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This article reviews international studies from the 1940s to the 1970s concerning drugs and creativity. The notion of drugs "dictating" or "liberating" the intoxicated artist is criticized by discussing the importance of set and setting. It is proposed that intentional drug use can be seen as a form of disinhibiting technique. (Contains references.) (Author/CR)

The Treatment Evaluation Project was established to evaluate the feasibility of using behavioral treatment in conjunction with methadone maintenance to improve the effectiveness of methadone treatment. Over 100 outpatients were accepted into treatment and randomly assigned to one of four behavioral treatment modalities in addition to the usual methadone maintenance procedures. Sixty clients participated in treatment for six months or more. Treatment was provided by a paraprofessional counseling staff under the supervision of professionals. Client outcomes were evaluated and compared in terms of (1) urinalysis results for illicit drug use; (2) employment records, (3) arrest records, and (4) treatment retention and attendance. The assigned modality of behavioral treatment/counseling was found to bear no relationship to these outcomes. Despite the lack of differentiation in the outcomes of the overall clinical evaluation, data from specific experiments conducted during the course of the project indicate that both contingency management procedures and the emotionally-based behavior therapy procedures may have utility in the treatment of drug abuse. It is suggested that what is needed is more rigorous and systematic basic research with specific procedures and precisely focused outcome measures in order to develop an empirical base for the behavioral treatment of narcotics dependence. (Author)

This report, based upon case records and follow-up interviews with 965 U.S. Servicemen returning from Vietnam investigates: (1) the availability and utilization of narcotics, marihuana and alcohol in Vietnam; (2) the psychosocial and demographic predictors of pre- and post-Vietnam narcotic use; and (3) the post-Vietnam adjustment difficulties of drug users. The interviews explore the returnees' past and present motivations for using drugs, complications of drug use, family problems, job history, depressive symptoms, psychiatric treatment in and out of the service, and disciplinary action in service. In addition, the interviews cover the personal histories of the servicemen over five time periods: before service; in service before Vietnam; in Vietnam; in service after Vietnam; and since discharge. The report includes the returnees' suggestions as to how the army should cope with widespread drug use among servicemen as well as the types of services that should be offered to Veterans. (NWS)

This fact sheet contains information relating to drug abuse and abusers; drug traffic legislation; law enforcement; and descriptions of commonly used narcotics, stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. Also included is a short but explicit listing of audiovisual aids, an annotated bibliography, and drug identification pictures. The booklet concludes with a description of the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention. (RWP)

The purpose of this study was to determine the drug usage of 107 students enrolled in randomly selected behavioral science courses at Broward Community College (Florida) in 1974. The relationship of the variables of sex and income to drug usage was also investigated. A review of the literature relating to student drug usage notes trends in drug use around the country. A breakdown of usage by particular drugs shows that 57.1 percent use marijuana, 11.2 percent use cocaine, 90.5 percent use alcohol, and 32.3 percent use "speed." A significantly larger proportion of males use cocaine, but no statistical significance was determined for the male-female differentials in marijuana, alcohol or speed usage. The percentages of students using drugs other than alcohol show highest use levels for low income (0-$4,999) and high income ($20,000+) students. Based on the information gathered in this study, a series of recommendations concerning drug programs, revised behavioral science curricula, and cooperative programs with community drug clinics are proposed. The survey instrument is appended. (AH)

This report presents a brief review of the development of methods and programs for treatment of drug abusers in the United States. In order to limit the scope of the report, discussion of the treatment of alcohol abuse and alcoholism is excluded. The report focuses primarily on the treatment of opiate dependence, since most of the experience on development of specialized methods has dealt with the problem of opiate dependence. (Author)

Efforts of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) as a contractor to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) include: (1) assessment of the usefulness of naltrexone, a narcotic antagonist, in the rehabilitation of several types of opiate-dependent individuals; (2) assessment of any drawbacks to the use of naltrexone; and (3) appraisal of acceptability of naltrexone in the addict populations under study. The role of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the overall study effort was to provide services facilitating the interpretation of changes in behavior occuring in response to narcotic antagonist treatment. ETS undertook a review of data forms NAS-3, Background Interview; NAS-6, Craving Scale; and NAS-11 Status Interview; and the User's Manual with the intent of editing and modifying, when necessary, from the standpoint of clarity. Draft reports of the editorial comments are included as Appendix 1. Subsequent comments and suggestions pertaining to earlier revisions of forms and the revised manual are presented in Sections 2 and 3. The second goal of the ETS effort was to develop behavioral scales to provide a simplified summary of behavioral variations during the course of the study. Scales which were statistically feasible are presented in Section 4 along with the statistical information which led to their development. (RC)

This is a study of beliefs, attitudes, and behavior with regard to a wide range of legal and illegal drugs. Included are data about coffee, tea, tobacco, and illicit drugs such as marihuana and heroin. The report covers the current situation and highlights trends from two prior studies on drug abuse conducted for the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. The present survey adds considerable new information reflecting current interests and issues. The report includes summary information of recipient experience with the drugs; user patterns and characteristics; medical usage of psychotherapeutic drugs; findings on other substances such as tea, coffee, cigarettes, and alcohol; and beliefs and attitudes related to drugs. There are also extensive appendices. Findings of the survey include the fact that the public has more experience with marihuana than with any other psychoactive drugs studied, with the next highest being over-the-counter psychotherapeutic drugs. There are strong age relationships connected with the use of marihuana, social use of illicit drugs is the most common pattern, nearly half the adult population report some experience with prescribed psychotherapeutic drugs, and, finally, virtually no change has been reported in adult cigarette consumption over the past several years whereas a marked increase for young people has been noted. (NG)

The intent of this survey is to achieve an understanding of the drug using patterns of youngsters in New York's secondary schools. It was initiated to gather in detail the extent and dimensions of alcohol and drug use among a sample of New York students in grades seven through twelve. This survey was conceived as a benchmark study--to establish a statistical baseline against which trends could be measured. The report is organized into three parts: (1) sample and methodology; (2) questionnaire construction and application; and (3) findings. (Author/YRJ)

The drug use patterns of Indiana youth from the seventh to the twelfth grades in 1977 and 1980 were assessed. Findings reveal that: (1) There is an increase in the availability of marijuana at all grade levels; (2) The percentage of students who have tried most of the illegal drugs has increased, with the larger increase among the older students; (3) Students who use some of the illegal drugs appear to have started using them at an earlier age than did their 1977 counterparts; (4) Current younger students are starting their drug use at earlier ages than did the current older students; (5) The majority of students who have the chance to try drugs refuse to do so; (6) Fewer teenagers smoke cigarettes today than did in 1977; (7) The percentage of students who use alcohol has not changed significantly over the past three years; and (8) There is an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed at social occasions. (JD)

This volume is the second in an annual series surveying the lifestyles and values of youth. Presented here are detailed statistics on the prevalence of drug use among American high school seniors in 1978 and on trends in those figures since 1975. Research involved annual data collection in approximately 125 public and private high schools across the U.S. Explored are students' attitudes about drug use, exposure to drug use, and perceptions about the availability of drugs. New subjects covered this year include the intensity and duration of the highs usually experienced with the various drugs and the cross-cohort comparisons of the rate of initiation into drug use. Also new this year are two figures in each drug chapter that deal with trends in drug use at earlier grade levels. Finally, two new chapters have been added that deal with certain relevant aspects of the social milieu in which American teenagers find themselves. (Author)

The papers in this volume were prepared as part of an evaluation of the effects of the strict 1973 New York State drug laws. The first paper explores the effects of the laws on heroin use. It analyzes the trends of various indicators of heroin use in New York State over a period of several years. In order to isolate movements unique to New York, these trends are compared with those of comparable indicators for other East Coast states and cities that were not directly affected by the new drug laws. The second paper is on crime committed by narcotics users in Manhattan. It presents the findings of a study of changes in the magnitude of felony crimes committed by narcotics users in Manhattan between 1971 and 1975. The crimes included are all felonies which directly affect victims. The third paper explores the effects of the 1973 drug laws on the New York State Courts. It is concerned primarily with implementation of the statutes dealing with possession or sale of dangerous drugs. The last paper is on sentencing patterns under the 1973 New York State drug laws. (Author/JEL)

In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the status of women as drug abusers and as clients in drug treatment programs. A study of drug abusers' characteristics found a significantly higher history of non-medical psychotherapeutic drug use for females than for males; however, males had a higher prevalence of illicit drug use. Females in traditional treatment tended to be under 21 years old, but over 30 years old in emergency rooms and crisis center facilities. Females entering treatment were less likely than males to have been arrested, to be employed, and to have entered treatment voluntarily; they were more likely than males to be or to have been married. The data suggest that current long-term opiate-oriented treatment programs may not be appropriate for a large segment of the female drug abusing population. (JAC)

In a study of 404 University of Maryland, College Park, incoming freshmen who complete an anonymous poll regarding their behavior and attitudes toward drugs, approximately 60 percent reported using marihuana. Thirty-five percent said they used it once a month or more. Hashish had been sampled by about one-third of the freshmen, with 10 percent using it once a month or more. About 15 percent acknowledged having used cocaine, speed, downers, and PCP; however, fewer than five percent reported using these substances once a month or more often. DMT, heroin, mescaline, and LSD had been tried by five percent or less of the freshmen respondents, and monthly or more frequent usage of these substances was reported by fewer than one percent of those sampled. Alcoholic beverages were the most frequently used substances. Over 90 percent of the incoming freshmen had drunk beer, wine, or hard liquor, and over half drank once a month or more frequently. Cigarettes had been tried by about 48 percent of the sample, which was roughly equivalent to the percentage who had tried marihuana. Twenty-two percent continued using cigarettes once a month or more often. The most frequently cited reasons for drinking alcoholic beverages were to get drunk, to relieve boredom, and to be more friendly. For other substances, the most frequent reason was to get high; the only exception was cigarette smoking, which was done to relieve general anxiety, tension, nervousness, and irritability. (Author/LB)

The first U.S. Pharmacopeia, issued in 1820, listed 296 substances of animal, mineral, or vegetable origin in its primary and secondary lists. Of these 130, nearly all of vegetable origin, represented drugs used by American Indians. The number grew at each decennial revision during the 19th century, though some drugs were listed only for a decade. About 220 drugs of Native American use were listed altogether in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary (which began in 1888) up to the present time. Although the number of such listings has declined since the advent of synthetic drugs about 1890, it is significant that 41 new substances of American Indian usage have become official since 1890. However, only 30 substances of Amerindian origin survived in the 17th revision of the U.S. Pharmacopeia in 1965. These drugs were not always used in the same form by Indians and whites. In the preparation of drugs, whites have used processes, i.e., distillation, which were not known to the Indians. Moreover, Indian usage of remedies has not always corresponded with white usage. This paper presents a brief overview of some of the drugs borrowed by white medicine from the American Indians. These drugs have been grouped into: anesthetics, narcotics, and stimulant drugs; astringents; cathartics; childbirth medicines; febrifuges; vermifuges; emetics; poisons; antibiotics; diabetes remedy; and contraceptives. (Author/NQ)

This 1982 national survey on drug abuse is the seventh in a series of surveys since 1971 sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. To investigate the current prevalence of drug abuse in a nationwide sample, 5,624 randomly selected Americans (aged 12 and older) were personally interviewed in their homes using a specially designed answer sheet to assure privacy. An analysis of the results showed a reversal of the upward trends in drug abuse charted in surveys through the 1970's. The use of marijuana among youths (12-17) and young adults (18-25) has leveled off and has significantly declined in the percentage of persons who currently use marijuana, alcohol, narcotics, and tobacco. In the older adult population (26 and older), lifetime use of marijuana and narcotics increased between 1979 and 1982 and current use did not decrease; this trend reflects the fact that drug users in the early 1970s have now moved into a different demographic group. Older adults continued to show a decline in the use of tobacco. Persons who have tried hallucinogens, cocaine or heroin are a subset of those who have tried marijuana. Levels of drug use opportunity remained high with a majority of adolescents and young adults and 41 percent of persons aged 26 and older reporting the availability of the drug if they desired to use it. Similarly, a majority of young adults reported the availability of cocaine. (Numerous tables present the data. The survey questionnaire is appended.) (BL)

This research monograph, written for community officials and planners of drug abuse prevention programs, presents straight line projections on the possible extent and kinds of nonmedical drug use for young adults (18-25 years old) that can be expected in the future. Projections are made based on current young adult drug abuse and population trends. The purpose of the study and methodologies are described in the introductory chapter. Chapter 2 comments on demographic trends in family status, education, income, geographic distribution, race, ethnic composition, total population size, and age composition. In chapter 3, sources of data on drug abuse are reviewed and evaluated for their usefulness in making future projections. The remainder of the monograph presents the projections, in text and tables, for marijuana, inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, and other opiates. Data are given for total numbers and for percentages of 18 to 25 year olds who may be expected to use these drugs in 1985, 1990, and 1995. Trends are further tabulated by sex, race, and residence in metropolitan or nonmetropolitan areas. Numerous tables and an annotated bibliography on demographic trends and forecasting techniques supplement the text. (BL)

Drug use and related attitudes of U.S. high school seniors from the graduating classes of 1975-1985 and young adults in their late teens and early- to mid-twenties were studied, as part of an ongoing research project. Eleven classes of drugs were assessed: marijuana (including hashish), inhalants, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, other natural and synthetic opiates, stimulants (amphetamines), sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, and cigarettes. Several subclasses of drugs were also covered: PCP and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), amyl and butyl nitrites, and barbiturates and methaqualone. Attention was focused on drug use at the higher frequency levels rather than whether respondents had ever used various drugs. Of concern were: age of first use; the seniors' own attitudes and beliefs; and the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of others in the seniors' social environment, including perceived drug availability. The use of non-prescription stimulants, including diet pills, stay-awake pills, and pseudo-amphetamines were also reported, along with cocaine use among young people. Findings include sex differences in drug use, differences related to college plans, regional differences, and differences related to population density. The implications of findings for prevention efforts were addressed. (SW)

This report includes five documents, three on child care research, and two concerning individual differences and discriminative abilities in newborn and young infants. "The Organization of Infant Day Care Environments: Feedback-Produced Improvements in Staff Job Performance" reports on the effectiveness of monitoring procedures as corrective feedback for four infant care duties. "Open-Environment Design for Infant and Toddler Day Care" studies the environment of day care centers, demonstrating that an open environment facilitates supervision and small group activities. "Menus for Toddler Day Care! Food Preference and Spoon use" describes a measurement system for determining toddler food preference. "American and Uruguayan Infants: Reliabilities, Maternal Drug Histories and Population Differences Using the Brazelton Scale" assesses the behavior of 44 infants from birth to one month using Brazelton's Neonatal Assessment Scale. "Evaluation of Early Development with the Brazelton Scale--Effects of Obstetrical Medication" studies 44 infants analyzing the results in two ways: (1) consistencies, changes, and organization over the first month; (2) relation between behavior patterns of newborns and pain-relief drugs, including general anesthesia, administered to the Mothers during labor and delivery. Tables charted for each observational day show correlations between Brazelton items, state of the infant, patterns of infant behavior, and obstetrical drugs. (JH)