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The complete mitochondrial genome of the salmon shark consists of 16,699 bp and includes 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 1 replication origin region and 1 control region. The mitochondrial gene arrangement of the salmon shark is the same as that of most vertebrates. Base composition of the genome is A (29.6%), T (28.6%), C (27.1%), and G (14.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the brown guitarfishRhinobatos schlegeliiis presented for the first time in this study. It is 16,780 bp in length, consisting 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 1 putative control region with the typical gene order and direction of transcription in vertebrates. The overall base composition is 32.1% A, 26.3% C, 13.2% G and 28.3% T. Two start codon (GTG and ATG) and two stop codon patterns (TAG and TAA/T) were found in protein-coding genes. The 22 tRNA genes ranged from 67 (tRNA-Ser2) to 75 (tRNA-Leu1) bp in length. The origin of L-strand replication (OL) was between tRNA-Asnand tRNA-Cysgenes within the WANCY region. The tRNA-Ser2could not be fold into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure because of the replacement of its dihydrouridine arm by a simple loop. The control region was 1089 bp in length with high A + T content (64.0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome ofPolymastia littoralis(Demospongiae, Polymastiidae) is reported here for the first time. TheP. littoralismitogenome is 21,719 bp base pairs in total length and includes 14 protein-coding gene sequences, small and large rRNA sequences, and 25 tRNA sequences. All genes are encoded on the heavy strand. There are two overlapping genestrnEandnad6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript we describe the first complete mitochondrial sequence for the Near Threatened Graceful SharkCarcharhinus amblyrhynchoides. It is 16,705 bp in length, consists of two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and one control region with the typical gene arrangement pattern and translate orientation in vertebrates. The overall base composition is 31.4% A, 25.1% C, 13.2% G and 30.3% T. The shortest tRNA-Ser2cannot fold into a clover-leaf secondary structure due to the lack of the dihydrouridine arm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we sequenced and reported the complete mitochondrial genome of the corsac fox (Vulpes corsac) for the first time using blood samples obtained from a wild female corsac fox captured from Inner Mongolia, China. Sequence analysis showed it contains 12S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA gene, 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese scad (Decapterus maruadsi) is one of the most commercially important fish species that is popularly harvested in tropical and temperate seas in South East Asian countries. In the present study, we obtained the whole mitochondrial genome sequence ofD. maruadsiby overlapped polymerase chain reactions. The entire sequence was 16,541 bp in length, with a gene content (13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 2 non-coding regions: the control region and the light strand replication origin) and organization similar to most of the other vertebrates. Overall base composition of the genome was 27.5% of A, 30.2% of C, 25.5% of T and 16.8% of G, showing an obvious anti G bias commonly observed in teleosts. The sequence data ofD. maruadsicould provide useful information for the studies on conservation genetics and molecular phylogenetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete sequence mitochondrial genome of Takydromus sexlineatus was determined using long PCR and conserved primers walking approaches. The genome was 18,943 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region (CR). The gene composition and order of T. sexlineatus were similar to most other squamate reptiles. All protein-coding genes begin with ATG as initiation codon except COI using GTG. Seven genes ( ATP8. ND4L. ND5. Cytb. ND1. COI and ND6) ended with TAA, TAG, AGGA and AGA stop codon, the remaining 6 genes had incomplete stop codons T/TA. The overall base composition of the genome in descending order was 31.48% A, 24.67% C, 30.79% T and 13.05% G, with a slight A + T bias of 62.27%. CR is located between the tRNA-Pro and tRNA-Phe genes and is 3562 bp in length, some tandem repeat sequences, conserved elements (CSB1-3) and termination associated sequences (TAS1-3) were found in the control region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protobothrops cornutus is the endangered snake which is distributed narrowly in southern China and other adjacent countries of Asia. We determined the complete mitochondrial genome of P. cornutus (HB-pc20090810). The circle genome with the 17,219 bp total length contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 2 control regions. Overall base composition of the complete mtDNA was 33.18% A, 24.80% T, 29.43% C and 12.58% G. All the genes in P. cornutus were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and eight tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we cloned and sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Odontobutis sinensis. The genome was found to be 17,441 bp in size with a mostly conserved structural organization when compared with that of other teleost fish. It contained 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes) and two main non-coding regions (the control region and the origin of the light strand replication). Rearrangements of tRNAs (tRNA-Ser, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-His) and three additional longer non-coding regions (51 bp, 622 bp and 66 bp, respectively) were present between the ND4 and ND5 genes. Within the control region, one 322 bp long tandem repeat area (7*46 bp) and some typical conserved domains were identified. The molecular data here we presented could play a useful role to study the evolutionary relationships and population genetics of the Odontobutidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of half-spined barbel Acrossocheilus hemispinus has been amplified and sequenced by employing long polymerase chain reaction method. The mitogenome, consisting of 16,590 base pairs (bp), had the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs genes and a noncoding control region (CR). CR of 940 bp length is located between tRNAPro and tRNAPhe. The overall base composition of A. hemispinus is 31.2% for A, 28.2% for C, 24.4% for T and 15.9 % for G, with a slight AT bias of 55.6%. The complete mitogenome may provide rather essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogenetic analysis for not only congeneric species but also higher different taxa of Cyprinid fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitogenome of the Korean hare ( Lepus coreanus) was determined by the long and accurate polymerase chain reaction and primer-walking methods. The mitogenome of the Korean hare is 17,472 bp in length and contains sequences that encode 13 protein genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and a noncoding control region. The mitogenome is arranged in an identical order to that found in most other vertebrates. All mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand, except for eight tRNA genes and the ND6 gene. The control region contains putative termination associated elements, conserved sequence blocks and short and long tandem repeats motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ice pigeon is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. In the present work, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of ice pigeon for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 17,236 bp with the base composition of 30.2% for A, 24.0% for T, 31.9% for C, and 13.9% for G and an A-T (54.2 %)-rich feature was detected. It harbored 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The arrangement of all genes was identical to the typical mitochondrial genomes of pigeon. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of ice pigeon would serve as an important data set of the germplasm resources for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Onychostoma sima (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). This mitochondrial genome, consisting of 16,601 base pairs (bp), encoded 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs and a noncoding control region as those found in other vertebrates, with the gene synteny identical to that of typical vertebrates. Control region (D-Loop), of 934 bp lengths long, is located between tRNAPro and tRNAPhe. The overall base composition of the heavy strand shows 24.30% of T, 28.28% of C, 31.31% of A and 16.11% of G, with a slight AT bias of 55.61%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Japanese wobbegong Orectolobus japonicus was presented in this study. It is 16,706 bp in length with the typical gene composition and arrangement in the mitochondrial genome of vertebrates. The overall base composition is 32.6% A, 24.0% C, 13.3% G and 30.1% T. Two start codons (ATG and GTG) and two stop codons (TAG and TAA) were found in protein-coding genes. The tRNA- Ser2 lacks the dihydrouridine arm and cannot be folded into a typical cloverleaf structure. One termination associated sequence (TAS) and three conserved sequence blocks (CSB1-3) were found in the control region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the spineless cuttlefish Sepiella inermis. The genome was 16,191 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 main non-coding regions [both are control regions (CR)]. The composition and order of genes, for the mitogenome found in S. inermis were similar to most other invertebrates. The overall base composition of S. inermis is T 35.6%, C 16.4%, A 40.0% and G 8.0%, with a highly A + T bias of 75.6%. Two control regions contain both termination-associated sequences and conserved sequence blocks. Thus, mitogenome sequence data would play an important role in the investigation of phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic resolution and phylogeography of the Sepiidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe and analyze the complete mitochondrial genome of Neochauliodes bowringi (MacLachlan) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). The length of the genome is 16,064 bp (GenBank accession No. JQ351950), the longest mitochondrial genome in the order Megaloptera already got, which includes 22 transfer RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs and an A + T-rich region. The gene arrangement is similar to that of Drosophila yakuba, the presumed ancestral insect mitochondrial gene arrangement. All protein-coding genes start with ATN start codon except for the gene ND4, which uses GTG as start codon. Eight protein-coding genes use TAA as stop codon and others use incomplete stop codons 'T' or 'TA'. The A + T-rich region is located between rrnS and trnI with a length of 1328 bp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese lake gudgeon Sarcocheilichthys sinensis was first determined in this study. It is a circular DNA double strand of 16,684 bp in length, encodes genes for 13 proteins, 2 ribosomal RNA subunits, 22 transfer RNAs and an A + T-rich control region with the typical gene order in vertebrate mitogenomes. Overall nucleotide composition is 30.5% A, 26.6% C, 16.7% G and 26.3% T. Three start codons (ATG, GTG and ATA) and three stop codons (TAG, TAA and T) were found in all protein-coding genes. The tRNA- SerAGY lacked the dihydrouridine arm and could not fold into typical cloverleaf secondary structure. The origin of L-strand replication was identified between the tRNA- Asn and tRNA- Cys genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first mitochondrial genome of the nongeniculate coralline red alga, Sporolithon durum (Sporolithales). The genome consists of 45 genes, including 24 protein-coding, 2 rRNA and 19 tRNA genes in a circular molecule of 26,202 bp with overall 28.4% GC content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was determined (GenBank accession No. KF163965). The length of this mitochondrial genome is 15,377 bp with an A + T content of 82.5%. There are 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes, that is, 13 protein-coding, 2 rRNA and 22 tRNA gene and an A + T-rich region. The tRNA gene trnM was rearranged to the upstream of the trnI-trnQ-trnM cluster compared with the pupative ancestral arrangement of insects. All protein-coding genes start with ATN start codon except for the gene cox1, which uses CGA as in other lepidopteran species. Ten protein-coding genes stop with termination codon TAA, whereas three protein-coding gene use incomplete stop codon T. The A + T-region is located between rrnS and trnM with a length of 332 bp and A + T content of 94.88%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For understanding the phylogenetic position of Micropercops swinhonis within the family Odontobutidae, the complete nucleotide sequence of M. swinhonis mitochondrial genome was firstly determined. The genome is 16,493 bp in length, and consists of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes) and 2 main noncoding regions (the control region and the origin of the light strand replication). The gene composition and order of which were similar to most other vertebrates. Within the control region, typical conserved domains, such as the termination-associated sequence, central and conserved sequence blocks domains were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Emberiza aureola (yellow-breasted bunting), Vulnerable (IUCN), is a Eurasian bird with very wide geographical range. The complete mitochondrial genome of E. aureola (16,800 bp in length) contained 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and a non-coding region ( D-loop), which is similar to the typical mtDNA of vertebrates. All the protein-coding genes in E. aureola were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and ten tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article "Loss of a Conserved tRNA Anticodon Modification Perturbs Plant Immunity" that was published in the previous issue is presented.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including functions of transfer RNAs (tRNAs), molecular biology of tRNAs, and molecular mechanism of the template-independent RNA polymerization.

In this study, we described the complete mitochondrial genome of the pen shell Atrina pectinata. It was 16,811 bp in length and consisted of 35 genes including 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, and 21 transfer RNAs ( trnS2 and atp8 lacked). All genes were encoded on the same strand. In gene order, there was no completely identical block compared to those of Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea gigas, Chlamys farreri and Venerupis philippinarum. It may be a ground pattern of Pinnidae mitochondrial genomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we sequenced the first complete mitochondrial genome of Tetrigoidea species, Alulatettix yunnanensis. The circle genome (15,104 bp) consists of 13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNA, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and an A+T-rich region. It has the typical invertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of several topics related to gene and cell therapy. Topics discussed include the association of gene regulation with tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), the focus on mitochondrial DNA with transcription activator like effector nucleases, and the attribution of broadened T-cell responses to tumor's viral infection.

An abstract of the article by Jingji Zhang and colleagues concerning genetic code translation and estimation of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is presented.

The article discusses a study by Charles W. Carter and colleagues at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill which argued that peptides and RNA cooperated to develop the genetic code. The study explored the RNA world hypothesis which proposes that RNA molecules evolved before proteins. The researchers also demonstrated that Urzymes, the molecules derived from aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, accelerate tRNA aminoacylation several times compared to uncatalyzed peptide synthesis rate.