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Cloud computing has become extensive favour of business sectors, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). SMEs sector can gain many benefits from using cloud computing because it can ...

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between curriculum contents reform and graduate entrepreneurship training in Nigerian Universities in the southwestern geo-political...

The problem of increasing regional competitiveness, provide a decent standard of living is the key to Russia. At the same time there are significant disparities in the economic development of the RF subjects requires finding approaches to address them. In this context, available in developed countries, regional planning experience deserves special attention. In particular, careful consideration requires the measures undertaken by the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and Italy in the 1990s. In order to shift the emphasis from the functions of government regulation on the mechanisms of stimulation potential of the regions and private enterprise, it was an attempt to form cluster structures, oriented to the disclosure of the territorial educational opportunities.

The paper deals with the negative social perceptions of entrepreneurs often encountered during the second phase of post-socialist transformation in Serbia. The causes of these widespread social perceptions are investigated by contrasting the previous, decades long socialist system, which was hostile toward entrepreneurship as well as egalitarian ideology with the context of the occurrence and development of private enterprise and the relationship between entrepreneurs – employers and workers in this society.

In the modern conditions clustering concept became one of the most popular modern trends, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan has one of the most successful experience of cluster policy. It has a great variety of different forms of clusters in its regions: technology parks, industrial parks, science parks and others. Nowadays, Japanese government provided a number of Business Startup Support Programs for supporting innovation sectors in Japanese regions. This measure became one of the most successful in regional development. Japan is actively implementing a number of programs for development of scientific and technological cooperation with private enterprise and science centers. Nowadays, clustering also became one of the main sphere of New Economic Growth Strategy of Japan.

Some of the main problems in developing the institute of private enterprise in Russia are ineffectiveness of government support and lack of competence among the entrepreneurs themselves. In the paper the author analyzes the existing mechanisms of business development for small and mediumsized businesses, which in case of effective implementation will drive up the share of self employment, tax revenue and quality of life. The aim of the paper is to develop methods and tools for development of private enterprise institute pursuing the task of forming a highly developed modern society. The mechanisms of support for small entrepreneurs in China, as well as problems of search funds and mittelshtands mechanisms were considered. The practical significance lies in the analysis of the existing enabling mechanism for small and medium-sized businesses with the purpose of development of new mechanisms of transformation of economic systems in Russia.

Gbenga Oduntan analyzes the current state of law and practice of space activities as they relate to private enterprise, highlighting the need for national and international reform to better align international systems. The article traces the increasing scope of law relevant to private enterprise in space and advises directions in which it can evolve.

Private enterprises play an important role in the economic development of many countries in the world, including Vietnam. In particular, the state management of private enterprises in Vietnam plays an important role in the development of private enterprises in three aspects: promoting private enterprise development; ensure a fair and healthy competitive environment; state manages private enterprises according to the market principle. The state management of private enterprises in Vietnam is of special interest to the Government, which is reflected in the policies, laws, institutions, and support for the development of private enterprises. Analysis of the state management of private enterprises in the market economy in Vietnam helps assess the effectiveness of management measures while pointing out the limitations that need to be overcome so that the state management in this field will be more effective.

Based on data of Chinese Private Enterprises Survey (CPES) from 2006-2014, this paper uses OLS model and other empirical methods to estimate the impacts of political connections on private enterprise performance in China, as well as heterogeneous effects and mediating effects of different types of political connections on tax burden and non-productive activities expense. The results show that, political connections contribute significantly to private enterprises. Compared with previous political connections, like working experiences in state-owned enterprises and government-affiliated institutions, current political connections, like deputies to the NPC or members of CPPCC, have played better and further roles in enterprise performance. Tax burden and non-productive activities expense have a mediation effect in the relationship between political connections and enterprise performance. This study replenishes new evidence to describe how political connections affect private enterprise performance in China, and partly explains why private enterprises are keen on setting up political connections, which may provide valuable tips to foster a new type of cordial and clean relationship between government and business in China.

Researchers have not come to an agreement on the impact of political connection on enterprise performance although this issue draws much attention. This paper attributes the above phenomenon to lack of precise classification of various political connection types in China. Based on existing literature, this paper divides political connections into current political connections and former political connections, and identifies their own hierarchy. Empirical study using Chinese Private Enterprise Survey data shows that different sorts of political connections all contribute to enterprise performance, and internal governance plays the mediating role. Overall, this paper may make marginal contributions to the study on the relationship between political connections and enterprise performance.

The rapid development of the private economy in China has put forward higher requirements for a sound supervision system in the enterprises. However, compared to the sate-owned enterprises or listed private enterprises, because of the lack of the official constraints or guidance on the internal audit, the development of internal audit in unlisted private enterprises are still facing many problems. This paper conducted questionnaire-based investigation on the unlisted private enterprises in Yancheng of Northern Jiangsu Province in China, in order to obtain detailed information related to the internal audit of unlisted private enterprises. Through the analysis on the information gathered from questionnaires and the typical study on the case of a large-scale unlisted private enterprise, SD group in Yancheng, suggestions were put forward to improve the current situation of internal audit in unlisted private enterprises in Yancheng, which also can help to promote the development of private economy in Yancheng, and thus contribute to the economic development in Jiangsu, or even in the whole China.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has, as of this writing, infected at least 200 countries and killed more than 33 000 people.1 Owing to frequent business dealings and being only 81 miles from mainland China, Taiwan was previously considered to be a hot spot for COVID-19. However, thus far, Taiwan has had 306 confirmed cases and ranked 73rd on the list of infected areas. With its previous experience of the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003, rapid response and quick implementation between government and private enterprise, Taiwan has been able to prevent a large-scale epidemic.2 On 20 January 2020, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) announced the activation of the Central Epidemic Command Center for COVID-19 and set up reporting criteria for real-time PCR tests.3 However, …

Thus far, knowledge network research has been quantitative research, emphasizing that in limited industries, knowledge creation increasingly strengthens through geographical proximity or institutional connections. Although it has been suggested that knowledge networks should be researched using dynamic rather than static methods, the dynamic process of knowledge networks according to spatiotemporal changes has not been sufficiently researched. This paper uses the Chinese wine industry case to conduct related research. The results show that, first of all, wine-related knowledge creation activities were carried out in the big cities that formed the early market in the mid-2000s, and the geographical conditions in which the spatial scope was expanded were in the places that gradually developed over time. Second, although the spatial scope of knowledge creation activities is expanding with the active participation of private enterprise networks, private enterprises and the overall knowledge creation process are relatively isolated. Finally, in terms of the process of knowledge creation related to wine, in the development of regional linkages organizations relate to the knowledge providers who provide the required information, and have little to do with the geographically close knowledge providers.

We examine the transition of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Vietnam during the period 2002–2014 from a wage perspective by decomposing the differences in wage distributions between SOE employees and non-SOE employees. Although SOE employees received higher pay in 2002 because of differences in the characteristics and residuals, the differences in coefficients were minimal along the wage distribution during 2002–2014. The differences in characteristics decreased over time in the middle and middle-to-high wage distribution groups. University graduates were the main contributor to the difference in endowments. By 2014, the residuals difference vanished and the pay schemes between SOEs and non-SOEs converged.

This article endeavors to elucidate the establishment of international relations between America and Indonesia by means of fast food franchises from a cultural dimension point of view. Since diplomacy in this context embraces the coexistent expression of cultures, the object highlighted in the research is the presence of American fast food icons, which are represented by Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and McDonald’s. The concepts of cultural change are used as the basis of data analysis from this one-year field observation over the two franchises in Malang, East Java, Indonesia. This analysis aims (1) to uncover the innovations of KFC and McDonald’s outlets to devise new forms of their fast food that fit Indonesian food habits, as well as to trace (2) the spread of their global ideas in the everyday habits of Indonesians, and (3) the influence of the existence of both upon the burgeoning AmericanIndonesian hybridized food culture. The result discloses that the business activity of KFC and McDonald’s has not only created an affinity for economic benefit towards America and Indonesia through the hands of private enterprise, but has also engendered the diversified ‘fast-food genre’.

In Russia, different quail breeds are widely grown and bred at specialized poultry farms and private farmsteads. In the Amur Region, only private farmsteads engage in this type of aviculture. The most common breeds are Pharaoh quail, Japanese quail, and Estonian quail. 100 eggs of the Estonian quail have been prepared for hatching in a specialized room at a private enterprise. The incubation has been carried out in the Rcom 20 MAX (RMX-20) machine at a temperature of + 37.2–380C and 55–60% humidity over 17–18 days. The egg hatchability amounted to 75%. In Russia, the birds receive balanced complete feeds of the following grades: P-K-5, P-K-2-1, P-K-6, Start, Super Start, RusQuail, Multigain and others. These feeds include different percentage mixtures of corn, oats, wheat, barley, meals and various types of flour (soy, fish, rice, etc.), yeast, chalk, phosphates, sodium chloride and other minerals. In the Amur Region, the balanced feed ration for poultry is produced by local companies “Amuragrocenter” and “Grinodir". These products have been used for feeding the chicks. The study of the Estonian quail bred at a private farmstead using the Amur feeds revealed some changes. According to the literary sources, the average weight of the Estonian breed is 180–200 g. The weight of the quails grown under the specified conditions was significantly higher — up to 200–260 g. In many regions, consumers prefer local products that they trust.

У статті розглянуто сутність та походження понять "результативність" та "ефективність". Категорія «ефективність» займає ключове місце майже в усіх без винятку галузях знань та сферах діяльності людини. Авторами розкриваються різні підходи сутності економічної ефективності у історичному аспекті та визначення сучасних вчених. Досліджено показники, які використовують для здійснення оцінки ефективності фінансової діяльності підприємства. Узагальнено напрями підвищення економічної ефективності діяльності підприємств, реалізація яких створюватиме сприятливі умови для подолання кризового стану, оздоровлення та забезпечення конкурентоспроможності національної економіки, підвищення якості життя населення тощо. Для економічного розвитку як окремих суб’єктів господарювання, так і економіки держави загалом важливо, щоб діяльність підприємства була ефективною, тобто здійснювалася в умовах оптимального (раціонального) витрачання виробничих ресурсів, мінімальних витрат та максимальної прибутковості виробництва. Також у статті було обгрунтовано доцільність та важливість управління співвідношенням досягнутих результатів з витратами підприємства для успішної діяльності, а також охарактеризовано показники, що характеризують ефективність організації.

Este artigo aborda os direitos sociais, especialmente o transporte e a transferencia das obrigacoes positivas do Estado para a iniciativa privada. Na pratica, os direitos sociais nao sao efetivamente garantidos pelo Estado em razao da ineficiencia na gestao publica dos recursos arrecadados. Sem alternativas, o Estado busca socorro junto a iniciativa privada, tal como ocorre com o Estatuto da Juventude (Lei 12.825/2013), que garantiu aos jovens de baixa renda (renda familiar de ate 2 salarios minimos) com idade de 15 a 29 anos o direito de acesso ao territorio e a mobilidade a partir de 2 passagens gratuitas e 2 com 50% de desconto. Assim, a partir do metodo dedutivo, analisa-se o dever prestacional do Estado com relacao aos direitos sociais garantidos pela Constituicao e, por meio de consulta a doutrina e a jurisprudencia do STF, investiga-se a constitucionalidade da transferencia do dever prestacional a iniciativa privada. Por fim, o resultado da pesquisa demonstra a inconstitucionalidade da transferencia dos direitos sociais exclusivamente para a iniciativa privada sem nenhuma contrapartida financeira, de modo que se sugere a reflexao sobre a ma gestao do Estado com os recursos publicos o que vem sendo camuflado pela transferencia desses custos para a iniciativa privada. Palavras-chave: transporte publico gratuito; jovens de baixa renda; transferencia de custos; direitos sociais; iniciativa privada Abstract This article addresses social rights, especially transport, and the transfer of the positive obligations of the state to the private sector. In reality what one can see is that social rights are not in fact guaranteed by the state due to the ineffective public management of resources collected. Without alternatives, the state seeks help from the private sector, as in the case of Estatuto da Juventude (‘Youth Statute’) (Law 12.825/2013), which guaranteed the right of access to territory and mobility to young people from low-income families (family income of up to 2 minimum ages) aged 15 to 29. It hence determined that they were ensured 2 free slots in the interstate transportation system and 2 (two) slots at a 50% discount. So, using the deductive method, this article analyzes the state’s rendering duty in relation to the social rights guaranteed by the Constitution and, by resourcing to the doctrine and the jurisprudence of the Brazilian Supreme Court, it investigates the constitutionality of the transfer of the rendering duty to the private enterprise. Finally, the research result demonstrates the unconstitutionality of the transfer of social rights solely to the private enterprise without any incentive. It thus invites to the careful examination of the state’s poor management of public resources, which ends up being concealed by the transfer of costs to the private enterprise. Keywords: free public transport; low-income youth; transfer of costs; social rights; private enterprise

A diferença cultural é chamariz para a atividade turística e as fronteiras simbólicas permeiam as relações entre os visitantes e visitados. Conforme essas relações são tecidas, impactos sociais e culturais podem ocorrer mais facilmente e expressivamente. Não obstante, ainda que seja inegável a responsabilidade da atividade turística no aceleramento das alterações socioculturais, faz-se necessário verificar quais outros agentes também interferem. É nesse sentido que se buscou discorrer acerca da relação entre os visitantes e visitados, bem como averiguar como os pesquisadores brasileiros perceberam essa relação nas comunidades indígenas. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa em teses e dissertações brasileiras envolvendo turismo em comunidades indígenas, publicadas entre 1999 e 2012. Constatou-se que, embora não seja um fato homogêneo, os turistas interagiam de forma superficial ou não interagiam, além de se caracterizarem potenciais causadores de impactos socioculturais. No entanto, outros atores (Estado, iniciativa privada e comunidade local não indígena) também mantinham relações com as comunidades indígenas, algumas vezes, de formas harmoniosas e, em outras, conflituosas.

There is no enterprise operating solely based on market rules, just as there is no completely free market. The institutional constraints the market is subject to are also the institutional environment enterprises must face. This is not only true for Western capitalist countries, but also holds true for enterprises under the Chinese market economy system. Compared with state-owned enterprises and collectively-owned enterprises, private enterprises are more market-oriented, but it does not mean that private enterprises can operate spontaneously in the market without being subject to government intervention and regulation.

In our society, there are some trends that are not exciting. We are living increasingly in an aging society and we are becoming fatter (globesity). Moreover, we are facing an alarming decline in physical activity (PA) worldwide. In this context, chronic diseases are booming and health expenditures are skyrocketing. Stimulating PA is likely the best way to reduce the burden of disease and increase the social, psychological, and economic well-being of a community. In this chapter, two projects aimed at increasing PA among individuals are presented. The key point of the two projects is that they medicalize PA. The first project was carried out in Italy. A series of doctors started to “prescribe” PA as if it were a medicine. Therefore, PA is presented as a real cure to treat diseases and pathologies. The other project was supported by a private enterprise. The “concept” of the project is summarized as follows: “The quantity and quality of the physical activity carried out by the patient should be considered by the general practitioner as a clinical parameter as well as other parameters, such as blood pressure, weight, and glucose level.” It is possible that the success of these two initiatives stems from the fact that the biomedical complex has a strong influence on the part of the population. It is very effective to use a reliable source to spread a health promotion message. It becomes a medicalization without pathologization and a form of medicalization without pharmacologicalization. In Conrad’s (2007) words, it becomes a conceptual medicalization.

European empires would have not existed absent private enterprise both licit and illicit. Private traders, in the first instance, sustained colonies by conveying the labor and merchandise that planters required in exchange for the exports that colonies produced. Moreover, those colonies would not have existed in the first place absent private initiatives since European states in the 16th and 17th centuries customarily lacked the administrative and fiscal resources and often the inclination to oversee such projects. Individual or corporate adventurers, though, did possess such resources and inclination; legitimate operators secured government authority for their activities pursuant to charters that drew upon medieval forms and granted extraordinary powers to their recipients. Under the terms of these documents, grantees pursued public purposes—as they would be called today—that their activities entailed in conjunction with their pursuit of profit. The results of this practice included the establishment of colonies that spanned the Atlantic basin from the Madeira Islands to Newfoundland to Brazil; the emergence of colonial leaderships who pursued their own agendas while they ingratiated themselves into trans-Atlantic political cultures; and incessant conflict over territorial and commercial agendas that involved indigenous people as well as Europeans. Other operators did not bother with legitimacy as they pursued smuggling, piracy, and colonizing ventures that also contributed profoundly to imperial expansion. The domestic and international friction generated by these activities ultimately brought increased state involvement in overseas affairs and increased state ability to direct those affairs.

The Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) is used to assess the local attractiveness to investors in Vietnam. However, studies on how the assessment of investors including private enterprises on the components of PCI relates to their satisfaction with local business environment are still sparse. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of private enterprise satisfaction with PCI components on their satisfaction with the local business environment. Through the survey carried out in Phu Tho, the results showed: (1) the level of private firm satisfaction with PCI components; (2) the effect of satisfaction with each PCI component variable on the overall satisfaction with that factor; (3) the effect of satisfaction with PCI components on private firm satisfaction with local business environment. Following the quantitative research, qualitative research by in-depth interviews with individual investors was conducted to find out the causes and suggestion for some solutions to improve the level of business satisfaction and PCI of a province. Keywords Provincial competitive advantage, PCI, Phu Tho, satisfaction. References [1] Michael E.Porter, “The Competitive Advantage of Nationss, New York Press, 1990.[2] Bộ GTVT, Dự án VIE 01/025-2004 Nâng cao Năng lực cạnh tranh Quốc gia, NXB Giao thông Vận tải, 2004.[3] Edmund Malesky, Desky, Đậu Anh Tuấn, Phạm Ngọc Thạch, Lê Thanh Lan, Nguyễn Ngọc Hà, Nguyễn Lê Hằng, Nguyễn Thị Thu, “Chỉ số Năng lực cạnh tranh cấp tỉnh của Việt Nam năm 2015: Đánh giá chất lượng điều hành kinh tế để thúc đẩy phát triển doanh nghiệp”, PCI Vietnam, 2015.[4] Nhóm nghiên cứu PCI, “Báo cáo PCI năm 2013”, PCIvietnam. URL: http://pcivietnam.org/an-pham/bao-cao-pci-2013/ [5] Đậu Anh Tuấn, “Môi trường đầu tư kinh doanh qua góc nhìn của doanh nghiệp có vốn đầu tư nước ngoài trong các cuộc điều tra chỉ số năng lực cạnh tranh cấp tỉnh”, Kỷ yếu Diễn đàn Kinh tế mùa Xuân 2015, 2015.[6] Nguyễn Tiến Lâm, “Giải pháp nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh cấp tỉnh, nghiên cứu trường hợp tỉnh Phú Thọ”, Luận án Tiến sĩ, Đại học Kinh tế và Quản trị Kinh doanh, 2013. [7] Khổng Văn Thắng, “Phân tích các chỉ số năng lực cạnh tranh thành phần năm 2013 nhằm đề xuất các giải pháp nâng cao chỉ số năng lực cạnh tranh chung: Nghiên cứu trường hợp tỉnh Bắc Ninh”, Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Đại học Quảng Bình, 3(1), 2014.[8] Nguyễn Hồng Sơn, Phạm Sỹ An, “Thu hút các nguồn vốn để phát triển tỉnh Hà Giang”, Tạp chí Khoa học: Kinh tế và Kinh doanh - ĐHQGHN, 27(3), (2016).[9] Nguyễn Quốc Huy, “Giải pháp cải thiện chỉ số Chi phí không chính thức nhằm nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh của tỉnh Quảng Trị”, Luận án Tiến sĩ, Trường Đại học Kinh tế Huế, 2018.[10] Đinh Hồ Ngọc Hạnh, “Phân tích năng lực cạnh tranh: Nghiên cứu so sánh tỉnh Kiên Giang và các tỉnh lân cận nhằm nâng cao năng lực thu hút đầu tư”, Luận văn thạc sĩ, Trường Đại học Kinh tế Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 2017.[11] Đỗ Viầu tư”, Luận văn thạc sĩ, Trường Đại học Kinh tế Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 2017.ng và các tỉnh lân cận nhằm nâng cao năng lực thu hút đầuỉnha mức độ hài lòng của đối với từng yế Đại học Kinh tế Đà Nẵng, 2017. [12] Fulbright, “Marketing đthạc sĩ, Trường Đại học Kinh tế Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 2017.ng và các tỉnh lân cận nhằm nâng cao năng lực [13] Hoàng Thanh Vân, “Chỉ số năng lực cạnh tranh cấp tỉnh (PCI) nhìn từ góc độ marketing địa phương”, Hội thảo quốc tế Việt Nam học năm 2015 (lần thứ 4), Tiểu ban Kinh tế, 2015.

Urban conditions encourage concentration on the nuclear kinship categories, but understood in a more diffuse sense than traditionally attached to them. Tribalism offers benefits of an obvious but less specific kind than kinship. Urban is thus different from rural tribalism, one of its main functions being to classify the multitude of Africans of heterogeneous origin and so provide a basis for the emergence of new groupings to meet new demands. Where movement into town is unrestricted, housing built by African private enterprise and independent employment frequent, the situation is altogether more favourable to family life and even extended families and larger groups of kin may be found. While the latter find many new opportunities which can also be turned into escapes from the irksome authority of older kin, parents and older kin may be tempted to throw up their hands in horror at the younger generation and, finding themselves deprived of some old powers, to abandon all.

This memo describes a method of storing parameters needed for private key validation in the Private-Key Information Syntax Specification as defined in RFC5208 (PKCS#8) format. It is equally applicable to the alternative implementation of the Private-Key Information Syntax Specification as defined in RFC 5958. The approach described in this document encodes the parameters under a private enterprise extension and does not form part of a formal standard.

A major criticism of Chinese state enterprises is their poor performance with the solution being privatization and/or liquidation. This view assumes first the superiority of private sector performance and second a clear distinction between public and private enterprise. This chapter argues that these assumptions are incorrect. Instead the state has a vital role to play in the economy, and in any case the distinction between private and private enterprises are not at all sharp. The recounting of state enterprise reforms ends with typologies of state enterprises today. Evidence also shows that reforms have strengthened governance and performance, while divestiture and consolidation has produced fewer but larger and stronger state enterprises. While the enterprise-economic growth link is not easily established, the enterprise-income distribution has been perverse as state enterprises cease providing social protection.

Skipulag heilbrigðisþjónustu er meðal erfiðustu viðfangsefna stjórnvalda. Líkt og aðrar þjóðir sem reka félagslegt heilbrigðiskerfi standa Íslendingar frammi fyrir spurningunni um hvert eigi að vera hlutverk einkarekstrar innan heilsugæslunnar. Markmið rannsóknarinnar var tvíþætt: að bera saman einkarekstur og ríkisrekstur 17 heilsugæslustöðva á höfuðborgarsvæðinu og greina ánægjukannanir þeim tengdar. Við upphaf Íslandsbyggðar verður til lögbundin samhjálp þar sem kveðið er á um skyldur samfélagsins við þá sem þarfnast hjálpar og með lögum um heilbrigðisþjónustu árið 1973 féll íslenska heilbrigðiskerfið undir norræna velferðarsamfélagið með jöfnu aðgengi og þéttu öryggisneti. Rannsóknin sýnir að einkareknu heilsugæslustöðvarnar voru með lágan kostnað á hverja verkeiningu en þó ekki þann lægsta. Fjórar til sjö ríkisreknar stöðvar voru með lægri kostnað á hvern skráðan einstakling en þær einkareknu. Kostnaður á hverja stöðu læknis var hæstur hjá annarri einkareknu stöðinni. Þjónustukannanir sýndu að enginn munur var á ánægju með gæði þjónustu milli þessara tveggja ólíku rekstrarforma. Þá ályktun má draga af þessari rannsókn að ekki sé hægt að fullyrða að einkarekstur í heilsugæslu bæti meðferð opinbers fjár eða auki gæði þjónustunnar., The organization of health care is one of the most complex present day challenges. Like other countries that run socialized health care systems, Icelanders face the question of the role of private enterprise in health care. The objective of this study was two-fold: to compare the cost of 17 private and state-run health care centers in the metropolitan area, and to compare consumer satisfaction related to these. At the beginning of Icelandic settlement, there were statutory laws decreeing that community services should be provided for those in need. By the Health Care Act in 1973, the Icelandic health care system fell under the Nordic welfare society with equal access and a tight safety net. The results show that the private health care centers had a low cost per work unit, but not the lowest. Four to seven state run health care centers had less expenditure per patient than the private centers. The cost of each doctor’s position was highest in one of the private clinics. Patient satisfaction surveys showed that there is no difference in the quality of services between these two different operating modes. A conclusion can be drawn from this study that it is not clear whether private health care improves the use of public funds or increases the quality of services., Félag íslenskra heimilislækna fær þakkir fyrir að styrkja verkefnið úr vísindasjóði.

Background:. The current climate of health care reform and research funding restrictions presents new challenges for academic plastic surgery. Collaboration with private enterprise has been associated with greater research productivity in the general biomedical literature. This study seeks to analyze publication trends in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS) to evaluate any changes in institutional collaboration over time. Methods:. Bibliographic data were retrospectively analyzed for all original research and discussion articles published in PRS from 2012 to 2016. The institutional affiliation for each publication was characterized from its author list as solely academic, private, government, or combinations of these (defined here as “institutional collaborations”). Annual National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding data were also collected over the same period, and associations were analyzed by linear regression. Results:. In total, 2,595 publications were retrieved from PRS between 2012 and 2016, of which 2,027 (78.1%) originated solely from academic institutions and 411 (15.8%) from institutional collaborations. Although the proportion of academic-only publications decreased from 82% to 74%, the proportion of institutional collaborations increased from 10% to 20% (P = 0.038). Concurrently, NIH funding declined from $33.4 billion to a low of $30.7 billion, which was associated with the decreasing proportion of academic-only publications (P = 0.025) and increasing proportion of institutional collaborations (P = 0.0053). Conclusions:. Traditional sources of academic research funding have been restricted during the politically and financially tumultuous recent years. With no signs of improving access to financial resources from the NIH, academic plastic surgeons may consider diversifying their institutional partnerships to continue pioneering advances in the field.

In 1809 Nicolas Appert received a prize from the French Government for the invention of a thermal method of food preservation which made perishable goods stable when stored without refrigeration, thus making a new type of rations available for use to French troops in the field. Appert invested the prize money in the first food canning factory in the world. In the early 1950s only token support had been given by the United States (US) Government to food irradiation research and, as late as 1951, the Department of Agriculture and the Army Quartermaster Corps had refused fiscal assistance to the Electronized Chemical Corp., contending that private enterprise should pay for commercial development. Members of the US Congress became interested in the food irradiation program and on March 31 and April 1, 1954, a public hearing was held by the Subcommittee on Atomic Energy, on the use of isotopes in agriculture.

There are many different forms of private enterprise organisation, from the classical entrepreneurial concern through the partnership and the private company to the public joint stock company—many of which now have international associations. All of them have in common that they distribute authority to decide on the principle of the primacy of ownership. In spite of the variety of form, and although, even in the archetypal joint-stock company, there are now necessary qualifications to be made to the applicability of the ownership principle, the distinguishing characteristic of private enterprise is the use of ownership to legitimate the exercise of authority.

WOS: 000457135600019 Prince Sabahaddin is one of the first and most important founders of sociology in our country. His Ilm-i Ictima has become one of the two mainstream sociology schools in Turkish Sociology with Ziya Gokalp's Ictimaiyat. Prens Sabahaddin's name is known as one of the important names of Turkish policy as well as sociology. After the separation of centralists and centrists which began with the 1st Jonturk Congress in 1902, Prens Sabahaddin was considered as one of the forerunners of liberal thought in Turkish political thought. While Prince Sabahaddin thought can be judged in liberalism in view of the political struggle with centralist/authoritarian forms of power, it has also considerably conservative elements when considered together with the idea of the 'Science Social' school of thought. In spite of Prince Sabahaddin's concept of "social science" that excludes ideologies itself, it can be thought that it unconsciously carried some teachings of both liberalism and conservative ideology in the system of thought of the country, and can be positioned in both ideologies in this context.

У роботі розкрито поняття та ознаки приватного підприємства, досліджено його установчі документи, механізм створення та припинення, правовий режим майна, договірне забезпечення діяльності такого підприємства, а також поняття та підстави господарсько-правової відповідальності приватних підприємств, відповідальність керівника приватного підприємства. В работе раскрыто понятие и признаки частного предприятия, исследованы его учредительные документы, механизм создания и прекращения, правовой режим имущества, договорное обеспечение деятельности такого предприятия, а также понятие и основания хозяйственно-правовой ответственности частных предприятий, ответственность руководителя частного предприятия. In this work the concepts and features of a private enterprise are revealed, its founding documents, the mechanism of creation and termination, the legal regime of property, the contractual provision of the activity of such an enterprise, as well as the concept and grounds of the economic and legal responsibility of private enterprises, and the responsibility of the head of a private enterprise are investigated.

El presente artículo aborda el tema de la renovación urbana como punto neurálgico en el desarrollo de las ciudades Latinoaméricanas, específicamente el caso del centro histórico de la ciudad de Ibagué -Colombia, donde se analizarán las dinámicas sobre el impacto y consecuencias espaciales del poder político en materia de renovación urbana entre el periodo 2000-2015. Así mismo, los proyectos de renovación urbana más destacados que han transformado el paisaje de este sector y las dinámicas socioeconómicas que se han generado a partir de inversión de la empresa privada y las políticas públicas ejecutadas en los años de análisis para finalmente, estudiar el proceso de terciarización urbana denotado a través de la renovación y revitalización del centro histórico de la cuidad de Ibagué. This article will address the theme of urban renewal as a nerve center in the development of Latin American cities, specifically the historical center of the city of Ibagué - Colombia, where dynamics on the impact and spatial consequences of Political power in urban renewal between the period 2000-2015 in the area of study. It will also address the most outstanding urban renewal projects that have transformed the landscape of this sector and the socioeconomic dynamics of the area mentioned, resulting in a strong investment situation of private enterprise based on the public policies implemented in the years of analysis. From the same, it analyzes the process of outsourcing urban denoted from the renovation and revitalization of the historical center. Este artigo aborda a questão da renovação urbana como um ponto focal para o desenvolvimento de cidades latino-americanas, especificamente o caso do centro histórico da cidade de Ibagué Colômbia, onde a dinâmica sobre o impacto e as consequências das espacial ser analisados poder político na renovação urbana entre o período de 2000-2015 na área de estudo. Da mesma forma, projectos pendentes de renovação urbana que transformou a paisagem deste sector e dinâmicas socio-económicas da área a que se refere a serem abordados, resultando em um forte investimento situação da empresa privada de políticas públicas implementadas no anos de análise. Destes, terceirização de processos urbana denotado da renovação e revitalização do centro histórico é analisado.

In the summer of 2012, I was invited to write a weekly opinion column for City A.M. newspaper. It is a free, business-focused newspaper, launched in 2005, and is distributed at more than 250 commuter hubs across London and the Home Counties, as well as 1,600 offices throughout the City, Canary Wharf and other areas of high business concentration. The general views of the newspaper are broadly supportive of the free-market economy, of capitalism and private enterprise. It is therefore very appropriate that this selection of my columns is being supported and published by the Institute of Economic Affairs. As Allister Heath, editor of City A.M. from 2008 to 2014 and now editor of the Sunday Telegraph, wrote: ‘the IEA is the home of good economic analysis applied to public policy.’ As a description of what I aim to do in my columns, Allister Heath’s statement could hardly be bettered. In the confines of 500 words each week, I try to shed light on a contemporary issue in political economy. I use the phrase ‘political economy’ rather than ‘economics’ deliberately. The great founding figures of the discipline in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo, regarded themselves as addressing broad questions of public import, rather than being confined to mere technical analysis.