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Background: Child sexual abuse, being most of the time a hidden crime that is kept lifelong undisclosed, was found to have strong influence on the victim. Unless a hard evidence (physical evidence, eyewitness, perpetrator confession) was present, decision on the case will depend solely on the child’s account. In spite of efforts to get accurate information, children tend to mix events they have experienced with those seen on TV, heard in a story or even introduced by others while questioning about the event. Source monitoring error is the error in tagging information to its source and is a problem faced when interviewing very young children and when repeatedly rehearsing a false event. In Saudi Arabia, awareness programs were initiated and were distributed widely to educate families about consequences of abuse and the available facilities to seek if needed. These programs took part in social campaigns at malls, schools and media. Parents became more aware of the problem and concerned parents even took part in educating their children about self protection. Knowing that formal sexual health education is deficient in Saudi Arabia and in other Arab countries can put such programs in challenge.Case presentation: In this paper, two cases are presented of child sexual abuse allegations that raised the issue of source monitoring errors in children with over concerned mothers. The mothers admitted the fact that they are giving extensive detailed teaching to their girls about the sexual abuse. The possibilities of having source monitoring errors are discussed while highlighting the protocols of forensic interview and methods to minimize source monitoring errors.Conclusion: Teaching self protection against sexual abuse could be the first introduction of sexual issues to children and hence could lead to source monitoring errors and false allegation of child sexual assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fact that bacteria have no geographical boundaries has made bacterial resistance to antibiotics a worldwide issue that requires collaboration and unity to address. Aim: evaluate the effect of nursing-based intervention to optimize the self-prescribed and the misuse of antibiotics among mothers of children less than 5 years. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used to conduct this study. The study was conducted in Maternal Child Health Centers in Mansoura City & Beni-Suef City, Egypt, 100 participants were included in the study. A structured interview questionnaire was used to collect the data, which consisted of five parts; socio-demographic data, knowledge questions about antibiotics and their resistance, attitude scale towards self-prescribed antibiotics, questionnaire on safe use of antibiotics, and patterns of self-prescribed antibiotic use. Results: 41 % of the study group used self-prescribed antibiotics more than 6 times in the previous 6 months and 100 % of them used them to treat fever and sore throat, followed by 76 % for vomiting and diarrhea. There were significant improvements in participants' knowledge, attitudes towards self-prescribed antibiotics, and safe use of antibiotics after implementing the nursing intervention. Conclusion: The nursing-based intervention was successful in attaining its objectives in improving the total knowledge, attitudes and practices of the studied group. Recommendation: Health education about appropriate antibiotic use should be approved as a part of the preventive services obtained for the mothers.

Abstract Background Since the end of 2019, the world has been afflicted by a coronavirus pandemic caused by coronavirus 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome) (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 causes a wide range of signs and symptoms with varying consequences. The impact of the COVID-19 infection on pregnant women and their fetuses is still under investigation. Case presentation A case of a 34-years-old non-vaccinated pregnant woman who had a COVID-19 infection in the first month of her pregnancy and went into premature labor at 34 weeks was reported. Congenital heart disease and hydrops were present in the fetus. The infant girl was cyanotic after delivery, experienced bradycardia, and was in poor overall condition; she was admitted to the NICU and died 5 days later. Conclusions Some theories suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may be transmitted vertically from mother to fetus. Congenital abnormalities can be caused by a variety of viruses. Although, congenital heart diseases can occur due to different causes, we suggest that COVID-19 may play a role in the development of congenital heart defects.

Abstract Background Pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) is a term used to describe failure of visualization of intrauterine or extrauterine gestational sac in a woman with a positive pregnancy test. Body of the abstract Ectopic pregnancy (EP) accounts for 1–2 % of all pregnancies. EP contributes to maternal mortality of a known cause by 4% in developed countries. However, case fatality rate may be 10 times higher in low-resource countries. This may be attributed to delayed diagnosis and lack of resources. PUL is a temporary term that may eventually lead to diagnosis of viable intrauterine pregnancy, pregnancy loss, or more seriously, EP. Conclusion This guideline appraises current evidence on assessment of PUL and early diagnosis of EP particularly in low-resource settings.

Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most serious diabetic complications. DFU is an open wound that usually occurs in the foot sole due to poor blood glucose control, peripheral neuropathy, and poor circulation. The human amniotic allograft membrane is a biological wound dressing derived from the amniotic membrane. It contains amino acids, nutrients, cytokines, and growth factors that make the growth process easier. Objective: To compare dehydrated human amnion and chorion allograft (DHACA) plus the standard of wound care (SOC) with the SOC alone. Methods: We searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science till April 2021 using relevant keywords. All search results were screened for eligibility. We extracted the data from the included trials and pooled them as mean difference (MD) or risk ratio (RR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) using Review Manager software (ver. 5.4). Results: The pooled effect estimate from 11 RCTs showed that DHACA was superior to SOC regarding the complete wound healing in both 6th and 12th week (RR = 3.78; 95% CI: [2.51, 5.70]; P < 0.00001) and (RR = 2.00; 95% CI: [1.67, 2.39], P < 0.00001 respectively). Also, the analysis favored the DHACA regarding the mean time to heal in the 12th-week (MD = -12.07, 95%CI: [-19.23, -4.91], P = 0.001). The wound size reduction was better with DHACA (MD = 1.18, 95%CI: [-0,10, 2.26], P = 0.03). Conclusion: Using DHACA with SOC is safer and more effective than using SOC alone for DFU patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geochemical proxies provide detailed information on depositional environment and diagenetic processes. The main objectives of the present study are the evaluation of the paleoenvironment and diagenetic conditions of selected three sections of the Shiranish Formation (Late Campanian-Maastrichtian) in Dokan-Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, northeast of Iraq. The major and some trace elements were analysed by X-Ray Fluoresces. These geochemical results showed a positive correlation of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and TiO2 between each other due to the influence of detrital influx from the active oceanic margins and thrust belts of the northeast Arabian Plate. The terrigenous supply of silicates (K-feldspar) and clay minerals (Illite) caused a positive correlation between K2O values and Al2O3. In general, there is a low abundance of SiO2 and Al2O3contents, referring to the deepening of the Neo-Tythus ocean basin in the formation's lower part. The Mn* factor of the lower and middle part of the formation exhibited anoxic conditions while oxic- suboxic conditions at the upper part. The Mn/Sr ratios were less than one, which means that Shiranish marly limestone was well preserved out of diagenetic processes. The paleoredox proxies {Th/U, V/Cr &V/(V+Ni)} confirmed that the lower part of the Formation was deposited in a relatively anoxic deep-outer shelf environment with a rising in paleoproductivity. In contrast, the upper part was characterised by dyoxic-oxic redox. Due to the inner shelf environment, this redox fluctuation reflects a regression phase of sea level, which is compatible with the closure events of the Neo-Tethys in the Eocene epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

هدفت هذه الدراسة بشكل أساسي إلى التعرف على مستوى الرضا الوظيفي لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة سبها، ومعرفة العوامل المؤثرة فيه، وكذلك تحديد فيما إذا كانت هناك فروقات ذات دلالة إحصائية لمستوى الرضا الوظيفي لأعضاء هيئة التدريس يعزى لمتغير الدرجة العلمية، الخبرة، أو الكلية التابع لها. بيانات الدراسة تم الحصول عليها من مكتب ضمان الجودة وتقييم الأداء بالجامعة بعد موافقة رئاسة الجامعة، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي فيما يتعلق بالجانب النظري المرتبط بالدراسات السابقة والمنهج التحليلي المتمثل في تحليل البيانات الثانوية، وكانت عينة الدراسة مكونة من 457 عضو هيئة تدريس من مختلف كليات جامعة سبها الموزعة على مناطق الجنوب الليبي. أظهرت النتائج أن الرضا الوظيفي لأعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة سبها بشكل عام جيد، وأن هناك فروقات ذات دلالة إحصائية تعزى لمتغير الدرجة العلمية وكانت هذه الفروقات بين درجة الأستاذ والمحاضر المساعد، في حين لم تكن هناك فروقات تعزى لمتغير الخبرة أو الكلية التي يتعبها عضو هيئة التدريس، وبناء على هذه النتائج تم تقديم مجموعة من التوصيات والمقترحات.

Background There are laboratory and clinical associations between liver and thyroid diseases. Hepatitis C virus is known to be responsible for both hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) provide high sustained viral response rates and much reduced adverse effects and impaired health-related quality of life during treatment. Aim To assess thyroid function in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) receiving DAAs before start treatment and after achieving of SVR. Patients and methods A prospective study was conducted on 300 patients with CHC infection who were recruited for the study after obtaining written informed consent. Full history was taken, as well as routine examination and special investigations were done for all patients before the start of the remedy and by the end of treatment with DAAs. Results PCR results revealed a statistically significant difference, as SVR was evident in 98% of patients. Analysis of thyroid function assessments in the present study showed that 277 (92.3%) patients were euthyroid and 23 (7.7%) patients had thyroid disorders, comprising seven (2.3%) patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, 14 (4.66%) patients with overt hypothyroidism, and two (0.7%) patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism. Conclusion Thyroid function in patients with CHC infections was not damaged with treatment with DAAs for hepatitis C virus treatment. Hypothyroidism is prevalent in patients with CHC, and after treatment with DAAs, thyroid dysfunction slightly improved, especially subclinical, after achievement of SVR.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between oil revenues and government budget in Iraq for 2006-2016. The study found that, Iraq’s oil production curve in recent years has remarkably specified the positions, even if not mainly at the levels estimated earlier, as more positive forecasts. Iraq has developed to be the world’s fourth-largest oil exporter. This study confirmed that, the critical element for Iraq’s economy is that, the country depends on oil and 97% of the government revenues are from its oil exports. While challenges continue to achieve the aims of increased oil production, opportunity for Iraq’s resources to produce revenue and pay for broad-based economic development still exists.

Objective: We explore state of the art machine learning based tools for automatic facial and linguistic affect analysis to allow easier, faster, and more precise quantification and annotation of children's verbal and non-verbal affective expressions in psychodynamic child psychotherapy. Method: The sample included 53 Turkish children: 41 with internalizing, externalizing and comorbid problems; 12 in the non-clinical range. We collected audio and video recordings of 148 sessions, which were manually transcribed. Independent raters coded children's expressions of pleasure, anger, sadness and anxiety using the Children's Play Therapy Instrument (CPTI). Automatic facial and linguistic affect analysis modalities were adapted, developed, and combined in a system that predicts affect. Statistical regression methods (linear and polynomial regression) and machine learning techniques (deep learning, support vector regression and extreme learning machine) were used for predicting CPTI affect dimensions. Results: Experimental results show significant associations between automated affect predictions and CPTI affect dimensions with small to medium effect sizes. Fusion of facial and linguistic features work best for pleasure predictions; however, for other affect predictions linguistic analyses outperform facial analyses. External validity analyses partially support anger and pleasure predictions. Discussion: The system enables retrieving affective expressions of children, but needs improvement for precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A geochemical and environmental study was carried out for the sediments of the Southern Neo-Tethys Ocean, represented by the Yamama Formation (Berriasian- Valaganian) in southern Iraq. The formation has a particular reservoir importance. The typical WQ-220 and WQ-280 wells were selected from the West Qurna field. Data of Gamma-ray logs were used for 30 depths of the typical well. Ten core samples were analyzed by X-Ray Fluoresces and total organic matter from both wells. The results showed that shaliness was relatively low, with an average of 16.5%, leading to a decrease in the presence of clay minerals and trace elements because the environment of the Yamama Formation is relatively far away from the coast. Qualitative evaluation of clay minerals was carried out by thorium/potassium ratio, which showed the dominance of illite and smectite. This may be due to an increase in the salinity of the ocean at that time or because potassium bonds are strong enough to resist the diagenesis processes. The origin of shale in the Yamama Formation was studied using the relationship TiO2-MgO+Fe2O3; the sources were passive margin group, oceanic island arc and active continental margin. The redox potential of paleoenvironment was determined by the thorium/uranium ratio, which showed that the beginning of depositional environment was slightly oxidized, but with the increase of sedimentation, it turned into a reduced environment, which indicates a transgression phase of sea level. The results of euxinic affinity, based on the relationship between molybdenum and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), reflect dyoxic facies which is deposited in extremely low but non-zero oxygen content, while the upper was approaching anoxic facies zone. The paleoenvironment of the Yamama Formation was of restricted deep marine water (outer shelf - upper part of the benthic zone) which contained a marine transgression phase because of the opening of Southern Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Valanginian age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aims to explore the incorporation of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) in cross-linking formulation of cotton fabrics to see their impact on fabric performance like tensile strength, dry wrinkle recovery angles, elongation at break, degree of whiteness and increase in weight as well as durability.Design/methodology/approach SNPs of size around 80-100 nm were successfully prepared from native maize starch by Nano precipitation technique and confirmed instrumentally by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmittance electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and particle size analyzer. The latter were incorporated in cross-linking formulation of cotton fabrics encompassing different concentrations of citric acid and sodium hypophosphite at different curing time and temperature in 100 ml distilled water to a wet pickup of ca. 85 per cent. The fabric samples were dried for 3 min at 85°C and cured at specified temperatures for a specified time intervals in thermo fixing oven according to pad-dry-cure method.Findings FTIR spectra and SEM micrograph signified the chemical structure and surface morphology of cotton fabric before and after finishing in absence and presence of SNPs. Cotton fabric samples finished in presence of SNPs showed a higher tensile strength, elongation at break, comparable dry wrinkle recovery angles and degree of whiteness than that finished in their absence. On the other hand, the enhancement in the aforementioned performance reflects the positive impact of incorporation of SNPs in textile finishing especially with strength properties; which are one of the important requirements for industrial fabrics that can be used widely in heavy-duty applications.Research limitations/implications SNPs with its booming effect with respect to biodegradability, reactivity and higher surface area can be used as a novel reinforcement permanent finish for cotton fabrics instead of more hazardous materials likes poly acrylate and monomeric compounds.Practical implications As SNPs biopolymers is one of the important reinforcement agents, so it was expected that it would minimize the great loss in strength properties during easy-care cotton finishing and improve the fabric performance.Originality/value The novelty addressed here is undertaken with a view to remediate some of the serious defects of easy-care cotton fabrics using poly carboxylic acids; especially with the great loss in strength properties by virtue of using SNPs as a permanent finish. Besides, to the authors' knowledge, there is no published work so far concerning the use of SNPs as an innovative base for production of easy-care finished cotton textiles with high performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the widespread use of non-linear loads power electronic devices associated with the penetration of various renewable energy sources, the distribution system is highly affected by harmonic distortion caused by these sources. Moreover, the inverter-based distributed generation units (DGs) (e.g., photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine) that are integrated into the distribution systems, are considered as significant harmonic sources of severe harmful effects on the system power quality. To solve these issues, this paper proposes a harmonic mitigation method for improving the power quality problems in distribution systems. Specifically, the proposed optimal planning of the single tuned harmonic filters (STFs) in the presence of inverter-based DGs is developed by the recent Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA). The objectives of this planning problem aim to minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD), power loss, filter investment cost, and improvement of voltage profile considering different constraints to meet the IEEE 519 standard. Further, the impact of the inverter-based DGs on the system harmonics is studied. Two cases are considered to find the effect of the DGs harmonic spectrum on the system distortion and filter planning. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 69-bus distribution system. The effectiveness of the proposed planning model is demonstrated where significant reductions in the harmonic distortion are accomplished.

The primary antiphospholipid syndrome and protein S deficiency are known hypercoagulable states predisposing to strokes. We present a 34-year-old woman presented to rheumatology clinic complaining of right side weakness and aphasia for 2 months before the visit. There was joint pain in the right elbow and shoulder joints, hyperpigmentation on her face and dry painful red eyes mainly the right eye in addition to dry mouth. She had a history of recurrent abortions. Neurological examination showed hypertonia on right lower and upper limb and normal on left one, while the power was grade 3 on right side and normal in left one. Upper motor neuron signs and facial palsy was noted. Hyperpigmentation in the face was observed. MRI brain showed that left temporoparietal hemorrhagic infraction involving the basal ganglia and MRV brain showed left transverse sinus thrombosis and attenuation of sigmoid and internal jugular vein. B2-glycoprotein Ig AGM, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin (IgG, IgM, and IgA), protein S were positive. ANA profile was borderline for PCNA. We report unusual venous sinus thrombosis with primary antiphospholipid syndrome and acquired protein S deficiency., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: SGLT2 inhibitors are known for their osmotic diuretic effect, and their use by Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes during the fasting month of Ramadan may pose an increased risk of volume depletion, potentially impacting renal function., Methods: We conducted a systematic review registered on PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020204582) of studies published between 2013 and January 2023, sourced from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The study selection criteria included controlled studies that reported the use of SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) by fasting adult type 2 diabetes patients and provided data on creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as outcomes., Results: Two prospective observational studies, encompassing a total of 359 participants, of which 197 utilized SGLT2 inhibitors, were identified. Our findings indicated that the use of SGLT2 inhibitors during Ramadan did not result in a significant alteration in eGFR. In one study by Hassanein et al., the mean changes in eGFR for the SGLT2i group, as compared to the non-SGLT2i group, were -1.2 ± 19.4 and 3.1 ± 14.8, respectively ( p = 0.06). In a study by Shao et al., the least squares mean changes for eGFR in the SGLT2i group, compared to the non-SGLT2i group, were -6.0 ± 1.5 (95% CI, -8.9 to -3.1) and -4.2 ± 1.6 (95% CI, -7.3 to -1.1), respectively ( p = 0.39)., Conclusion: Despite the limited number of observational studies available, our analysis suggests that the use of SGLT2 inhibitors by type 2 diabetes patients during Ramadan does not appear to significantly impact kidney function., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests., (© 2024 Waheed, Diffala Suwileh, Rashid, Ansar, Elzouki, Licensee HBKU Press.)

We conducted a case-control study to identify risk and protective factors during a cholera outbreak in Jijiga, Ethiopia, in June 2017. A case-patient was defined as anyone > 5 years old with at least three loose stools in 24 hours who was admitted to a cholera treatment center in Jijiga on or after June 16, 2017. Two controls were matched to each case by type of residency (rural or urban) and age group. We enrolled 55 case-patients and 102 controls from June 16 to June 23, 2017. Identified risk factors for cholera were male sex, eating cold food, and eating food outside the home. Eating hot food was protective, as was reported handwashing after defecation; no other reported water, sanitation, and hygiene factors were associated with cholera risk. Recommendations included continuing messaging about safe food handling practices at home, the dangers of consuming meals prepared away from home, and the importance of hand hygiene practices.

Background: A pediatric trauma registry for the Kingdom of Bahrain would be a novel public health tool for the Bahraini health system. The aim of this study was to explore the epidemiology of pediatric trauma at the national level by describing the distribution of pediatric injury in the Kingdom, and quantifying the burden of injury shouldered by the study population., Methods: This multicenter observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Bahrain using data from the Pediatric Trauma Registry (PTR), which was a short-term paper-based prospective trauma registry that collected data over a three-month period in 2018. PTR was based in the pediatric emergency departments (ED) of the three national referral hospitals in the Kingdom. By simultaneously collecting data from all three trauma hospitals in the country, it was assumed that during the data collection period all major pediatric trauma patients in the country would be captured by the study, and that the data collected would provide national estimates of trauma. Inclusion criteria for the study was any individual under the age of 14, that arrived at the ED seeking care for intentional and unintentional injuries., Results: A total of 1328 patients were included in the study. Sixty-nine percent of patients were treated and discharged from the ED, 30.5% were admitted to the hospital, admitted for surgery, or seen by a specialist, and 0.5% were declared deceased. The percentage of patients documented as unrestrained during Motor Vehicle Collisions (MVC) was 92.3%, and amongst those involved in MVC, 12% were ejected from the cabin of the vehicle., Conclusions: There are significant implications that this study holds for policy implementation and practice surrounding injury prevention in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Low seatbelt utilization and the high proportion of ejection amongst MVC victims warrant immediate public health policy implementation, including enforcement of seat belt laws, strengthening of the traffic court system, and awareness campaigns for MVC prevention. Additionally, pediatric drowning prevention programs centered on constant adult supervision, pool isolation fencing, personal flotation devices, and swimming education should be created to address the mortality attributable to drowning in this study.

Purpose of the Review: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial and progressive disease affecting whole synovial joint. The extract pathogenic mechanisms and diagnostic biomarkers of OA remain unclear. In this article, we review the studies related to metabolomics of OA, discuss the biomarkers as a tool for early OA diagnosis. Furthermore, we examine the major studies on the application of metabolomics methodology in the complex context of OA and create a bridge from findings in basic science to their clinical utility., Recent Findings: Recently, the tissue metabolomics signature permits a view into transitional phases between the healthy and OA joint. Both nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approaches have been used to interrogate the metabolic alterations that may indicate the complex progression of OA. Specifically, studies on alterations pertaining to lipids, glucose, and amino acid metabolism have aided in the understanding of the complex pathogenesis of OA. The discovery of identified metabolites could be important for diagnosis and staging of OA, as well as for the assessment of efficacy of new drugs.

Exosomes are small endosome-derived lipid nanoparticles (50-120 nm in diameter), actively secreted by exocytosis in most living cells. Recently, there is a growing interest of research focused on studying the exosome functions and to understand ways to use them for therapeutic applications in a wide variety of disorders, such as cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal diseases. Recently, a number of techniques have been developed for the isolation of exosomes such as ultracentrifugation, micro-filtration centrifugation, gradient centrifugation, and size-exclusion chromatography. In this chapter, we reveal the protocol and key insights into the isolation, purification, and characterization of exosomes using ultracentrifugation method.

The title compound, C11H9N5OS2, a 1-thio-phen-2-yl-methyl-ene-amino-pyrimidine derivative, displays an essentially planar C-NH2 group. The conformation across the N=C bond linking the pyrimidine and thienyl groups is E. The pyrimidine and thienyl ring systems subtend an inter-planar angle of 42.72 (5)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯Nnitrile and N-H⋯O=C hydrogen bonds, forming chains parallel to the b axis.

The medicolegal death investigation system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is unique in the world. It is exclusively derived from Islamic judiciary based on Shari'ah law, which is the definitive Islamic law or doctrine. This law is applied on Saudi citizens as well as foreigners. This is different from other Islamic countries, which have a combination of Islamic and other judiciary systems.The forensic medicine centers in KSA are related administratively to the Ministry of Health (MOH) and its subdivisions in the different governorates. They are concerned with forensic medical examination and autopsy, as well as the clinical forensic medical examination of sexual assault cases, and those injured in civil and criminal cases. The assisting laboratories (forensic histopathology, microbiology, serology, forensic chemistry) are working independently under the funding of MOH, whereas the DNA laboratory and other departments of forensic sciences, for example, counterfeiting and forgery unit are related administratively to the Ministry of Interior represented by the Administration of Criminal Evidences. Efforts concerning crime scene investigations are shared with Administration of Criminal Evidences' crime scene investigators.Forensic medicine education in KSA developed in the past few years after the foundation of Saudi specialty certificate in forensic medicine. The certificate is a postgraduation qualification equivalent to a doctorate degree in forensic medicine and requires completion of a 4-year training program in both MOH- and Ministry of Interior-related departments, as well as passing annual evaluation and examination.This review is aimed at providing in the next decade the medicolegal centers with national forensic specialists throughout the kingdom and granting skillful headships for the next generations. Moreover, this review suggests more scientific associations with the academic universities in the various fields of forensic sciences through academic cooperation.

Evaluation of patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department remains a challenging task because of a variety of etiologies that range from benign to potentially fatal. Although majority of patients do not have myocardial ischemia as the cause of their presentation, the clinical work up can be time consuming, costly and inconclusive. Recent technical advances in cardiac computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have led to better diagnostic accuracy in evaluating patients with chest pain. In this paper, we review the role of cardiac computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating patients with chest pain in the emergency department.