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In a standard textbook of pharmacology [1] there are 50 (three-column, 69-line) pages in the index (50×3×69=10 350). In order to render this vast information somewhat manageable the chemicals are grouped in about 50 chapters, one of which is “Agents used in cardiac arrhythmias” [2]. Antiarrhythmic agents are in turn subdivided in four classes plus a group of miscellaneous agents (containing those that do not fit in any of the four standard classes). At times it is desirable to subdivide these classes into subclasses (main topic of this paper). Although such classification renders the pharmacological information more manageable, it is frequently difficult or impossible to fit a chemical in a class. For example, while beta blockers certainly belong as a chapter in the section on autonomic drugs, they also form an important class in the antiarrhythmic agents (see below). In addition, they also need to be described in the sections on angina, congestive heart failure and hypertension (among others). This problem follows directly from the first law of pharmacology: no drug has a single effect. A group of investigators has tried to remedy this problem for classification of antiarrhythmic agents by proposing an alternative: the Sicilian gambit [3]. Basically, they list all the chemicals with antiarrhythmic properties as rows in a table, while describing all possible actions in columns. The advantage of this system is that it can be very accurate and complete: as new chemicals emerge new rows are added, while new mechanisms are added as new columns. Unfortunately, as progress is made the complexity of the table grows nearly quadratically and soon the entries exceed the retention capacity of ordinary souls… so that its usefulness is reduced to an encyclopedic nature, i.e., to be consulted when full details are needed. As a result, the only practical classification …

International audience; A pulsed laser was used to inject errors into an electronic system consisting of a number of different integrated circuits functioning as a digital version of an articificial neural network. The results confirm that the system as a whole can operate autonomously in the radiation environment of space. Additional work was done to characterize the effects of the upsets on the output of the articificial neural network.

The purpose of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to determine the prevalence of pathologic tooth migration (PTM) among periodontal patients and to investigate the relationship and degree of association between PTM and the following factors: bone loss, tooth loss, gingival inflammation according to the gingival index, age, lingual interposition, parafunctions and oral habits. 852 periodontal patients (36.7% male, 63.3% female) whose ages ranged from 19 to 72 years (mean 42.5 +/- 9.9) were studied. PTM was defined as the presence of a developing diastema in the upper anterior sextant, which was not present in the past or already existed but increased. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wald test and the Mantel-Haenszel test. Estimates odds ratio were also calculated to assess increased PTM probability as a function of a single variable, or a combination of several. PTM prevalence of 55.8% was found, and it was statistically associated with bone loss (p

Absorption chillers have a proven history of providing low-cost reliable cooling and should continue to do so in the future. Absorption chiller systems can provide significant energy savings for a particular application. To maximize savings, the various system arrangements should be evaluated; for example, single effect versus double effect, chiller versus chiller/heater, straight absorption chiller or the electric/absorption hybrid.

This paper addresses current industry needs in the prediction of single event effect (SEE) rates of devices selected for space use, with particular attention to the use of commercial technologies. Impacts of the 'better, faster, cheaper' philosophy on current methods to ensure survivability in the space environment are also discussed. The Device-Mission System is presented as a tool for assessing on-orbit single event effect rates of commercial devices, or of parts with unknown internal geometries. Two applications are presented: the first provides the use of the Device-Mission System to predict on-orbit SEE rates; and the second presents a trade study of microprocessors for SEE sensitivity. The Device-Mission System is shown to enable both device-specific analysis, as well as rapid candidate device comparison. In both cases, the device and the mission environment are viewed together in one system, and the behavior of the system is addressed. (Author)

The single event effect of H-gate SOI NMOS devices in total dose ionizing are studied by means of numerical simulation. By analyzing the mobility degradation in the simulation process, the corrected mobility Lombardi model due to degradation at interfaces is obtained. As the simulated transfer characteristic curves of SOI transistor agree well with the experimental data, the single event effect of H-gate SOI NMOS devices in total dose ionizing is simulated by this corrected model. Results shows that the maximum drain currents of devices under the same conditions are slight increasing, but the transistors get a significant increase in the drain collected charge with increasing total dose level.

As CO2 is both a major end product of metabolism in heterotrophic organisms and the predominant carbon source in autotrophic organisms, it is not surprising that variations in its concentration have effects on animals. The effects are highly diverse, particularly if concentrations are above values normally encountered in the habitat, and they can occur on a considerable number of levels (Fuzeau-Braesch and Nicolas 1981; Nicolas and Sillans 1989). The scope of the present review is limited to a single effect, namely the action of CO2 on identified peripheral sensory organs specialized to its detection, and the resulting coordinated behavioural responses at concentrations that occur naturally in the habitats of the organisms under consideration.

How cells orchestrate their complex cytoskeleton precisely in space and time is still far from understood. Recent studies suggest that local and transient variations of intracellular pH are critically involved in many important cytoskeletal processes. Yet, little is known about which proteins contribute to the pH sensitivity of cytoskeletal structures. Using macrorheology and confocal microscopy we investigate how a variation of pH affects structural and mechanical properties of reconstituted cross-linked actin systems. We demonstrate that each of the three cross-linking proteins tested here – cortexillin, filamin and fascin – shows a distinctive pH dependence. Our results indicate that cross-linked actin structures constitute ideal targets for the generation of specific morphogenetic cellular responses by varying the intracellular pH. This also highlights the amazing flexibility and adaptability of a heterogeneous set of cytoskeletal structures in response to a single effect, such as the variation of pH.

This paper develops a new simulation technique to characterize single event effects on semiconductor devices. The technique used to calculate the single event effects is developed according to the physical interaction mechanism of a single event effect. An application of the first principles simulation technique is performed to predict the ground-test single event upset effect on field-programmable gate arrays based on 0.25 μm advanced complementary metal—oxide—semiconductor technology. The agreement between the single event upset cross section accessed from a broad-beam heavy ion experiment and simulation shows that the simulation technique could be used to characterize the single event effects induced by heavy ions on a semiconductor device.

Individuals vary their speaking rate, and listeners use the duration of adjacent segments to adjust for these changes [Miller and Liberman (1979); Newman and Sawusch (1996)]. However, it has not been clear what these ‘‘segments’’ actually are. We examined whether two‐phoneme sequences would produce two separate rate normalization effects (one for each phoneme), or only a single effect. We created series such as ‘‘shkib‐chkib’’ and ‘‘shwib‐chwib’’ and examined effects of the /k/ or /w/ and /I/ durations on perception of the initial contrast. Altering the /k/ duration resulted in a rate normalization effect different from that caused by varying the duration of the sequence ‘‘kib’’ as a whole. This suggests that /k/ and the vowel are treated as separate units of speech. However, we did not find this pattern for the /w/. For sequences such as ‘‘kih,’’ which have obvious acoustic boundaries, each phoneme has a separate rate normalization effect. For sequences such as ‘‘wih,’’ without such obvious cues, the seq...

The impact of anesthesia and surgery on protein metabolism is not well characterized. The single effect of general anesthesia and the combined effects of surgery and general anesthesia on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle were studied in metabolically healthy patients (n = 14) undergoing elective abdominal surgery. The rate of muscle protein synthesis was calculated from the increase in enrichment of [1-13C]leucine in protein during 90 min after an intravenous infusion of [1-13C]leucine (0.05 g/kg, 20 atom percent excess). The 1-13C enrichments of plasma leucine and plasma alpha-ketoisocaproate were used to indicate the enrichment of muscle free leucine. The protein synthesis rate was unaffected by general anesthesia; however, at the end of surgery, a 31.5% decline was seen from 2.19(2.13,2.33)%/24 h before anesthesia to 1.50(1.21,1.77)%/24 h (P less than 0.05) immediately after cholecystectomy while the patients were still under general anesthesia.

Single effect experiments are performed to determine the conditions for ignition of the Cs‐Ba tacitron in the breakdown mode as functions of the emitter temperature. Cs pressure, Ba pressure, and the grid and collector voltages; experimental data is used to determine the off‐time required for ignition. To determine the applicability of the ignition data in the breakdown mode to the extinguishing mode of operation, the off‐time values of the former are compared with those of the latter at different grid potentials. Results show that in both the breakdown and extinguishing mode of operation the off‐time required for ignition both is strongly dependence on the Cs pressure in the gap, but weakly dependent on the other operating parameters. For a given Cs pressure, the off‐time in the extinguishing mode increases as the grid potential decreases and/or the modulation time increases. Reducing the grid potential not only increases the off‐time for ignition in the extinguishing mode, hence decreasing the modulatio...

This paper introduces major characteristics of the single event latchup (SEL) in CMOS devices. We accomplish SEL tests for CPU and SRAM devices through the simulation by a pulse laser. The laser simulation results give the energy threshold for samples to undergo SEL. SEL current pulses are measured for CMOS devices in the latchup state, the sensitive areas in the devices are acquired, the major traits, causing large scale circuits to undergo SEL, are summarized, and the test equivalence between a pulse laser and ions is also analyzed.

In an undergraduate computer aided engineering course, the goal is to provide an unequivocal agreement between theory and practice, using rigorous modelling. This paper includes a practical lesson on Dynamic Model/Simulation of an Evaporator for the students. The model consisted of a 5 m³ single effect natural circulation evaporator. The result showed that for a 10 kmol/sec feed flow and energy input of approximately 5706 kJ/sec it was possible to concentrate the feed from 0.25 mol to 0.295 mol fraction. The paper discusses the material with details adapted for stimulating interest in the application of TKSolver in the simulation of chemical processes and thereby facilitating learning.

This paper compares available options for the aquatic ecotoxicological effect factor component in life-cycle assessment (LCA). The effect factor is expressed here as the change in risk per unit change in cumulative exposure, delta effect/delta exposure. The comparison is restricted to approaches linked, implicitly as well as explicitly, to species-sensitivity distributions (SSDs). This draws on recent insights for chemical mixtures and identifies the implications of different model choices. In spite of the many options, assumptions, and areas for further research, it is concluded that a single effect factor basis represents the best available practice for use in LCA at this time, deltaPAF(ms)/deltaC = 0.5/HC50, where deltaPAF(ms) is the change in the (potentially affected) fraction (PAF) of species that experiences an increase in exposure above a specified effect level, accounting for the presence of complex background mixtures (ms), deltaC is the change in cumulative exposure concentration of the chemical of interest, and HC50 is the median, chronic hazardous concentration for regional, multiple-species systems. The resultant aquatic effect factors are risk-based and can be estimated readily for many chemicals using available methods, without the need to describe the entire SSDs and without the need for additional data. For example, the octanol-water partitioning coefficient provides a sufficient estimation basis for about 50% of existing chemicals that have a narcosis mode of action. This also is relevant in LCA for chemicals that are at low concentrations in the environment, concentrations below the biological thresholds at which more specific modes of action would be of relevance.

Two scoping test stands have been designed, built and installed at GA Technologies to perform single effect type testing to investigate specific thermomechanical and thermalhydraulic data needs of typical solid breeder blanket designs. An initial test has been completed successfully yielding important information on the stability of Li/sub 2/O breeder material at typical fusion reactor environmental conditions. Assembly of the second test rig and a pre-testing checkout of the equipment has been completed.

This paper addresses two related problems: what are the appropriate measures for comparing effects of blocks or compounds of variables (each block conceived as having a single effect) when the causal ordering is assumed to be known, and how can single measures be created for each such block or compound, so that the comparisons can be made? Several different kinds of measures are shown to be possibly appropriate, through the use of hypothetical experiments.

The fabrication of make-up for thermical power plants, fossil or nuclear, may be completed by the integration of a salted water distillation, in the heating train associated with the turbine. The cycle may be conceived in such a way that this integration will result in an improvement of the global efficiency. So the paradox “distillation process without energy consumption” will be realized. In fact, heat, which is necessary for the distillation, and which proceeds from a bledsteam of the turbine, is given back to the feedwater of the heating train. This reclamation is made at a same heating level. The efficiency improvement of the turbine cycle depends on the specific characteristics of the heating train and several configurations are considered. The flexibility of the desalting plant must adapt to the power load variations. This necessity is accomplished by the HTSE (Horizontal Tube Single Effect) Process. For the time being, where all out efforts are being made to achieve energy savings, this subject is of a particular interest.

There are many individual evaluation studies regarding the effec­ tiveness of preschool intervention programs. In this study, a meta­ analysis of such evaluation studies is performed to arrive at an overall effect size of preschool intervention programs. The results of this analysis indicate that despite the diversities in intervention sites, ages of subjects at intervention, lengths of intervention, and curricula models, there is a positive homogeneous effect on the variables IQ, math and reading achievement, and percent of students not meeting educational requirements. The methods used in this analysis have implications for policymakers wishing to arrive at decisions about the overall merits of educational programs. In the literature on preschool interven­ tion programs with culturally disadvan­ taged children there has been much dispute as to the magnitude of the effec­ tiveness of these programs. Among the criticisms is that the initial gains wear off as the children proceed through school and that the wide diversity among these programs limits the possibility of arriving at overall conclusions about the effective­ ness and merits of preschool intervention. Despite these limitations in evaluating preschool intervention programs, this pa­ per shows that combining preschool eval­ uation studies to arrive at a single effect size can be important for policymakers when more general questions are ad­ dressed. For example, it would be useful for policymakers, administrators, and pol­ iticians to know whether there is one underlying positive effect of preschool in

The effect of administering different quantities of a JHA topically and orally to the last instar larva ofSpodoptera litura of different ages has been studied. With both modes of treatment the effects comprised prolongation of the life of the instar followed frequently by death; imperfect ecdysis adversely affecting survival; production of non-viable larval-pupal intermediates, and occurrence of extra larval moults. Topical treatment is more effective but ecdysial failure and production of 1-p intermediates are more frequent with oral administration. A single supernumerary larval moult may be caused by administering a large quantity of JHA to 1 day old larva. Supernumerary instars are non-viable. Contrary to expectation, 1-p intermediates produced by early treatment show more pupal characters whereas middle-aged larvae show more larval characters. Prolongation of larval life caused by small quantities of JHA is the largest single effect which results into larval mortality.

Several acid-base equilibria are considerably shifted by anionic surfactant: the increase of apparent acidity is rather specific and cannot be entirely reduced to a single effect dealing with the bulk-micelle interface, such as a surface potential or ionic exchange equilibria. Our approach reconciles these different approaches and allows a good correlation of all the experimental data with a single set of parameters. In addition, these parameters are useful for the quantitative description of other micellar properties such as CMC variations due to the addition of electrolytes.

An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effect of using an internal condenser on the performance of a single-effect solar still. The still was tested in two different ways: first, it was used for water vapor condensation without condenser, and second, it was used for water vapor condensation with condenser. The still was single-sloped with a double pass internal condenser. Its effective base area was 0.4 m2 and its cover slope was 30° to the horizontal. The results showed that combining an internal condenser with basin type solar still caused an improvement in the still performance. The still daily productivity was increased from 5.5 kg/m2 day for the first test to 5.9 kg/m2 day for the second test.

The specialized transport properties of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) enable this segment of the nephron to dissociate salt and water absorption. Sodium chloride absorption by the cortical (cTALH) and medullary (mTALH) thick ascending limb accounts for urinary dilution, since each of these segments is virtually water–impermeable. Salt absorption by the mTALH also contributes to medullary interstitial hypertonicity, supplies the energy for the "single effect" of countercurrent multiplication, and hence modulates urinary concentrating mechanisms. The medullary (mTALH) and cortical (cTALH) portions of the TALH are clearly heterogeneous, and can be distinguished on the basis of morphological [1, 2], biochemical [3–6] and functional [7] differences. This article will focus particularly on the transport functions of the medullary segment. The specific issues discussed will include the mechanism of NaCl absorption by the mTALH, the enhancement of this salt absorptive process by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), at least in certain mammalian species, and the major factors that appear to regulate or modulate both ADH-dependent and -independent NaCl transport processes. Sufficient information is currently available which indicates that these modulating factors provide feedback loops which sense interstitial osmolality and serve as a means of controlling the magnitude of interstitial hypertonicity, and hence concentrating power.

Transient solutions are developed for the buildup of a concentration gradient in the single loop solute cycling model of the renal medulla. The “pump” from ascending limb to descending limb is considered in both unsaturated and completely saturated modes of operation. Both analytic solutions and semianalytic solutions obtained from inverting Laplace transforms are considered. The classic representation of concentration buildup by the multiplication process is compared with calculated profiles. The “single effect” is found to vary both in time and space.

The impact of ethnic group, disability framework, and responsibility for the disability on evaluation of the physically disabled was examined in Israel. Arab and Jewish students were asked to evaluate a disabled person shown on videotape. Before and after seeing the videotape, subjects were given additional information pertaining to the circumstances in which the person became disabled. The results of the three-way analysis of variance indicated that disability per se was not the sole variable that influenced evaluations of the disabled; the variables of the study superimposed on the disability did affect the evaluations of the disabled. Disability framework, that is, civilian versus military disabled, appears to have the strongest single effect on evaluation of disabled persons. Responsibility for the disability influenced the evaluations in certain identifiable contexts. Ethnic group expressed itself as a general variable and its impact could only be assessed in relation to the other variables.

The energy consumption of several tomato paste evaporators was monitored to provide baseline data for equipment selection or modification. Daily average performance data are given for single, double and triple effect evaporators. Average daily steam economies for the single effect evaporator ranged from 0.74 to 1.02 and averaged 0.84 compared to a theoretical average of 0.95. Two similar double effect evaporators had average daily steam economies which ranged from 0.79 to 2.03. The average daily steam economy measured was 1.45 while the theoretical average was 1.91. The average daily steam economies for the three triple effect evaporators ranged from 1.66 to 3.06.

The First Wall/Blanket/Shield (FWBS) Program has the goal to provide the development and testing of FWBS systems for magnetic fusion reactors. Program Element II of this program is to develop the thermal-hydraulic and thermomechanical data base for blanket and shield components. The critical blanket/shield data needs were identified, alternate techniques to simulate fusion neutron bulk heating were evaluated, and a detailed technical plan was developed. The initial focus is on the critical issues of solid breeder blankets. Two single effect scoping tests are currently in progress to determine the heat transfer characteristics and thermomechanical stability of the solid breeder bed. The design of an integral test to simulate all the non-nuclear aspects of the blanket has been completed. Preliminary planning for a fission reactor-based nuclear test has also been done. Future testing will investigate alternate solid breeder blanket materials and configurations and will begin the investigation of the critical MHD effects of liquid metal blanket concepts.

We test the hypothesis that the relative sizes of the different parts of the brain (brain stem, optic lobes, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres), measured after body size effects have been removed, are associated with differences in behaviour and ecology across bird species. The results demonstrate that behavioural and ecological correlates of relative brain size are not independent of each other. When the effects of variation in other categories are accounted for, the strongest single effect is due to relatively large brain sizes being associated with altricial development. It is unlikely that this effect is due to the confounding influence of taxonomic associations. Overall, the results do not provide support for the idea that differences in measures of environmental complexity select for differences in relative brain size.

1. 1. Data from 5,883 registering prenatal patients were used to examine variables influencing birth weight. Statistical handling by multiple linear regression techniques was confirmed by simple three-way cross-classification tables. 2. 2. Initial results indicated that maternal age, parity, weight, past history of having borne a baby in excess of 9 pounds, length of gestation, and sex of the infant were all of possible significance. 3. 3. Further analyses removing the overlapping effects of intercorrelated factors were made. Apparent influence of age and parity was then seen to result from parity only. Extension of these analyses indicated that the effect of parity was entirely due to the maternal prepregnant usual weight. Evidence of increasing gestational blood glucose levels seen with increases in maternal weight formed the basis for postulating an environmental cause for the relationship between maternal weight and infant birth weight. 4. 4. The significant effect of having previously borne a large baby, while in keeping with this postulated environmental cause since such persons have higher than average weights as well as blood glucose levels in pregnancy, in no way negates possible genetic explanations. 5. 5. Length of gestation has the greatest single effect on infant birth weight. Its use as an index of maturity is discussed in relation to the difficulties in applying results from group data with large variances to an individual.

The behavior of testosterone-treated (T) and control (C) chicks in a novel environment was investigated during their first 2 wk of life, with the aid of video-recordings. T and C chicks showed several marked and significant differences in behavior: Ts spent less time peeping, made fewer head movements while “scanning” the new environment, showed longer visual “fixation” times, and fewer head movements before changing their direction of head movement. These measures were significantly correlated to one another for Ts, and it was argued that they reflected a single effect of the hormone. It was suggested that this single effect acted on attentional mechanisms, and the relation of this to effects of testosterone on emotional behavior was discussed.

In administering tests of inductive reason ing in which the subjects worked successively with three dimensional objects, pictures, and words it was observed that printed material could be used as a medium for investigating various aspects of the reasoning process in young children (2, 6). This observation led to the construction of a paper and pencil test which was administered to a group of children and which was subsequently revised and readministered on the basis of the re sults of the preliminary investigation. This report presents the results obtained from both of these paper and pencil tests. The idea of assembling a series of tests graded in difficulty operated in the selection of the individual sub-tests to be included in the first battery. Consequently the test be gan with the simplest possible form of an inductive problem?the association between a single cause and a single effect. In succes sive parts the number of possible causes was increased and negative as well as positive in stances of the effect were introduced. By such changes the test was gradually built up until the problems were similar to those de scribed by Mill in his discussion of the Method of Agreement and the Joint Method of Agreement and Difference (4). Thereafter the problems involved the use of more ab stract concepts. As will be shown later some of the prob lems of the first pencil and paper test were too simple for any child who can read. Con sequently these easier problems were elim inated and only the problems of the Joint Method type were retained. Within this framework two factors, viz., number of an tecedents and level of abstractness, were varied in a systematic fashion, so that their effect on reasoning could be studied. B. Composite Test of Inductive Reasoning

Probably the biggest single effect that the Emergency in Malaya has visibly accomplished has been the resettlement or regrouping of nearly 650,000 “squatters” into more than 550 “new villages.” It is the purpose of this paper to examine the conditions that necessitate the resettlement and regrouping of these “squatters”, the positive law measures utilized, and the direct and indirect results that were accomplished.

Thermal diffusion and the method by which the single effect can be multiplied and be made applicable to the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures, are described. The selecting principles for gas mixtures and those for liquid mixtures, according to the “cage-model” are mentioned. Experiments with synthetic mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons generally confirmed these principles. The order of magnitude of the thermal efficiency and the experimental results for a distillate fraction of natural hydrocarbon mixtures are given.

A physical and economic model is built for a 150 million gallon per day single effect multi-stage flash desalination plant. The development of the model is reviewed from previous papers. The limitations of the model are discussed. The model is optimized using a combination of the discrete maximum principle and direct search procedures. This technique permits detailed optimization of design variables at each stage so that in the optimum plant over 100 variables are optimized. Previously, in this type of plant, typical optimization studies considered about five variables. The results of the optimization are given and a sensitivity analysis on the constraints is performed.

Concentration of urine in a central core model of the renal counterflow system. In this model descending Henle's limbs (DHL), ascending Henle's limbs (AHL) and collecting ducts (CD) exchange with a central vascular core (VC) formed by vasa recta loops—assumed so highly permeable that the core functions as a single tube, open at the cortical end and closed at the papillary end. Solute supplied to the VC primarily by AHL increases VC osmolality and so extracts water from DHL and CD, increasing their osmolality while diluting AHL fluid. This single effect multiplied by the counterflow arrangement leads to a high papillary osmolality in all structures. Some of the solute may enter DHL to be recycled. In single solute system energy requirements for transport out of AHL decrease from outer to inner medulla. In two solute systems (e.g. salt and urea) mixing in the central core can supply part of the energy for the final concentration of urine. Urea cycling, regulated by ADH, allows active Na + transport in the outer medulla and cortex to be used for concentration in the inner medulla.

Calculation of a multi-effect evaporator by applying enthalpy-concentration diagram, had been reported by several researchers, but their methods were so complicated due to many assumptions on trial, that we felt the necessity of simplifying them.Our calculation which was based on Matz's theory7) consisted of three kinds of balance equation… heat balance, material balance and heat transfer balance…and the enthalpy concentration diagram. The only assumption needed at the start of this trial was the first effect pressure p1, which might easily be derived from Fig. 5 by one or two trials. We then proceeded on with our calculation by using p1 and the next given condition: concentration, temperature and feed rate of liquid to the first effect, the concentration of product liquor, the operating conditions (pressure and temperature of heating steam, number of effect, last effect pressure) and the over-all heat transfer coefficient of each effect. Last of all we derived on trial the necessary values (pressure, temperature and concentration) for each effect, by satisfying the terminal condition that the last effect temperature coincides with the given one. Further more, we easily came to know the heating surface and the liquor temperature of each effect, as well as the steam consumption and the amount of vapor leaving the last effect and going to the condenser.It must be admitted, however, that the present method is also one of the approximate calculations, because it comprizes errors on drawing and the assumption that the heat requirement in the first effect of the "n" effects evaporator is 1/n of that of the single effect evaporator, having the same amount of product liquor as that of the "n" effects.

A study was made to determine the decontamination efficiency of a radiochemical waste evaporator system, which consisted of evaporator, cyclone, mist-separator and condenser. The system was designed to handle the liquid radioaetive waste, which ranged in activity from 10/sup 4/ 10/sup -2/ mu c/ml, at the nate of 200 1/hr and to get a volume reduction ratio of 100 ~ 200. The evaporator is single effect and vertical shell-and-tube type, and is operated for non-foaming liquid by fixing the liquid level above the upper tube sheet of the calandria. For foaming liquid, however, the evaporator is operated by lowering the liquid level below the middle of the calandria. In the latter case, the upper part of the tubes above the liquid surface serves as a foam breaker. The decontamination factors of the evaporator, cyclone, and mist-separator and the over-all decontamination factor were measured for the boil-up rates varying from 50 to 300 1/hr. Lithium chloride and strontium nitrate solutions were used as test liquid. The decontamination characteristic of the evaporator is different for the two test liquids and depends on the liquid level. The over-all decontamination factor was measured to be 10/sup 6/ ~ 10/sup 8/ and it was revealedmore » that the required decontamination efficiency was achieved. Discussion is given on the mechanism of the generation of liquid entrainment. (auth)« less

Die pressing and sintering processes are used in the fabrication of fuel with minor actinides. Perfect cylindrical sintered pellets must be directly obtained by the current processes with take into account the slight heterogeneities of the density, which ones are present in the green body as a result of frictional forces between powder and die. FEM of the compaction stage has been used to simulate the die pressing stage of nuclear oxide powders and to predict the green density distributions. An ejection method with or without profile correction in the die has been used to removing the die radially.

This study analyzes factors having influence on dentists' capacity to give periodontal therapy. The data was collected by the questionnaire from 134 randomly selected Finnish dentists. The effects were examined by two- and multiway frequency tables. The results indicated that the time since graduation had the strongest single effect. Also the prediction categories dealing with continuing education and scientific interest were related to periodontal capacities of dentists. The combined effects of certain variables as sex, type of position and place of practice indicate that the cumulation of certain favourable factors is needed to accomplish periodontal therapy in Finland. It was concluded that the promotion of periodontal care can be realized reliably by improved levels of undergraduate and postgraduate education.

Comparison of the ABO blood groups of patients with all forms of gastric cancer and of those with gastric cancer preceded by pernicious anaemia has shown no differences between them. This finding supports the concept that blood group has a single effect associated with an underlying factor predisposing to either disease.

Consider a system of 2 receptor subtypes Q and R mediating a single effect induced by a full agonist A or a partial agonist P. Each drug causes 2 stimuli resulting from the drug-Q receptor and drug-R receptor complexes. Expanding on Stephenson’s concepts (Stephenson, 1956), and applying them but to a 2 receptor subtype system, the matching effects of A in the absence and presence of P gives: $$ {s_{2,Q}} = {s_{1,Q}} + {s_{3,Q}} $$ (1) and $$ {s_{2,R}} = {s_{1,R}} + {s_{3,R}} $$ (2) where the stimulus s2 induced by the concentration [A2] of A, amounts to the sum of a stimulus s1 by a concentration [P] of P, and a stimulus s3 by a concentration [A3] of A in the presence of [P] . Only one kind of pharmacological effect is observed which is regarded to result from a single stimulus s. This stimulus results, however, from the interactions of either A or P with both receptor subtypes Q and R.

In order to reduce auxiliary energy consumption in a active solar cooling system, a newly developed CSDE absorption chiller was used for an actual solar system. The operating characteristics of the CSDE chiller were tested for one year in 1984 by substituting it for an existing single effect absorption chiller that had been operating for two years in 1983 and in 1982. The results shows that the CSDE absorption chiller used only 57% of auxiliary energy required by ordinary system in 1983 and only 53% of that used in 1982. The COP of the CSDE chiller in an actual operation was 0.727 and the calculated value from the distribution of operating hours for each mode was 0.82. The actual value of COP was smaller than the calculated value, but in the improved system P.S increased to 54.1% from 38.3% in 1983 and from 29.8% in 1982.