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Various heterogeneous devices or objects will be integrated for transparent and seamless communication under the umbrella of Internet of things (IoT). This would facilitate the open access of data for the growth of various digital services. Building a general framework of IoT is a complex task because of the heterogeneity in devices, technologies, platforms and services operating in the same system. In this paper, we mainly focus on the framework for Big Data analytics in Smart City applications, which being a broad category specifies the different domains for each application. IoT is intended to support the vision of Smart City, where advance technologies will be used for communication to improve the quality of life of citizens. A novel approach is proposed in this paper to enhance energy conservation and reduce the delay in Big Data gathering at tiny sensor nodes used in IoT framework. To implement the Smart City scenario in terms of Big Data in IoT, an efficient (optimized in quality of service) wireless sensor network (WSN) is required where communication of nodes is energy efficient. Thus, a new protocol, QoS-IoT(quality of service enabled IoT), is proposed on the top layer of the proposed architecture (the five-layer architecture consists of technology, data source, data management, application and utility programs) which is validated over the traditional protocols.

Energy consumption is one of the constraints in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues, viz., energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability, and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the root cause of more energy consumption and degrade the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols, which are used to enhance the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol is more suitable in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the efficiency decreases as the data packets need to wait at the initial point, where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end-to-end delay of the packets, which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to identify the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets conserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both power efficient gathering sensor information system and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of genetic algorithm and bacterial foraging optimization is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol, gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy consumption, and better throughput, which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime of the network. Moreover, the computation model is adopted to evaluate and compare the performance of the both routing protocols using soft computing techniques.

One of the emerging networking standards that gap between the physical world and the cyber one is the Internet of Things. In the Internet of Things, smart objects communicate with each other, data are gathered and certain requests of users are satisfied by different queried data. The development of energy efficient schemes for the IoT is a challenging issue as the IoT becomes more complex due to its large scale the current techniques of wireless sensor networks cannot be applied directly to the IoT. To achieve the green networked IoT, this paper addresses energy efficiency issues by proposing a novel deployment scheme. This scheme, introduces: (1) a hierarchical network design; (2) a model for the energy efficient IoT; (3) a minimum energy consumption transmission algorithm to implement the optimal model. The simulation results show that the new scheme is more energy efficient and flexible than traditional WSN schemes and consequently it can be implemented for efficient communication in the IoT.

Cloud computing has become an emerging technology which has huge impact. Existing security algorithms cannot meet the needs of cloud computing users as security issues have become increasingly prominent, becoming an important factor restricting the development of cloud computing. Research community has immensely focused on developing and optimising security techniques to overcome this hurdle in cloud. Due to huge literature it becomes difficult to comprehend overall structure and advancements. This domain needs an analytic approach to completely understand the problem domain that is why this article represents same in specific context of security. Further, a notion on security issues in cloud computing with respect to vulnerabilities, threats and attacks is discussed. Paper also proposed two research evaluation parameters that are effective citation and effective impact factor for better appreciation. Article also analyses patterns, trends and other factors for directing research activities. Finally, a global research trends on security domain are evaluated and analysed.

Traditional protocols in wireless sensor networks follow the strict layering techniques which lead to the degradation in performance of the QoS (Quality of Service) parameters. Battery powered tiny sensor nodes with constraints of energy and guaranteed time require the efficient communication protocols with innovative and optimized approach to attain the objectives of WSN. Especially, these requirements become more stringent with the emergence of novel applications based on WSN. In order to find an optimized solution to this, cross layer-based approach which allows the cooperation, synchronization and communication among the layers, seems to be appropriate. In this paper, a realistic cross-layer protocol has been developed taking into considerations of MAC and Physical layer to further optimize the QoS parameters of already developed Energy Efficient Inter Cluster Coordination Protocol (EEICCP) at the Network layer level. In this paper we endeavor to concentrate on the enhancement of reliability parameter of QoS and results are validated through simulations done in MATLAB.

In this paper, an energy efficient inter cluster coordination protocol developed for the wireless sensor networks has been proposed. By controlling the topology, longevity and the scalability of the network can be increased. Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So cluster based algorithm has been developed in which different levels of clusters are considered on the basis of received signal strength to recognize the distance of the clusters from the BS (base station) and to determine the number of cluster coordinators to make routes for the CHs to transmit the data. Based on the investigation of existing protocols in which cluster heads send data directly to the base station, it is found that direct transmission by the CHs is not an optimal solution and dissipates a lot of energy, so in this paper a novel EEICCP (Energy efficient inter cluster coordination) protocol has been proposed which evenly distributes the energy load among the sensor nodes and use the multi hop approach for the CHs. Analytical model of new protocol is projected and the algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. Moreover, EEICCP has shown remarkable improvement over already existing LEACH and HCR protocols in terms of reliability and stability. Our work has also been validated through the simulation results.

From few years, interest in wireless sensor networks has been in potential use for many applications like border security surveillance, disaster management, field of health and objection detection in remote areas. Sensors are deployed in wide area to operate autonomously for long time in unattended environment. Sensors are equipped with low memory and limited battery power. The main job of wireless sensor nodes is to sense, gather and transmit the data to the center location. This requires the efficient routing paths to be set up between the sink and the sensor nodes which can be satisfied by various routing protocols. Industrialists, Individuals, researchers and students are trying to develop the efficient routing protocols in terms of various quality of service metrics. To develop the routing protocols it is necessary to understand the basics of WSN. In this chapter, we have given the brief overview of fundamentals of WSN, a deep insight into comparative study of various multi-hop routing protocols with future scope.

Many routing, power aware and data diffusion protocols have been designed especially for WSN, which are reliability and network operation based. The presentation of various ideas on multi-hop reliability and network operation based routing protocols is given here. Unattended sensor nodes deployed randomly in the network area require reliable routing. In recent years, an extensive research has addressed various issues for the coordination and management of nodes for efficient operations and efficient routing. The mission of maintaining and finding routes is nontrivial as sudden changes in status of nodes lead to unpredictable consequences. In this chapter, comparative study of various routing protocols has been presented to pave new ways to researchers. In this chapter, we have classified reliability and network operation routing in to five types (i) coherent based, (ii) QoS based, (iii) multipath based, (iv) query based and negotiation based.

The very challenging requirement of WSN is energy efficiency, which depends upon the distributed design and dynamic topology of the network. This requirement can be fulfilled by the multi-hop energy efficient routing protocols. The objective of all the energy efficient protocols is to extend the network’s lifetime. Sensor nodes are battery operated, so generally concern of all routing protocols is to conserve energy. In this chapter, energy efficient protocols are categorized into two types (i) heterogeneity based energy efficient routing protocols and (ii) chain based energy efficient routing protocols. Comparisons of various energy efficient routing protocols are specified here with open issues. A systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of various energy aware schemes are discussed in depth. This chapter is focused on various energy conservation schemes and hence, discussion of various routing protocols gives the readers a new insight.

Quality of service metrics is one of the vital concerns in wireless sensor network, which is improved by hierarchical clustering algorithms. In this paper discussion of EEICCP (Energy Efficient Inter Cluster Co-ordination Protocol) which adopted a layered approach for the clusters and communication among the clusters through cluster heads and cluster coordinators is prepared. We investigate the impact of homogeneous densely deployed network with novel approach of layering of clusters with inter cluster coordination in terms of energy, time, reliability and complexity in wireless sensor networks that are hierarchically clustered. Assumptions are made about the nodes that they are randomly distributed and are static, they have same level of energy, the coordinates of the BS and the dimensions of the sensor field are known. Selection sort with divide and conquer strategy is used to carry out the previous work of EEICCP. This protocol is useful for the environmental and real time applications because of faster delivery, dense network and energy efficiency. Time and energy two essential parameters are enhanced and simulations in MATLAB have shown the validation of our work over LEACH and HCR.