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The microstructure development in pure and ZnO-, Nb2O5- or (ZnO + Nb2O5)-containing SnO2 has been studied. Sintering of pure SnO2 proceeds by an evaporation-condensation mechanism and grain and pore sizes increase without densification. The pores are open with no closed pores developed. Grain and pore structures become homogeneous with sintering time. Sintered pure SnO2 is porous and has large grains. Nb2O5 suppresses particle coarsening and pore growth but does not promote densification, leading to porous sintered bodies with small grains. ZnO and (ZnO + Nb2O5) promote densification but do not suppress particle and grain coarsening. The sintered body is composed of large grains with pores located on grain boundaries.

The light microscopic structure of the papilla foliata from adult rabbits was studied three-dimensionally. Use was made of Epon embedded serial sections 0.5 to 1.0μ thick prepared by an ultramicrotome and stained with 0.5% toluidin blue in a buffer solution of MILLONIG. The results obtained were as follows.1. The distribution and arrangement of the type I (gustatory) cells and the type II (sustentacular) cells in the taste buds were fairly uniform as well as regular. The type II cells distributed uniformly in the taste bud were always surrounded by two to four cells of type I cells which were relatively small in size. Observation of the vertical or diagonal sections passing the canal of a taste bud revealed light (type II) cells and dark (type I) cells alternatively arranged in the upper half of the organ.2. The presence of cells in mitosis was recognized in the taste buds; these cells showed an arrangement of chromosomes characteristic of the anaphase stage, and were in structure, size and stainability, very akin to the type II cells.3. Occurrence of the binucleate cells was observed exclusively in type II cells; and these twin nuclei showed all the features suggesting amitosis.4. The size of the taste buds showed a wide variation (15-60μ). Among the large sized, there occasionally occurred taste buds with two pores.5. A conclusion was drawn from the foregoing results that proliferation of the taste bud cells did not depend solely on the development of the peripheral epithelium, but to some extent on the division in situ of the taste bud cells themselves.

アーノルド特輯號

This study was takcn up to investigate the problem of so-called synaesthesia and was intended to determine experimentally the orders of apparent warmth and heaviness of colours.I Apparent warmth.Tree methods were used and the results were as follows:a. The order of merit method. 18 subjects were asked to arrange the coloured papers (10cm2) into a series ranging from th warm color to the cold.R→O→Y→V→G→W→Be→Bk.(R: red, O: orange, Y: yellow, V: violet, G: green, W: white, Be: blue, Bk: black)b. Paired comparison method.[Comparison of the coloured cards] 50 subjects.R→O→Y→V→G→Be→Bk→W[Comparison of the coloured fluids] Two beakers, identical in their form and volume, were filled with differently coloured waters equivalent in temperature The subject was asked to dip his fingers of both hands in each beaker at the same time and to judge the warmth of colored waters. Number of subjects: 10-20.R→O→Y→G→V→Bk→Be→W.II. Apparent heavinessSimilar in methods as in I..a. The order of merit method. Similar to I-a. Nnumber of subjects 15.Bk→Be→R→V→O→G→Y→Wb. paired comparision method.[Comparison of the coloured cards] Circular cards were cut along their radius and a couple of them were put together at notch. The areas of both cards must be equal in one disc. Subjects were asked to tell when the slowly rotating coloured disc appeared the most stable. Subjects: 50.Bk→Be→V→R→O→G→Y→W[Comparison of coloured little boxes] Materials were coloured boxes (each 10cm3). Their weights were made equal when sand was put in them. Procedure: Subjects were asked to lift two boxes simultaneously with each hand. Subjects: 19.Bk→R→Be→V→G→O→Y→W.From the above results we arrived at the following conclusions. The order of apparent warmth of colour was:R→O→Y→V→G→Bk→Be→W.Excepting achromatic colours (W and Bk), this is roughly in accordance with the order of wave-lengths of light. In the case of apparent heaviness, the order was:Bk→Be→R→V→O→G→Y→W.Except achromatic colours, this order corresponds roughly with the inverse, order of apparent brightness.

アメリカ現代作家論

STILLE'S conception of phases seems to be widely accepted in Japan as well as in Europe. There are, however, many different opinions about the intensities and durations of the bretonic, sudetic and asturic phases, the main phases of the Variscan (Hercynian) orogeny, which have been proposed by STILLE in 1920. These phases in Germany do not always mean very short and intense earth-movements as analyzed by BUBNOFF (1931). Many phases have been reported in Japan; for example, more than ten phases in the Cretaceous period (MATSUMOTO, 1967). That means that the rate of the occurrence of the phases is one per 5 million years on the average. We need precise age determination to correlate the phases among different continents.The cycles of the events in the orogenic zones are good means to correlate the orogenies among different continents. There are, however, some confusions about the conceptions of the orogenic cycles in Japan. The conceptions of the KRAUS's cycle (1927), KOBAYASHI's cycle (or series) (1941), STILLE'S geotectonic cycle (1924) and BUBNOFF'S great cycle (1959) must be distinguished with each other. In Europe we can easily recognize the Paleo-, Meso-and Neo-europe. Therefore the Caledonian, Variscan and Alpine Ara (STILLE, 1928) can be easily distinguished. However, we cannot separate the strata of the Variscan geosyncline into two similar cyclic series of sedimentation to each other; the Caledonian and Variscan cyclic series of sedimentation. The cycles of the events, for example the cycles of the sedimentary facies, must be studied to correlate a orogenic cycle in a continent to another cycle in another continent. There are too many phases in the world. We cannot correlate the cycles only by the phases. Moreover, the end of an orogenic cycle in an orogenic zone is not usually contemporaneous with the beginning of the “next” cycle in the adjacent orogenic zone. Cycles are usually overlapped in age.Angular unconformities are generally thought to show short and intense earthmovements. Some angular unconformities in Japan, however, do not mean the short and intense earth-movements. They have been probably formed by local, but secular earthmovements with the coordination of the regression and transgression which covered the wide area of East Asia. Besides the angular unconformities, the sedimentary facies-change, deformation of strata, and metamorphism and granite-intrusion are used for the recognition of the phases. However, we need precise and comprehensive study to determine the age and intensities of the phases.According to such data for the sedimentary facies-change, the deformation of strata and the age and the metamorphism and others, KOBAYASHI'S (1941) Akiyoshi and Sakawa series of oronization can be recognized in Japan, although there are some opponets. The oldest strata in the Chichibu geosyncline is those of the Silurian. Submarine volcanism was intense during the Devonian and early Carboniferous period. The Akiyoshi series of earth-movements occurred principally in the northern part of the geosyncline during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic time, and the Sakawa series principally in the southern part during the late Mesozoic time. The Akiyoshi series of earth-movements began at least in the Permian, was intense in the Triassic and continued to the Jurassic period. The duration of the orogenic cycle from the Silurian to the Jurassic (from the beginning of the geosyncline to the end of the series of the earth-movements) is clearly different from that of the Variscan cycle in Europe. Therefore, we cannot correlate two cyles in view of the duration. Were orogenic cycles produced by the particular agencies for the continents, or produced by one agency which formed an orogenic cycle in one continent earlier and migrated to another continent forming another cycle later ? Such questions, however, remain unsolved.

Background and purpose: The Phase II TOMORROW trial and two Phase III INPULSIS® trials investigated the efficacy and safety of nintedanib versus placebo in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). To obtain an overall estimate of the treatment effect of nintedanib 150 mg twice daily (bid), pooled and meta-analyses of data from these three trials were conducted. Methods: Pooled and meta-analyses were conducted for annual rate of decline in forced vital capacity (FVC), time to first acute exacerbation, change from baseline in St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score and mortality over 52 weeks. Results: 1231 patients (nintedanib n = 723, placebo n = 508) were included in the pooled analysis. Adjusted annual rate of decline in FVC was −112.4 mL/year with nintedanib and −223.3 mL/year with placebo (difference: 110.9 mL/year [95% CI: 78.5, 143.3]; p < 0.0001). The hazard ratio for time to first acute exacerbation was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.83; p = 0.0047). Adjusted mean change from baseline in SGRQ score at week 52 was 2.92 with nintedanib and 4.97 with placebo (difference: −2.05 [95% CI: −3.59, −0.50]; p = 0.0095). Hazard ratios for time to all-cause and on-treatment mortality were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.46, 1.08; p = 0.0954) and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.97; p = 0.0274), respectively, in favour of nintedanib. The meta-analysis was generally consistent with the pooled analysis. Diarrhoea was the most frequent adverse event in the nintedanib group (61.5% of patients treated with nintedanib versus 17.9% of patients treated with placebo). Conclusion: Nintedanib has a beneficial effect on slowing disease progression in patients with IPF.

The kinetics of hematite precipitation from iron-rich spinel solid solutions has been studied with special emphasis on the effect of divalent cations and iron-oxide concentration. The precipitation kinetics is expressed by the Avrami equation α= 1 – exp [–k(t –t0)n] with n= 1, where α, k, and t are fractional precipitation, proportionality constant, and time, respectively. The process is characterized by an activation energy of 30·0.5 kcal/mol, independent of iron-oxide concentration. Stabilization of spinel solid solutions by the cation is most pronounced for Ni followed by Mg and Zn in the order stated, and the effect of the cation is interpreted in terms of the cation distribution in the spinel lattice.

Lead oxide and niobium oxide were heated in molten Potassium Chloride or Sodium Chloride to examine the participation of chlorides in the reaction between the oxides. Alkali ions partially replace lead ions in PbNb2O6, and Chlorine ions form PbCl2. The substitution of alkali ions for lead stabilizes the tetragonal form of PbNb2O6. The reactivity of Sodium Chloride with Nb2O5 was much greater than that of Potassium Chloride; the extended substitution resulted in the formation of an NaNbO3 phase with incoporated lead.

BOOK REVIEW

The kinetics of hematite precipitation from iron-rich spinel solid solutions has been studied with special emphasis on the effect of divalent cations and iron-oxide concentration. The precipitation kinetics is expressed by the Avrami equation α= 1 – exp [–k(t –t0)n] with n= 1, where α, k, and t are fractional precipitation, proportionality constant, and time, respectively. The process is characterized by an activation energy of 30·0.5 kcal/mol, independent of iron-oxide concentration. Stabilization of spinel solid solutions by the cation is most pronounced for Ni followed by Mg and Zn in the order stated, and the effect of the cation is interpreted in terms of the cation distribution in the spinel lattice.

In order to separate cortisone acetate, dexamethasone acetate, fluorometholone, and betamethasone valerate in ointments and a cream from the base and excipients, a silica gel column pretreatment was carried out (pre-screening procedure) and then glucocorticoids were successfully determined by high-performance liquid chromatography on a LiChrosorb RP-18 column. By the use of the pre-screening procedure, the base, excipients, and other active ingredients (except glycyrrhetinic acid) in commercial preparations were almost completely removed, and hence a lowering of the efficiency of the LiChrosorb RP-18 column and blocking of the flow of the mobile phase in column caused by the base remaining on the top of the column could be avoided. The contents of glucocorticoids in various commercial preparations were found to be 95.7 to 102.5% of the labeled amounts.

The late Paleozoic Chichibu eugeosyncline in Japan was like a marginal sea but not a subduction zone. Since late Permian, secondary eugeosynclines, similar to small basins between island arcs and trenches, have been formed successively. The present disposition of the Japan Sea, Japanese Islands, Toki and other basins, and Nankai Trench in southwest Japan is quite similar to that of ancient Japan and neighboring sedimentary basins.

The sintering behavior of an acicular NiZn-ferrite powder was examined with special emphasis on the relation between densification and microstructure development. The acicular powder prepared by the flux method was formed by uniaxial pressing or extrusion. The densification of the acicular powder was characterized by (1) attainment of high density above 1000°C, (2) anisotropic shrinkage, and (3) formation of closed pores at high densities. Particle orientation in green compacts and particle rearrangement during the early stage of sintering caused anisotropic shrinkage. Small irregularity in pore structure retained pores open to high densities. The uniform distribution of pores in the green compacts resulted in high sintered density. The densification rate was discussed not only by pore size but also by pore/grain size ratio.

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of insulin in commercially available preparations has been developed. The HPLC method previously used for the separation of various insulins was subject to interference due to the preservatives in the preparations, so this HPLC method was modified. Insulin in preparations was determined without interference by the preservatives by means of HPLC method on a Lichrosorb RP-18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and 5 mM tartrate buffer (pH 3.0) (27 : 73, v/v) containing 0.15 mM sodium sulfate as a mobile phase at 50°C. The values obtained by the modified HPLC method were 95.0-108.8% of the labeled potency as the sum of potencies of both insulin and desamido-insulin, and the coefficients of variation were 1.03-3.14% (n=3).

Nickel-zinc ferrite powder was prepared from the constituent oxides in the presence of molten Li2SO4-Na2SO4. The effect of ZnO on the reactivity of NiO was studied. The process of Ni-Zn ferrite formation was followed by X-ray diffraction and thermomagnetic analyses. Particle size and shape of the product were determined by scanning electron microscopy. In the presence of molten salt, ZnO enhances the reactivity of NiO, and Ni-Zn-ferrite formation is completed at lower temperature than Ni ferrite formation. In the reaction for the formation of Ni-Zn ferrite, Zn ferrite forms before NiO is incorporated into the ferrite phase. The reaction between the initially formed Zn ferrite and NiO leads to a rate of Ni-Zn ferrite formation higher than that of Ni ferrite formation from NiO and Fe2O3.

別冊, 貞方敏郎先生追悼号