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402. Longitudinal Outcomes in Young Patients with Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency with Native Liver Reveal that Neonatal Cholestasis is a Poor Predictor of Future Portal Hypertension

Author

Teckman, Jeffrey, Rosenthal, Philip, Hawthorne, Kieran, Spino, Cathie, Bass, Lee M, Murray, Karen F, Kerkar, Nanda, Magee, John C, Karpen, Saul, Heubi, James E, Molleston, Jean P, Squires, Robert H, Kamath, Binita M, Guthery, Stephen L, Loomes, Kathleen M, Sherker, Averell H, Sokol, Ronald J, ChiLDReN, Alonso, Estella, Bass, Lee, Kelly, Susan, Riordan, Mary, Melin-Aldana, Hector, Bezerra, Jorge, Bove, Kevin, Heubi, James, Miethke, Alexander, Tiao, Greg, Denlinger, Julie, Chapman, Erin, Sokol, Ronald, Feldman, Amy, Mack, Cara, Narkewicz, Michael, Suchy, Frederick, Sundaram, Shikha, Van Hove, Johan, Garcia, Benigno, Kauma, Mikaela, Kocher, Kendra, Steinbeiss, Matthew, Lovell, Mark, Loomes, Kathleen, Piccoli, David, Rand, Elizabeth, Russo, Pierre, Spinner, Nancy, Erlichman, Jessi, Stalford, Samantha, Pakstis, Dina, King, Sakya, Squires, Robert, Sindhi, Rakesh, Venkat, Veena, Bukauskas, Kathy, McKiernan, Patrick, Haberstroh, Lori, Squires, James, Bull, Laura, Curry, Joanna, Langlois, Camille, Kim, Grace, Teckman, Jeffery, Kociela, Vikki, Nagy, Rosemary, Patel, Shraddha, Cerkoski, Jacqueline, Bozic, Molly, Subbarao, Girish, Klipsch, Ann, Sawyers, Cindy, Cummings, Oscar, Horslen, Simon, Murray, Karen, Hsu, Evelyn, Cooper, Kara, Young, Melissa, Finn, Laura, Kamath, Binita, Ng, Vicky, Quammie, Claudia, Putra, Juan, Sharma, Deepika, Parmar, Aishwarya, Guthery, Stephen, Jensen, Kyle, Rutherford, Ann, Lowichik, Amy, Book, Linda, Meyers, Rebecka, Hall, Tyler, Wang, Kasper, Michail, Sonia, Thomas, Danny, Goodhue, Catherine, Kohli, Rohit, Wang, Larry, and Soufi, Nisreen

Subjects
Paediatrics, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Digestive Diseases, Liver Disease, Pediatric, Hypertension, Clinical Research, Rare Diseases, Transplantation, Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Oral and gastrointestinal, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cholestasis, Intrahepatic, Disease Progression, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Portal, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Liver Transplantation, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Young Adult, alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency, ChiLDReN, cirrhosis, jaundice, liver enzymes, liver transplant, metabolic liver disease, Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Pediatrics
Abstract

ObjectivesTo identify predictors of portal hypertension, liver transplantation, and death in North American youth with alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, and compare with patients with AAT deficiency elsewhere.Study designThe Childhood Liver Disease Research Network Longitudinal Observational Study of Genetic Causes of Intrahepatic Cholestasis is a prospective, cohort study of pediatric cholestatic liver diseases, including AAT deficiency, enrolling PIZZ and PISZ subjects 0-25 years of age seen since November 2007 at 17 tertiary care centers in the US and Canada. Data from standard-of-care baseline and annual follow-up visits were recorded from medical records, history, physical examination, and laboratory studies. Participants with portal hypertension were identified based on data collected.ResultsWe enrolled 350 participants (60% male) with a native liver; 278 (79%) entered the cohort without portal hypertension and 18 developed portal hypertension during follow-up. Thirty participants required liver transplantation; 2 patients died during 1077 person-years of follow-up. There was no difference in participants with or without preceding neonatal cholestasis progressing to transplantation or death during the study (12% vs 7%; P = .09), or in experiencing portal hypertension (28% vs 21%; P = .16); the hazard ratio for neonatal cholestasis leading to portal hypertension was P = .04. Development of portal hypertension was associated with a reduced height Z-score.ConclusionsPortal hypertension in youth with AAT deficiency impacts growth measures. Progression to liver transplantation is slow and death is rare, but the risk of complications and severe liver disease progression persists throughout childhood. A history of neonatal cholestasis is a weak predictor of severe disease.

Published
2020

403. Faecalibacterium duncaniae as a novel next generation probiotic against influenza

Author

Loïc Chollet, Séverine Heumel, Lucie Deruyter, Fabrice Bouilloux, Lou Delval, Véronique Robert, Marie-Hélène Gevaert, Muriel Pichavant, Valentin Sencio, Cyril Robil, Isabelle Wolowczuk, Harry Sokol, Sandrine Auger, Alexandre Douablin, Philippe Langella, Jean-Marc Chatel, Corinne Grangette, and François Trottein

Subjects
influenza, live biotherapeutic products, Faecalibacterium, interferons, microbiota, SCFAs, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607
Abstract

The gut-lung axis is critical during viral respiratory infections such as influenza. Gut dysbiosis during infection translates into a massive drop of microbially produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Among them, butyrate is important during influenza suggesting that microbiome-based therapeutics targeting butyrate might hold promises. The butyrate-producing bacterium Faecalibacterium duncaniae (formerly referred to as F. prausnitzii) is an emerging probiotic with several health-promoting characteristics. To investigate the potential effects of F. duncaniae on influenza outcomes, mice were gavaged with live F. duncaniae (A2-165 or I-4574 strains) five days before infection. Supplementation of F. duncaniae was associated with less severe disease, a lower pulmonary viral load, and lower levels of lung inflammation. F. duncaniae supplementation impacted on gut dysbiosis induced by infection, as assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Interestingly, F. duncaniae administration was associated with a recovery in levels of SCFAs (including butyrate) in infected animals. The live form of F. duncaniae was more potent that the pasteurized form in improving influenza outcomes. Lastly, F. duncaniae partially protected against secondary (systemic) bacterial infection. We conclude that F. duncaniae might serve as a novel next generation probiotic against acute viral respiratory diseases.

Published
2024
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404. Prognostic value of lung ultrasound score performed in the Emergency Department in COVID-19 patients: a prospective multicenter study in central Italy

Author

Greta Barbieri, Stefano De Vuono, Luna Gargani, Sokol Berisha, Stefano Spinelli, Chiara Del Carlo, Chiara Deri, Gennaro D'Angelo, Paolo Groff, and Lorenzo Ghiadoni

Subjects
COVID-19, pneumonia, Ultrasound, emergency department, lung ultrasound, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an essential tool for respiratory disease differential diagnosis at Emergency Department (ED), due to easy applicability and safety. During Sars-Cov 2 pandemic, LUS was widely used in every setting. This study aims to demonstrate the prognostic role of LUS independently of other factors and the identification of an LUS score cut-off to be applied in the ED. A multi-center prospective study was conducted on 285 patients, 123 from Pisa University Hospital, 162 from S. Maria Misericordia Hospital of Perugia. All patients received LUS examination by expert sonographers within 48 hours of admission with the same methodology. Univariate logistic analysis demonstrated that LUS is a mortality predictor, OR 2.8 (CL1.5-5.1). Using LUS score cut-off 1.3, the OR was 6.7 (CL2.7-1.6). In multivariate logistic analysis, LUS score significantly predicted death, independently of other factors. ROC curves comparison demonstrated that the introduction of LUS score

Published
2024
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405. Immunomodulators for immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsResearch in context

Author

Ilias I. Siempos, Andre C. Kalil, Drifa Belhadi, Viviane Cordeiro Veiga, Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti, Westyn Branch-Elliman, Eleni Papoutsi, Konstantinos Gkirgkiris, Nikoleta A. Xixi, Anastasia Kotanidou, Olivier Hermine, Raphaël Porcher, Xavier Mariette, Philippe Ravaud, Serge Bureau, Maxime Dougados, Matthieu Resche-Rigon, Pierre-Louis Tharaux, Annick Tibi, Elie Azoulay, Jacques Cadranel, Joseph Emmerich, Muriel Fartoukh, Bertrand Guidet, Marc Humbert, Karine Lacombe, Matthieu Mahevas, Frédéric Pene, Valerie Pourchet-Martinez, Frédéric Schlemmer, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Gabriel Baron, Elodie Perrodeau, Damien Vanhoye, Cécile Kedzia, Lauren Demerville, Anne Gysembergh-Houal, Alexandre Bourgoin, Nabil Raked, Lakhdar Mameri, Claire Montlahuc, Lucie Biard, St.phanie Alary, Samir Hamiria, Thinhinane Bariz, Hala Semri, Dhiaa Meriem Hai, Moustafa Benafla, Mohamed Belloul, Pernelle Vauboin, Saskia Flamand, Claire Pacheco, Anouk Walter-Petrich, Emilia Stan, Souad Benarab, Corine Nyanou, Robin Charreteur, Céline Dupre, Kévin Cardet, Blandine Lehmann, Kamyl Baghli, Claire Madelaine, Eric D'Ortenzio, Oriane Puéchal, Caroline Semaille, Laurent Savale, Anatole Harrois, Samy Figueiredo, Jacques Duranteau, Nadia Anguel, Arthur Pavot, Xavier Monnet, Christian Richard, Jean-Louis Teboul, Philippe Durand, Pierre Tissieres, Mitja Jevnikar, David Montani, Stephan Pavy, Gaétane Nocturne, Samuel Bitoun, Nicolas Noel, Olivier Lambotte, Lelia Escaut, Stephane Jauréguiberry, Elodie Baudry, Christiane Verny, Edouard Lefevre, Mohamad Zaidan, Domitille Molinari, Gaël Leprun, Alain Fourreau, Laurent Cylly, Lamiae Grimaldi, Myriam Virlouvet, Ramdane Meftali, Soléne Fabre, Marion Licois, Asmaa Mamoune, Yacine Boudali, Clotilde Le Tiec, Céline Verstuyft, Anne-Marie Roques, Sophie Georgin-Lavialle, Patricia Senet, Gilles Pialoux, Angele Soria, Antoine Parrot, Helene François, Nathalie Rozensztajn, Emmanuelle Blin, Pascaline Choinier, Juliette Camuset, Jean-Simon Rech, Antony Canellas, Camille Rolland-Debord, Nadege Lemarié, Nicolas Belaube, Marine Nadal, Martin Siguier, Camille Petit-Hoang, Julie Chas, Elodie Drouet, Matthieu Lemoine, Audrey Phibel, Lucie Aunay, Eliane Bertrand, Sylviane Ravato, Marie Vayssettes, Anne Adda, Celine Wilpotte, Pélagie Thibaut, Julie Fillon, Isabelle Debrix, Soraya Fellahi, Jean-Philippe Bastard, Guillaume Lefévre, Jacques-Eric Gottenberg, Yves Hansmann, Frédéric Blanc, Sophie Ohlmann-Caillard, Vincent Castelain, Emmanuel Chatelus, Eva Chatron, Olivier Collange, François Danion, Frédéric De Blay, Pierre Diemunsch, Sophie Diemunsch, Renaud Felten, Bernard Goichot, Valentin Greigert, Aurelien Guffroy, Bob Heger, Charlotte Kaeuffer, Loic Kassegne, Anne Sophie Korganow, Pierrick Le Borgne, Nicolas Lefebvre, Paul-Michel Mertes, Eric Noll, Mathieu Oberlin, Vincent Poindron, Julien Pottecher, Yvon Ruch, François Weill, Nicolas Meyer, Emmanuel Andres, Eric Demonsant, Hakim Tayebi, Gabriel Nisand, Stéphane Brin, Cédric Sublon, Guillaume Becker, Anne Hutt, Tristan Martin, Sophie Bayer, Catherine Metzger, Arsene Mekinian, Noémie Abisror, Amir Adedjouma, Diane Bollens, Marion Bonneton, Nathalie Bourcicaux, Anne Bourrier, Maria Chauchard Thibault Chiarabiani, Doroth.e Chopin, Jonathan Cohen, Ines Devred, Bruno Donadille, Olivier Fain, Geoffrey Hariri, Vincent Jachiet, Patrick Ingliz, Marc Garnier, Marc Gatfosse, Etienne Ghrenassia, Delphine Gobert, Jessica Krause le Garrec, Cecilia Landman, Jean Remy Lavillegrand, Benedicte Lefebvre, Thibault Mahevas, Sandie Mazerand, Jean Luc Meynard, Marjolaine Morgand, Zineb Ouaz.ne, Jerome Pacanowski, S.bastien Riviere, Philippe Seksik, Harry Sokol, Heithem Soliman, Nadia Valin, Thomas Urbina, Chloé McAvoy, Maria Pereira Miranda, Gladys Aratus, Laurence Berard, Tabassome Simon, Anne Daguenel Nguyen, Elise Girault, Cl.mentine Mayala-Kanda, Marie Antignac, Céline Leplay, Jean-Benoit Arlet, Jean-Luc Diehl, Florence Bellenfant, Anne Blanchard, Alexandre Buffet, Bernard Cholley, Antoine Fayol, Edouard Flamarion, Anne Godier, Thomas Gorget, Sophie-Rym Hamada, Caroline Hauw-Berlemont, Jean-Sébastien Hulot, David Lebeaux, Marine Livrozet, Adrien Michon, Arthur Neuschwander, Marie-Aude Pennet, Benjamin Planquette, Brigitte Ranque, Olivier Sanchez, Geoffroy Volle, Sandrine Briois, Mathias Cornic, Virginie Elisee, Jesuthasan Denis, Juliette Djadi-Prat, Pauline Jouany, Ramon Junquera, Mickael Henriques, Amina Kebir, Isabelle Lehir, Jeanne Meunier, Florence Patin, Val.rie Paquet, Anne Tréhan, Véronique Vigna, Brigitte Sabatier, Damien Bergerot, Charléne Jouve, Camille Knosp, Olivia Lenoir, Nassim Mahtal, Léa Resmini, Xavier Lescure, Jade Ghosn, Antoine Bachelard, Anne Rachline, Valentina Isernia, Bao-chau, Phung, Dorothée Vallois, Aurelie Sautereau, Catherine Neukrich, Antoine Dossier, Raphaël Borie, Bruno Crestani, Gregory Ducrocq, Philippe Gabriel Steg, Philippe Dieude, Thomas Papo, Estelle Marcault, Marhaba Chaudhry, Charléne Da Silveira, Annabelle Metois, Ismahan Mahenni, Meriam Meziani, Cyndie Nilusmas, Sylvie Le Gac, Awa Ndiaye, Fran.oise Louni, Malikhone Chansombat, Zelie Julia, Solaya Chalal, Lynda Chalal, Laura Kramer, Jeniffer Le Grand, Kafif Ouifiya, Valentine Piquard, Sarah Tubiana, Yann Nguyen, Vasco Honsel, Emmanuel Weiss, Anais Codorniu, Virginie Zarrouk, Victoire de Lastours, Matthieu Uzzan, Naura Gamany, Agathe Claveirole, Alexandre Navid, Tiffanie Fouque, Yonathan Cohen, Maya Lupo, Constance Gilles, Roza Rahli, Zeina Louis, David Boutboul, Lionel Galicier, Yaël Amara, Gabrielle Archer, Amira Benattia, Anne Bergeron, Louise Bondeelle, Nathalie de Castro, Melissa Clément, Michaël Darmon, Blandine Denis, Clairelyne Dupin, Elsa Feredj, Delphine Feyeux, Adrien Joseph, Etienne Lenglin, Pierre Le Guen, Geoffroy Liégeon, Gwenaël Lorillon, Asma Mabrouki, Eric Mariotte, Grégoire Martin de Frémont, Adrien Mirouse, Jean-Michel Molina, Régis Peffault de Latour, Eric Oksenhendler, Julien Saussereau, Abdellatif Tazi, Jean-Jacques Tudesq, Lara Zafrani, Isabelle Brindele, Emmanuelle Bugnet, Karine Celli Lebras, Julien Chabert, Lamia Djaghout, Catherine Fauvaux, Anne Lise Jegu, Ewa Kozakiewicz, Martine Meunier, Marie-Thérèse Tremorin, Claire Davoine, Isabelle Madelaine, Sophie Caillat-Zucman, Constance Delaugerre, Florence Morin, Damien Sène, Ruxandra Burlacu, Benjamin Chousterman, Bruno Mégarbanne, Pascal Richette, Jean-Pierre Riveline, Aline Frazier, Eric Vicaut, Laure Berton, Tassadit Hadjam, Miguel Alejandro Vazquez-Ibarra, Clément Jourdaine, Olivia Tran, Véronique Jouis, Aude Jacob, Julie Smati, Stéphane Renaud, Claire Pernin, Lydia Suarez, Luca Semerano, Sébastien Abad, Ruben B. nainous, Nicolas Bonnet, Celine Comparon, Yves Cohen, Hugues Cordel, Robin Dhote, Nathalie Dournon, Boris Duchemann, Nathan Ebstein, Thomas Gille, Benedicte Giroux-Leprieur, Jeanne Goupil de Bouille, Hilario Nunes, Johanna Oziel, Dominique Roulot, Lucile Sese, ClaireTantet, Yurdagul Uzunhan, Coralie Bloch-Queyrat, Vincent Levy, Fadhila Messani, Mohammed Rahaoui, Myléne Petit, Sabrina Brahmi, Vanessa Rathoin, Marthe Rigal, Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau, Liem Binh Luong, Zakaria Ait Hamou, Sarah Benghanem, Philippe Blanche, Nicolas Carlier, Benjamin Chaigne, Remy Gauzit, Hassan Joumaa, Mathieu Jozwiak, Marie Lachétre, Hélène Lafoeste, Odie Launay, Paul Legendre, Jonathan Marey, Caroline Morbieu, Lola-Jade Palmieri, Tali-Anne Szwebel, Hendy Abdoul, Alexandra Bruneau, Audrey Beclin-Clabaux, Charly Larrieu, Pierre Montanari, Eric Dufour, Ada Clarke, Catherine Le Bourlout, Nathalie Marin, Nathalie Menage, Samira Saleh-Mghir, Mamadou Salif Cisse, Kahina Cheref, Corinne Guerin, Jérémie Zerbit, Marc Michel, Sébastien Gallien, Etienne Crickx, Benjamin Le Vavasseur, Emmanuelle Kempf, Karim Jaffal, William Vindrios, Julie Oniszczuk, Constance Guillaud, Pascal Lim, Elena Fois, Giovanna Melica, Marie Matignon, Maud Jalabert, Jean-Daniel Lelièvre, David Schmitz, Marion Bourhis, Sylia Belazouz, Laetitia Languille, Caroline Boucle, Nelly Cita, Agnés Didier, Fahem Froura, Katia Ledudal, Thiziri Sadaoui, Alaki Thiemele, Delphine Le Febvre De Bailly, Muriel Carvhalo Verlinde, Julien Mayaux, Patrice Cacoub, David Saadoun, Mathieu Vautier, Héléne Bugaut, Olivier Benveniste, Yves Allenbach, Gaëlle Leroux, Aude Rigolet, Perrine Guillaume-Jugnot, Fanny Domont, Anne Claire Desbois, Chloé Comarmond, Nicolas Champtiaux, Segolene Toquet, Amine Ghembaza, Matheus Vieira, Georgina Maalouf, Goncalo Boleto, Yasmina Ferfar, Jean-Christophe Corvol, C.line Louapre, Sara Sambin, Louise-Laure Mariani, Carine Karachi, Florence Tubach, Candice Estellat, Linda Gimeno, Karine Martin, Aicha Bah, Vixra Keo, Sabrine Ouamri, Yasmine Messaoudi, Nessima Yelles, Pierre Faye, Sebastien Cavelot, Cecile Larcheveque, Laurence Annonay, Jaouad Benhida, Aida Zahrate-Ghoul, Soumeya Hammal, Ridha Belilita, Fanny Charbonnier, Claire Aguilar, Fanny Alby-Laurent, Carole Burger, Clara Campos-Vega, Nathalie Chavarot, Benjamin Fournier, Claire Rouzaud, Damien Vimpére, Caroline Elie, Prissile Bakouboula, Laure Choupeaux, Sophie Granville, Elodie Issorat, Christine Broissand, Marie-Alexandra Alyanakian, Guillaume Geri, Nawal Derridj, Naima Sguiouar, Hakim Meddah, Mourad Djadel, Héléne Chambrin-Lauvray, Jean-Charles Duclos-vallée, Faouzi Saliba, Sophie-Caroline Sacleux, Ilias Kounis, Sonia Tamazirt, Eric Rudant, Jean-Marie Michot, Annabelle Stoclin, Emeline Colomba, Fanny Pommeret, Christophe Willekens, Rosa Da Silva, Valérie Dejean, Yasmina Mekid, Ines Ben-Mabrouk, Florence Netzer, Caroline Pradon, Laurence Drouard, Valérie Camara-Clayette, Alexandre Morel, Gilles Garcia, Abolfazl Mohebbi, Férial Berbour, Mélanie Dehais, Anne-Lise Pouliquen, Alison Klasen, Loren Soyez-Herkert, Jonathan London, Younes Keroumi, Emmanuelle Guillot, Guillaume Grailles, Younes El amine, Fanny Defrancq, Hanane Fodil, Chaouki Bouras, Dominique Dautel, Nicolas Gambier, Thierno Dieye, Boris Bienvenu, Victor Lancon, Laurence Lecomte, Kristina Beziriganyan, Belkacem Asselate, Laure Allanic, Elena Kiouris, Marie-Héléne Legros, Christine Lemagner, Pascal Martel, Vincent Provitolo, Félix Ackermann, Mathilde Le Marchand, Aurélie Chan Hew Wai, Dimitri Fremont, Elisabeth Coupez, Mireille Adda, Frédéric Duée, Lise Bernard, Antoine Gros, Estelle Henry, Claire Courtin, Anne Pattyn, Pierre-Grégoire Guinot, Marc Bardou, Agnes Maurer, Julie Jambon, Amélie Cransac, Corinne Pernot, Bruno Mourvillier, Eric Marquis, Philippe Benoit, Damien Roux, Coralie Gernez, Cécile Yelnik, Julien Poissy, Mandy Nizard, Fanette Denies, Helene Gros, Jean-Jacques Mourad, Emmanuelle Sacco, Sophie Renet, F. Ader, Y. Yazdanpanah, F. Mentre, N. Peiffer-Smadja, F.X. Lescure, J. Poissy, L. Bouadma, J.F. Timsit, B. Lina, F. Morfin-Sherpa, M. Bouscambert, A. Gaymard, G. Peytavin, L. Abel, J. Guedj, C. Andrejak, C. Burdet, C. Laouenan, D. Belhadi, A. Dupont, T. Alfaiate, B. Basli, A. Chair, S. Laribi, J. Level, M. Schneider, M.C. Tellier, A. Dechanet, D. Costagliola, B. Terrier, M. Ohana, S. Couffin-Cadiergues, H. Esperou, C. Delmas, J. Saillard, C. Fougerou, L. Moinot, L. Wittkop, C. Cagnot, S. Le Mestre, D. Lebrasseur-Longuet, V. Petrov-Sanchez, A. Diallo, N. Mercier, V. Icard, B. Leveau, S. Tubiana, B. Hamze, A. Gelley, M. Noret, E. D’Ortenzio, O. Puechal, C. Semaille, T. Welte, J.A. Paiva, M. Halanova, M.P. Kieny, E. Balssa, C. Birkle, S. Gibowski, E. Landry, A. Le Goff, L. Moachon, C. Moins, L. Wadouachi, C. Paul, A. Levier, D. Bougon, F. Djossou, L. Epelboin, J. Dellamonica, C.H. Marquette, C. Robert, S. Gibot, E. Senneville, V. Jean-Michel, Y. Zerbib, C. Chirouze, A. Boyer, C. Cazanave, D. Gruson, D. Malvy, P. Andreu, J.P. Quenot, N. Terzi, K. Faure, C. Chabartier, V. Le Moing, K. Klouche, T. Ferry, F, Valour, B. Gaborit, E. Canet, P. Le Turnier, D. Boutoille, F. Bani-Sadr, F. Benezit, M. Revest, C. Cameli, A. Caro, MJ Ngo Um Tegue, Y. Le Tulzo, B. Laviolle, F. Laine, G. Thiery, F. Meziani, Y. Hansmann, W. Oulehri, C. Tacquard, F. Vardon-Bounes, B. Riu-Poulenc, M. Murris-Espin, L. Bernard, D. Garot, O. Hinschberger, M. Martinot, C. Bruel, B. Pilmis, O. Bouchaud, P. Loubet, C. Roger, X. Monnet, S. Figueiredo, V. Godard, J.P. Mira, M. Lachatre, S. Kerneis, J. Aboab, N. Sayre, F. Crockett, D. Lebeaux, A. Buffet, J.L. Diehl, A. Fayol, J.S. Hulot, M. Livrozet, A Mekontso- Dessap, C. Ficko, F. Stefan, J. Le Pavec, J. Mayaux, H. Ait-Oufella, J.M. Molina, G. Pialoux, M. Fartoukh, J. Textoris, M. Brossard, A. Essat, E. Netzer, Y. Riault, M. Ghislain, L. Beniguel, M. Genin, L. Gouichiche, C. Betard, L. Belkhir, A. Altdorfer, V Fraipont Centro, S. Braz, JM Ferreira Ribeiro, R Roncon Alburqueque, M. Berna, M. Alexandre, B. Lamprecht, A. Egle, R. Greil, M. Joannidis, Thomas F. Patterson, Philip O. Ponce, Barbara S. Taylor, Jan E. Patterson, Jason E. Bowling, Heta Javeri, LuAnn Larson, Angela Hewlett, Aneesh K. Mehta, Nadine G. Rouphael, Youssef Saklawi, Nicholas Scanlon, Jessica J. Traenkner, Ronald P. Trible, Jr., Emmanuel B. Walter, Noel Ivey, Thomas L. Holland, Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios, Alfredo Ponce de León, Sandra Rajme, Lanny Hsieh, Alpesh N. Amin, Miki Watanabe, Helen S. Lee, Susan Kline, Joanne Billings, Brooke Noren, Hyun Kim, Tyler D. Bold, Victor Tapson, Jonathan Grein, Fayyaz Sutterwala, Nicole Iovine, Lars K. Beattie, Rebecca Murray Wakeman, Matthew Shaw, Mamta K. Jain, Satish Mocherla, Jessica Meisner, Amneris Luque, Daniel A. Sweeney, Constance A. Benson, Farhana Ali, Robert L. Atmar, Hana M. El Sahly, Jennifer Whitaker, Ann R. Falsey, Angela R. Branche, Cheryl Rozario, Justino Regalado Pineda, José Arturo Martinez-Orozco, David Chien Lye, Sean WX. Ong, Po Ying Chia, Barnaby E. Young, Uriel Sandkovsky, Mezgebe Berhe, Clinton Haley, Emma Dishner, Valeria D. Cantos, Colleen F. Kelley, Paulina A. Rebolledo Esteinou, Sheetal Kandiah, Sarah B. Doernberg, Pierre-Cedric B. Crouch, Hannah Jang, Anne F. Luetkemeyer, Jay Dwyer, Stuart H. Cohen, George R. Thompson, 3rd, Hien H. Nguyen, Robert W. Finberg, Jennifer P. Wang, Juan Perez-Velazquez, Mireya Wessolossky, Patrick E.H. Jackson, Taison D. Bell, Miranda J. West, Babafemi Taiwo, Karen Krueger, Johnny Perez, Triniece Pearson, Catharine I. Paules, Kathleen G. Julian, Danish Ahmad, Alexander G. Hajduczok, Henry Arguinchona, Christa Arguinchona, Nathaniel Erdmann, Paul Goepfert, Neera Ahuja, Maria G. Frank, David Wyles, Heather Young, Myoung-don Oh, Wan Beom Park, Chang Kyung Kang, Vincent Marconi, Abeer Moanna, Sushma Cribbs, Telisha Harrison, Eu Suk Kim, Jongtak Jung, Kyoung-Ho Song, Hong Bin Kim, Seow Yen Tan, Humaira Shafi, MF Jaime Chien, Raymond KC. Fong, Daniel D. Murray, Jens Lundgren, Henrik Nielsen, Tomas Jensen, Barry S. Zingman, Robert Grossberg, Paul F. Riska, Otto O. Yang, Jenny Ahn, Rubi Arias, Rekha R. Rapaka, Naomi Hauser, James D. Campbell, William R. Short, Pablo Tebas, Jillian T. Baron, Susan L.F. McLellan, Lucas S. Blanton, Justin B. Seashore, C. Buddy Creech, Todd W. Rice, Shannon Walker, Isaac P. Thomsen, Diego Lopez de Castilla, Jason W. Van Winkle, Francis X. Riedo, Surinder Kaur Pada, Alvin DY. Wang, Li Lin, Michelle Harkins, Gregory Mertz, Nestor Sosa, Louis Yi Ann Chai, Paul Anantharajah Tambyah, Sai Meng Tham, Sophia Archuleta, Gabriel Yan, David A. Lindholm, Ana Elizabeth Markelz, Katrin Mende, Richard Mularski, Elizabeth Hohmann, Mariam Torres-Soto, Nikolaus Jilg, Ryan C. Maves, Gregory C. Utz, Sarah L. George, Daniel F. Hoft, James D. Brien, Roger Paredes, Lourdes Mateu, Cora Loste, Princy Kumar, Sarah Thornton, Sharmila Mohanraj, Noreen A. Hynes, Lauren M. Sauer, Christopher J. Colombo, Christina Schofield, Rhonda E. Colombo, Susan E. Chambers, Richard M. Novak, Andrea Wendrow, Samir K. Gupta, Tida Lee, Tahaniyat Lalani, Mark Holodniy, Aarthi Chary, Nikhil Huprikar, Anuradha Ganesan, Norio Ohmagari, Ayako Mikami, D. Ashley Price, Christopher J.A. Duncan, Kerry Dierberg, Henry J. Neumann, Stephanie N. Taylor, Alisha Lacour, Najy Masri, Edwin Swiatlo, Kyle Widmer, James D. Neaton, Mary Bessesen, David S. Stephens, Timothy H. Burgess, Timothy M. Uyeki, Robert Walker, G. Lynn Marks, Anu Osinusi, Huyen Cao, Anabela Cardoso, Stephanie de Bono, Douglas E. Schlichting, Kevin K. Chung, Jennifer L. Ferreira, Michelle Green, Mat Makowski, Michael R. Wierzbicki, Tom M. Conrad, Jill Ann El-Khorazaty, Heather Hill, Tyler Bonnett, Nikki Gettinger, Theresa Engel, Teri Lewis, Jing Wang, John H. Beigel, Kay M. Tomashek, Varduhi Ghazaryan, Tatiana Beresnev, Seema Nayak, Lori E. Dodd, Walla Dempsey, Effie Nomicos, Marina Lee, Rhonda Pikaart-Tautges, Mohamed Elsafy, Robert Jurao, Hyung Koo, Michael Proschan, Tammy Yokum, Janice Arega, Ruth Florese, Jocelyn D. Voell, Richard Davey, Ruth C. Serrano, Zanthia Wiley, Varun K. Phadke, Paul A. Goepfert, Carlos A. Gomez, Theresa A. Sofarelli, Laura Certain, Hannah N. Imlay, Cameron R. Wolfe, Emily R. Ko, John J. Engemann, Nora Bautista Felix, Claire R. Wan, Sammy T. Elmor, Laurel R. Bristow, Michelle S. Harkins, Nicole M. Iovine, Marie-Carmelle Elie-Turenne, Victor F. Tapson, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Richard A. Mularski, Kevin S. Rhie, Rezhan H. Hussein, Dilek Ince, Patricia L. Winokur, Jin Takasaki, Sho Saito, Kimberly McConnell, PharmD, David L. Wyles, Ellen Sarcone, Kevin A. Grimes, Katherine Perez, Charles Janak, Jennifer A. Whitaker, Paulina A. Rebolledo, John Gharbin, Allison A. Lambert, Diego F. Zea, Emma Bainbridge, David C. Hostler, Jordanna M. Hostler, Brian T. Shahan, Evelyn Ling, Minjoung Go, Fleesie A. Hubbard, Melony Chakrabarty, Maryrose Laguio-Vila, Edward E. Walsh, Faheem Guirgis, Vincent C. Marconi, Christian Madar, Scott A. Borgetti, Corri Levine, Joy Nock, Keith Candiotti, Julia Rozman, Fernando Dangond, Yann Hyvert, Andrea Seitzinger, Kaitlyn Cross, Stephanie Pettibone, Seema U. Nayak, and Gregory A. Deye

Subjects
Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, Pneumonia, Critically ill, Cancer, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Summary: Background: Although immunomodulators have established benefit against the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in general, it is uncertain whether such agents improve outcomes without increasing the risk of secondary infections in the specific subgroup of previously immunocompromised patients. We assessed the effect of immunomodulators on outcomes of immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods: The protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022335397). MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and references of relevant articles were searched up to 01-06-2022. Authors of potentially eligible randomized controlled trials were contacted to provide data on immunocompromised patients randomized to immunomodulators vs control (i.e., placebo or standard-of-care). Findings: Eleven randomized controlled trials involving 397 immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19 were included. Ten trials had low risk of bias. There was no difference between immunocompromised patients randomized to immunomodulators vs control regarding mortality [30/182 (16.5%) vs 41/215 (19.1%); RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.61–1.41; p = 0.74], secondary infections (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.64–1.58; p = 0.99) and change in World Health Organization ordinal scale from baseline to day 15 (weighed mean difference 0.27, 95% CI -0.09–0.63; p = 0.15). In subgroup analyses including only patients with hematologic malignancy, only trials with low risk of bias, only trials administering IL-6 inhibitors, or only trials administering immunosuppressants, there was no difference between comparators regarding mortality. Interpretation: Immunomodulators, compared to control, were not associated with harmful or beneficial outcomes, including mortality, secondary infections, and change in ordinal scale, when administered to immunocompromised patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Funding: Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation.

Published
2024
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406. Tropical Cirrus Are Highly Sensitive to Ice Microphysics Within a Nudged Global Storm‐Resolving Model

Author

R. L. Atlas, C. S. Bretherton, A. B. Sokol, P. N. Blossey, and M. F. Khairoutdinov

Subjects
global storm‐resolving model, global cloud‐resolving model, anvil, tropical cirrus, ice microphysics, longwave cloud radiative effect, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

Abstract Cirrus dominate the longwave radiative budget of the tropics. For the first time, the variability in cirrus properties and longwave cloud radiative effects (CREs) that arises from using different microphysical schemes within nudged global storm‐resolving simulations from a single model, is quantified. Nudging allows us to compute radiative biases precisely using coincident satellite measurements and to fix the large‐scale dynamics across our set of simulations to isolate the influence of microphysics. We run 5‐day simulations with four commonly‐used microphysics schemes of varying complexity (SAM1MOM, Thompson, M2005 and P3) and find that the tropical average longwave CRE varies over 20 W m−2 between schemes. P3 best reproduces observed longwave CRE. M2005 and P3 simulate cirrus with realistic frozen water path but unrealistically high ice crystal number concentrations which commonly hit limiters and lack the variability and dependence on frozen water content seen in aircraft observations. Thompson and SAM1MOM have too little cirrus.

Published
2024
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408. Multiple timescales of temporal context in risky choice: Behavioral identification and relationships to physiological arousal.

Author

Hayley R Brooks and Peter Sokol-Hessner

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Context-dependence is fundamental to risky monetary decision-making. A growing body of evidence suggests that temporal context, or recent events, alters risk-taking at a minimum of three timescales: immediate (e.g. trial-by-trial), neighborhood (e.g. a group of consecutive trials), and global (e.g. task-level). To examine context effects, we created a novel monetary choice set with intentional temporal structure in which option values shifted between multiple levels of value magnitude ("contexts") several times over the course of the task. This structure allowed us to examine whether effects of each timescale were simultaneously present in risky choice behavior and the potential mechanistic role of arousal, an established correlate of risk-taking, in context-dependency. We found that risk-taking was sensitive to immediate, neighborhood, and global timescales: risk-taking decreased following large (vs. small) outcome amounts, increased following large positive (but not negative) shifts in context, and increased when cumulative earnings exceeded expectations. We quantified arousal with skin conductance responses, which were related to the global timescale, increasing with cumulative earnings, suggesting that physiological arousal captures a task-level assessment of performance. Our results both replicate and extend prior research by demonstrating that risky decision-making is consistently dynamic at multiple timescales and that the role of arousal in risk-taking extends to some, but not all timescales of context-dependence.

Published
2024
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409. On 1/n neural representation and robustness

Author

Nassar, Josue, Sokol, Piotr Aleksander, Chung, SueYeon, Harris, Kenneth D., and Park, Il Memming

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Understanding the nature of representation in neural networks is a goal shared by neuroscience and machine learning. It is therefore exciting that both fields converge not only on shared questions but also on similar approaches. A pressing question in these areas is understanding how the structure of the representation used by neural networks affects both their generalization, and robustness to perturbations. In this work, we investigate the latter by juxtaposing experimental results regarding the covariance spectrum of neural representations in the mouse V1 (Stringer et al) with artificial neural networks. We use adversarial robustness to probe Stringer et al's theory regarding the causal role of a 1/n covariance spectrum. We empirically investigate the benefits such a neural code confers in neural networks, and illuminate its role in multi-layer architectures. Our results show that imposing the experimentally observed structure on artificial neural networks makes them more robust to adversarial attacks. Moreover, our findings complement the existing theory relating wide neural networks to kernel methods, by showing the role of intermediate representations.

Published
2020

410. A deep learning classifier for local ancestry inference

Author

Aguirre, Matthew, Sokol, Jan, Venkataraman, Guhan, and Ioannidis, Alexander

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Genomics, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Abstract

Local ancestry inference (LAI) identifies the ancestry of each segment of an individual's genome and is an important step in medical and population genetic studies of diverse cohorts. Several techniques have been used for LAI, including Hidden Markov Models and Random Forests. Here, we formulate the LAI task as an image segmentation problem and develop a new LAI tool using a deep convolutional neural network with an encoder-decoder architecture. We train our model using complete genome sequences from 982 unadmixed individuals from each of five continental ancestry groups, and we evaluate it using simulated admixed data derived from an additional 279 individuals selected from the same populations. We show that our model is able to learn admixture as a zero-shot task, yielding ancestry assignments that are nearly as accurate as those from the existing gold standard tool, RFMix., Comment: Accepted to Learning Meaningful Representations of Life (LMRL), Workshop at the 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020), Vancouver, Canada

Published
2020

411. An integral Suzuki-type fixed point theorem with application

Author

Kaliaj, Sokol Bush

Subjects
Mathematics - Functional Analysis
Abstract

In this paper, we present an integral Suzuki-type fixed point theorem for multivalued mappings defined on a complete metric space in terms of the \'{C}iri\'{c} integral contractions. As an application, we will prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for a functional equation arising in dynamic programming of continuous multistage decision processes.

Published
2020

412. Interpretable Representations in Explainable AI: From Theory to Practice

Author

Sokol, Kacper and Flach, Peter

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

Interpretable representations are the backbone of many explainers that target black-box predictive systems based on artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. They translate the low-level data representation necessary for good predictive performance into high-level human-intelligible concepts used to convey the explanatory insights. Notably, the explanation type and its cognitive complexity are directly controlled by the interpretable representation, tweaking which allows to target a particular audience and use case. However, many explainers built upon interpretable representations overlook their merit and fall back on default solutions that often carry implicit assumptions, thereby degrading the explanatory power and reliability of such techniques. To address this problem, we study properties of interpretable representations that encode presence and absence of human-comprehensible concepts. We demonstrate how they are operationalised for tabular, image and text data; discuss their assumptions, strengths and weaknesses; identify their core building blocks; and scrutinise their configuration and parameterisation. In particular, this in-depth analysis allows us to pinpoint their explanatory properties, desiderata and scope for (malicious) manipulation in the context of tabular data where a linear model is used to quantify the influence of interpretable concepts on a black-box prediction. Our findings lead to a range of recommendations for designing trustworthy interpretable representations; specifically, the benefits of class-aware (supervised) discretisation of tabular data, e.g., with decision trees, and sensitivity of image interpretable representations to segmentation granularity and occlusion colour., Comment: Published in the *Special Issue on Explainable and Interpretable Machine Learning and Data Mining* of the Springer *Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery* journal

Published
2020
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413. Magnetic properties of $(Fe_{1-x}Mn_x)_2AlB_2$ and the impact of substitution on the magnetocaloric effect

Author

Potashnikov, D., Caspi, E. N., Pesach, A., Kota, S., Sokol, M., Hanner, L. A., Barsoum, M. W., Evans, H. A., Eyal, A., Keren, A., and Rivin, O.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

In this work, we investigate the magnetic structures of $(Fe_{1-x}Mn_x)_2AlB_2$ solid-solution quaternaries in the $x = 0$ to $1$ range using x-ray and neutron diffraction, magnetization measurements, and mean-field theory calculations. While $Fe_2AlB_2$ and $Mn_2AlB_2$ are known to be ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM), respectively, herein we focused on the magnetic structure of their solid solutions, which is not well understood. The FM ground state of $Fe_2AlB_2$ becomes a canted AFM at $x \approx 0.2$, with a monotonically diminishing FM component until $x \approx 0.5$. The FM transition temperature ($T_C$) decreases linearly with increasing $x$. These changes in magnetic moments and structures are reflected in anomalous expansions of the lattice parameters, indicating a magnetoelastic coupling. Lastly, the magnetocaloric properties of the solid solutions were explored. For $x = 0.2$ the isothermal entropy change is smaller by 30% than it is for $Fe_2AlB_2$, while the relative cooling power is larger by 6%, due to broadening of the temperature range of the transition., Comment: Final version as published in physical review materials

Published
2020
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414. Mapping the Future of Particle Radiobiology in Europe: The INSPIRE Project

Author

Henthorn, N. T., Sokol, O., Durante, M., De Marzi, L., Pouzoulet, F., Miszczyk, J., Olko, P., Brandenburg, S., van Goethem, M-J., Barazzuol, L., Tambas, M., Langendijk, J. A., Davidkova, M., Vondravcek, V., Bodenstein, E., Pawelke, J., Lomax, A., Weber, D. C., Dasu, A., Stenerlow, B., Poulsen, P. R., Sorensen, B. S., Grau, C., Sitarz, M. K., Heuskin, A-C, Lucas, S., Warmenhoven, J. W., Merchant, M. J., Mackay, R. I., and Kirkby, K. J.

Subjects
Physics - Medical Physics
Abstract

Particle therapy is a growing cancer treatment modality worldwide. However, there still remains a number of unanswered questions considering differences in the biological response between particles and photons. These questions, and probing of biological mechanisms in general, necessitate experimental investigation. The Infrastructure in Proton International Research (INSPIRE) project was created to provide an infrastructure for European research, unify research efforts on the topic of proton and ion therapy across Europe, and to facilitate the sharing of information and resources. This work highlights the radiobiological capabilities of the INSPIRE partners, providing details of physics (available particle types and energies), biology (sample preparation and post-irradiation analysis), and researcher access (the process of applying for beam time). The collection of information reported here is designed to provide researchers both in Europe and worldwide with the tools required to select the optimal center for their research needs. We also highlight areas of redundancy in capabilities and suggest areas for future investment., Comment: 18 pages

Published
2020

415. Dimensional Reduction of Helium-4 Inside Argon Plated MCM-41 Nanopores

Author

Nichols, Nathan, Prisk, Timothy R., Warren, Garfield, Sokol, Paul, and Del Maestro, Adrian

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

The angstrom-scale coherence length describing the superfluid wavefunction of helium-4 at low temperatures has prevented its preparation in a truly one-dimensional geometry. Mesoporous ordered silica-based structures, such as the molecular sieve MCM-41, offer a promising avenue towards physical confinement, but the minimal pore diameters that can be chemically synthesized have proven to be too large to reach the quasi-one-dimensional limit. We present an active nano-engineering approach to this problem by pre-plating MCM-41 with a single, well controlled layer of Ar gas before filling the pores with helium. The structure inside the pore is investigated via experimental adsorption isotherms and neutron scattering measurements that are in agreement with large scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations. The results demonstrate angstrom and kelvin scale tunability of the effective confinement potential experienced by 4He atoms inside the MCM-41, with the Ar layer reducing the diameter of the confining media into a regime where a number of solid layers surround a one-dimensional quantum liquid., Comment: 14 pages, 14 figures; updated Fig. 8 with additional data and corrected typos. For associated data and code repository see: https://github.com/DelMaestroGroup/PlatedHe4Nanopores

Published
2020
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416. The Confinement of the Heliosheath Plasma by the Solar Magnetic Field as Revealed by Energetic Neutral Atom Simulations

Author

Kornbleuth, M., Opher, M., Michael, A. T., Sokol, J. M., Toth, G., Tenishev, V., and Drake, J. F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

Traditionally, the solar magnetic field has been considered to have a negligible effect in the outer regions of the heliosphere. Recent works have shown that the solar magnetic field may play a crucial role in collimating the plasma in the heliosheath. Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) observations of the heliotail indicated a latitudinal structure varying with energy in the energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes. At energies ~1 keV, the ENA fluxes show an enhancement at low latitudes and a deficit of ENAs near the poles. At energies >2.7 keV, ENA fluxes had a deficit within low latitudes, and lobes of higher ENA flux near the poles. This ENA structure was initially interpreted to be a result of the latitudinal profile of the solar wind during solar minimum. We extend the work of Kornbleuth et al. (2018) by using solar minimum-like conditions and the recently developed SHIELD model. The SHIELD model couples the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma solution with a kinetic description of neutral hydrogen. We show that while the latitudinal profile of the solar wind during solar minimum contributes to the lobes in ENA maps, the collimation by the solar magnetic field is important in creating and shaping the two high latitude lobes of enhanced ENA flux observed by IBEX. This is the first work to explore the effect of the changing solar magnetic field strength on ENA maps. Our findings suggest that IBEX is providing the first observational evidence of the collimation of the heliosheath plasma by the solar magnetic field., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJL

Published
2020
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417. Star-Gas Surface Density Correlations in Twelve Nearby Molecular Clouds I: Data Collection and Star-Sampled Analysis

Author

Pokhrel, Riwaj, Gutermuth, Robert A., Betti, Sarah K., Offner, Stella S. R., Myers, Philip C., Megeath, S. Thomas, Sokol, Alyssa D., Ali, Babar, Allen, Lori, Allen, Tom S., Dunham, Michael M., Fischer, William J., Henning, Thomas, Heyer, Mark, Hora, Joseph L., Pipher, Judith L., Tobin, John J., and Wolk, Scott J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We explore the relation between the stellar mass surface density and the mass surface density of molecular hydrogen gas in twelve nearby molecular clouds that are located at $<$1.5 kpc distance. The sample clouds span an order of magnitude range in mass, size, and star formation rates. We use thermal dust emission from $Herschel$ maps to probe the gas surface density and the young stellar objects from the most recent $Spitzer$ Extended Solar Neighborhood Archive (SESNA) catalog to probe the stellar surface density. Using a star-sampled nearest neighbor technique to probe the star-gas surface density correlations at the scale of a few parsecs, we find that the stellar mass surface density varies as a power-law of the gas mass surface density, with a power-law index of $\sim$2 in all the clouds. The consistent power-law index implies that star formation efficiency is directly correlated with gas column density, and no gas column density threshold for star formation is observed. We compare the observed correlations with the predictions from an analytical model of thermal fragmentation, and with the synthetic observations of a recent hydrodynamic simulation of a turbulent star-forming molecular cloud. We find that the observed correlations are consistent for some clouds with the thermal fragmentation model and can be reproduced using the hydrodynamic simulations., Comment: 39 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. Accepted in ApJ

Published
2020
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418. LIMEtree: Consistent and Faithful Multi-class Explanations

Author

Sokol, Kacper and Flach, Peter

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

Explainable artificial intelligence provides tools to better understand predictive models and their decisions, but many such methods are limited to producing insights with respect to a single class. When generating explanations for several classes, reasoning over them to obtain a complete view may be difficult since they can present competing or contradictory evidence. To address this challenge we introduce the novel paradigm of multi-class explanations. We outline the theory behind such techniques and propose a local surrogate model based on multi-output regression trees -- called LIMEtree -- that offers faithful and consistent explanations of multiple classes for individual predictions while being post-hoc, model-agnostic and data-universal. On top of strong fidelity guarantees, our implementation delivers a range of diverse explanation types, including counterfactual statements favoured in the literature. We evaluate our algorithm with respect to explainability desiderata, through quantitative experiments and via a pilot user study, on image and tabular data classification tasks, comparing it to LIME, which is a state-of-the-art surrogate explainer. Our contributions demonstrate the benefits of multi-class explanations and wide-ranging advantages of our method across a diverse set of scenarios.

Published
2020

419. A new form of the Hahn-Banach Theorem

Author

Kaliaj, Sokol Bush

Subjects
Mathematics - Functional Analysis
Abstract

In this paper, we present a new form of the Hahn-Banach Theorem in terms of the sub-additive convex functions., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2003.08114

Published
2020

420. Sun-Heliosphere Observation-based Ionization Rates Model

Author

Sokół, Justyna M., McComas, D. J., Bzowski, M., and Tokumaru, M.

Subjects
Physics - Space Physics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The solar wind (SW) and the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation modulate fluxes of interstellar and heliospheric particles inside the heliosphere both in time and in space. Understanding this modulation is necessary to correctly interpret measurements of particles of interstellar origin inside the heliosphere. We present a revision of heliospheric ionization rates and provide the Sun-Heliosphere Observation-based Ionization Rates (SHOIR) model based on the currently available data. We calculate the total ionization rates using revised SW and solar EUV data. We study the in-ecliptic variation of the SW parameters, the latitudinal structure of the SW speed and density, and the reconstruction of the photoionization rates. The revision most affects the SW out of the ecliptic plane during solar maximum and the estimation of the photoionization rates, the latter due to a change of the reference data. The revised polar SW is slower and denser during the solar maximum of solar cycle (SC) 24. The current estimated total ionization rates are higher than the previous ones for H, O, and Ne, and lower for He. The changes for the in-ecliptic total ionization rates are less than 10% for H and He, up to 20% for O, and up to 35% for Ne. Additionally, the changes are not constant in time and vary as a function of time and latitude., Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables; published in The Astrophysical Journal 897:179 (21pp)

Published
2020
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421. Another proof of the analytic Hahn-Banach Theorem

Author

Kaliaj, Sokol Bush

Subjects
Mathematics - Functional Analysis, 46A22, 46A32
Abstract

In this paper we present another proof of the analytic version of the Hahn-Banach theorem in terms of convex functionals.

Published
2020

422. On a subclass of starlike functions associated with a vertical strip domain

Author

Sun, Yong, Wang, Zhi-Gang, Rasila, Antti, and Sokol, Janusz

Subjects
Mathematics - Complex Variables, Primary 30C45, Secondary 30C55
Abstract

In this paper, we consider a subclass of starlike functions associated with a vertical strip domain. Several results concerned with integral representations, convolutions, and coefficient inequalities for functions belonging to this class are obtained. Furthermore, we consider radius problems and inclusion relations involving certain classes of strongly starlike functions, parabolic starlike functions and other types of starlike functions. The results are essential improvements of the corresponding results obtained by Kargar et al., and the derivations are similar to those used earlier by Sun et al. and Kwon et al.., Comment: 13 pages, 1 table

Published
2020

423. 2-Dimensional Palindromes with $k$ Mismatches

Author

Sokol, Dina

Subjects
Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms
Abstract

This paper extends the problem of 2-dimensional palindrome search into the area of approximate matching. Using the Hamming distance as the measure, we search for 2D palindromes that allow up to $k$ mismatches. We consider two different definitions of 2D palindromes and describe efficient algorithms for both of them. The first definition implies a square, while the second definition (also known as a \emph{centrosymmetric factor}), can be any rectangular shape. Given a text of size $n \times m$, the time complexity of the first algorithm is $O(nm (\log m + \log n + k))$ and for the second algorithm it is $O(nm(\log m + k) + occ)$ where $occ$ is the size of the output.

Published
2020

424. One Explanation Does Not Fit All: The Promise of Interactive Explanations for Machine Learning Transparency

Author

Sokol, Kacper and Flach, Peter

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

The need for transparency of predictive systems based on Machine Learning algorithms arises as a consequence of their ever-increasing proliferation in the industry. Whenever black-box algorithmic predictions influence human affairs, the inner workings of these algorithms should be scrutinised and their decisions explained to the relevant stakeholders, including the system engineers, the system's operators and the individuals whose case is being decided. While a variety of interpretability and explainability methods is available, none of them is a panacea that can satisfy all diverse expectations and competing objectives that might be required by the parties involved. We address this challenge in this paper by discussing the promises of Interactive Machine Learning for improved transparency of black-box systems using the example of contrastive explanations -- a state-of-the-art approach to Interpretable Machine Learning. Specifically, we show how to personalise counterfactual explanations by interactively adjusting their conditional statements and extract additional explanations by asking follow-up "What if?" questions. Our experience in building, deploying and presenting this type of system allowed us to list desired properties as well as potential limitations, which can be used to guide the development of interactive explainers. While customising the medium of interaction, i.e., the user interface comprising of various communication channels, may give an impression of personalisation, we argue that adjusting the explanation itself and its content is more important. To this end, properties such as breadth, scope, context, purpose and target of the explanation have to be considered, in addition to explicitly informing the explainee about its limitations and caveats..., Comment: Published in the Kunstliche Intelligenz journal, special issue on Challenges in Interactive Machine Learning

Published
2020
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425. Update of the Solar Lyman-Alpha Profile Line Model

Author

Kowalska-Leszczynska, Izabela, Bzowski, Maciej, Kubiak, Marzena A., and Sokół, Justyna M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a modification of a model of solar cycle evolution of the solar Lyman-alpha line profile, along with a sensitivity study of interstellar neutral H hydrogen to uncertainties in radiation pressure level. The line profile model, originally developed by Kowalska-Leszczynska et al. 2018a, is parametrized by the composite solar Lyman-alpha flux, which recently was revised Machol et al. 2019. We present modified parameters of the previously-developed model of solar radiation pressure for neutral hydrogen and deuterium atoms in the heliosphere. The mathematical function used in the model, as well as the fitting procedure, remain unchanged. We show selected effects of the model modification on ISN H properties in the heliosphere and we discuss the sensitivity of these quantities to uncertainties in the calibration of the composite Lyman-alpha series., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables Submitted to ApJ

Published
2020
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431. Genetic inhibition of CARD9 accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in mice through CD36 dependent-defective autophagy

Author

Zhang, Yujiao, Vandestienne, Marie, Lavillegrand, Jean-Rémi, Joffre, Jeremie, Santos-Zas, Icia, Lavelle, Aonghus, Zhong, Xiaodan, Le Goff, Wilfried, Guérin, Maryse, Al-Rifai, Rida, Laurans, Ludivine, Bruneval, Patrick, Guérin, Coralie, Diedisheim, Marc, Migaud, Melanie, Puel, Anne, Lanternier, Fanny, Casanova, Jean-Laurent, Cochain, Clément, Zernecke, Alma, Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel, Mokry, Michal, Silvestre, Jean-Sebastien, Tedgui, Alain, Mallat, Ziad, Taleb, Soraya, Lenoir, Olivia, Vindis, Cécile, Camus, Stéphane M., Sokol, Harry, and Ait-Oufella, Hafid

Published
2023
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438. Aged skeletal stem cells generate an inflammatory degenerative niche

Author

Ambrosi, Thomas H, Marecic, Owen, McArdle, Adrian, Sinha, Rahul, Gulati, Gunsagar S, Tong, Xinming, Wang, Yuting, Steininger, Holly M, Hoover, Malachia Y, Koepke, Lauren S, Murphy, Matthew P, Sokol, Jan, Seo, Eun Young, Tevlin, Ruth, Lopez, Michael, Brewer, Rachel E, Mascharak, Shamik, Lu, Laura, Ajanaku, Oyinkansola, Conley, Stephanie D, Seita, Jun, Morri, Maurizio, Neff, Norma F, Sahoo, Debashis, Yang, Fan, Weissman, Irving L, Longaker, Michael T, and Chan, Charles KF

Subjects
Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Stem Cell Research - Nonembryonic - Human, Stem Cell Research - Nonembryonic - Non-Human, Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine, Aetiology, Underpinning research, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Inflammatory and immune system, Musculoskeletal, Aging, Animals, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, Bone Regeneration, Bone and Bones, Cell Lineage, Cellular Senescence, Female, Fracture Healing, Hematopoiesis, Inflammation, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Male, Mice, Myeloid Cells, Osteoclasts, Rejuvenation, Stem Cell Niche, Stem Cells, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Loss of skeletal integrity during ageing and disease is associated with an imbalance in the opposing actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts1. Here we show that intrinsic ageing of skeletal stem cells (SSCs)2 in mice alters signalling in the bone marrow niche and skews the differentiation of bone and blood lineages, leading to fragile bones that regenerate poorly. Functionally, aged SSCs have a decreased bone- and cartilage-forming potential but produce more stromal lineages that express high levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-resorptive cytokines. Single-cell RNA-sequencing studies link the functional loss to a diminished transcriptomic diversity of SSCs in aged mice, which thereby contributes to the transformation of the bone marrow niche. Exposure to a youthful circulation through heterochronic parabiosis or systemic reconstitution with young haematopoietic stem cells did not reverse the diminished osteochondrogenic activity of aged SSCs, or improve bone mass or skeletal healing parameters in aged mice. Conversely, the aged SSC lineage promoted osteoclastic activity and myeloid skewing by haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, suggesting that the ageing of SSCs is a driver of haematopoietic ageing. Deficient bone regeneration in aged mice could only be returned to youthful levels by applying a combinatorial treatment of BMP2 and a CSF1 antagonist locally to fractures, which reactivated aged SSCs and simultaneously ablated the inflammatory, pro-osteoclastic milieu. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the complex, multifactorial mechanisms that underlie skeletal ageing and offer prospects for rejuvenating the aged skeletal system.

Published
2021

439. Mutation Analysis and Disease Features at Presentation in a Multi‐Center Cohort of Children With Monogenic Cholestasis

Author

Hertel, Paula M, Bull, Laura N, Thompson, Richard J, Goodrich, Nathan P, Ye, Wen, Magee, John C, Squires, Robert H, Bass, Lee M, Heubi, James E, Kim, Grace E, Ranganathan, Sarangarajan, Schwarz, Kathleen B, Bozic, Molly A, Horslen, Simon P, Clifton, Matthew S, Turmelle, Yumirle P, Suchy, Frederick J, Superina, Riccardo A, Wang, Kasper S, Loomes, Kathleen M, Kamath, Binita M, Sokol, Ronald J, Shneider, Benjamin L, and Network, Childhood Liver Disease Research

Subjects
Paediatrics, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Liver Disease, Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis, Genetics, Clinical Research, Digestive Diseases, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Child, Child, Preschool, Cholestasis, Cholestasis, Intrahepatic, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Mutation, Childhood Liver Disease Research Network, Medical and Health Sciences, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Clinical sciences, Nutrition and dietetics
Abstract

ObjectivesTo advance our understanding of monogenic forms of intrahepatic cholestasis.MethodsAnalyses included participants with pathogenic biallelic mutations in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily B member 11 (ABCB11) (bile salt export pump; BSEP) or adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) phospholipid transporting 8B1 (ATP8B1) (familial intrahepatic cholestasis; FIC1), or those with monoallelic or biallelic mutations in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily B member 4 (ABCB4) (multidrug resistance; MDR3), prospectively enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Genetic Causes of Intrahepatic Cholestasis (LOGIC; NCT00571272) between November 2007 and December 2013. Summary statistics were calculated to describe baseline demographics, history, anthropometrics, laboratory values, and mutation data.ResultsNinety-eight participants with FIC1 (n = 26), BSEP (n = 53, including 8 with biallelic truncating mutations [severe] and 10 with p.E297G or p.D482G [mild]), or MDR3 (n = 19, including four monoallelic) deficiency were analyzed. Thirty-five had a surgical interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (sEHC), including 10 who underwent liver transplant (LT) after sEHC. Onset of symptoms occurred by age 2 years in most with FIC1 and BSEP deficiency, but was later and more variable for MDR3. Pruritus was nearly universal in FIC1 and BSEP deficiency. In participants with native liver, failure to thrive was common in FIC1 deficiency, high ALT was common in BSEP deficiency, and thrombocytopenia was common in MDR3 deficiency. sEHC was successful after more than 1 year in 7 of 19 participants with FIC1 and BSEP deficiency. History of LT was most common in BSEP deficiency. Of 102 mutations identified, 43 were not previously reported.ConclusionsIn this cohort, BSEP deficiency appears to be correlated with a more severe disease course. Genotype-phenotype correlations in these diseases are not straightforward and will require the study of larger cohorts.

Published
2021

440. Initial Laparotomy Versus Peritoneal Drainage in Extremely Low Birthweight Infants With Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis or Isolated Intestinal Perforation: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author

Blakely, Martin L, Tyson, Jon E, Lally, Kevin P, Hintz, Susan R, Eggleston, Barry, Stevenson, David K, Besner, Gail E, Das, Abhik, Ohls, Robin K, Truog, William E, Nelin, Leif D, Poindexter, Brenda B, Pedroza, Claudia, Walsh, Michele C, Stoll, Barbara J, Geller, Rachel, Kennedy, Kathleen A, Dimmitt, Reed A, Carlo, Waldemar A, Cotten, C Michael, Laptook, Abbot R, Van Meurs, Krisa P, Calkins, Kara L, Sokol, Gregory M, Sanchez, Pablo J, Wyckoff, Myra H, Patel, Ravi M, Frantz, Ivan D, Shankaran, Seetha, D'Angio, Carl T, Yoder, Bradley A, Bell, Edward F, Watterberg, Kristi L, Martin, Colin A, Harmon, Carroll M, Rice, Henry, Kurkchubasche, Arlet G, Sylvester, Karl, Dunn, James CY, Markel, Troy A, Diesen, Diana L, Bhatia, Amina M, Flake, Alan, Chwals, Walter J, Brown, Rebeccah, Bass, Kathryn D, St Peter, Shawn D, Shanti, Christina M, Pegoli, Walter, Skarda, David, Shilyansky, Joel, Lemon, David G, Mosquera, Ricardo A, Peralta-Carcelen, Myriam, Goldstein, Ricki F, Vohr, Betty R, Purdy, Isabell B, Hines, Abbey C, Maitre, Nathalie L, Heyne, Roy J, DeMauro, Sara B, McGowan, Elisabeth C, Yolton, Kimberly, Kilbride, Howard W, Natarajan, Girija, Yost, Kelley, Winter, Sarah, Colaizy, Tarah T, Laughon, Matthew M, Lakshminrusimha, Satyanarayana, and Higgins, Rosemary D

Subjects
Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Clinical Research, Infant Mortality, Rare Diseases, Digestive Diseases, Preterm, Low Birth Weight and Health of the Newborn, Pediatric, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Good Health and Well Being, Drainage, Enterocolitis, Necrotizing, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Infant, Premature, Diseases, Intestinal Perforation, Laparotomy, Male, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome, isolated intestinal perforation, neonatal surgery, premature infant, randomized clinical trial, surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health, Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Medical and Health Sciences, Surgery
Abstract

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine which initial surgical treatment results in the lowest rate of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or isolated intestinal perforation (IP).Summary background dataThe impact of initial laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for NEC or IP on the rate of death or NDI in extremely low birth weight infants is unknown.MethodsWe conducted the largest feasible randomized trial in 20 US centers, comparing initial laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage. The primary outcome was a composite of death or NDI at 18 to 22 months corrected age, analyzed using prespecified frequentist and Bayesian approaches.ResultsOf 992 eligible infants, 310 were randomized and 96% had primary outcome assessed. Death or NDI occurred in 69% of infants in the laparotomy group versus 70% with drainage [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87-1.14]. A preplanned analysis identified an interaction between preoperative diagnosis and treatment group (P = 0.03). With a preoperative diagnosis of NEC, death or NDI occurred in 69% after laparotomy versus 85% with drainage (aRR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.64-1.04). The Bayesian posterior probability that laparotomy was beneficial (risk difference

Published
2021

442. Antitrust Mergers and Regulatory Uncertainty.

Author

Sokol, D. Daniel, Ginn, Marissa, Calzaretta, Robert J., Jr., and Santana, Marcello

Subjects
Antitrust law -- Research, Risk assessment -- Research, Acquisitions and mergers -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Research, United States. Federal Trade Commission -- Powers and duties -- Research, United States. Department of Justice -- Powers and duties -- Research, Government regulation, Antitrust issue
Abstract

Antitrust is in a time of change, where new leaders of global enforcers, politicians, academics, and newcomers to the field have stated that the old approach to antitrust is misguided [...], Estimating antitrust risk is fundamental to identifying, proposing, and pricing deals. A more informed understanding of what to expect when meeting with agency staff and leadership will help antitrust lawyers, economists, and other consultants anticipate the critical questions and potential paths that should be addressed regarding antitrust merger risk. This article uses practitioner surveys to understand whether and how the change in the Biden administration&apos;s antitrust agenda has affected merger review, investments, decision making, and counsel. The surveys also offer antitrust agencies an opportunity to think about the optimal design of the merger control system and various consequences of certain policy choices and institutional design changes. A quantitative online survey was conducted first, followed by qualitative discussions with practice group leadership across top antitrust law firms. Both studies were designed to identify whether respondents perceived any substantive shifts from prior administrations to the Biden administration, the impact of such shifts (if any) on merging parties, and any notable differences between the DOJ and FTC in enforcement and procedures. Our surveys indicate that practitioners have a more critical perception of the DOJ and FTC compared to prior administrations. Both agencies are perceived as less transparent and less fair in their interactions with merging parties. The enforcement process is seen as more demanding in terms of scope of data collected and is reported to take longer to complete. The agencies have also departed from precedent as they increasingly scrutinize labor issues and vertical deals.

Published
2023

443. International Atrocity Crimes and Their Domestic Counterparts

Author

Mulligan, Stephen P. and Sokol, Karen

Subjects
Atrocities -- Laws, regulations and rules -- International aspects, International offenses -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Government
Abstract

Updated April 3, 2024 Russia's war launched against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the October 7, 2023, attacks perpetrated by Hamas in Israel, and Israel's subsequent campaign in Gaza have [...]

Published
2024

444. An innovative memristor-based Wireless Power Transfer for NFC security

Author

Kuka, Colin Sokol and Hu, Yihua

Abstract

In the traditional Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) circuits the inverters are used to produce an oscillation for the transmitter coils. This includes intrinsic energy dissipation sources due to the use of switches, necessitating the need for an extra control circuit to ensure proper switching time. Those circuits also have limited encryption capabilities. In order to overcome these challenges, we have proposed an innovative near-field power and chaos transmission method based on the memristor and applied it to Near Field Communication (NFC) security. We created Chua circuits capable of chaotic self-oscillation, avoiding the use of extra switches. Both circuits exhibit synchronised chaotic behaviour depending on parameters and equivalent emulator for memristors, which could be used to generate a distinct cryptography.

Published
2021

445. Towards intelligible and robust surrogate explainers : a decision tree perspective

Author

Sokol, Kacper and Flach, Peter

Abstract

Artificial intelligence explainability and machine learning interpretability are relatively young and fast-growing research fields that may seem chaotic and difficult to navigate at times. Despite these immense endeavours, a universally agreed terminology and evaluation criteria are still elusive, with many methods introduced to solve a commonly acknowledged yet undefined problem, and their success judged based on ad hoc measures. To address this challenge and lay foundation for our research, we formalise explainability (our preferred term) as a technology providing insights that lead to understanding, which both defines such techniques and fixes their evaluation criterion. While the premise is clear, understanding largely depends upon the explanation recipients, who come with a diverse range of background knowledge, mental models and expectations. Therefore, in addition to technical requirements, explainability tools should also embody various social traits as their output is predominantly aimed at humans. To tackle this duality and organise a comprehensive collection of relevant properties, we introduce a unified explainable artificial intelligence taxonomy, which is a principled framework for reasoning about explainers. While most of our contributions are strictly technical, this formalisation allows us to develop them with a human component in mind, which leads us to consider explainability as a social, bi-directional process based on contrastive statements. Stemming from this research direction is Glass-Box - a conversational explainer that empowers its users to customise and personalise explanations in a natural language dialogue.

Published
2021

446. Umbilical Cord Milking vs Delayed Cord Clamping and Associations with In-Hospital Outcomes among Extremely Premature Infants

Author

Kumbhat, Neha, Eggleston, Barry, Davis, Alexis S, DeMauro, Sara B, Van Meurs, Krisa P, Foglia, Elizabeth E, Lakshminrusimha, Satyan, Walsh, Michele C, Watterberg, Kristi L, Wyckoff, Myra H, Das, Abhik, Handley, Sara C, Network, Generic Database Subcommittee of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research, Polin, Richard A, Laptook, R, Keszler, Martin, Hensman, Angelita M, Vieira, Elisa, St. Pierre, Lucille, Hibbs, Anna Maria, Truog, William E, Pallotto, Eugenia K, Parimi, Prabhu S, Gauldin, Cheri, Holmes, Anne, Knutson, Allison, Gaetano, Lisa, Poindexter, Brenda B, Schibler, Kurt, Merhar, Stephanie L, Grisby, Cathy, Kirker, Kristin, Cotten, C Michael, Goldberg, Ronald N, Finkle, Joanne, Fisher, Kimberley A, Laughon, Matthew M, Bose, Carl L, Bernhardt, Janice, Bose, Gennie, Clark, Cindy, Kicklighter, Stephen D, Rhodes-Ryan, Ginger, White, Donna, Carlton, David P, Patel, Ravi M, Loggins, Yvonne, Mackie, Colleen, Bottcher, Diane I, Bremer, Andrew A, Higgins, Rosemary D, Archer, Stephanie Wilson, Sokol, Gregory M, Herron, Dianne E, Tyson, Jon E, Khan, Amir M, Kennedy, Kathleen A, Pedrozza, Claudia, Eason, Elizabeth, Stephens, Emily K, McDavid, Georgia E, Martin, Karen, Hall, Donna, Wright, Sharon L, Sánchez, Pablo J, Nelin, Leif D, Jadcherla, Sudarshan R, Luzader, Patricia, Clark, Erna, Gutentag, Julie, Park, Courtney, Shadd, Julie C, Stein, Melanie, Baugher, Hallie, McCool, Jacqueline, Gantz, Marie G, Bann, Carla M, Wallace, Dennis, Zaterka-Baxter, Kristin M, Gabrio, Jenna, Leblond, David, Auman, Jeanette O'Donnell, Stevenson, David K, Chock, Valerie Y, Ball, M Bethany, Proud, Melinda S, Reichert, Elizabeth N, Williams, R Jordan, Carlo, Waldemar A, Ambalavanan, Namasivayam, Collins, Monica V, Cosby, Shirley S, McNair, Tara, Devaskar, Uday, Garg, Meena, Chanlaw, Teresa, Geller, Rachel, Bell, Edward F, Colaizy, Tarah T, and Ellsbury, Dan L

Subjects
Paediatrics, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Prevention, Preterm, Low Birth Weight and Health of the Newborn, Infant Mortality, Clinical Research, Neurosciences, Cardiovascular, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Pediatric, Reproductive health and childbirth, Good Health and Well Being, Cerebral Intraventricular Hemorrhage, Constriction, Female, Gestational Age, Hospital Mortality, Humans, Infant, Extremely Premature, Infant, Newborn, Male, Retrospective Studies, Umbilical Cord, Generic Database Subcommittee of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Neonatal Research Network, intraventricular hemorrhage, placental transfusion, Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Pediatrics
Abstract

ObjectiveTo compare in-hospital outcomes after umbilical cord milking vs delayed cord clamping among infants

Published
2021

447. Integrating neuroimaging biomarkers into the multicentre, high-dose erythropoietin for asphyxia and encephalopathy (HEAL) trial: rationale, protocol and harmonisation

Author

Wisnowski, Jessica L, Bluml, Stefan, Panigrahy, Ashok, Mathur, Amit M, Berman, Jeffrey, Chen, Ping-Sun Keven, Dix, James, Flynn, Trevor, Fricke, Stanley, Friedman, Seth D, Head, Hayden W, Ho, Chang Y, Kline-Fath, Beth, Oveson, Michael, Patterson, Richard, Pruthi, Sumit, Rollins, Nancy, Ramos, Yanerys M, Rampton, John, Rusin, Jerome, Shaw, Dennis W, Smith, Mark, Tkach, Jean, Vasanawala, Shreyas, Vossough, Arastoo, Whitehead, Matthew T, Xu, Duan, Yeom, Kristen, Comstock, Bryan, Heagerty, Patrick J, Juul, Sandra E, Wu, Yvonne W, McKinstry, Robert C, Ahmed, Kaashif, Beserga, Mariana, Bendel-Stenzel, Ellen, Chalak, Lina, Chang, Taeun, Flibotte, John, Gonzalez, Fernando, Lampland, Andrea, Maitre, Nathalie, Mayock, Dennis, Mietzsch, Ulrike, Poindexter, Brenda, Rao, Rakesh, Riley, David, Sokol, Gregory M, Van Meurs, Krisa, Weitkamp, Hendrik, Wu, Tai-Wei, and Yanowitz, Toby

Subjects
Neurodegenerative, Biomedical Imaging, Bioengineering, Patient Safety, Neurosciences, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Neurological, Asphyxia, Biomarkers, Clinical Trial Protocols as Topic, Erythropoietin, Humans, Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain, Infant, Newborn, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Neuroimaging, neonatal intensive & critical care, neonatology, neurological injury, neuroradiology, developmental neurology & neurodisability, paediatric radiology, HEAL Study Group, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Other Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

IntroductionMRI and MR spectroscopy (MRS) provide early biomarkers of brain injury and treatment response in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy). Still, there are challenges to incorporating neuroimaging biomarkers into multisite randomised controlled trials. In this paper, we provide the rationale for incorporating MRI and MRS biomarkers into the multisite, phase III high-dose erythropoietin for asphyxia and encephalopathy (HEAL) Trial, the MRI/S protocol and describe the strategies used for harmonisation across multiple MRI platforms.Methods and analysisNeonates with moderate or severe encephalopathy enrolled in the multisite HEAL trial undergo MRI and MRS between 96 and 144 hours of age using standardised neuroimaging protocols. MRI and MRS data are processed centrally and used to determine a brain injury score and quantitative measures of lactate and n-acetylaspartate. Harmonisation is achieved through standardisation-thereby reducing intrasite and intersite variance, real-time quality assurance monitoring and phantom scans.Ethics and disseminationIRB approval was obtained at each participating site and written consent obtained from parents prior to participation in HEAL. Additional oversight is provided by an National Institutes of Health-appointed data safety monitoring board and medical monitor.Trial registration numberNCT02811263; Pre-result.

Published
2021

448. Phase II trial of SM-88, a cancer metabolism based therapy, in non-metastatic biochemical recurrent prostate cancer

Author

Gartrell, Benjamin A, Roach, Mack, Retter, Avi, Sokol, Gerald H, Del Priore, Giuseppe, and Scher, Howard I

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Prostate Cancer, Clinical Research, Urologic Diseases, Cancer, Patient Safety, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Androgen Antagonists, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Methoxsalen, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Phenytoin, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Prostatic Neoplasms, Quality of Life, Sirolimus, Tyrosine, Metabolism based therapy, SM-88, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Abstract

Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a standard treatment for high-risk biochemically-recurrent, non-metastatic prostate cancer (BRPC) but is not curative and associated with toxicity. Racemetyrosine (SM-88) is an amino-acid analogue used with methoxsalen, phenytoin, and sirolimus (MPS) to enhance SM-88 activity. Method A phase 1b/2, open-label trial in BRPC and rising PSA. Patients were given daily SM-88 (230 mg BID), methoxsalen (10 mg), phenytoin (50 mg), and sirolimus (0.5 mg)). Outcome measures included changes in PSA, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and imaging. Results 34 subjects were screened, 23 treated and 21 remained on study for ≥12 weeks. The median PSA was 6.4 ng/ml (range 1.7-80.1); doubling-time 6.2 months (range 1.4-36.6) and baseline testosterone 319.1 ng/ml (range 2.5-913.7). Median duration of therapy was 6.5 months (2.6-14.0). CTCs (median 48.5 cells/4 ml (range 15-268) at baseline) decreased a median of 65.3% in 18 of 19 patients. For patients who achieved an absolute CTC nadir count of

Published
2021

449. Risk Factors for Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant among Previously Infected Frontline Workers

Author

Ellingson, Katherine D., Hollister, James, Porter, Cynthia J., Khan, Sana M., Feldstein, Leora R., Naleway, Allison L., Gaglani, Manjusha, Caban-Martinez, Alberto J., Tyner, Harmony L., Lowe, Ashley A., Olsho, Lauren E.W., Meece, Jennifer, Yoon, Sarang K., Mak, Josephine, Kuntz, Jennifer L., Solle, Natasha Schaefer, Respet, Karley, Baccam, Zoe, Wesley, Meredith G., Thiese, Matthew S., Yoo, Young M., Odean, Marilyn J., Miiro, Flavia N., Pickett, Steve L., Phillips, Andrew L., Grant, Lauren, Romine, James K., Herring, Meghan K., Hegmann, Kurt T., Lamberte, Julie Mayo, Sokol, Brian, Jovel, Krystal S., Thompson, Mark G., Rivers, Patrick, Pilishvili, Tamara, Lutrick, Karen, Burgess, Jefferey L., Midgley, Claire M., and Fowlkes, Ashley L.

Subjects
Diseases -- Relapse, Medical personnel -- Statistics -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

Essential and frontline workers experience repeated occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (1). The variant B.1.1.529 (Omicron) is characterized by unprecedented transmissibility and potential for immune evasion, which led to a surge [...]

Published
2023
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450. Anatomical Differences in the Omasum of Weaning Calves Fed with Different Diets

Author

William Pérez, Sokol Duro, and Ozan Gündemir

Subjects
digestive organs anatomy, calves, omasum, omasal papillae, ruminants, Human anatomy, QM1-695
Abstract

The omasum is the third compartment of the ruminant stomach, which is also considered a water absorption organ and participates in the absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA), minerals, electrolytes, and fluids. The most important morphological parameter of the omasum is the available absorption area, which depends on the size and number of the omasal laminae, and is variable among different ruminants and based on differences in their daily diets. Optimal omasum development in the transition period to ruminant life can enhance animal performance, so identifying the best diet for this period is crucial for producers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two diets based on 8 L of milk replacer with the inclusion of concentrate or forage on the development of the omasum in twenty newborn male Holstein calves divided into two groups. The first group was fed alfalfa hay, and the second was administered a balanced commercial starter feed, both groups ad libitum. After standard dissection of the omasum of both calf groups, the omasal laminae were classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary, and their surface area was calculated. Regarding the number of first-, second-, and third-order laminae, a significant difference was only observed in the number of third-order laminae in favor of the forage-fed group (p = 0.04). The laminar surface area indicated that the area of the primary, secondary, and tertiary sheets, and the total laminar area, were greater in the forage group (p < 0.05). The length of the omasal papillae recorded with the scanning electron microscope showed that the papillae near the ostium reticulo-omasicum tended to be significantly longer in the forage-fed group (p = 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that significant anatomical differences can be observed between two groups of animals of the same species and rearing stage that were fed with two different diets within a period of less than two months. This highlights the remarkable plasticity and adaptability of the ruminant stomach.

Published
2023
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