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This paper will first look at the timeline of important publications that have been published on sustainable design and have emerged from different schools of thought, to exemplify how gradually the notion of Green Urbanism evolved. It then identifies the intertwined principles for achieving Green Urbanism. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Public space network plays a fundamental role in the viability and liveability of any city. As numerous cities around the globe endorse planning policies, aimed at increasing population densities in existing urban environments instead of continuing greenfield development, greater attention needs to be given to the role of such networks and to connectivity. This paper explores the potential for transformation of cities towards a healthier environment by analysing the public space and local community interaction of three case studies (Copenhagen, Hanoi and Sana'a). In this content the following questions arise: how can better guidance be given to the designers of urban public spaces in order to maintain and enhance existing healthy community attributes? Considering the increase of urban infill projects and the continuing densification of existing communities, how can we ensure more quality public spaces are developed, to ensure a healthy future for cities? This paper discusses green urban design principles and suggests a series of guidelines to support decision-making in the design of public spaces. The three case studies present medium-density and car reduced urban precincts from Europe and Asia, as precedents for the positive interaction of pedestrian oriented urban design and citizens behavioural values. The qualities of streetscape are examined and compared, using these historical and contemporary precedents to frame a conceptual model of car-reduced/car-free communities for the design of healthy cities. From this precedent analysis and conceptual model, the paper proposes a design framework which enables the transformation of existing urban environments towards a car-reduced future, while increasing the potential for higher population densities and promoting green urban design principles. This adaptive design framework retains the unique qualities and features of existing urban environments to deliver more sustainable and healthier cities for the future. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

New Urbanism: New Urbanism is an urban design movement, which arose in the USA in the early 1980s, promoting walkable, mixed-use neighbourhoods and transit-oriented development, seeking to end suburban sprawl and promote community. Characteristics include narrow streets, wide sidewalks and higher densities, qualities which we can all find in the European cities.Green Urbanism: Green Urbanism is a conceptual model for zero-emission and zero-waste urban design, which arose in the 1990s, promoting compact energy-efficient urban development, seeking to transform and re-engineer existing city districts and regenerate the post-industrial city centre. It promotes the development of socially and environmentally sustainable city districts.This paper will first look at the timeline of important publications that have been published on sustainable design and have emerged from different schools of thought, to exemplify how gradually the notion of Green Urbanism evolved. It then identifies the intertwined principles for achieving Green Urbanism.

This paper explores the notion of sustainable urban metabolism and "zero waste." There is now a growing interest in understanding the complex interactions and feedbacks between urbanization, material consumption and the depletion of our resources. The link between increasing urbanization and the increase of waste generation has been established for some time. However, the impact of urban form and density on resource consumption is still not fully understood. Human population on the planet has increased fourfold over the last hundred years, while - in the same time period - material and energy use has increased tenfold. Beyond energy efficiency, there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources, materials, food and water. After debating energy-efficiency for the last two decades, the focus has shifted to include resource and material-efficiency. The topic of reducing urban household consumption and strategies to reducing the material requirements for buildings (in fact, of the entire construction sector) has only recently emerged as an urgent field. While there is a general acknowledgment that there is a need for improved urban governance processes and rethinking of urban development patterns to reduce material consumption and optimize material flows, this is still a relatively new research field and there is still a lack of reliable data and comparative methodologies. One of the findings of this paper is that embedding "zero-waste" requires strong industry leadership, new policies and effective education curricula, as well as raising awareness (education) and refocusing research agendas to bring about attitudinal change and the reduction of wasteful consumption. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Masdar City, currently being developed in Abu Dhabi and designed by Foster +\ud Partners, a high-profile British firm of architects, sets a groundbreaking example\ud of a new breed of eco-cities. The city’s birth has taken on an environmental\ud stance. Having recently completed its first phase of construction, the emphasis of\ud the development is principally based on sustainability, using traditional walled\ud city planning and existing technology to achieve a net zero-carbon and zerowaste development. To achieve carbon-neutrality, the design team has employed\ud a series of innovative environmental design strategies and integrated planning\ud principles. This paper presents these strategies and discusses the project in\ud relation to its social, economical and environmental contexts, and considers\ud prospects for the viability of building in the desert and its global impact on\ud sustainable urban development of the future

Architecture in any period has often been a reflection of the sociological, cultural, economic and technological aspects of its development. Though it has been argued that Africa has no recorded history in the written form, but evidences persist of the rich culture of the different tribes that makes up the constituent of its inhabitants. This paper examines some of these socio-cultural factors that impinge on the historical traditional forms and architectural system in sub-Saharan Africa, by considering the pattern of food production and consumption. It also examines in particular existing relationship between architecture and food consumption that affect the sustainable built form found in south west Nigeria. The paper is thus an endeavor to discuss the connections, interrelationships and benefits of these concepts in the evolving modern socio-cultural views on Africa. The paper report a recent field survey carried out in the study area, based on quantitative and qualitative methodology. Sizeable numbers of questionnaire are administered to the target population, using stratified random sampling method in order to elicit primary data; with 76 percent response rate from the respondent. The survey and interview conducted highlights a number of observations and conclusion of the relationship between food production activities and its role in city development or formation.

Different urban growth patterns and cultural-economical backgrounds result in diverse situations and strategies for urban infill developments. Two Chinese cities, Shenzhen and Wuhan have been chosen to highlight the sustainability of the urban infill developments in China. Based on the different situations of infill sites, it is worthwhile to explore the strategies of infill developments in two cities. This research will take the mixed-use for example, to propose guidance for better urban infill practices in regard to the context of China. In analysis, quality goals are to benchmark whether or not sustainability objectives were met. The case study of Chinese cities with higher densities offers possible strategies for intensive developments which are pursued by many cities in the world. The comparative indicator of Shenzhen and Wuhan and their causes will be discussed for improvements of the evaluation framework. The conclusion compares the sustainability of infill development between Shenzhen and Wuhan. It provides the references for the other cities from the case study. It recommends conducting a complementary study with external cases to validate the applicability of the approaches Refereed/Peer-reviewed

There are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources, materials, food and water. For instance, urban farmingis a new urban design trend in Europe, where food is produced and consumed locally. This paper reports on best practiceof urban design principles in regard to material flows, material recovery, adaptive re-use of building elements andcomponents (design for disassembly; prefabrication of modular components), and other relevant strategies to implementzero waste behaviour. Prefabricated multi-story timber building for inner-city living are setting new benchmarks forminimisation of construction waste and on-site assembly. However, the construction sector is still one of the mainproducers of waste, but does still very little in regard to waste minimisation, waste avoidance and recycling. In the contextof design education, it's still widely unclear how to best introduce a clear and holistic understanding of these challengesand possible solutions into the curriculum of the education of architects, urban designers and product designers.One of the findings is that embedding 'zero-waste' requires strong industry leadership, new policies and raisingawareness (education), for attitudinal change and the reduction of wasteful consumption

Traditional reductionist methods of analysis, which breakdown and isolate the component parts will bring the risk of fragmented decision making with potential unforeseen consequences. Systemic, holistic and hierarchical assessment of sustainability is therefore needed. This paper shows that there are two kinds of sustainability evaluation frameworks which are identified: one is in nominal loops. The other is in linear, ordinal categories, without loop. Each category has its strength and weakness because of their intrinsic characteristics. There is also systemic approach in eastern way of thinking that could combine the strength of both sides: Chinese indigenous knowledge to view the environment is keeping the balance of waxing and waning between sub-systems in the cycle of the universe. Discussion on the overlapping worldviews could provide better understanding on systems theory to be applied on sustainability evaluation methods based on the indigenous approaches of China. The framework developed in this research will inherit the character of "ordinal loops" of Chinese traditional diagrams. The conceptual process utilizes the eastern thinking model into the organisation of sustainable development evaluation framework, which can be adopted by policy-makers, designers, and stakeholders in Asia-Pacific

The existing Australian building stock is responsible for around one quarter of our total greenhouse gas (GhG) emissions, and it is being replaced at a very slow rate. We urgently need to retrofit these buildings to reduce our GhG emissions to meet Australia’s expectations and international obligations. This paper illustrates a method of finding practical refurbishment options to reduce GhG emissions in a brick veneer residential project home by employing best practice passive solar house strategies. The method uses the second generation residential energy rating software, AccuRate to gauge the effectiveness of each option, and then estimates the cost of those options, including current government rebates. The paper also considers the lessons learnt from the design of the solar photovoltaic system, and considers the advantages of using GreenPower. The case study uses various criteria to rank the strategy results e.g. the star rating (the ceiling R4 insulation increase was two points); the savings of the energy required for comfort; the cost; and the extent of carbon reductions. The case study also shows the dramatic impact of the solar photovoltaic system Refereed/Peer-reviewed

How can we transform and future-proof the post-industrial city through strategies of architectural and urban design? The answer is to use an energy-efficient, zero-carbon model based on renewable energy sources and renewable building typologies. This book presents different models for sustainable urban growth, based on the principles of 'Green Urbanism'. Current and emergent forms of urbanism are influenced by climate change, leading to the idea of a new generation of 'zero-emission cities'. These cities are seen as applying new concepts in densification and expansion, designed with energy efficiency and sustainability as principal criteria. The aim of this type of 'Systems Thinking' is to connect and integrate sustainable design principles with a holistic idea for the future of our cities to generate future-proof strategies for the revitalization of the urban landscape. The first section of the book clearly explains these principles and how they can be employed, illustrated by clear diagrams for ease of comprehension. The principles as applied are then explored through in-depth case studies of the post-industrial Australian city of Newcastle, which is at an important juncture in its urban evolution. This is essential reading for urban designers, architects, landscape architects and researchers/students in these disciplines around the world

Architects are beginning to embrace the notion of landscape and,moreover, to acknowledge the conceptual scope of a dynamic and creative synthesis of ecology and materiality. In so doing, the conception that architects could not (or should not) draw a tree, is being consigned to the landfill site of antiquated practice.\ud There is an increasing acceptance amongst planners, urban designers and governments that the greening of urbanity is necessary to, and indicative of, a viable, sustainable future. However, whether or not the traditional design rationale (modernism) delivers the necessary innovative\ud outcomes is open to question. The visual homogenization of urban developments within our cities is symptomatic of both hackneyed design orthodoxies and a tokenistic approach to sustainable practice. Advocates of ‘landscape urbanism’ (Waldheim, et al 2006) offer a more progressive\ud supposition for change, such as the use of natural processes to engender ecological diversity. However, in reality the paradigm shift necessary for redefining the nature of ‘acceptable’ spatial and structural constituents,\ud within urban developments, is a challenging process.\ud The paper debates the proposition that traditional design values and practice contribute to the fragmented adoption of genuine sustainable ecological applications within the urban landscape. It contends that rather than enriching, civilizing and sustaining urbanity; the reliance on time-honoured practices contributes to the establishment of bland and fundamentally unsustainable public spaces. As the demarcation between landscape and architecture becomes less profound the role of ecology is also viewed as integral to ‘placeness’. The fusion of spatial form and ecology serves as a valuable addition to sustainable development. Whilst\ud grass roofs and living walls are examples of this, a more proactive approach to bridging the cavity between the aspiration of greener urbanity and its successful implementation is urgently required. The complex or ‘wicked’ problems that hinder sustainable innovation have in\ud part led to the reliance on unchallenged prevailing design traditions. For any urban development to maximise its claim to sustainability, architects, landscape designers and planners need to demonstrate a more dispassionate approach to implementing change.

This paper explores the rapid urbanization of Chinese cities with a focus on the plans for a new urban sub-centre in the north-west of Shanghai: Zhenru Urban Sub-Centre. The study relates to the development of new urban sub-centres and the relationship of these sub-centres to ‘Network City’ theory. Urbanization is a defining feature of the 21st century, reshaping cities and communities in countries around the world. Between 2010 and 2030, over 80 per cent of total global urban growth will take place in developing countries – projected to triple their entire urban area (UN-Habitat, 2008) (The World Bank, 2009). This unprecedented urban expansion poses a historic challenge and opportunity to cities, nations and the international development community, and provides a once in a lifetime opportunity to plan, develop, build and manage cities that are ecologically and economically sustainable, and socially more inclusive. As a more urban world emerges, we can see a historic shift occurring, one which will cause dramatic effects on human well-being and the environment. The world is undergoing a massive urbanization process – in certain areas it is happening rapidly – and the number of city dwellers is predicted to increase from 3 to over 4 billion within the next 15 years. Most of this increase will occur in the developing (transitional) world. The trend towards urban network configurations, away from the mono-centric city centre model, can be observed in many large cities around the world. This can be seen both in urban structures and their underlying patterns of activity and mobility, but also in relation to the increasingly pluricentric nature of decision-making structures. This paper compares two cases of urban patterns for new subcentres for poly-centric city structures: It relates to the development of new urban sub-centres in Berlin (Germany) and Shanghai (China), and the relationship of these sub-centres to ‘Network City’ theory. As cities move towards more polycentric systems, the case of Potsdamer Platz Berlin, compared to Zhenru Sub-Centre in Shanghai, is discussed. Both are transport-oriented developments promoting mixed-use density and transport oriented development. According to the documentation by Shanghai municipality, this new urban centre, which is currently in its planning phase, is supposed to become a ‘sustainable sub-centre for a growing metropolis’. Based on the Potsdamer Platz experience, where a ‘City within the City’ was developed, a series of careful recommendations are formulated for the design and development of the Zhenru Sub-Centre, knowing that it is rather difficult to translate from one case to the other. The conclusion includes five recommendations from Potsdamer Platz for the urban design of such new sub-centres to ensure a delivery of economical, social and environmental sustainable outcomes Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The building stock of 2020 largely exists today! The enormous task of the next decade is to retrofit and refurbish these buildings to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GhG) emissions. These retrofitting strategies are of particular relevance for the future of the current inefficient model of the Australian suburb. This paper considers the methods that are used to calculate residential refurbishment savings in GhG emissions e.g. using actual calculations in case studies, and using thermal modelling software, and provides examples. It also includes a residential performance upgrade case study, which used thermal modelling research to select the most practical and cost-effective strategies. This research is currently being applied to the case study, and logged and modelled temperatures are compared. The comparison of methods provides guidance for a research methodology for practical and cost-effective strategies to lower GhG emissions of residential buildings in Australia. The paper incorporates crossdisciplinary approaches in practice and academia, and considers the integration of architecture, engineering, building and science Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This paper compares two cases: It relates to the development of new urban sub-centres in China, and the relationship of these sub-centres to ‘Network City’ theory. As cities move towards more polycentric systems, the case of Potsdamer Platz Berlin, compared to Zhenru Sub-Centre in Shanghai, is discussed. Both are transport-oriented developments promoting mixed-use density and transport-oriented development. According to the documentation by Shanghai municipality, this new urban centre, which is currently in its planning phase, is supposed to become a ‘sustainable sub-centre for a growing metropolis.’ The author, who has intimate knowledge of the Berlin case, was asked to advice on the Chinese project, based on the Potsdamer Platz experience. After some hesitation, a series of careful recommendations were formulated for the design and development of the Zhenru Sub-Centre, knowing that it is rather difficult to translate from one case to the other. The conclusion includes five recommendations for the urban design of such sub-centres, to ensure a delivery of economical, social and environmental sustainable outcomes.

Cities as complex formations are the result of particular natural conditions and human activities. They arise, spread and develop ; their structures and functions change, depending on the development of socio-political and economic relations, and of the systems in which they appear. The goal of this paper is to show that a large event can be used as a stimulus for the successful functional and structural transformation of part of a city matrix and for its integration in the wider city area. Furthermore, studying and analysing spatial resources, giving them value, and carefully selecting development scenarios are the basis for sustainable urban development. This paper deals with the example of the City of Lisbon, which hosted in the late 1990s EXPO’98 under the jurisdiction of the Bureau International des Expositions. The EXPO’98 project was considered from the beginning as an initiator for the urban rehabilitation of the degraded eastern industrial coastal zone of Lisbon. In the paper, the author analyses the dynamic aspects of the functional and structural transformation of the subject area based on three characteristic periods: the pre-exhibition, exhibition and post-exhibition periods, in the context of sustainable urban development.

Since the foundation of his practice Ingenhoven Architekten in 1985, Christoph Ingenhoven (born 1960, as the sonof an architect) has been an advocate of sustainable design and low-energy architecture. He is considered Germany’smost successful architect of his generation and a leader in the application of sustainable design concepts using an ecologicalapproach. Main themes that stand at the centre are future work environments, ecology, mobility, and urbanlandscapes. Conceptual strategies and realization of innovative solutions, an integrated approach, and dedication tooptimize and implement it on all levels, is visible. It is obvious that Ingenhoven is infl uenced by the work of othermodern German architects, such as Egon Eiermann, Frei Otto, Thomas Herzog, and Guenther Behnisch, people whounderstood so well the relationship and tension between architecture and engineering.Christoph Ingenhoven is involved in projects all over the world and is increasingly involved in the design of majorbuildings in Australia. After winning the design competition for a new high-rise tower in Sydney’s central businessdistrict in 2006, his new “Space” high-rise offi ce tower (to be completed in 2011; ground breaking was in May2009), and his recent involvement with the urban and architectural design of the Barangaroo waterfront development,brings him to Australia on a regular basis. The Australian city will gain a prominent addition to its skylinewith this new (6-star Green Star rated) offi ce tower on Bligh Street.

This paper explores the origins of an air-condition dependency which evolved with 20th century architecture and is related to other developments that affected buildings in the last century, such as the lack of flexibility/adaptability of buildings and their short life span. It then looks at some passive design principles as frequently found in heritage buildings from the pre-air-conditioning era, which are based on heat avoidance and harnessing of natural energies. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for a holistic pathway to zero-carbon, climate-adaptive buildings.

What is it exactly that makes a city a great and creative place? In today's globalised world, a clear-cut identity, good public space and sustainable placemaking are qualities which increasingly represent the desirability for living in a city. Over the last 15 years, Berlin has re-emerged as a magnet for young people, and has redesigned itself as a metropolis and as a symbol of contemporary Europe. Berlin is a cosmopolitan, forward-looking city, conscious of its status and confident about its stature. Currently, Berlin attracts a 'creative class' who gravitate to its inspiring public space network for walking and cycling; its large number of robust, flexible buildings; and the wide range of types and sizes of its character places waiting to be occupied with fresh ideas about living and working in the inner city. Those places are well suited to new approaches to informal urban design and artistic searches for undiscovered potential, which frequently hides in the derelict, post-industrial fabric. Such 'places and spaces not done yet' hold a promise for freedom of personal expression and individual interpretation. After the fall of the Wall (1989) and the settling of the ensuing turmoil, the years 1992-2002 have become the 'golden years' of Berlin's reemergence. However, the advantages Berlin possesses today will persist only if the city manages to maintain its distinctiveness and its affordability. Berlin's affordability is likely to be ending soon and the city may stop being a desirable 'Creative City'. With the completion of the government's move to the new capital and the influx of a large number of bureaucrats, a phase of consolidation and mainstream consumerism has begun. Artists are being forced further out of the centre by high rents and new developments.By 2012, Berlin's status may well have shifted to another city, probably in Eastern Europe.

This paper reports on research in the area of 'Green Urbanism' and new models for urban growth and neighbourhoods. Excessive fossil fuel dependency and the growing demand for energy are likely to be major challenges for urbanism in the 21st century, as cities need to transform from a fossil-based model to a model based on sustainable energy sources. Urban design and the fundamental principles of how to shape our cities have barely featured in the greenhouse debate. Much of the debate has so far circled around ideas about active technology for 'eco-buildings'. This is surprising, given that avoiding mistakes in urban design at early stages could genuinely lead to more sustainable cities. The study deals with cross-cutting issues in architecture and urban design and addresses the question of how we can best cohesively integrate all aspects of energy systems, transport systems, waste and water management, passive and active strategies, natural ventilation and so on, into contemporary urban design and improved environmental performance of our cities. Two recent examples for the application of such urban design principles are the proposals for the Australian city of Newcastle: the 'City Campus' (densification model) and 'Port City' (expansion model). These case studies illustrate that it is less environmentally damaging to stimulate growth within the established city centre rather than sprawling into new, formerly un-built areas. Research in sustainable urban design recommends increased harnessing of the energies manifested in the existing fabrics, through the adaptive re-use of former industrial (brownfield) sites and upgrading of the existing building stock.

To better understand architecture's relationship with cultural identity and the notion of Regionalism, this paper explores the regional component in the development of modem architecture in Brazil, and the general question of what might be defined as an 'uniquely Brazilian' architectural language. Modernism quickly flourished in Brazil in the 1940s, after its arrival; this condition opened the doors for the later design and construction of Brasilia, the new capital that was - despite being so far away from Europe - built in the Brazilian hinterland strictly to the principles of CIAM and the Charta of Athens (Gropius, Giedion, et al: zoning, functional arrangement, standardisation, structural logic, efficiency). Tragically, the inauguration of Brasilia in 1960 coincided with the era when Classical Modernism and CIAM had just reached a major crisis point and, eventually, were unable to continue. At this point, Modernism a la Bauhaus and CIAM, with its exclusive model of a zoned city composed of stand-alone buildings, had lost its credibility. Twentieth century architecture in Brazil has many faces, from the first emergence of Modernism in the postcolonial (post-Portuguese and Indigenous) context with the pivotal, heroic works of Costa, Warchavchik, and Levi (the first generation of modem Brazilian architects), and the fascinating flamboyant buildings by Reidy and Niemeyer in Rio de Janeiro (creations that express so well the spirit of the Carioca people), to the highly individual works of Artigas and Bo Bardi in São Paulo and Salvador. With the shift of focus in the 1950s from the city of Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo, we can also observe the transformation from a 'Modemismo Carioca' to the tendency recently identified as 'Brutalismo Paulistano' (Segawa, 1998; Lehmann, 2003; Verde Zein, 2004). Like International Brutalism, 'Brutalismo Paulistano' is not only characterised by its rough concrete formwork (beton brut) and little care for details, but also for its direct attempt to emphasis the 'large-scale form' through the expression of structure. Furthermore, this tendency has specifically Brazilian features, as identified by the author: dealing with São Paulo's local construction industry and its (sub)tropical climate. Previous studies on Brazil concentrated mainly on the first era that is called 'the golden years of Brazilian architecture', which ended around 1955, closely connected with the outstanding work of Oscar Niemeyer. This paper aims to expand the time frame and further widening the focus into the 1960s, an era encompassing the military dictatorship starting in 1964. By doing so, the study investigates the well-known, but usually oversimplified debate of International Modernism versus Regionalism. Colquhoun points out that there were always both movements working simultaneously, with Regionalism being equally dynamic - in fact, interplay between International Modernism and Regionalism (Colquhoun, 1997). The transfer of ideas, like trans-cultural injections, and the importation of European culture, such as Classical Modernism, into emerging countries such as Brazil, Mexico, or India (think of Chandigarh), has been a dynamic, not static phenomenon. Migrants who immigrated from all over the world (especially from war-ridden Europe) to Latin America influenced local architecture with their knowledge, habits and diverse cultures, so that Modernism merged there into something different and unique (the so-called 'Other Modernisms'), fusing with regional, local elements and the traditions of the region. Thus, Modernism - and subsequently Brutalism - were adopted into a regional context, transformed and further modified by the requirements of the (sub)tropical climate, local availability of materials and construction methods. Ironically, the importation of the heroic Avant-garde into the developing world reflected back to Europe as counter-critique soon after, following a regional reshaping of the ideas from the Bauhaus. Giedion's construction of a single, exclusive history of modem architecture as a consistent, dogmatic 'grand-narrative' which he started in the 1930s (and thus ignoring the plurality and multi-layering of reality) had finally been questioned. The final part of the paper is dedicated to drawing appropriate conclusions. One conclusion is that there is no identity outside its context, as the local and global exists always side-by-side, intertwined with each other. There is a certain paradox in the fact that an anti-globalist movement like Regionalism seeks to extend itself worldwide; another conclusion is that regional identities, such as found in São Paulo or in Salvador, are dynamic and still evident even in times of globalisation - if one is searching for them. Therefore, the term 'Dynamic Regionalism' suggests itself as the appropriate one (Lehmann, 2003).

UNESCO, the UN nodal agency for education, science, culture and architecture, has made sustainability a key topic in its development oriented activities, and has launched a new initiative to address the increasing concern of non-sustainable urbanization which currently occurs in the Asia and Pacific region. It is a region of rapid change, cultural alienation and environmental crisis, with a threatening divide between city and countryside. This paper informs about the interdisciplinary research activities conducted by the newly established UNESCO Chair in Sustainable Urban Development for Asia and the Pacific. The Chair's roadmap for the next ten years to facilitate sustainable urban growth is explored and described in detail.

This paper relates to the theme of Public Space and the Built Environment, exploring possible (interdisciplinary) worlds, where collaboration flows naturally and partnering between artists and architects delivers benefits for all participants involved. It contributes to the ongoing debate about temporary interventions in the urban context and the potential that such new collaborative experiences and interdisciplinary models can present for a local community. The paper discusses the potential that partnering has for creative interaction with a city’s cultural (in this case, often derelict and left-over) fabric through informal urban interventions and the stimulation of urban renewal. How exactly can such collaborations between artists and architects trigger the transformative potential, fostering social well-being of communities? The paper introduces and examines a selection of site-specific installation works in Newcastle (NSW), Brisbane (QLD) and Berlin (Germany), which were the results of collaborative practices initiated by the author. These temporary works question our comfortable notions of life in cities as well as challenging our understanding of the roles of architecture and art, and their modus operandi in general. One of the conclusions is that, today, urban renewal of the post-Industrial city has to address and support social diversity and the changing requirements for public space, where the public domain is increasingly under threat to be transformed into privatised, controlled zones, and the need to find innovative ways to embed the arts in the urban regeneration process.

Among the most significant environmental challenges of our time are global climate change, excessive fossil fueldependency and the growing demand for energy – all likely to be major challenges of the 21st century and one of the greatestproblems facing humanity. In this context, urban design and the fundamental principles of how to shape our cities has barelyfeatured in the greenhouse debate. Much of the debate in related areas has so far circled around ideas about activetechnology for ‘eco-buildings’. This is surprising, since almost half the energy consumed is used in cities and urban built-upareas, and given that avoiding mistakes in urban design at early stages could genuinely lead to more sustainable cities andless greenhouse gas emission. This paper reflects upon practical strategies focused on increasing sustainability beyond andwithin the scope of individual buildings.The paper deals with cross-cutting issues in architecture and urban design and addresses the question of how we can bestcohesively integrate all aspects of energy systems, transport systems, waste and water management, passive and activestrategies, climatisation and so on, into contemporary urban design and improved environmental performance of our cities. Itprovides a context for a general debate about the regeneration of the city centre, and discusses how urbanism is affected (andcan be expected to be even more affected in future) by the paradigms of ecology.The significance of the research is found in the pressing need for an integration of sustainability principles in the urban designprocess of cities in South East Asia and the general need for a sustainable city development. It will be of particular relevanceto the rapid urban growth of developing cities that have, in the past, frequently been poorly managed. Research in sustainableurban design recommends increased harnessing of the energies manifested in the existing fabrics – for instance, through theadaptive re-use of former industrial (brownfield) sites and the upgrade and extension of existing building structures. It is lessenvironmentally damaging to stimulate growth within the established city centre rather than sprawling into new, formerly unbuiltareas. Two recent examples for the application of such urban design principles are the author’s proposals for theAustralian city of Newcastle: the ‘City Campus’ and ‘Port City’ projects.

In his now famous book Delirious New York, Rem Koolhaas argued that Manhattan was the epitome of a "culture of congestion". Representing the antithesis of sprawl, the density, heterogeneity and vertical dynamism of Manhattan was, for Koolhaas, a model of a new cultural paradigm where urban populations can exist in dense, spatially confined environments, while still maintaining the traditional characteristics of urban life. Fundamental to this "culture of congestion" is the crowd. The relationship between Koolhaas's definition of 'congestion' and urban planning has traditionally been a negative one. Much modern urbanism is concerned with movement, circulation, ventilation and other dynamic qualities necessitated by the movement of people and the demands of public transport. Modern planned cities demonstrate coherent strategies of 'movement' and removing congestion, but at the same time seem to lack the kind of residual spaces where humans can gather and socialise. They represent urban environments of movement and exchange. However as Koolhaas argued, congestion is equally an essential urban quality, particularly in cities of high density where large populations share small spaces. As urban populations become denser and cities continue to grow, the demands placed on urban spaces become more critical. One of the characteristics of urban spaces which is undervalued in contemporary criticism is the space of the crowd - one of the tangible by-products of increased density and modernisation. Drawing from crowd theory from the 1960s, this paper considers the notion of urban congestion by revisiting the iconic modern city of Chandigarh. Fifty years after its construction, the city has accommodated the demands of rapid population growth and increased infrastructure, but the quality of its vast urban spaces is much less understood. The paper will look at the urban spaces of the city within the context of Koolhaas's notion of congestion and Corbusier's broader theory of urban space. Modernity, in the work of Corbusier, is a thesis calibrated to remove congestion, but can be equally hostile towards the residual activities of modern life and in particular the crowd.

In the essay entitled ‘Towards a Sustainable City Centre’ (published in JGB Summer 2006), the author reflected on principles how to best integrate ecologically sustainable development (ESD) into urban design. This second paper reports on his continuing research in the area of ‘Green Urbanism’.1 Among the most significant environmental challenges of our time are global climate change, excessive fossil fuel dependency and the growing demand for energy—all likely to be major challenges of the 21st century and one of the greatest problems facing humanity. In this context, urban design and the fundamental principles of how to shape our cities has barely featured in the greenhouse debate. Much of the debate in related areas has so far circled around ideas about active technology for ‘eco-buildings’. This is surprising, since almost half the energy consumed is used in cities and urban built-up areas, and given that avoiding mistakes in urban design at early stages could genuinely lead to more sustainabl...

This volume is a guide to the personnel files and two collections of papers relating to Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya in the archive of the Leipzig Mission. They cover the period from the 1880s to the present.

Sustainable waste management requires an integrated planning and design strategy for reliable forecasting of waste generation, collection, recycling, treatment and disposal for the successful development of future residential precincts. The success of the future development and management of waste relies to a high extent on the accuracy of the prediction and on a comprehensive understanding of the overall waste management systems. This study defies the traditional concepts of waste, in which waste was considered as the last phase of production and services, by putting forward the new concept of waste as an intermediate phase of production and services. The study aims to develop a demand forecasting tool called ‘zero waste index’ (ZWI) for measuring the natural resources recouped from municipal solid waste. The ZWI (ZWI demand forecasting tool) quantifies the amount of virgin materials recovered from solid waste and subsequently reduces extraction of natural resources. In addition, the tool estimates the potential amount of energy, water and emissions avoided or saved by the improved waste management system. The ZWI is tested in a case study of waste management systems in two developed cities: Adelaide (Australia) and Stockholm (Sweden). The ZWI of waste management systems in Adelaide and Stockholm is 0.33 and 0.17 respectively. The study also enumerates per capita energy savings of 2.9 GJ and 2.83 GJ, greenhouse gas emissions reductions of 0.39 tonnes (CO2e) and 0.33 tonnes (CO2e), as well as water savings of 2.8 kL and 0.92 kL in Adelaide and Stockholm respectively.