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"Social Struggle and Civil Society in Nineteenth Century Cuba" is an edited collection of essays that offers new perspectives on the historiography of nineteenth-century Cuba. The book covers a range of topics beyond the well-studied areas of slavery and the wars for independence, including racial ideas, Chinese indentured servants, industrial development, and urban planning. The essays shed light on the complex dynamics that shaped late-colonial Cuba and provide valuable insights for researchers and teachers. The book offers a comprehensive understanding of Cuban history during this period and is a valuable resource for those interested in the topic. [Extracted from the article]

Arne Bialuschewski's book, "Raiders and Natives: Cross-Cultural Relations in the Age of Buccaneers," explores the interactions between Northern European marauders and Indigenous populations during the seventeenth-century Spanish empire. The author argues that Indigenous Peoples played a crucial role in the success or failure of buccaneering expeditions, challenging the existing scholarship that presents these conflicts as exclusively European. The book examines various raids and their impact on Indigenous communities, highlighting the complexity and diversity of cross-cultural relations. Bialuschewski also addresses the consequences of these raids, including the displacement and impoverishment of Indigenous communities, as well as the violent repercussions faced by those who supported the raids. The book offers valuable insights into maritime predation and Atlantic empires, filling a gap in the current historiography and changing our understanding of international conflict in the seventeenth-century Atlantic world. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Revista Hidalguía is the property of Revista Hidalguia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"The Title of Totonicapán" by Allen J. Christenson is a colonial, Native-authored text from the Guatemalan western highlands. It was written around 1554 as a legal claim to territorial rights within the Spanish colonial system. Christenson's new version of the Título de Totonicapán provides a comprehensive analysis of the narrative, including an English translation, a literal English-K'iche' translation, and a transcription of the K'iche' text with the original sixteenth-century orthography. This edition highlights the social and interethnic complexities of the colonial situation and offers valuable insights into Maya culture, history, literature, and language. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Materiality. Making Spanish America." presents a review of the book of the same name, edited by Jorge F. Rivas Pérez. The book compiles nine presentations given at the annual symposium of the Mayer Center at the Denver Art Museum, which focused on the materiality of artistic objects in Spanish America. Each chapter of the book addresses different topics related to the materiality of objects, such as the interpretation of pre-Hispanic tocapus, the integration of objects from the Indies into Castilian homes, domestic sculpture in Baroque Lima, global trade in the Spanish colonial empire, the adaptation of European weapons in the New World, indigenous creativity in the Guaraní missions, portraits of martyred Franciscans, the systematization of objects by the Bishop of Trujillo, and the early collections of the National Museum of Colombia. The book offers a recommended reading due to the quantity and quality of the contributions presented. [Extracted from the article]

Adobe bricks, or mud bricks, are construction elements which have defined major architectural traditions in the Andes over thousands of years. From Moche pyramids and the ancient city of Chan Chan in pre-Hispanic times, to Spanish casonas of the colonial period and rural houses in contemporary South America, adobe has been a central component in Andean architecture. Discovery of the remains of an early monumental building constructed primarily of adobes at Los Morteros (lower Chao Valley, north coast of Peru) places the invention of adobe architecture before 5,100 calendar years B.P. The unique composition, internal structure, and chronology of the adobes from Los Morteros show the beginnings of this architectural technique, which is associated with El Ni~no rainfall and the construction of the earliest adobe monumental building in the Americas. We propose that adobe architecture became a major Andean tradition after a long period of technical evolution and experimentation with both shape and composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title of this paper refers to both the personality and work of the Spaniards who, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, had to abandon their homeland fleeing from the absolutism of King Ferdinand VII (1784–1833), and the inhabitants of the Spanish colonies in the New World, the forerunners of the struggles for independence in their respective countries. Both ended up settling in London, a city that served not only as a refuge but also as a place from which to disseminate their slogans in favour of freedom. Three areas are discussed: the publications of liberal Spanish exiles in London in the early nineteenth century, the interaction between Spanish and (Latin) American exiles and the role of women in this endeavour and in the cause of liberalism in general. The London press shaped this exile journalism and the subsequent liberal journalism in Spain when the extreme censorship from which these exiled journalists had fled was finally lifted. We believe that this global approach offers an original perspective from which to highlight the role of women, with a view to filling the traditional historiographical lacuna in this regard. To this end, we have employed recent relevant literature and primary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Aztec civilization has been one of the most powerful and organized cultures in the pre-Columbian era in America. Its fall was due to many factors, including the incursion of Spanish colonization and its violent transculturation, associated with the strong influence of its theological traditions and beliefs, which generated a new configuration in its social structure. Methods: Through a qualitative analysis and a systematic review based on the keywords Montezuma and TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury), we found 70 texts of interest, of which 32 were selected for their anthropological and medical content and their relationship with the history of neurosurgery. Results: The traumatic brain injury (TBI) controversy and its consequences on this leader's decision-making capacity and personal and social repercussions is evident. There are basically two versions of the story. That of the TBI was caused by his own people, and the other is the death due to injuries caused by the Spaniards. Historical texts that confirm these findings are presented. Conclusion: There is documentary evidence of TBI in the Aztec emperor, which partly explains his decision making behavior in the face of the invading Europeans. However, there is no forensic evidence to determine the causes of his death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses documents on health and disease among Chamorro people during and after 333 years (1565–1898) of the Spanish claim to and occupation of Guam. Here, a complex neurodegenerative disease—known locally as lytico-bodig and medically as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC)—reached hyperendemic proportions in the mid-twentieth century but then declined and is now disappearing. A tau-dominated polyproteinopathy, clinical phenotypes included amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or lytico), atypical parkinsonism with dementia (P-D or bodig), and dementia alone. A plausible etiology for lytico-bodig is consumption of flour derived from the incompletely detoxified seed of Cycas micronesica (fadang in Chamorro; Federico in Spanish), a poisonous gymnosperm that survives climatic extremes that can affect the island. Traditional methods for safe consumption appear to have been lost over the course of time since governors Francisco de Villalobos (1796–1862) and Felipe de la Corte (1855–1866) proposed banning consumption in view of its acute toxic effects. A death certificate issued in 1823 might suggest ALS/PDC in people dying with disability or impedidos, and premature aging and a short life was linked to food use of fadang in the mid-1850s (Guam Vital Statistics Report, 1823). During the Japanese occupation of Guam (1941–1944), Chamorro people took refuge in the jungle for months, where they relied on insufficiently processed fadang as a staple food. After World War II, traditional foods and medicines were subsequently replaced as islanders rapidly acculturated to North American life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the geopolitical imagination of the Catholic Church, particularly in relation to the former colonies of Portugal and Spain during the late imperial period (1930–1975). At that time, authoritarian dictators with strong Catholic ideology ruled both countries. However, the relationship between the Catholic missionaries and the colonial authorities of the Iberian imperial states was not always in harmony. There were sometimes contradictions between them. The geopolitics of the Catholic Church and the colonial geopolitics of the Iberian states were convergent but not always coincident. This paper describes and analyses the Spanish and Portuguese states' policies towards the missions. It also studies the missionary discourse in the metropolis, and its impact and reflection in the colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ledyard had sailed with Cook on his Third Voyage, then went to Paris where he became a close friend of the American Ambassador, Thomas Jefferson. Ever since his Endeavour voyage with Cook, Banks had worried that France would grab New Holland before Britain got around to it. As reported by Arthur Bowes Smyth, surgeon on the Lady Penrhyn, Phillip sent two horses to Botany Bay to collect Laperouse and his friends. Ledyard would have boasted about his friendship with Jefferson which inevitably led to his mentioning the detailed letter written by John Paul Jones. [Extracted from the article]

The office of General Interpreter was a vital link in Spain's multi-ethnic American empire, bridging the jurisdictions overseen by Native lords and municipal authorities and colonial ecclesiastical and civil jurisdictions. This article analyzes the role of General Interpreters in making an empire of law and, at the same time, a distinctive regional society in Villa Alta, Oaxaca, a remote hinterland of colonial New Spain (Mexico) during the late-seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although scholarship on General Interpreters in viceregal courts is growing, we know less about interpreters outside of colonial centers due to fragmentary evidence. This article relies upon data scattered across Oaxaca's local archives: Native-language petitions, notarial records, letters, and memoriales produced by Native scribes, and their Spanish translations penned by interpreters, as well as first-instance cases of land disputes, idolatry, murder, theft, and factional struggles over village elections. These sources and other materials allow the historian to move beyond the narrow confines of legal institutions to reconstruct how patronage, economic cooperation and exploitation, and inter-ethnic networks defined the work and translation practices of General Interpreters. Finally, they offer clues as to what the office of General Interpreter meant and how it was perceived by those who sought justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos is the property of Asociacion Canadiense de Hispanistas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos is the property of Asociacion Canadiense de Hispanistas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Archaeologists of colonial encounters utilize the concept of entanglement to explore shifting cultural relationships between European and Native populations during colonial encounters. In the chaotic decades after Spanish conquest of Peru (1532), Andeans of the south‐central highlands practiced a revitalization cult known as Taki Onqoy (Quechua: "dancing/singing sickness"). Taki Onqoy preachers advocated for a rejection of Spanish food, culture, and religion in favor of a return to veneration of the local deities practiced prior to Spanish invasion. Based on results from excavation of the Catholic church at the site of Iglesiachayoq (Chicha‐Soras Valley, Ayacucho, Peru), this article explores the burial practices of individuals interred beneath the church floor. Contrary to primary documents, which portray Andeans as idolatrous rebels or pious converts, interments displayed an array of entangled practices. Within the milieu of contrasting religious mandates (Catholic and Taki Onqoy), individuals interred their deceased kin in ways that intertwined both traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finer things in colonial Spanish America, such as pearl earrings, silver embroidery, and silk stockings, fascinated those who sought to enhance their wardrobes, dazzle passersby, and incite envy in others with foreign and locally sourced luxury. This article focuses on the advent of sumptuary laws in the sixteenth century and examines the peculiar targeting of African-descended women who represented a miniscule percentage of the Spanish American population at the time. I argue that while prosecution largely failed, the legal culture that developed around the concern about African-descended women and finery reveals both Crown and religious concerns about the future of the colonies, their desire for superficial order, and fears of imperial ruin in the early decades of Spanish America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the translation of nineteenth-century Filipino revolutionary Apolinario Mabini's Spanish political theology into Maximo M. Kalaw's early twentieth-century English novel, The Filipino Rebel (1930). It argues that the confrontation between the character of Don Pedro and the novel's fictionalized Mabini reveals the tension between an older, Hispano-Philippine revolutionary liberalism founded on a Spanish Catholic notion of collective political power and the emerging Anglo-American liberalism predicated on individual rights. Approaching the novel's politics as an act of transimperial translation, I analyze the epistemic shift in the Philippine imaginary provoked by the abrupt changeover between the Spanish and US Empires, metonymically represented in the text as the conflicting ethical principles of American self-reliance and Hispano-Philippine self-sacrifice. In advancing a new understanding of the sacrificial ethic that is predicated on dissent instead of harmony, the Americanized Don Pedro privatizes what the Hispanicized Mabini had understood to be a fundamentally communal operation, positing the individual as the real source of political agency instead of the corporate body of the people. Thus, while ostensibly mobilizing Mabinian rhetoric in his own anti-American crusade, Don Pedro ends up co-opting Mabini's original Spanish Catholic formulations to promote a more individualistic, Anglo-American political ethic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) provided a detailed chemical and mineralogical characterization of rubble mortars inside a coral stone veneer wall of 19th century Spanish Colonial Period structures in the Philippines. Evidence of possible raw materials (seashells/corals and beach sand), manufacturing techniques (dry and wet slaking), and type of lime binder (aerial and slightly hydraulic), was reported. Results of this study provides a needed baseline scientific data for promoting the proper restoration and conservation of heritage structures in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk mitigation is assumed today as a top priority in the international agenda. Recent natural disasters raised the awareness of governments and scientists and have let to the search for more efficient and effective strategies to manage and mitigate risk. Such efforts are especially important in the case of large historic centres, which, by often combining a high heritage value with a high level of physical vulnerability, are particularly sensitive and relevant. Considering the abovementioned, the present work aims at presenting and discussing the fire risk in the Historic Centre of Quito, one of the oldest and most important Spanish colonial settlements in South America. Taking into account the difficulties inherent to the scale of the case study, the evaluation is carried out in a neighbourhood scale, through the application of simplified fire vulnerability and risk assessment methodology. In order to perform the spatial analysis of the outputs, vulnerability and risk indicators are integrated into a Geographical Information System tool and the results are presented in the form of vulnerability maps. In a second-order analysis, these maps are subsequently combined with pre-existing vulnerability data in order to identify targets and priorities in terms of risk mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catastrophic decline of Indigenous populations in the Americas following European contact is one of the most severe demographic events in the history of humanity, but uncertainty persists about the timing and scale of the collapse, which has implications for not only Indigenous history but also the understanding of historical ecology. A long-standing hypothesis that a continent-wide pandemic broke out immediately upon the arrival of Spanish seafarers has been challenged in recent years by a model of regional epidemics erupting asynchronously, causing different rates of population decline in different areas. Some researchers have suggested that, in California, significant depopulation occurred during the first two centuries of the post-Columbus era, which led to a "rebound" in native flora and fauna by the time of sustained European contact after 1769. Here, we combine a comprehensive prehistoric osteological dataset (n = 10,256 individuals) with historic mission mortuary records (n = 23,459 individuals) that together span from 3050 cal BC to AD 1870 to systematically evaluate changes in mortality over time by constructing life tables and conducting survival analysis of age-at-death records. Results show that a dramatic shift in the shape of mortality risk consistent with a plague-like population structure began only after sustained contact with European invaders, when permanent Spanish settlements and missions were established ca. AD 1770. These declines reflect the syndemic effects of newly introduced diseases and the severe cultural disruption of Indigenous lifeways by the Spanish colonial system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of Coquimbo as a gateway to Chile in the first years of Spanish colonization and in the origins of the wine heritage of the Southern Cone of America, both in Chile and in presentday Argentina. The conditions that made possible its early consolidation as the main port for high seas ships are investigated. The contribution of indigenous peoples is considered, both in the marine culture with its wolf rafts, and in the culture of water, irrigation and agriculture. The motives of the Spaniards to found La Serena early, and the role played by its port in the reception of the main fleets of the time are also examined. The study is made from documents of the time, especially the letters and the chronicles, all confronted with the specialized bibliography, particularly with the monumental work of Vázquez de Acuña. It is concluded that the port of Coquimbo was the main gate of the Kingdom of Chile in its founding decades, and through it the ships loaded with settlers, plants and animals that contributed to the process of colonization of Chile, including the origins of regional viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's objective is to contribute to a better understanding of how the ideas about the context of the Philippines in the Pacific world changed in the tree centuries of the Early Modernity. With that in mind, the three most important chronists of the time have been consulted. Their works are, Relación de las islas Filipinas y de lo que en ellos han trabajado los padres de la Compañía de Jesús (1604), published in Rome and written by Pedro Chirino. Then, Historia de la provincia de filipina de la Compañía de Jesús. Printed in Manila in 1749, and written by Pedro Murillo Velarde. Finally, the Historia de las islas Filipinas compuesta por el reverendo padre lector Fry Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga del orden de San Agustín, published in Sampaloc in 1803. These three authors have in common their membership to the ecclesiastical stamen, although they wrote from very different times and circumstances. This discussion contributes to a better comprehension of the Early Globalization phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese in Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago, and Panama have had long histories of migration dating back to the nineteenth century, when British and Spanish colonial powers started to bring them to the Caribbean and Latin America from Guangdong province. The primary goal was to provide labor for the sugar cane, guano, bird nest, gold and silver mining, and other industries. In the 1870s, Havana could boast of having the largest Chinatown in the Caribbean, with more than 10,000 Chinese. Today, it has fewer than 100 Chinese Cubans. Trinidad and Tobago's population of Chinese waned after the nineteenth century, but many Trinidadians have some Chinese ancestry, while Panama currently has the highest percentage (7 percent) of Chinese among Latin American countries. What stories, approaches, and lessons can be learned by comparing their histories to that of the Chinese in the Philippines? More specifically, how are the experiences of the Chinese in these three countries, whether citizen or recent immigrant, similar to those in the Philippines? What can we learn from the scholarship on the Chinese in the Caribbean that can help shape our own research agenda in studying the Chinese in the Philippines? Through a combination of historical and ethnographic research, this essay discusses the ways in which the identities of each Chinese diasporic community are being shaped by local and external forces, including China's increasing presence in the region. This essay hopes to serve as a guidepost to Chinese diaspora scholars interested in examining further the transhemispheric connections between the Caribbean and Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1837 and 1882, the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines deported "undesirable" Chinese—vagrants, drunkards, unemployed, idlers, pickpockets, undocumented, and the "suspicious"—to various parts of the archipelago. Deportation, in this context, refers to the transportation or banishment of individuals deemed "dangerous" by the state to different far-flung areas of the islands or outside the colony but still within the Spanish empire. Deportation primarily served as a form of punishment and a means to rehabilitate and improve the wayward lives of "criminals." This paper examines the deportation of "undesirable" Chinese in the nineteenth-century Philippines. Using underutilized primary materials from various archives in Manila and Madrid, it interrogates the actors, institutions and processes involved in banishing such individuals. It argues that while deportation served its punitive and reformative functions, Spanish authorities also used it to advance their colonial project in the islands. Chinese deportees formed part of the labor supply the state used to populate the colony's frontier areas and strengthen its control over its newly-acquired territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the lives of "undesirable" Chinese—vagrants, the undocumented, idlers, beggars, drunkards, and pickpockets—who were incarcerated in Philippine prisons during the nineteenth century. Using criminal records at the National Archives of the Philippines, it interrogates the actors, institutions, and processes involved in confining these Chinese offenders and sheds light on how they lived within the confines of various penal institutions. It demonstrates that their lives were primarily shaped by the policies imposed by the Spanish colonial state and prison administrators. There were instances, however, when some of these prisoners articulated their personal and collective concerns toward prison authorities. Their verbal and physical responses illustrate how they utilized the resources available to them inside the prisons to their advantage. On some occasions, the leaders of the Chinese community were also instrumental in representing the concerns of these prisoners to the colonial authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overseas was present in the general Spanish press, but there was a special press of jurists. Since the Revista de Jurisprudencia was founded in 1856 in La Habana, as the first legal journal from Overseas, until the last ones published in 1898, we have a constellation of legal journals that allow us to see the changes in this domain of Law. The movement of legal journals followed a path of decentralization in three oceans throughout the century that made it possible to connect Madrid, La Habana and Manila. This article focuses on a specific title: The Overseas Journal as a medium in which Spanish jurists reasoned what law should apply in Spanish colonial possessions, which they termed Provincias de Ultramar (Overseas Provinces) or simply colonias (colonies). The consideration of separate legal frameworks for the metropole and its peripheral territories, as evident throughout the pages of The Overseas Journal, demonstrates how distinct legal spaces within the same political entity were articulated. Legal communication within a trioceanic scope was at the service of the creation of this legal space dominated by exceptions. Thus, almost all the contents are aimed at contributing to the analysis and delimitation of this Overseas Law, a series of discussions with peninsular authors, and a certain form of social and legal organization that defended itself through commentary and its discursive reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is about the multiple activities of the Society of Jesus, one of the most present -- if not the most -- religious orders in Brazil during the so-called colonial period, in the colonies of the Spanish Crown in America and in various territories to the east, such as Macau and Goa, in addition to the Iberian Peninsula itself, which the studies gathered here focus on. In addition to the major theme -- the multiple activities of the Society of Jesus in Modernity -- addressed in the articles gathered in this Section, there is another aspect that deserves to be mentioned, namely, the affiliation of its authors to the International Society of Jesuit Studies. The SIEJ is an international scientific organization that brings together scholars from the most varied scientific areas whose research interests focus on the production of critical knowledge about the Society of Jesus, in all aspects that concern this Order, throughout its history. of more than 450 years, in different areas of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on majority of the population of these countries still leaned in favor of the royalists with military art. It mentions generalized the movement and was adopted by almost all officials of the monarchy and great transformation had repercussions in the Spanish Colonies to the point of imposing radical changes in politics and in war. It also mentions people wanted to consummate his marriage held by power Bolivar also benefited from the treaty in many respects.

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Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro is the property of Hipogrifo: revista de literatura y cultura del siglo de oro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the missionary action carried out by the Jesuit and franciscan order of the Chilean Government during the period 1765 and 1771, on the southern border of the Spanish Empire, with the aim of establishing the possible criticisms that arose as a result of the missionary work of the Society of Jesus, both before and after the estrangement, being the synod and the missionary strategy the main centers of criticism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the early period of ethnological research among the Pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley in northern New Mexico, it has been customary to believe that the imposition of Catholicism reconfigured Pueblo social organization to conform to Spanish colonial, particularly Catholic, practice through formal church marriage. Such efforts, it is commonly suggested, have resulted in significant changes in Eastern Pueblo social structures and kinship terminology. Failure to read translated, published, and readily available Spanish colonial and later mission documents, and subsequent accounts and records, I suggest, lend support to such "conventional" beliefs. The token suggestions that "Anglo-American" influences might also have resulted in proposed organizational changes and kin terminology have not been seriously investigated, and I suggest a reevaluation of the "conventional" explanations affecting the Eastern Pueblos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows how the rise of printed news media during the opening decades of the seventeenth century fomented and fragmented authority in the polycentric Spanish Habsburg empire. Analyzing the making, dissemination, and reception of transatlantic news from Madrid to Mexico and from Lisbon to Lima, the article explores how the influx of fragments of unverifiable information from overseas undermined the possibility of complete knowledge. While the Spanish Crown exploited news media to create a sense of a unified imperial space, the dynamics of distance resulted in uncertainty and the spread of conflicting narratives that fractured central control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the uneasy context of the Francoist regime, some authors tried to alleviate the difficult cultural situation through creation and translation. This is the case of Avel·lí Artís-Gener, commonly known as Tísner, a Catalan writer who was exiled to Mexico for more than twenty years. Translation from Spanish into Catalan played a major role in Tísner's efforts to keep Catalan culture alive, and this article presents the major translation initiatives in this language combination throughout the twentieth century in order to provide enough context to give Artís-Gener's endeavours their real weight. In Mexico, he wrote his most famous novel, Paraules d'Opoton el Vell ('Words of Opoton the elder'), which describes the imagined 'discovery' of Europe by the Aztecs and creates a bond between the fate of the Nahuatl and the Catalan people under the yoke of Spanish imperialism. In 1992 Artís-Gener decided that the novel had to be retranslated into Spanish and undertook that task himself. In addition, Tísner translated major Latin American authors from Spanish into Catalan, an experience that gave him the chance to regain control of the language imposed by the Francoist regime and use it as a form of relief from the political oppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a synthesis of regional archaeological investigations in the city and region of Valdivia during the colonial period (1550–1820). Previous studies have traditionally been centered on Hispanic mindsets and the role of conflict, the frontier status of colonial society in southern Chile, and the dispersed character of indigenous settlement. Here local sequences of material culture are reconsidered together with previous conceptual frameworks proposed by historical and anthropological research. Our research is based on new field surveys, the study of standing buildings, and assemblages of finds. These have been linked to different types of sites, including urban centers, fortifications, and mission posts. The results allow us to investigate the intercultural character of local society, settlement patterns, and the role of Valdivia in the context of the Peruvian viceroyalty and the Spanish Empire as a whole. Conclusions reveal the specific colonial processes that characterized the region and the sequence of founding, abandonment, and refounding of the urban center of Valdivia, which, in turn, impacted patterns of indigenous settlement and provoked technological hybridization in local ceramic industries. These changes can be linked to the emergence of an intercultural society, the definition of which proves more complex than that accepted by current binary categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'1898' marks the birth of both the American empire and the Filipino nation when the U.S. Navy joined forces with Filipino revolutionists in ending Spain's rule. The alliance ended when the Americans refused to recognise the Filipino republic and forcibly occupied the islands. Hopkins situates both the 'coming of age' of America and the rise of a Filipino nationalist elite against a wider backdrop of imperial rivalries, economic transformations, and stages of globalisation in which the British Empire looms large. The essay builds on Hopkins's account of Spanish rule leading to the Revolution. In contrast to Cuba, the Philippine interior was left relatively untouched, controlled mainly through the friar-curates who lorded it over the town centres but not their peripheries. Following upon Hopkins's discussion of the three foundational nationalists – Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, and Emilio Aguinaldo – their differences can be explained by the peculiarities of the Spanish colonial system and how each of them related to their society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]