’autres acteurs indiens et non indiens et la formation progressive d’un groupe distinctif « d’entrepreneurs ethniques» au sein de la communauté Uitoto, résidente en ville. L’interaction entre ses acteurs met en question l’image traditionnelle de l’Indien, une image qui semble se dissoudre pour créer un nouveau spectre de possibilités d’identification. In the current context of indigenous mobility toward the largest cities, Bogotá and their outskirts have been witnesses of the establishment of Amazonian ceremonial houses – malocas – destined to a specific sector of the urban population. In order to reconstruct this process the present article analyzes the reconfiguration of the maloca and of some of it associated elements. Particularly, the figure of the anciano, the interethnic alliances with other native actors and not-natives of the urban setting and the progressive establishment of a distinctive group of “ethnic entrepreneurs” inside the indigenous community Uitoto resident in the city. The interaction among these actors questions the traditional image of the native, image that today seems to be dissolved to create a new spectrum of identification possibilities. En el contexto actual de movilidad indígena hacia las grandes ciudades, Bogotá y sus alrededores han sido testigos del establecimiento de viviendas ceremoniales amazónicas destinadas a un sector particular de la población urbana. A partir de la reconstitución de este proceso, el presente artículo analiza la reconfiguración de la maloca y de algunos de los elementos asociados a ella. En particular, la figura del anciano, las alianzas interétnicas con otros actores indígenas y no-indígenas del escenario urbano y la progresiva gestación de un grupo distintivo de “empresarios étnicos” dentro de la comunidad Uitoto residente en la ciudad. La interacción entre estos actores cuestiona la imagen tradicional del indígena, imagen que hoy parece disolverse para crear un nuevo espectro de posibilidades de identificación.

How citizens are able to understand eco-responsible conducts and a necessary community-based action in an individual world? With the "Transition Towns MOVIDA" project, we wish to identify levers related to a most collective and sustainable consumption. How our civilization can survive to a collective sclerosis accompanied with doomsayer's messages, increasing complexity and unstable governance? The present proposal consider major terms definition and practices, which can support the bounce to socio-ecological transition. When adaptive principles and practices runs for self-sufficiency and contributes to opportunity, availability or competition in a fragmented warming world, which behavioral response and social recovery indicators we can find for the creation of well-prepared and resilient communities The proposal attend to clarify the needs and the use of what can change individual and collective perception with a beneficial voluntary action.

For the 2014-2020 programming period, the Government of Romania (GoR) is considering a new approach presented by the European Commission (EC) - community-led local development (CLLD). Through CLLD, empowered communities have the opportunity to directly shape and own the process of local development, during all stages of EU - funded interventions, from concept design through implementation. If Romania ultimately pursues CLLD, the critical task facing the government is to design an optimal implementation framework for the new approach - this is precisely the focus and scope of the current integrated intervention tool (IIT). The preparation of this IIT entailed a number of steps, including extensive field work to define relevant subtypes of urban marginalized communities and to review past experiences with urban integration in Romania. This summary covers multiple sections, in line with the key chapters of the main IIT report. It first reviews CLLD's main features and best practice principles at the EU level. It focuses on Romania, making some recommendations for where CLLD can apply and what it will require in terms of coordinating different sources of funding. It also covers the main six stages of operationalizing CLLD in Romania, as follows: launch: preparations through capacity building and information campaigns; call for expressions of interest regarding the potential submission of local integration strategies (LISs); mobilization of the community for the establishment of local action groups (LAG) and development of LIS by each LAG; selection of strategies to be financed; implementation of LISs approved for financing, including selection and implementation of individual projects under these strategies; and phase-out activities and evaluation.

The Law passed on 6th February 1992 instituted two new categories of inter-communal groupings which have been added to a series of other such groupings promulgated over more than a century. As a result the geography of joint-action between communes in France has become highly complex. From an initial clarification of the main issues related to such joint activity, a series of ten maps, at different scales, attempts to offer a number of insights and methods of geographical analysis of the phenomenon., La loi du 6 février 1992 a institué deux nouvelles catégories de groupements intercommunaux, qui viennent s'ajouter à toute une série d'autres, promulguées depuis plus d'un siècle. Il en résulte une géographie de l'intercommunalité très compliquée, en France. A partir d'une clarification des enjeux de l'intercommunalité, un choix de 10 cartes, à différentes échelles, tente de proposer quelques pistes, et quelques méthodes d'analyse géographique du phénomène., Zanin Christine. Les nouvelles cartes de l'intercommunalité / New maps of joint-action between communes. In: Revue de géographie de Lyon, vol. 70, n°2, 1995. Les nouvelles mailles du pouvoir local. pp. 129-137.

The Abe Bailey Nature Reserve (ABNR) in the Gauteng Province of South Africa is largely unknown and offers little to attract visitors. The biological integrity of the ABNR is challenged by the urban poverty in Khutsong, the reserve’s immediate neighbour. Relations between Khutsong and the nature reserve had been hostile for decades as a result of the ‘fortress’ style of conservation protection used for the ABNR. However, this situation provided the Gauteng Directorate of Nature Conservation with an opportunity to experiment with identifying and transferring benefits to the community, as well as establishing an effective buffer zone between the nature reserve and the informal settlements of Khutsong. Following an initial rapid rural appraisal and ongoing liaison through specifically appointed project managers, an outreach programme containing two natural resource-based projects was developed. As a result, better relations were established between the ABNR and its neighbouring community for the first time since the nature reserve was established in 1977. This acted as ‘insurance’ during violent public protests and vandalism in the Khutsong border demarcation dispute (2005–2007), but may not be enough to secure the nature reserve into the future. Conservation implications: Small protected areas may not be effective in ensuring their biological integrity in the long term, but working cooperatively with existing and future neighbours is an essential strategy to optimise conservation activities in small reserves such as the ABNR.

Rapid urban growth in developing countries has created an unprecedented demand for energy services. Cities face the enormous challenge of improving energy access to urban communities in order to improve education, health, and basic socioeconomic conditions. South Asia and Sub- Saharan Africa have the fastest growing urban populations in the world projected to grow by 50 percent by 2025. This will put tremendous pressure on cities in these regions as they work to provide basic services, including energy services, to underserved areas. While there is widespread understanding of the critical role energy access plays in sustainable development, there is still a lack of policies targeted at growing urban poor populations. The objective of these case studies is to share lessons learned in successful energy access initiatives and to provide a point of reference for energy practitioners. The case studies identify barriers to energy access that are unique to the urban poor, innovative approaches to finding solutions, and the roles of communities, service providers, and governments in successfully providing access to legal modern energy services. Eight case studies focused on electrification and clean fuels were selected from India, Bangladesh, Colombia, and Brazil all countries that have had varying success in providing access to modern energy services for slum dwellers. The cases selected highlight several common barriers facing the urban poor in achieving access to safer, cleaner, and legal sources of energy. They also outline the innovative approaches adopted by all stakeholders. This study demonstrates several common barriers and highlights diverse ways to overcome them. It shows that success depends on several enabling factors working together, such as stakeholder collaboration and community empowerment. Sustainable initiatives that have the potential to be replicated in other urban poor communities depend on the continued commitment of stakeholders, and the presence of strong financial and institutional mechanisms.

Master in International Social Welfare and Health Policy This thesis is the first systematic effort in Chinese scholarship in the social sciences to apply the concept, benchmarks of fairness, which was developed by Norman Daniels et al. (1996) as a tool for evaluating and discussing issues in health care equity and to identify factors that need improvement in order to improve the inequality in health care services between rural and urban communities. Since the economic reform started in 1978, China has experienced continuous economic development, which has contributed to the improved health status of the whole population. However, the benefits of this improvement have not been distributed equally, as the data on the infant mortality rate (IMR) indicate. Hence, the key questions in this thesis include the following: 1) How is the IMR distributed between urban and rural communities in China today compared with two decades ago? 2) How can this disparity be explained? 3) Does the health care system reinforce, reduce, or maintain these disparities? 4) Is the inequality between rural and urban communities justifiable? If not, why does it exist? The main methods employed are a literature review and secondary data analysis. Based on the analysis of the IMR data from 1991 to 2010, three objectives are realized by the thesis: 1) Describe the current distribution of child health in China as measured by IMR; 2) Analyze the main health determinants that affect the distribution; 3) Discuss the equity of child health distribution according to the benchmarks of fairness. Measured by the IMR, the results of the data analysis suggest that although the status of child health has improved tremendously in the last two decades, inequality between urban and rural areas remains a main challenge despite the fact that the decrease in IMR reduction in rural areas has been faster than that in urban areas. Over the last 20 years, the IMR has decreased by 73.9%, from 50.2 per 1000 live births in 1991 to 13.1 per 1000 live births in 2010. In 1991, in rural areas, the IMR was 3.35 times higher than in urban areas. In 2010, the IMR in rural areas was still 2.78 times higher than in urban areas. However, some health determinants, such as income disparity and unequal distribution of public facilities, can be used to explain the inequality. Nevertheless, as evaluated by the benchmarks of fairness, the unequally distributed IMR in China between 1991 and 2010 does not show a positive result. From a total of nine benchmarks, five were adopted: inter-sectoral public health, financial barriers to equitable access, nonfinancial barriers to access, comprehensiveness of benefits and tiering, equitable financing, which is related to equity of health. The score was 2.0 of 5.0, which indicates that more effort is needed to reduce social discrimination in health care, improve the distribution of equitable finance between urban and rural areas, and improve the involvement of both urban and rural communities in the design of the health system.

The purpose of this study was to provide a better understanding for policy makers and service providers of mobility and migration among ex-combatants and the effectiveness of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programming in Uganda. The study followed a scoping study on migration in Uganda conducted in March 2011 by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. This study had the following specific objectives: 1) to analyze push/pull migration factors of ex-combatants in Uganda, with a specific focus on social as well as economic factors both within communities of origin and at new communities of re-settlement; 2) to explore any impact of DDR programming on migration of ex-combatants in Uganda; 3) to increase the understanding of the impact of migration by ex-combatants on the effectiveness of past and current DDR programming, specifically on reintegration efforts; and 4) to generate recommendations on how to improve DDR programming, taking into account findings from other related studies.

Together with reductions in indirect taxes on food imports, cash for work programs were one of the main responses implemented by African governments following the food, fuel, and financial crisis of recent years. The main objective of those programs was to help the poor cope with the various shocks by increasing their net earnings through community-level work paid for under the programs. Yet it is unclear whether these cash for work programs indeed reached their intended beneficiaries and to what degree they generated other, potentially long-term beneficial impacts. This paper explores these issues in the context of Liberia and the performance of the Cash for Work Temporary Employment Program (CfWTEP) funded by the World Bank through an emergency crisis facility in response to the 2007/2008 food crisis. Both quantitative and qualitative data are presented, focusing on the operational and policy experiences emerging from program implementation. This paper analyzes the context that led to the creation and implementation of the CfWTEP in Liberia, the nature and administrative arrangements for the program, and its operational performance. The objective is to share the lessons learned from evaluation findings so that they can be useful for implementing similar programs in the future in Liberia itself or in other countries. Findings from the analysis highlight the possibilities of implementing public works program in low capacity, post conflict setting and the scope for using the program as a springboard towards a broader and more comprehensive social safety net.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Currently in the social sciences the question of self-identity and its meanings, absorb as a central objective aspects that concern analysis of an imaginary (re) constructed from processes of identity affirmation. Ethnic discourse in the consolidation of social boundaries (re) assemble a social policy apparatus able to claim their belongings concerning his ancestry, as well as the interpretation of the meanings given to their territory by any group. This dissertation work is the result of an ethnographic study undertaken with the residents of the Community Maloca, Vargas located in the neighborhood adjacent to the commercial center in Aracaju - SE. Since February 2007 the group is certified by FCP - Palmares Cultural Foundation as a lasting community, while it is part of a special gift for being an urban center, varying from the majority of that remaining Maroons in their contexts, outcrops and specific land rural. It focuses on the work process of territorial formation of the hut, and the arrival of their first actors, contextualizing the process of legitimation refers to the territory they live, as well as the various narratives that (re) construct the time he lived, the relations kinship, conflict, the process of self-affirmation as runaways and the relationship of belonging with their living space / living contained in the imaginary city of Aracaju. Attempts are made to the opportunity to understand the meanings that affirm their ethnicity, parallel group for the pursuit of effective policies and guarantee of constitutional rights in the urban context. Atualmente nas ciências sociais a questão da autoidentidade e suas acepções absorvem como um dos objetivos centrais vertentes que tangem análises de um imaginário (re) construído a partir de processos de afirmação identitária. No discurso étnico a consolidação de fronteiras sociais (re)montam um aparato político social capaz de reivindicar seus pertencimentos concernentes à sua ancestralidade, assim como a interpretação dos sentidos dado ao seu território por determinado grupo. Este trabalho de dissertação é o resultado de um estudo etnográfico desenvolvido junto aos moradores da Comunidade Maloca, localizada no bairro Getúlio Vargas, vizinho ao centro comercial de Aracaju-SE. Desde fevereiro de 2007 o grupo é certificado pela FCP Fundação Cultural Palmares como comunidade remanescente de quilombo, ao tempo que se insere numa particularidade por estar presente num centro urbano, diferenciandose da maioria dos remanescentes quilombolas que, em seus contextos, afloram especificidades fundiárias e rurais. Concentra-se no trabalho o processo de formação territorial da Maloca, assim como a chegada dos seus primeiros atores sociais, contextualizando o processo de legitimação referente ao território que vivem, assim como as diversas narrativas que (re) constroem tempos vividos, as relações de parentesco, conflitos, o processo de autoafirmação como quilombolas e as relações de pertencimento com seus espaços habitados/vividos e contidos no imaginário da cidade de Aracaju. Tenta-se, na oportunidade, a compreensão dos sentidos que afirmam a sua etnicidade, paralelo à busca do grupo por políticas efetivas e garantia de direitos constitucionais no contexto urbano.

The paper focuses on the actual state of architecture and planning practices in Lithuania and Latvia stating the common features and differences as well as identifying a number of challenges and possible solutions and their impacts on academic research carried out by junior fellows of the universities. The transition from a planned socialist economy to a free market and the following change in the structure of social order has objectively caused radical changes in the need and the offer of professional services where the largest market share is held by relatively small or very small architectural companies. Limited resources lead to dominance of the fulfillment of primary functional and aesthetical needs of the customer while the broader dialogue with public is usually delayed or missing. This often leads to public dissatisfaction of the results of implementation of development projects. The authors of the paper stress that the enhanced dialogue between architect and urban community supported by local governments and citizens could radically improve the situation and simultaneously contribute to the quality of architectural solutions. The share of responsibility for the future quality of built environmental goes to an academic education and especially to research systems. Multi-professional collaboration and integrated cross-border research practices should be encouraged as more beneficial for accumulating the experience of different cultures and to achieving optimal qualities in the future urban environment. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjami architektūros mokslo tyrimų tobulinimo klausimai. Į pirmą planą iškeliamas jaunųjų tyrėjų pradedamų darbų tematikos aktualizavimas, kurį lemia tyrėjo, mokslo padalinio ir visos institucijos pasirengimas vykdyti tam tikrų sričių tyrimus, pasirenkamos strateginės mokslo darbų plėtotės kryptys. Teritorinių miesto bendruomenių įtraukimas į mokslo tyrimus sudaro prielaidas aktualizuoti atliekamų darbų temas, gauti tinkamą pradinę informaciją, patikrinti, kiek realiai veiksmingos yra tyrimo išvados ir rekomendacijos. Vykdomų mokslo darbų kokybę gerina ir glaudesnių bendradarbiavimo ryšių plėtotė tarp pačių tyrėjų ir tarp institucijų. Žurnale pateikiamų straipsnių pavyzdžiais iliustruojamas minėtų veiksnių naudojimas jaunųjų mokslininkų tyrimuose. Raktiniai žodžiai: architektūra; miesto planavimas; miesto bendruomenė; mokslo tyrimai; tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas

Livestock production has become a common trend in urban communities whereby a number of people reared farm animals such as sheep and goats for social and economic reasons. Notwithstanding the associated advantages of livestock production, effective urban production of the small ruminants is greatly challenged by a number of factors. Based on this, the study was conducted with a view to identifying factors that challenged effective sheep and goat production in selected urban communities of Abeokuta, Ogun State. From the selected 12 urban communities where sheep and goats were reared, a total of 217 rearers were non-randomly selected using snow balling sampling method. A reliable and validated interview guide was used alongside field observation to obtain information on challenges to sheep and goats production in the urban areas. The results showed that the challenges were feed, health/disease, environmental, marketing and routine management related. All the respondents (100%) experienced challenges such as high cost of feeding, theft of the farm animals, problem of off -season feeding and problem of sourcing feed variety for the animals. The chi-square test showed that a significant relationship exists between the respondents’ socioeconomic characteristics (sex: χ2 = 21.06, df =4; age: χ2 = 43.26, df = 16; education: χ2 = 78.09, df = 12; occupation: χ2 = 62.57, df = 16; income: χ2 = 56.35, df =16) and the encountered challenges (p < 0.05). Based on this, it was concluded that the identified challenges to urban sheep and goat production remained serious issues in the study area. It was thus recommended that conscious efforts should be put up by rearers of the small ruminants to ensure safety of their animals and good feeding routine for increased productivity and beneficial returns.

This study deals with the life of utraquist clergyman Jiřík Tesák Mošovský in urban community of Bohemian countries in the 16th and 17th century. The main topic was especially his world of ideas and his opinion of local community. In the four following chapters will be present step by step the relations between clerical and secular patrons, administration of the city Český Brod as well the routine life of Jiřík Tesák Mošovský. There were used old prints writing by Jiřík Tesák Mošovský to understand his personality. Extending knowledges about activities in the utraquist parishes before the battle of White Mountain was the main purpose of this study. New discoveries should extend knowledge about importance of the utraquist Church in history of Bohemian countries.

This case study examines contemporary experiences of conflict in four contexts: Papua New Guinea, with particular reference to the island of Bougainville and the Highlands region; Solomon Islands; and Vanuatu. We find common themes in these experiences, despite the regions famous sociolinguistic diversity, fragmented geography and varied experience of globalization. Melanesia offers distinctive lessons about how conflict may be understood, promoted and avoided. The paper is organized in two broad parts. The first part is contextual. It provides a brief account of conflict and violence in social life before and after colonization. It then tracks, largely chronologically, through the local, national and transnational dimensions of contemporary conflict, how it was avoided, how it has changed, and how it has been managed in different contexts. Particular attention is given to global and regional influences, and to how governments, local people, and external security, development and commercial actors, have worked to mitigate and, at times, exacerbate conflict. The second part of the case study is more analytical. It steps back from the particulars to address themes and propositions in the overall conceptual framing of World Development Report (WDR) 2011 about the nature of conflict, and the underlying stresses and interests that may render it more likely. Part two draws lessons from the histories and contexts discussed in part one. The report organizes these around three themes that reflect views shared with us by people during consultations. The first highlights the need to recognize conflict as an inherent part of social change and thus the need to distinguish between socially generative social contest, and forms of conflict that are corrosive and destructive. The second examines how the ways people 'see' and understand the world directly shapes systems of regulation and 'the rules of the game' and thus directly affect responses to conflict. The third theme argues that capable and legitimate institutions to regulate social contest requires not just capable state institutions, but as much, relationships with local and international agents and organizations operating below and above the state.

Obsolete pesticide stocks have accumulated in most of the world's developing countries and economies in transition in recent decades. International organizations estimate that some 500,000 tons are stockpiled worldwide, about half of which are located in countries of the former Soviet Union. Across the African continent, obsolete stocks total about 50,000 tons, while Latin America has at least 30,000 tons. This report includes the following sections: section one includes overview, section two include risk assessment method for priority-setting. Section three includes setting cleanup priorities in Tunisia. Section four includes cleanup and safeguarding highlights in Africa. Finally, section five includes reducing the risk.

In the context of increasing complexity of the present economy, urban functionality can be assured only by a well - directed marketing process which includes several action phases, by formulating of goals and strategies related to establishing relationships between the economic, social and institutional fields, the markets level and the supply and demand balance. The urban marketing policy comprises the public and private sectors, aiming that all their activities ensure preservation, stimulation and integration on all development levels by ensuring and adequate occupying of work force, attracting some business from different areas and also preserving and developing the existing ones, encouraging exports and investments, attracting tourists and visitors for business. This way, by well - conducted actions, the marketing policy can contribute to improve the cities image and to increase their competitivity in the context of increasing competition on regional and international level. The project aims at urban marketing, planning an analisys of development level of urban environment in Romania and also of the factors influencing this process, based on some indices elaborated to this end and on some research carried out on well - designed samples. The results of this research will be actually applied on the basis of some partnerships with local authorities, which will be offerred periodical consulting in order to implement the urban marketing plan for the promotion of a city, worked out on the basis of research conducted within the group.

This paper presents the results of a study of 194 Cretan households that had the aim of exploring the perceived impacts of tourism on four urban communities and associated resident attitudes toward tourism development. In particular, the study assessed the influence of seven variables (city of residence, length of residence, reliance on tourism, age, gender, education, and income) on residents' attitudes and attempted to identify the underlying factors explaining their perceptions. It was found that the two most important discriminators of residents' attitudes were education and reliance on tourism employment and that the most important dimensions to the urban residents of Crete were economic benefits, cultural and infrastructural benefits, and environmental impacts. Based on the findings, this paper discusses the implications of the research and indicates future research priorities.

Le città del mondo sono spesso considerate luoghi in cui abbonda la ricchezza e il privilegio. Esse ospitano però centinaia di milioni di bambini per i quali la povertà e l'esclusione sono una realtà quotidiana. Alcuni di questi bambini vivono nelle strade; molti altri vivono in alloggi pericolosi e insalubri che spesso sono privi dei più basilari servizi igienici, come una fonte di acqua pulita. I bambini urbani hanno raramente accesso a strutture adeguate, come scuole o luoghi sicuri dove giocare. L'imperativo della sopravvivenza economica può significare non solo che i genitori non sono in grado di dedicare loro il tempo sufficiente, ma anche che gli stessi bambini sono costretti a lavorare, spesso in condizioni pericolose. Eppure tutto questo sarebbe evitabile: questo Digest prende in esame le potenzialità di un buon governo, fondato sui princìpi dei diritti umani, nel promuovere un cambiamento positivo per e con i bambini. La povertà e l'esclusione urbana possono essere eliminate in città che siano amiche dei bambini, dove i diritti dell’infanzia siano una priorità nella pianificazione di bilancio, nella progettazione e nell'attribuzione delle risorse, e dove i bambini possano far sentire la loro voce nel processo democratico.

This thesis is an investigation of the connections between, and the nature of, urban and rural communities in early twentieth century Ontario. Traditionally historians have viewed the city and the countryside as separate spheres of study. The Ontario Provincial Winter Fair, which ran in Guelph from 1900 to 1940, however, provides a window into understanding the relationships between and the perceptions, values and concerns held by the rural and urban communities. The early twentieth century was a period of considerable growth, change and disruption for both the city and the countryside. The fair provided a vehicle for rural communities to examine the changing nature of agriculture and the rising status of urban life. Simultaneously, the OPWF allowed the city of Guelph to understand and manipulate its status among rural communities and more importantly within the greater urban hierarchy. Ultimately, the fair illustrated the conflict of confidence and insecurity inherent in Ontario's urban and rural communities in the early twentieth century and points to the value of such institutions as the OPWF, in gaining a greater cultural understanding of community life.

The processes that permitted a few SIV strains to emerge epidemically as HIV groups remain elusive. Paradigmatic theories propose factors that may have facilitated adaptation to the human host (e.g., unsafe injections), none of which provide a coherent explanation for the timing, geographical origin, and scarcity of epidemic HIV strains. Our updated molecular clock analyses established relatively narrow time intervals (roughly 1880-1940) for major SIV transfers to humans. Factors that could favor HIV emergence in this time frame may have been genital ulcer disease (GUD), resulting in high HIV-1 transmissibility (4-43%), largely exceeding parenteral transmissibility; lack of male circumcision increasing male HIV infection risk; and gender-skewed city growth increasing sexual promiscuity. We surveyed colonial medical literature reporting incidences of GUD for the relevant regions, concentrating on cities, suffering less reporting biases than rural areas. Coinciding in time with the origin of the major HIV groups, colonial cities showed intense GUD outbreaks with incidences 1.5-2.5 orders of magnitude higher than in mid 20 th century. We surveyed ethnographic literature, and concluded that male circumcision frequencies were lower in early 20(th) century than nowadays, with low rates correlating spatially with the emergence of HIV groups. We developed computer simulations to model the early spread of HIV-1 group M in Kinshasa before, during and after the estimated origin of the virus, using parameters derived from the colonial literature. These confirmed that the early 20(th) century was particularly permissive for the emergence of HIV by heterosexual transmission. The strongest potential facilitating factor was high GUD levels. Remarkably, the direct effects of city population size and circumcision frequency seemed relatively small. Our results suggest that intense GUD in promiscuous urban communities was the main factor driving HIV emergence. Low circumcision rates may have played a role, probably by their indirect effects on GUD. ispartof: PLoS One vol:5 issue:4 ispartof: location:United States status: published

En este estudio, se realiza una evaluación de las necesidades de capacitación de maestros de escuelas urbanas de la provincia de Heredia en el campo de la interacción maestro niño; con el propósito final de construir en una etapa posterior un modelo teórico metodológico de capacitación a maestros en este campo. Tradicionalmente, las universidades han puesto énfasis en sus programas de formación docente en el área de los contenidos programáticos y de metodologías para entregar estos contenidos relegando a un segundo plano aspectos tan importantes como son aquellos que determinan la calidad de la interacción maestro-niño. Las universidades como las formadoras del personal docente idóneo para alcanzar los objetivos de la educación formal, deben preocuparse de manera permanente por capacitar a este sector profesional, tanto en lineamientos y estrategias didácticas como en elementos que ayuden a mejorar la interacción maestro niño. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Psicología

Expone los detalles del "Proyecto de Desarrollo Social Urbano", un esfuerzo de la Universidad Nacional y otras instituciones para apoyar acciones de comunidades urbanas empobrecidas, (en este caso Sagrada Familia) dirigidas a atender algunas necesidades relacionadas con las mujeres y los niños. Incluye investigación, capacitación, asesoría y apoyo material por medio de organizaciones comunales. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Decanato de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales

This paper discusses the theme biographies for artistic and social intervention through an analysis of artistic work conducted with a group of young people from the arts education project Bando à Parte: Youth Cultures, Arts and Social Inclusion (O Teatrão, Coimbra). How do young people create a voice which may be potentially used to transform their own communities, having as a starting point their biographical path(s)? How can each of us find on biographical courses specific contributions that may interfere with change, and how may these be translated into concrete policies and actions in society? The exploration of these processes through a work of artistic creation, inspired in biographical collected materials, represents a possible contribution to reflect on the issues of memory, identity and community change.

Sustainable development is a major issue in planning policies. Reducing inequalities affecting inhabitants in their connection to a healthy environment is an important element to take into account in sustainable planning. Indeed, such inequalities may undermine the sustainability of territories. The aim of this research is to identify and characterize environmental and ecological inequalities in the context of urban coastal areas through a systemic analysis of the relations between population and their territory. A quantitative and qualitative approach was conducted on midsize French urban communities at different levels (national, coastal, municipal and infra-municipal). This work allowed to discuss the concept of environmental and ecological inequalities, to establish criteria and indicators to measure and analyze how environmental and ecological inequalities are perceived and addressed by local actors (inhabitants and local representatives). The coast can be seen as a vector of environmental and ecological inequalities, with heterogeneities depending on what territories are considered. Indicators of territorial quality developed at the infra-municipal level allowed to objectify and understand the interrelation between environmental and ecological inequalities. The analysis of interviews conducted on working population helped understanding how those inequalities are perceived and how local solutions in urban planning may be elaborated. Finally, semi-structured interviews with local representatives have introduced a political vision of the territory and of its future structural changes in the context of the establishment of a Local Intermunicipal Urbanism Plan.; Les thématiques du développement durable sont omniprésentes dans les politiques d’aménagement. La réduction des inégalités dans la relation des habitants à un environnement de qualité est un élément important dans l’objectif de promouvoir des territoires soutenables. En effet, ces inégalités peuvent remettre en cause la durabilité des espaces. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’identifier et de caractériser les inégalités environnementales et écologiques (IEE) dans le contexte littoral urbain par une analyse systémique des relations entre populations et territoire de vie. Une double approche quantitative et qualitative a été menée, en France, sur les communautés d’agglomération de taille moyenne à différentes échelles (nationale, du littoral, communale et infra communale). Ce travail a permis de proposer une réflexion autour du concept d'IEE, d’établir des critères et de rechercher des indicateurs pour objectiver et mesurer les IEE et d’analyser comment elles sont perçues et prises en compte par les acteurs du territoire (habitants et élus). Le littoral peut être considéré comme un vecteur d'IEE, avec des nuances en fonction des territoires. Les indicateurs de qualité du territoire mis au point, à l'échelle infra communale, ont permis d'objectiver et de comprendre les relations entre les IEE. L'analyse d’entretiens directifs menés auprès d’actifs a permis de comprendre comment ils perçoivent ces IEE et construisent des solutions territoriales pour s'y adapter. Enfin des entretiens semi-directifs avec les élus ont apporté une vision politique du territoire et de ses futures évolutions structurelles dans le cadre de la mise en place d'un plan local d’urbanisme intercommunal.