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The production capacity of installed wind power greatly increases in worldwide. Hence the interest is focused on the reliability and efficiency of wind turbines; then to reduce the production cost and increase the yield. The main objective of our research in this work is to diagnose wind system. We presented a state of the art of diagnosis approach applied on wind turbines and various occurred faults which should be detected and isolated in the wind turbine parts. After that, an overview on this proposed solution for wind turbines, which opted for a diagnostic strategy based on support vector machines (SVM). A Benchmark of a wind power of 4.5 MW with faults on sensors, actuators and the systems was presented. Defects of the Benchmark are in the pitch system, the drive system, the generator and the converter. We tested then the effectiveness of the used method by visualizing simulation results of diagnosis in two different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avian Influenza is an infectious, contagious disease of an acute evolutionary type with an epizootic enzootic character, affecting numerous species of domestic and wild birds, clinically characterized by serious general disorders, accompanied by respiratory, digestive, nervous phenomena and an edema of the subcutaneous connective tissue from head and neck region, and morphopathologically through hemorrhagic lesions in various tissues and organs. At present it is spread in most European countries, America, Asia and Africa. It is of great economic importance due to its very high morbidity and mortality. Because the disease is underdiagnosed, and people do not notice the illness or mortality occurring in their livestock, the virus is very difficult to control. The number of cases of infection increases in the spring and autumn due to the migrations that migratory birds perform. They either start the migration already infected, or become infected during the migration, in the stopovers where the disease develops. Infected birds do not manage to reach the end of the migration, the body being weakened due to the fight against the virus, they can no longer fly and end up dying in the territories of the free countries, leading to new outbreaks of Avian Influenza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forage pea (Pisum arvense f. aestivale), also known as field pea, is one of the important species cultivated in our country for the feed of several animal species, due to the remarkable content of the grains in proteins, calcium, vitamins, but also in other essential elements for animal nutrition. Also, together with oats, it forms the spring mash, which is well-known for its high fodder quality. The research carried out during three experimental years, in the climate and soil conditions of the Arad Plain, regarding the cultivation of spring forage pea, highlighted the importance of soil fertility, as well as the importance of the water from precipitation during winter and growth period. Among the three experimental years (2020, 2021 and 2022), the best results regarding grain production were recorded by the spring forage pea variety Salamanca with determined growth, in the year of 2021, on a cambic chernozem, low carbonate, medium loam/medium loam clay type of soil, when the grain production exceeded 4.800 kg/ha, STAS grains. The same genetic material (Salamanca variety), cultivated under identical technological conditions, on a weakly stagnoglazed vertosoil, medium loam clay/dusty-clay type of soil, achieved a significantly lower grain production, of less than 4.000 kg/ha. It is remarkable that, in the all three years of spring forage pea cultivation, the grain production obtained on the cambic chernozem type of soil exceeded, each time, the value of 4.000 kg/ha, while, in the case of the vertosoil, every year recorded a production below the value of 4.000 kg/ha, making soil fertility as one of the most determinant factors for production of this significant legume crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we provide a metaheuristic-based solution for stability analysis of nonlinear systems. We identify the optimal level set in the state space of these systems by combining two optimization phases. This set is in a definite negative region of the time derivative for a polynomial Lyapunov function (LF). Then, we consider a global optimization problem stated in two phases. The first phase is an external optimization to search for a definite positive LF, whose derivative is definite negative under linear matrix inequalities. The candidate LF coefficients are adjusted using a Jaya metaheuristic optimization algorithm. The second phase is an internal optimization to ensure an accurate estimate of the attraction region for each candidate LF that is optimized externally. The key idea of the algorithm is based mainly on a Jaya optimization, which provides an efficient way to characterize accurately the volume and shape of the maximal attraction domains. We conduct numerical experiments to validate the proposed approach. Two potential real-world applications are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part of the annual cultivated grasses from the botanical family of Gramineae (Poaceae), barley (Hordeum Vulgare) is considered as a important cereal crop worldwide, especially regarding its use in animal feed, as beeing known for its many benefits, such as a well-balanced energy and calories intanke and its high protein content. The large scale use of cereals in human and animal nutrition presents a series of special advantages, such as the possibility of long-term preservation of the quality of the grains, the easy forms of transportation, the multitude of uses, or the potential of cultivating these species in various geo-pedo-climatic conditions. Thus, all these advantages have determined the very high share of cereals globally, not only in terms of the agricultural sector, but also in terms of the world trade. The large scale use of cereals in human and animal nutrition presents a series of special advantages, such as the possibility of long-term preservation of the quality of the grains, the easy forms of transportation, the multitude of uses, or the potential of cultivating these species in various geo-pedo-climatic conditions. Thus, all these advantages have determined the very high share of cereals globally, not only in terms of the agricultural sector, but also in terms of the world trade. Due to their particular characteristics, such as very good tolerance to the main foliar diseases and high tillering capacity, the new fodder barley varieties have determined the wide spread of this crop, as one of the main cultivated cereal species, known for its reliable and constant productions and which, together with the two-row barley, exceeds 50 million cultivated hectares worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many animal-to-human transmissible diseases have been known since ancient times, but the Pasteurian period, which was by far a turning point in the development of microbiology, is the hottest stage of accumulation, substantiation and detection of the causality and pathogenesis of many of these. Peat is an anthropozoosis spread all over the globe, and without being influenced by climate or season, it can have a sporadic, enzootic or epizootic character. The epidemiological aspect correlates with the biology of the species, the main vector. The existence of stray dogs in all regions of a country gives a very scattered character of cases of urban disturbance, with seasonal incidence, favored during the route. Rabies is an acute, sporadic-enzootic encephalomyelitis, found in all homeothermic animal species, transmissible to humans, and characterized by acute evolution with sensory and motor nervous manifestations, expressed by hyperexcitability and aggression, followed by paralysis and death. In all cases of rabies, an immediate diagnosis and urgent action is required, 32 both for animals that are disturbed or suspected of having the disease, and for those that are contaminated or suspected of being infected. As neither the clinical aspects of the macroscopic lesions are pathognomonic, the diagnosis of the disease is based on laboratory exam (virological, biological, histopathological and serological). As it is a major zoonosis, laboratory diagnostic techniques for rabies have been internationally standardized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the fault-tolerant control problem for discrete-time descriptor systems that are susceptible to intermittent actuator failures, nonlinear sensor data, and probability-based missing data. The discrete-time non-homogeneous Markov chain was adopted to describe the stochastic behavior of actuator faults. Moreover, Bernoulli-distributed stochastic variables with known conditional probabilities were employed to describe the practical features of random sensor non-linearity and missing data. In this study, the output signals were quantized and a dynamic output feedback controller was synthesized such that the closed-loop system was stochastically admissible and satisfied the strictly (Q , S , R) - γ -dissipative performance index. The theoretical developments are illustrated through numerical simulations of an infinite machine bus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have been conducted in the Timis River, which springs from the Semenic Mountains, in the western part of Romania. On its course on Romania's territory were established 6 sampling stations (Accumulation Three waters-Feneşti Confluence, Teregova, Lugoj-CFR Bridge, Lugoj-Timişana Confluence, Şag and Grăniceri) where analyzes were made of the chemical composition of the water. Analysis of the results showed an increase from upstream to downstream of 5 days-biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.5) (from 1.75 to 3.66 mg/l), also the accumulation of nitrates (from 1.53 to 3.08 mg/l), nitrites (from 0.01 to 0.10 mg/l), chloride (from 2.50 to 8.51 mg/l) and water hardness (from 1.12 to 6.02 dH°). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have been conducted on the Timis River, during which 6 fishing stations were established where 6 determinations of the chemical composition of water were made and the existing fish populations were evaluated. In the water of Timis River, from springs to the mouth, increased the 5 days-biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 from 1.80 to 3.58 mg O2/l), also the accumulation of nitrates (from 1.82 to 2.77 mg/l), nitrites accumulation (from 0.015 to 0.045 mg/l), chlorides (from 2.50 to 8.51 mg/l) and hardness (from 1.27 to 5.52 dH°). In the Timiș river 36 fish species have been identified, which proves a good ecological status. Depending on the physic-chemical properties of the water, salmonids fish population was spread only in the mountain area, and cyprinids in hills and low land area. A large distribution was expressed in Barbel, Chub, Chased the Umber and Spirlin, which were found between the Teregova fishing station (mountain area), Lugoj stations (hilly area) and stations from Sag and Graniceri (lowlands area). In the warm waters of low lands were found: Bream, ide, pike-perk, sterlet, Verner, eels and Wheatear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study compares the amounts of Zea mays, grains, cobs and stalks, harvested on fertilized / unfertilized variant with different fertilizers: M-control, V1-fertilized with sewage sludge 50 t/ha + indigenous volcanic tuff, 5 t/ha, V2- fertilized with sewage sludge 50 t/ha, V3-fertilized with cattle manure, 50 t/ha. The amount of grains and cobs harvested from variant fertilized with cattle manure or sewage sludge mixed with indigenous volcanic tuff were similar. The amount of cobs and grains harvests from variant fertilized with sewage sludge mixed with indigenous volcanic tuff were higher between 15.1-17.5%, respectively 15.4-19.1% than those harvested from variant fertilized with sewage sludge. The indigenous volcanic tuff used as addition at sewage sludge was an important factor for the reduction of bioavailability of metals in the aerial tissues of the plant. The amount of toxic metals, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn from the tissues of Zea mays plants was below the maximum limits allowed by the UE rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, solving constrained engineering problems related to optimization approaches is an attractive research topic. The chaotic krill herd approach is considered as one of most advanced optimization techniques. An advanced hybrid technique is exploited in this paper to solve the challenging problem of estimating the largest domain of attraction for nonlinear systems. Indeed, an intelligent methodology for the estimation of the largest stable equilibrium domain of attraction established on quadratic Lyapunov functions is developed. The designed technique aims at computing and characterizing a largest level set of a Lyapunov function that is included in a particular region, satisfying some hard and delicate algebraic constraints. The formulated optimization problem searches to solve a tangency constraint between the LF derivative sign and constraints on the level sets. Such formulation avoids possible dummy solutions for the nonlinear optimization solver. The analytical development of the solution exploits the Chebyshev chaotic map function that ensures high search space capabilities. The accuracy and efficiency of the chaotic krill herd technique has been evaluated by benchmark models of nonlinear systems. The optimization solution shows that the chaotic krill herd approach is effective in determining the largest estimate of the attraction domain. Moreover, since global optimality is needed for proper estimation, a bound type meta-heuristic optimization solver is implemented. In contrast to existing strategies, the synthesized technique can be exploited for both rational and polynomial Lyapunov functions. Moreover, it permits the exploitation of a chaotic operative optimization algorithm which guarantees converging to an expanded domain of attraction in an essentially restricted running time. The synthesized methodology is discussed, with several examples to illustrate the advantageous aspects of the designed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lipid vesicle, or simply called a liposome, represents a synthetic compartment for the examination of transmembrane transport and signaling phenomena. Yet, a liposome is always subjected to size and shape fluctuations due to local and global imbalance of internal and external osmotic pressures. Here, we show that an osmotically stressed liposome placed within a hypotonic spherical bath undergoes cyclic dynamics described by a periodic sequence of swelling and relaxation phases. These two phases are interfaced by the appearance of a transient transmembrane pore through which chemical delivery occurs. An analytical model was formulated for the recurrent differential equations that convey the time-dependent swelling phase of a pulsatory liposome during individual cycles. We demonstrate that the time-dependent swelling phases of the last several cycles of a pulsatory liposome are strongly dependent on the size of the external bath. Furthermore, decreasing the size of the hypotonic medium reduces the number of cycles of a pulsatory liposome. Comparisons and contrasts of an infinite hypotonic bath with finite external baths of varying radii are discussed.

Thermally-induced fluctuations of individual phospholipids in a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) are converted into collective motions due to the intermolecular interactions. Here, we demonstrate that transbilayer stochastic pores can be generated via collective thermal movements (CTM). Using the elastic theory of continuous media applied to smectic-A liquid crystals, we estimate the pore radius and the energetic requirements for pore appearance. Three types of thermally-induced transbilayer pores could be formed through BLMs: open and stable, open and unstable, and closed. In most of the situations, two open and stable pores with different radii could be generated. Notably, the two pores have the same generation probability. Unstable pores are possible to appear across thin bilayers that contain phospholipids with a large polar headgroup. Closed pores are present throughout the cases that we have inspected. The effects of hydrophobic thickness, polar headgroup size of phospholipids, temperature, surface tension, and elastic compression on the pore formation and pore stability have been examined as well.