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To study relevant risk factors of Shenmai injection induced adverse reactions by using Logistic model and ROC curve, and made the prediction for the occurrence of relevant adverse reactions/events. Case data of patients treated with Shenmai injection were collected by using the prospective, multi-center, large-sample, nested-case control method, in order to analyze the risk factors of Shenmai injection-induced adverse reactions/events, establish the logistic model and draw the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for risk factors. During the study, 7632 patients (including 3 477 males and 4 155 females) were included, and eight of them suffered adverse reactions/events. Based on a multi-factor Logistic model analysis, the age (> or = 50 years) (OR = 5.061, 95% CI: 2.197-7.924; P = 0.001), the total number of medication days (OR = -1.020, 95% CI: -l.652 - 0.388; P = 0.002) and the single dose (OR = 0.245, 95% CI: 0.127-0.364; P = 0.000) were significant independent risk factors for Shenmai injection-induced adverse reactions/events. According to the results, ROC curves were drawn with age (> or = 50 years), the total number of days of inedication and single dose; The area under ROC curves the joint predictor (0.9753, 95% CI: 0.9443-1.000, P < 0.005) was larger than that of the other three single indexes, with a higher risk prediction value. The independent risk factors for Shenmai injection-induced adverse reactions/events included the age (> or = 50 years), the total number of days of medication and single dose. In clinical practice, the age (> or = 50 years), the total number of days of medication and the medication dose can be substituted in the joint predictor calculation formula (P = 1 / [1 + e(-(-21.58 + 5.061 x Xage - 1.020 x Xd + 0.245 x X(mL)] to predict the potential adverse reactions of patients and adjust the dosage regimen.

Objective: To evaluate the effects and influencing factors of mass chemotherapy in the late stage of soil-borne nematodiasis control so as to provide the evidence for the development of control programs., Methods: Six villages were divided into three groups: the target chemotherapy, the selective chemotherapy and the control. By observation in three consecutive years, the indexes, mass infection rates, infection degrees and re-infections of soil-borne nematodes, were compared among the 3 groups. The influencing factors were also analyzed., Results: The population infection rates of soil- borne nematodes decreased by 85.94%, 43.10% and 20.87%, respectively, in the three groups after chemotherapy compared with those before the intervention. A higher hookworm infection rate appeared and the chemotherapy effect was impacted in the target chemotherapy group, as some key population applied fresh human waste in vegetable plots. The re-infection rate was 16.65 times of the new infection rate., Conclusions: Chemotherapy is still useful in the late stage of soil-borne nematode control. It is more important to enhance management of using manure and health education on focus population.

Objective: To understand the cost-effectiveness of schistosomiasis monitoring in Rugao City, a schistosomiasis transmission interrupted area, so as to provide the evidence for improving schistosomiasis control., Methods: According to the national and Jiangsu provincial working scheme of schistosomiasis monitoring and consolidation, the data of schistosomiasis monitoring were collected and the cost-effectiveness was analyzed in Rugao City from 2001 to 2010., Results: During 10 years, the financial input for Oncomelania snail survey was 11.694 8 million Yuan, accounting for 92.9% of the total monitoring cost. In 6 years, a few remaining snails with low density and small area were detected, and per 100 m2 snail area spent 76 788 Yuan averagely. Totally 23 694 people were investigated with serological tests and 15 persons were positive, but no person was positive in feces tests, and the accumulative total cost was 410 350 Yuan. The average cost for detection of 1 person was 17.32 Yuan. Totally 454 heads of cattle were investigated but there was no positive, and the accumulative total cost was 18 716 Yuan and the average cost of detection of 1 case was 41.22 Yuan. The health education during the 10 years spent 172 500 Yuan, only accounting for 1.4% of the total monitoring funds. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and the health behavior formation rate increased year by year, and they were increased by 2.48 times and 2.71 times respectively from 2001 to 2010., Conclusions: In schistosomiasis transmission interrupted areas and areas with Oncomelania snails but without schistosomiasis, the monitoring index and monitoring method need to be studied and adjusted. Health education has a good cost-effectiveness.

Background: China has the largest potential market for organ transplants in the world, but it has not yet established brain death and organ transplant laws. We aimed to investigate the attitudes and suggestions of doctors, pharmacists, and civil servants concerning brain death, organ transplantation, and their respective legislation., Methods: A questionnaire with 10 sections and 44 questions was designed and distributed. The effective questionnaire data were then recorded and checked for descriptive analysis., Results: In 1400 questionnaires distributed, 1063 were responded and 969 of them were valid and analyzed. The respondents showed an incomplete understanding of brain death and organ transplantation laws. Seventy-four percent of the respondents recognized and accepted the standard of brain death. They agreed that legislation should be involved in the removal of organs for transplantation, the future use of organs, and insurance and compensation for the donor for possible health risks induced by organ removal. Of the 969 respondents, 92% considered it necessary to have legislation in brain death and organ transplantation, and 61% thought that it is time to legislate., Conclusions: Legislation for brain death and organ transplantation is urgent and timely in China. The laws must include the respective rights and obligations of patients, close relatives, and medical institutions. Educating the public about brain death and organ transplantation should also be encouraged in a variety of ways.

Objective: To find out the nasendoscopic changes of velopharyngeal configuration and movement after palatoplasty with or without velopharyngeal muscle reconstruction., Methods: The nasendoscopy was taken in forty-one patients with palatoplasty, 22 repaired by velopharyngeal muscle reconstruction and 19 with modified von Langenbeck's procedure (non-reconstructive group)., Results: In patients with velopharyngeal muscle reconstruction, the velopharyngeal ports are smooth and full with a definite reduction in size than patients without velopharyngeal muscle reconstruction. During phonation, the complete and marginal velopharyngeal competence rate in reconstructive group (90.91%) is higher than the group of non-reconstruction (37.31%) The major velopharyngeal closure is circular movement in reconstructive group, otherwise coronal closure in nonconstructive group., Conclusions: Based the observation of nasendoscopy, the velopharyngeal muscle reconstruction in palatoplasty has more definite improvement to velopharyngeal closure than non-reconstructive procedure. Palatoplasty with velopharyngeal muscle reconstruction could reduce the size of velopharyngeal port and make the complete velopharyngeal closure easier.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of palatoplasty with or without velopharyngeal muscular reconstruction on the velopharyngeal closure under the lateral radiography., Methods: The lateral radiographs and cephalometric analysis were taken in sixty-two patients with cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency, 32 repaired with velopharyngeal muscular reconstruction and 30 with modified von Langenbeck's procedure (non-reconstructive group)., Results: In patients with velopharyngeal muscular reconstruction, the velopharyngeal competence, the reductive rate of nasopharynx, the distance reduction in lower part of the mobile nasopharynx during phonation and the distance in middle part of mobile nasopharyngo in rest were superior to that without velopharyngeal muscular reconstruction, and there were variform PPW eminence-soft palate contact in velopharyngeal closure. The patients with complete or good velopharyngeal closure had a definite reduction in nasopharynx, compared to the patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency in the non-reconstructive group., Conclusions: The functional area for velopharyngeal closure after palatoplasty might be located in the middle part of mobile nasopharynx. The velopharyngeal muscular reconstruction in palatoplasty could reduce the size of nasopharynx and improve the coordination movement of velopharyngeal closure.

Objective: To explore a new technique for repair of alveolar cleft by sutural distraction osteogenesis., Methods: Nine 8-weeks mongrel dogs were used in this study, three being in the control group, six in the experimental group. Alveolar cleft model was created surgically in all animals. Two weeks later, a U-shaped distractor made of Ni-Ti memory alloy wire was insterted into the premaxilla to distract the mid-premaxillary suture. When the premaxilla of the cleft side approached the ipsilateral maxilla, periosteoplasty of the alveolar cleft was performed. The distractor was removed at two weeks after periosteoplasty. The results were evaluated clinically, radiographically, morphologically and histologically., Results: The cleft model in dogs was stable and similar to the human alveolar cleft. In experimental dogs, the premaxilla was moved gradually toward the maxilla so that the cleft was closed. The distracted mid-premaxillary suture showed a gradually widened traingle, with its tip being posterior. The density of the distracted traingle suture was increased gradually. Bony repair was achieved completely at the cleft three months post-periosteoplasy. The morphology of the mid-premaxillary suture was restored., Conclusion: The alveolar cleft could be repaired by the technique of mid-premaxilla suture distraction.

Objective: To probe the possibility of a new technique of primary cleft palate repair by sutural distraction osteogenesis., Methods: The distractor was made of TiNi-shape memory alloy with 2 secure and 2 active arms. Under general anesthesia, 1 hole was drilled on each maxillary process and horizontal plate of palatine. The four arms of the distractor were inserted into holes. The palatine bones would then be distracted and moved medially and posteriorly. After 4 to 5 months' distraction, the two cleft edges approached gradually. The residual cleft, according to its width, was repaired by direct stitch of muco-periosteum incised at cleft edges, or with an additional relaxing incision on one side of the palate. Direct measurement of width of maxillary arch and the cleft, and the length of the hard palate was performed before and after distraction to evaluate the effects of distraction., Results: Eight cleft children at their 2 to 4 years of age were treated by the new technique. Two of them terminated the procedure due to premature dislocation of the distractor. Six children underwent 37 to 126 days' distraction. Dramatic narrowing of the cleft and lengthening of hard palate were seen in these children, with the average narrowing of the cleft being 6.5 mm and average lengthening of the hard palate being 4.8 mm., Conclusion: It is clinically demonstrated that palatal tissue regeneration and cleft closure or narrowing and hard palate lengthening could be achieved by the technique of sutural distraction osteogenesis.