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During the 1990’s and 2000’s audience research departments at broadcasting companies and advertising agencies played a serious role in the development of Russian sociology of media. One such subsidiary is VGTRK’s Audience Research Agency, founded by media manager and journalist A.G. Bystritsky, and which for a long time was run by sociologist A.V. Sharikov. The tasks of the Agency have repeatedly changed for 12 incomplete years of its work. They included secondary analysis of the results of TV audience measurement, expert surveys, audience qualitative studies, research expeditions to the Russian regions, etc. A special place among the Agency projects is held by the first exit poll in the history of Russian sociology (1993). Examined are the main periods and lines of activity of this subsidiary, its projects and the publications based upon them. Information is provided about the leading experts who participated in the agency’s activities throughout the years of its existence.

Beneficial effect of bariatric surgery is expressed not only in reducing body weight, but also in improving the functioning of the body as a whole. On the one hand, numerous studies devoted to the investigations of specific mechanisms of the influence of bariatric surgery on the general condition of an organism testify to the enormous interest of scientists in this problem. On the other hand, the range of changes is so vast that it covers almost all physiological and biochemical processes. The most noticeable response to bariatric surgery is from the digestive (including the composition of the microbiota), immune (reducing the level of systemic and local inflammation), cardiovascular (reducing the risks of atherosclerosis and other diseases) systems. Partial or complete compensation of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome also occurs. Among the variety of data, there is insufficient research on only standard biomarkers: leptin, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, etc. A detailed study of the profiles of both circulating biomarkers and local ones is necessary. At the same time, it is obligate to continue to accumulate evidence on the positive effect of bariatric surgery, since this type of surgical intervention has come into practice relatively recently. Unfortunately, at the present time in Russia bariatric surgery is not an affordable and popular treatment for morbid obesity (MO). Nevertheless, it is extremely important to change the current situation, since bariatric treatment is an optimal and effective solution to socially significant diseases such as MO or type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract The evolution of sub-spaces in the framework of gravity with higher derivatives is studied. Numerical solutions to exact differential equations are found. It is shown that the initial conditions play crucial role in the space dynamic. Appropriate metrics describing an expanding and a stationary sub-space shed light on the well-known question: why our 3-dim space is large but an extra space is small and stable (if exists)? It is assumed that the values of parameters at high energies strongly depend on uncontrolled quantum corrections and, hence, are not equal to their values at low energies. Therefore, there is no way to trace solutions throughout the energy range, and we restrict ourselves to the sub-Planckian and the inflationary energies.

It is shown that the mechanical properties (relative yield strength σ0,2, tensile strength σв, relative constriction ψ) and hardness HRC of the 41Cr4 (DIN) steel change monotonically when the tempering temperature Tо changes after quenching and closely correlate with each other. The linear regression equations are presented describing interrelations σ0,2, σв and ψ on HRС of the 41Cr4 steel, calculation errors for them and correlation coefficients. It is shown that the coercive force Hc of the 41Сr4 steel does not have an unambiguous dependence with its hardness HRC over the entire range of variation of Tо, and the relaxation magnetization of the 41Cr4 steel cannot be used for non-destructive testing of its hardness due to low measurement accuracy. For the magnetic structuroscopy of the 41Сr4 steel, parameter Hc1 is proposed, for the calculation of which its Hc and relation of the residual magnetization to the saturation magnetization is used. It is shown that the calculation results of Hc1 do not have a high relative error, clearly depend on Tо of the 41Сr4 steel in the practically important range of its change and are highly sensitive to changes in the hardness HRC of the 41Сr4 steel. The equation for the correlation dependence of HRC on the parameter Hc1 is given. This equation and the equations of dependence of σ0,2, σв and ψ on HRС are used to build correlation dependences of σ0,2, σв and ψ on the parameter Hc1. It is shown that the constructed dependencies can be used for non-destructive magnetic testing of the mechanical properties of the 41Сr4 steel in a practically important range of their variation.

Objective. To assess risk factors for the imbalance of the shoulder girdle and to identify reproducible X-ray criteria for persistent shoulder imbalance after correction of idiopathic scoliosis. Material and Methods. A total of 94 patients with idiopathic scoliosis were included in the retrospective study. All patients underwent primary posterior correction of the deformity using pedicle screw instrumentation. Radiography of the spine throughout its length was performed before surgery, in the early postoperative and in the long-term (at least 12 months after surgery) periods. The shoulder imbalance was considered clinically significant with radiographic shoulder height difference more than 2 cm. Results. A significant decrease in the magnitude of all curves after surgery and in the long-term period was noted. The magnitude of the proximal curve decreased from 25.38° ± 15.89° to 14.51° ± 8.17° (p < 0.0001) and to 14.29° ± 8.25° (p = 0.24); the main thoracic curve from 59.33° ± 20.76° to 20.096° ± 9.89° (p < 0.0001) and to 20.87° ± 9.48° (p = 0.19); and thoracolumbar curve from 47,20° ± 15,99° to 15.69° ± 8.66° (p < 0.0001) and to 16.98° ± 7.6° (p = 0.01), respectively. The shoulder imbalance was recorded in 27 patients (28.72 %) after surgery and in 13 (13.83 %) – in the long-term period. In these patients, various Lenke types of deformity were presented. A correlation of the distal adding-on phenomenon with self-correction of the shoulder balance is revealed (r = 0.56; p < 0.005). Persistent shoulder imbalance correlated with presence of a structural proximal thoracic curve (p = 0.041642), residual proximal curve magnitude after sur- gery (r = 0.22; p = 0.03), and presence of a symptom of double rib hump on radiographs after surgery (r = 0.75; p ≤ 0.005). Conclusion. The most characteristic pattern of persistent shoulder imbalance is the presence of asymmetry in the proximal and main regions of the chest. This sign can be detected by intraoperative lateral radiography of the spine, which will allow the surgeon to take measures to eliminate this phenomenon and reduce the probability of persistent shoulder imbalance development.

2019 is declared the Mieczyslaw Weinberg’s year due to the 100th anniversary of the composer’s birth, whose works are rarely heard in concert halls of Russia. This fact stipulated the current paper devoted to Weinberg’s works. The study is intended to contribute to the composer’s profile and to add some pedagogical and performing observations and recommendations. A number of special methods of analysis of musical works (structural, harmonic, etc.) are used in the paper, as well as a system approach to the theoretical insight into the process of integration Weinberg’s chamber and ensemble compositions into the professional musical training. Artist and time, composer and performer, musical and artistic interpretation – these are the categories musical and performing arts deal with. In this paper, we focus on the chamber-instrumental genre and, in particular, Weinberg’s Sonata for violin and piano A-dur op. 37 No. 3 to examine the peculiarities of the composer’s musical language. The article indicates the conditions that are essential to solve the tasks performers often face – comprehension of Weinberg’s chamber and ensemble instrumental works’ inherent features, getting the most complete revealing of musical and artistic imagery of his compositions, defining distinguishing features of ensemble performing. Following the state educational standards in the field of training instrumental musicians to meet high-level proficiency requirements, the authors examine synthesis of tradition and innovation in the composer’s chamber ensemble instrumental works, provide deep analysis of a composition that is recognized as a piece of high aesthetic and ethical value. Thus, the authors believe it to be an appropriate work to contribute to the professional and spiritual growth of everyone who turns to this music, including young musicians engaged in chamber ensemble.

The article is devoted to the analysis of discourse definitions and the study of the principles of the typologization of discourse varieties in Russian linguistics. The purpose of the article is to establish the principles of classification of discourse varieties and search for universal classification attribute for the specific division of the latter. It is established that the predominant focus on the study of symbolic or functional properties of a language determines the presence of two paradigms in linguistic science: system-structural and communicative, to which discourse belongs, and which grew out of communicative linguistics and “hybrid” disciplines – pragmalinguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, etc. Discourse has not yet received a clear and unambiguous definition, because of the polysemy and ambiguity of the content. It is difficult to talk about proper terminological status of discourse and the name “discourse”: outside the context of a specific theory, it remains a protermin, in order to turn it into a full-valued term, it is necessary to include it in the system of connections of some research paradigm. The absence of a universal and clear meaningful definition of discourse leads to the impossibility of a consistent one-character classification of its varieties, the typology of discourse is based on overlapping features, the choice of which is determined by the choice of the research model and the subject of the research. The thematic type of discourse deserves special attention, since it can be extended to all types of discourse, singled out on the basis of a meaningful principle. At the same time, the topic of discourse is defined by certain basic concepts, from which new, derivative meanings are generated and on the basis of which the communicative events that make up this discourse are developed. It seems that a combination of research methods of linguistic conceptology and discourse analysis can result in the formation of another scientific field – linguistic discourse conceptology.

This article is devoted to searching for analogies of the unique stone crypt of Oguz Scythian royal barrow, which is located in the South of the Black Sea Steppe in the Dnepr-Molochnaya interfluve. The barrow dates back to a time not later than 20s of the 4th century BC. A unique stone tomb of the barrow was excavated in 1894 by N.I. Veselovskiy. The description of the tomb, which characterizes the site’s architecture and construction techniques, is reflected in the report of the researcher, but analogies of Oguz stone crypt have not been found yet. According to the well-founded opinion of modern researchers of Oguz Yu.V. Boltrik and E.E. Fialko, the barrow crypt was created by Bosporus builders. Perhaps it can be truth, but there are no crypts with similar characteristics within the Bosporus. However, a Scythian barrow with a stone crypt has been excavated recently at the foothills of Crimea, near the territory of the European Bosporus. It was built by Bosporus builders. This small crypt has the same spaceplanning solution as the crypt in Oguz barrow and is close to its period of construction. This discovery can be considered as an evidence in favor of the opinion of Yu.V. Boltrik and E.E. Fialko on the origin of the royal crypt in Oguz barrow. There is only one, but weighty objection: pendentives are built in the original rhythmic style in Oguz, which has no analogies in the Northern Black Sea region. Consequently, the creator of Oguz royal crypt could be a representative of another, not Bosphoric school.

The article studies conditions of dynamic pricing and marketing policy efficiency on network values market in circumstances of temporary supplier’s monopoly. The research method is economic-mathematic modeling of value cost dependence on the number of its consumers and demand for the value on price. By computer tests possibilities to use dynamic pricing for resolving three objectives are analyzed, they are maximization of net integral discounted profit of network value supplier; minimization of time necessary to reach the project repayment and minimization of time necessary to reach the maximum integral profit. The authors come to the conclusion about the importance of taking into account the peculiarities of network values markets for developing business marketing policy. They substantiate the expediency of using policy of network values differentiation (free provision of simple version of values and sale of extended version) in order to motivate net shaping and to speed up the achievement of project repayment. The economic-mathematic model of shaping network values market was put forward, which differs from existing analogues by more accurate reflection of specific rise in customer cost and shaping demand for these values. The model was used to get answers to two questions: which strategies of pricing can provide better indicators of project quality and whether it is reasonable to motivate demand by providing a free simplified version of value.

The paper reviews results of studying migration routes; wintering and summering sites of five juvenile Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) from the Volga region tagged with GPS/GSM-trackers. Details of seasonal movements of five juvenile Imperial Eagles were made on the basis of 28 thousand points of location; received during the period from July 2017 to December 2018.

Aim. In this research, we studied the parameters of blood biochemical analysis in rats with combined paracetamol-alcoholic liver injury after its pharmacological correction by newly synthesized partially hydrogenated pyridines (cyanothioacetamide derivatives).Materials and methods. 50 samples of new derivatives of partially hydrogenated pyridines synthesized on the basis of the “Chemex” Research Laboratory of the Vladimir Dal’ Lugansk National University underwent virtual bioscreening, which allowed the selection of 4 compounds, the biological activity of which may be associated with the effect on the protein synthesis and detoxifi cation function of the liver. The experiment was conducted on 48 white outbred male rats. For 14 days, the rats of the control and experimental groups were intragastrically injected with 1 ml of 40% ethanol and paracetamol at a dose of 500 mg/kg once a day. Pharmacocorrection with a thiotriazoline reference drug (50 mg/kg) and pyridine derivatives at a dose of 5 mg/kg was performed from the fourth day. On the 15th day, blood was sampled to determine the level of total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and thymol turbidity test.Results. The value of total bilirubin in the blood of the rats treated with CV046 compounds was 34.88% lower than that in the control group. The animals of the test groups receiving CV047 also showed signifi cant differences with the control group in terms of bilirubin level (a decrease of 31.78%). The AST values in the blood of rats in the test groups had no signifi cant differences as compared with intact animals. Following 10 days of pharmacological correction of combined paracetamol-alcoholic liver injury with CV146, the total bilirubin level in the blood decreased by 26.36% in comparison with the control group, with the activity of ALT and AST demonstrating the levels of intact values.Conclusions. The conducted screening studies of four partially hydrogenated pyridines — cyanothioacetamide derivatives — using the model of combined paracetamol-alcoholic liver injury when used at a dose of 5 mg/kg during ten days have shown a high hepatoprotective and detoxifying activity of the following three compounds: СV046 (2-[(9-tert-butyl-1,5-dicyano4-oxo-3-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-en-2-yl)thio]-N-(2-ethylphenyl)acetamide — IUPAC), СV047 (2-[(9-tert-butyl-1,5-dicyano-4-oxo-3-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-en-2-yl)thio]-N-(4-fl uorophenyl) acetamide) and СV146 (benzyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-cyano-6-({2-[(3,4-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}thio)-2-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate).

This paper presents the results of a spatiotemporal analysis of the dynamics of the overgrowing of helophytes in the water area of Lake Pskov (Pikhva) for the period 1988 to 2017. Using the classification procedure for Landsat satellite images for different years, zones of overgrowing by helophytes in the coastal zone and islands of Lake Pskov were identified. During this period, no clear trend towards overgrowing of Lake Pskov by air and water vegetation was observed. Helophytes develop annually on the same sites. The po­sitive dynamics of overgrowing of individual areas is local, as shown by the example of the Talabsk Islands, where the zone of overgrowth between 2007 and 2017 increased by 7.5 ha. The composition of the dominants of the main communities of the coastal aquatic vegetation did not change significantly over the years. The average value of the area occupied by helophytes is 4.14%. The results obtained are fundamental for determining the overgrowth of Lake Pskov within the framework of the ongoing environmental monitoring of the Peipsi­Pikhva Lake Complex.

Abstract The Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) are a well-established probe for new physics in the very early Universe. We discuss here the possibility of PBH agglomeration into clusters that may have several prominent observable features. The clusters can form due to closed domain walls appearance in the natural and hybrid inflation models whose subsequent evolution leads to PBH formation. The dynamical evolution of such clusters discussed here is of crucial importance. Such a model inherits all the advantages of uniformly distributed PBHs, like possible explanation of supermassive black holes existence (origin of the early quasars), the binary black hole mergers registered by LIGO/Virgo through gravitational waves, which could provide ways to test the model in future, the contribution to reionization of the Universe. If PBHs form clusters, they could alleviate or completely avoid existing constraints on the abundance of uniformly distributed to PBH, thus allowing PBH to be a viable dark matter candidate. Most of the existing constraints on uniform PBH density should be re-considered to the case of PBH clustering. Furthermore, unidentified cosmic gamma-ray point-like sources could be (partially) accounted. We conclude that models leading to PBH clustering are favored compared to models predicting the uniform distribution of PBHs.

The recent increase in the number of patients with implanted peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) requires physicians to be familiar with rare and unusual complication–pinch-off syndrome (POS). We present a case of a 40-years-old female with human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)–positive breast cancer and implanted Groshong PICC (BARD). The patient was admitted for an elective chest and abdomen CT angiography control after finishing her trastuzumab and paclitaxel chemotherapy course a month earlier. Immediately after the contrast media power injection, the PICC line was embolized to the right segmental pulmonary artery. Due to the low complications rate and early patient ambulation percutaneous foreign body retrieval is a primary option for the pinch-off syndrome, especially in frail, and vulnerable cancer patients. This case underscores the feasibility and safety of percutaneous venous interventions in patients with embolized venous infusion devices. Keywords: Interventional oncology, Breast cancer, PICC, Iatrogenic, Pinch-off syndrome

Introduction. The Stalingrad region was founded on the 5th of December 1936. In 1939-1944 the territory and population of the region underwent changes. It included a number of areas of the Volga German ASSR and the Kalmyk ASSR eliminated in 1941-1943. The Astrakhan district was transformed into an independent region, the Germans and the Kalmyks were deported to the eastern regions of the country. Methods and materials. The author of the article uses statistical materials of the All-Union Population Census of the USSR of 1939 and the information and statistical reference book Stalingrad region (1939-1943). Figures and facts. A comparative historical method is widely used to reveal the peculiarities of the national composition of the population of the Stalingrad region and its neighboring regions, and to show the changes that took place in different areas of the region during 1939-1944. For the first time in research literature, 5 groups of rural areas of the region are distinguished. Analysis. The national composition of the population of Stalingrad, Astrakhan and rural areas of the region is investigated, and a comparison with neighboring regions is conducted. Representatives of more than 80 nationalities lived in the Stalingrad region, among them Russians (87.6 %), Ukrainians (3.6 %), Kazakhs (3.2 %), Tatars (2.8 %) and Germans (1.0 %) prevailed. Special attention is paid to the change in the territory and composition of the region’s population after the annexation of 7 areas of the eliminated Volga German ASSR in 1941 and 2 areas of the eliminated Kalmyk ASSR in 1944 and the deportation of Germans and Kalmyks to the eastern regions of the country. Results. The war led to a change in the national composition and a substantial reduction in the number of residents in the region. It took about 20 years to overcome the consequences of the war and deportation to restore the population of the Stalingrad region.

The study aims to assess the sex-age population structure in terms of its impact on the up-coming dynamics of natural increase and, consequently, on the general change in the population size. There are various approaches to assessing this influence, proposed and used by scientists who have studied this aspect of demographic dynamics. This article discusses a relatively simple indica-tor of the sex-age population structure, which allows estimating its future influence on the ratio of births to deaths, and on the natural population growth. The indicator proposed is the so-called demographic potential of the sex-age structure, which is the ratio of female population aged 10–39 to the population of both sexes aged 65 years and older. The number of births in the next 10–15 years largely depends on the size of the first one, while the number of deaths in this period depends on the size of the second one.Before using the demographic potential of the sex-age structure to forecast the dynamics of natural population growth, a retrospective assessment of the relation of this potential with subse-quent natural population growth should be carried out for some particular time point in the past. We chose the sex-age structure of the mid-2000s and the natural increase (per 1000 population) in 2000–2015 for such assessment, accounting for 201 countries. The high value of the correlation coefficient (0.815) indicates that the current sex-age structure and its demographic potential can be used (with varying degrees of conditionality, of course) to forecast the future dynamics of natural growth. In turn, the size of the demographic potential of the sex-age structure of the population depends on the preceding levels of fertility and mortality.An assessment of the demographic potential of the sex-age population structure in mid-2015 for 201 countries of the world showed that in a number of countries in Asia and Africa the value of this potential exceeds 10, so significant natural population growth is highly probable there in the next 10–15 years. Meanwhile, in a number of European countries the value of this potential is less than 1 (i.e., the population aged 65 years and older is larger than the female population aged 10–39 years), which is likely to result in a very small natural increase (in case of a favorable mode of pop-ulation reproduction) or even a natural decline.

Cellulose HogC was produced by the modified traditional method with 35% yield from the stem of Sosnovsky hogweed and was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For HogC, the degree of crystallinity (approximately 70%) and the glass transition temperature (105–108 °C) were determined. It was found that the whiteness characteristic in the case of HogC was 92% and this significate was obtained without a bleaching procedure using chlorine-containing reagents. In this paper, the possibility of hydrophobization of HogC films by treatment with radiation-synthesized telomers of tetrafluoroethylene is shown. It was found that the contact angle of the telomer-treated cellulose film surface depended on the properties of the telomers (the chemical nature of the solvent, and the initial concentration of tetrafluoroethylene) and could reach 140 degrees.

Layers of germanium (Ge) nanowires (NWs) on titanium foils were grown by metal-assisted electrochemical reduction of germanium oxide in aqueous electrolytes based on germanium oxide without and with addition of sodium silicate. Structural properties and composition of Ge NWs were studied by means of the scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. When sodium silicate was added to the electrolyte, Ge NWs consisted of 1–2 at.% of silicon (Si) and exhibited smaller mean diameter and improved crystallinity. Additionally, samples of Ge NW films were prepared by ultrasonic removal of Ge NWs from titanium foils followed with redeposition on corundum substrates with platinum electrodes. The electrical conductivity of Ge NW films was studied at different temperatures from 25 to 300 °C and an effect of the silicon impurity on the thermally activated electrical conductivity was revealed. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of Ge NW films on corundum substrates exhibited a strong sensor response on the presence of saturated vapors of different liquids (water, acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol) in air and the response was dependent on the presence of Si impurities in the nanowires. The results obtained indicate the possibility of controlling the structure and electrical properties of Ge NWs by introducing silicate additives during their formation, which is of interest for applications in printed electronics and molecular sensorics.

The study of circadian rhythms in the human body using temperature measurements is the most informative way to assess the viability of the body’s rhythm-organizing systems. Pathological processes can affect circadian rhythm dynamics in damaged organs. Severe brain damage that caused the development of disorders of consciousness (DOC) (strokes, traumatic brain injury) disrupts the activity of central oscillators, by directly damaging or destroying the periphery links, and the level of preservation of circadian rhythms and the dynamics of their recovery can be informative diagnostic criteria for patient’s condition assessment. This study examined 23 patients with DOC by using a non-invasive method for obtaining body and cerebral cortex temperature to compare with healthy controls. Measurements were made with a 4 h interval for 52 h beginning at 08:00 on day 1 and ending at 08:00 on day 3. The profile of patients with DOC showed complete disruption compared to healthy controls with rhythmic patterns. The results indicate that the mechanisms for maintaining brain circadian rhythms are different from general homeostasis regulation of the body. Use of microwave radio thermometry for the identification of rehabilitation potential in patients with DOC is a promising area of investigation.

We study primordial nucleosynthesis in hypothetical hot regions that could be formed by the primordial density inhomogeneities. It is shown that the regions that survived up to the present times acquire an abnormally high metallicity. This conclusion holds in a wide range of initial parameters of such regions. We considered the thermonuclear reaction rates and estimated abundances of deuterium and helium-3 and -4 inside these areas. It has been established that all baryons tend to form helium-4, which is the thermonuclear link in the chain of formation of heavier elements.

Coordination of cardiovascular and respiratory systems enables a wide range of human adaptation and depends upon the functional state of an individual organism. Hypoxia is known to elicit changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide sensitivity, while training alters cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC). The delayed effect of high altitude (HA) acclimatization on CRC in mountaineers remains unknown. The objective of this study was to compare CRC in acute hypercapnia in mountaineers before and after a HA expedition. Nine trained male mountaineers were investigated at sea level before (Pre-HA) and after a 20-day sojourn at altitudes of 4,000–7,000 m (Post-HA) in three states (Baseline, Hypercapnic Rebreathing, and Recovery). A principal component (PC) analysis was performed to evaluate the CRC. The number of mountaineers with one PC increased Post-HA (nine out of nine), compared to Pre-HA (five out of nine) [Chi-square (df = 1) = 5.14, P = 0.023]; the percentage of total variance explained by PC1 increased [Pre-HA median 65.6 (Q1 64.9/Q3 74.9), Post-HA 75.6 (73.3/77.9), P = 0.028]. Post-HA, the loadings of the expired fraction of O2, CO2, and ventilation onto PC1 did not change, and the loading of heart rate increased [Pre-HA 0.64 (0.45/0.68) and Post-HA 0.76 (0.65/0.82), P = 0.038]. During the Recovery, the percentage of total variance explained by PC1 was higher than during the Baseline. Post-HA, there was a high correlation between the Exercise addiction scores and the eigenvalues of PC1 (r = 0.9, P = 0.001). Thus, acute hypercapnic exposure reveals the Post-HA increase in cardiorespiratory coordination, which is highly related to the level of exercise addiction.

CD8+ T-lymphocytes play a key role in antitumor immune response. Patients with lung cancer often suffer from T-lymphocyte dysfunction and low T-cell counts. The exhaustion of effector T-lymphocytes largely limits the effectiveness of therapy. In this study, reprogrammed T-lymphocytes used MEK inhibitors and PD-1 blockers to increase their antitumor activity. Antitumor effects of reprogrammed T-lymphocytes were shown in vitro and in vivo in the Lewis lung carcinoma model. The population of T- lymphocytes with persistent expression of CCR7 was formed as a result of reprogramming. Reprogrammed T-lymphocytes were resistant to apoptosis and characterized by high cytotoxicity against Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells in vitro. Administration of reprogrammed T-lymphocytes to C57BL/6 mice with LLC reduced the number of lung metastases. The antitumor effect resulted from the elimination of tumor cells and cancer stem cells, and the effect of therapy on cytotoxic T-lymphocyte counts. Thus, reprogramming of T-lymphocytes using MEK inhibitors is a promising approach for targeted therapy of lung cancer.

The effect of synthesis conditions on the features of the long- and short-range order of Ln2(WO4)3 (Ln = Gd, Dy, Ho, Yb) powders synthesized via coprecipitation of salts has been studied by a complex of physico-chemical techniques including synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and simultaneous thermal analysis. It was found that crystallization of amorphous precursors begins at 600 °C/3 h and leads to the formation of the monoclinic structure with sp. gr. C12/c1(15) for Ln2(WO4)3 (Ln = Gd, Dy) and with sp. gr. P121/a1(14) for Ln = Yb, whereas crystallization of Ho precursor requires even higher temperature. After annealing at 1000 °C, the P121/a1(14) phase becomes the dominant phase component for all heavy lanthanoid types except for Ln = Gd. It was shown that the Ln (Ln = Dy, Ho, and Yb) tungstates with the P121/a1(14) monoclinic structure correspond to trihydrates Ln2(WO4)3·3H2O formed due to a rapid spontaneous hydration under ambient conditions. It was concluded that the proneness to hydration is due to a specific structure of the P121/a1(14) phase with large voids available to water molecules. Modifications in the local structure of Ln-O coordination shell accompanying the structure type change and hydration are monitored using EXAFS spectroscopy.

The radiothermometry (RTM) study of a cytochrome-containing system (CYP102 A1) has been conducted in order to demonstrate the applicability of RTM for monitoring changes in the functional activity of an enzyme in case of its point mutation. The study has been performed with the example of the wild-type cytochrome (WT) and its mutant type A264K. CYP102 A1 is a nanoscale protein-enzymatic system of about 10 nm in size. RTM uses a radio detector and can record the corresponding brightness temperature (Tbr) of the nanoscale enzyme solution within the 3.4–4.2 GHz frequency range during enzyme functioning. It was found that the enzymatic reaction during the lauric acid hydroxylation at the wild-type CYP102 A1 (WT) concentration of ~10−9 M is accompanied by Tbr fluctuations of ~0.5–1 °C. At the same time, no Tbr fluctuations are observed for the mutated forms of the enzyme CYP102 A1 (A264K), where one amino acid was replaced. We know that the activity of CYP102 A1 (WT) is ~4 orders of magnitude higher than that of CYP102 A1 (A264K). We therefore concluded that the disappearance of the fluctuation of Tbr CYP102 A1 (A264K) is associated with a decrease in the activity of the enzyme. This effect can be used to develop new methods for testing the activity of the enzyme that do not require additional labels and expensive equipment, in comparison with calorimetry and spectral methods. The RTM is beginning to find application in the diagnosis of oncological diseases and for the analysis of biochemical processes.