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The coronavirus invades the nervous system with the spread we call neuroinvasion, and "cytokine storm" becomes an important factor affecting the course of the disease. Serious damage occurs in the brain and other organs as a result of cytokine storm. Evidence is accumulating that the coronavirus, which infects millions of people all over the world, affects both the central and peripheral nervous system and muscles as well as the respiratory tract. Increasing evidence has revealed neurological involvement in 36-54% of the patients, which corresponds to almost one in every 2 or 3 patients. In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) patients, we frequently encounter neurological symptoms such as smell and taste disturbances, fatigue and muscle pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, impaired consciousness, numbness in hands and feet. To a lesser extent, we encounter neurological handicaps such as dizziness, inflammation of the meninges, loss of myelin in nerve tissue, muscle inflammation, and severe rhabdomyolysis. Some of the nervous system diseases accompanying SARS-CoV-2 disease recover with complete or partial sequelae. Observation of permanent dysfunction in patients with neurological findings draws attention to the importance of a detailed neurological evaluation in the examination of these cases.

Aim: Many studies have showed that myalgia is a common onset symptom in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine the frequency of muscle pain in patients followed with COVID-19 diagnosis, and to investigate the relationship between muscle pain and creatine kinase (CK), pH, lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels.Material and Methods: One hundred ten patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in our hospital were included retrospectively in this study. Presence of myalgia at the time of admission and on the 14th day of control were investigated. The first admission laboratory findings, 3rd day CK values and 14th day control CK values of all patients were recorded retrospectively from their files.Results: The study included 110 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Fifty patients (45.5%) had muscle pain at the time of admission, and it was one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints. High CK results were obtained in 48 (43.6%) of the 110 patients at the time of admission. Thirty-two (66.7%) of 48 patients with high CK had muscle pain (p, Amaç: Birçok çalışma miyaljinin koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)’da sık görülen bir başlangıç semptomu olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada COVID-19 tanısıyla takip edilen hastalarda kas ağrısı sıklığının belirlenmesi ve kas ağrısı ile kreatin kinaz (creatine kinase, CK), pH, laktat ve laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya hastanemizde COVID-19 tanısı almış olan 110 hasta geriye dönük olarak dahil edildi. Başvuru sırasında ve 14. gün kontrolde miyalji yakınması olup olmadığı incelendi. Tüm hastaların ilk başvurudaki laboratuvar bulguları, 3. gün CK değerleri ve 14. gün kontrolündeki CK değerleri dosyalarından geriye dönük olarak kaydedildi.Bulgular: COVID-19 tanısı almış 110 hasta çalışmaya alındı. Elli hastada (%45,5) başvuru anında kas ağrısı vardı ve en sık görülen kas iskelet sistemi şikâyetlerinden biriydi. Yüz on hastanın 48'inde (%43,6) başvuru anında CK yüksekliği saptandı. CK yüksekliği saptanan 48 hastanın 32'sinde (%66,7) kas ağrısı vardı (p

2-[(2-Sulfanyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)iminomethyl]phenyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate was obtained as a result of the reactions of 5-amino-2-sulfanylbenzimidazole with 2-(2-naphthylsulfonyloxy)benzaldehyde. The newly synthesized compound was characterized using IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical investigations of the thione–thiol tautomerism of the molecule were performed using DFT/ B3LYP calculations with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The NMR chemical shifts were calculated by the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method and compared with the experimental data. Additionally, the frontier molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO), MEP, and NLO analyses were performed for the optimized structure. The NLO analysis showed that the thiol form of the molecule is more stable than the thione form and is a good non-linear optical compound.

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of three different mixtures of some N2-fixing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth, yield, element content and nitrate accumulation as well as the effect on the reduction of nitrogen fertilization of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The measurements were made in two separate experiments in 2015 between 6 June – 5 August (Experiment 1) and 2 July – 3 September (Experiment 2) under the field conditions. Butterhead form and heat tolerant summer cultivar ‘Luna’ was used as a plant material. Agrobacterium rubi RK-34, Pantoea agglomerans RK-79 and RK-92, Pseudomonas putida RK-142 and TV-42A, Bacillus megaterium TV-6D, TV-60D and TV-91C, Pseudomonas flourescens TV-11D and Paenibacillus polymyxa TV-12E were used as N2-fixing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. The treatments were 150 kg N/ha (available dose of AS) as ammonium sulphate (AS) [(NH4)2SO4), (21% N)] and three different mixtures of PGPR. Further, combined uses of decreasing doses of AS (50%, 75 kg ha–1AS and 75%, 112.5 kg ha–1 AS) and PGPR mixtures (M) such as M-1 + 75 AS, M-1 + 112.5 AS, M-2 + 75 AS, M-2 + 112.5 AS, M-3 + 75 AS and M-3 + 112.5 AS were used as additional treatments. All treatments increased the yield and the growth of lettuce according to the control. While inoculation with PGPR mixtures decreased the accumulation of heavy metals such as Cd, Ni, and Pb in lettuce, increased nutrient uptake of lettuce. It was determined that the nitrate accumulation of lettuce (cv. ‘Luna’) in PGPR mixtures were lower than the available dose of AS but higher than control. The yield in M-3 + 112.5 AS (48431 kg ha–1) was similar and in the same statistical group with the available dose of AS (48225 kg ha–1) in both experiments. Furthermore, according to the results of cost analyses, using 25% less of AS (112.5 kg ha–1) with M-3 will supply the same income instead of using AS (150 kg ha–1). It can be clearly said that the mixtures with some N2-fixing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), especially M-3 (P. putida RK-142 + P. flourescens TV-11D + B. megaterium TV-91C), have a great potential to decrease the nitrogen use (25%) for environmentally friendly crop production of lettuce.

Fe89.5Ni8Zr2.5 alloy was synthesized by mechanical alloying followed by pressureless sintering at various temperatures up to 900 °C. Microstructural evolution as a function of processing temperature was characterized using focused ion beam microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The dependence of hardness on the microstructure was utilized to study the mechanical changes. The experimental results showed that microstructural stability can be enhanced by segregation of solutes to grain boundaries at low temperatures and by precipitation of second phases at elevated temperatures. Eventually, at higher processing temperatures the stability was lost due to the coarsening of the precipitated second phases leaving behind ultra-fined grained microstructure. Despite the coarsening of the grain size with increasing processing temperatures, the in-situ formed second phases were found to induce an Orowan strengthening effect leading to approximately 5.5 GPa hardness after 1 h sintering at 900 °C.

In the present study, the phytase enzyme was purified from Lactobacillus plantarum with a 3.08% recovery, 9.57-purification fold, and with a specific activity of 278.82 EU/mg protein. Then, the effects of the 5 EU and 10 EU purified phytase was determined on the plant growth, quality, the macro-micro nutrient content of pansy (Viola × wittrockiana), which is of great importance in ornamental plants industry. The research was established under greenhouse conditions with natural light in 2017. The pansy seeds were coated with phytase enzyme solution, sown in a peat environment, and transferred to pots at the seedling period. In general, the 5 EU and 10 EU applications increase plant height, the number of leaves per plant, the number of side branches per plant, and flower height parameters compared to control. Also, micro- and macronutrient values in soil and plant samples were examined. According to the results, the phytase application on pansy cultivation positively affected the properties and yielded high quality of plants.

Stainless steels with Fe/Cr/Ni ratios of 74/18/8, 71/17/12, and 55/20/25 were produced from elemental powders by high energy mechanical alloying at both room and cryogenic temperatures. The effect of mechanical alloying temperature on martensitic transformation, the reversion of deformation-induced martensite-to-austenite upon annealing, and the influence of cooling rate on the thermal stability of reversed austenite upon cooling to room temperature were investigated in detail by in-situ and ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermo-Calc simulations. A relative comparison of stainless steels after room temperature mechanical alloying indicated that the low nickel-containing steel underwent an almost complete martensitic transformation. However, martensitic transformation by deformation through mechanical alloying at room temperature would not be possible with increasing nickel contents but was created partially at cryogenic temperature, the degree of which depended on the steel composition. The in-situ XRD studies exhibited that the deformation-induced martensite completely transformed to austenite at elevated temperatures. The complete reverse transformation temperature simulated by Thermo-Calc software was found to be lower than that of the experimentally determined ones. Additionally, the different cooling rates from the reversed austenite demonstrated that the slower cooling increased the thermal stability of reversed austenite at room temperature. Graphic

Objective: Mutations of the genes encoding transcription factors which play important roles in pituitary morphogenesis, differentiation and maturation may lead to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). PROP1 gene mutations are reported as the most frequent genetic aetiology of CHPD. The aim of this study was to describe the phenotypes of Turkish CPHD patients and define the frequency of PROP1 mutations. Methods: Fifty-seven CPHD patients from 50 families were screened for PROP1 mutations. The patients were affected by growth hormone (GH) and additional anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. Results: All patients had GH deficiency. In addition, 98.2% had central hypothyroidism, 45.6% had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 43.8% had adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency and 7.1% had prolactin deficiency. Parental consanguinity rate was 50.9% and 14 cases were familial. Mean height standard deviation score (SDS) and weight SDS were -3.8±1.4 and -3.1±2.0, respectively. Of 53 patients with available pituitary imaging, 32 (60.4%) showed abnormalities. None had extra-pituitary abnormalities. Eight index patients had PROP1 gene mutations. Five sporadic patients were homozygous for c.301_302delAG (p.Leu102CysfsTer8) mutation, two siblings had exon 2 deletion, two siblings had complete gene deletion and two siblings were homozygous for the novel c.353A>G (p.Q118R) mutation. The frequency of the PROP1 mutations was 16% in our cohort. Mutation rate was significantly higher in familial cases compared to sporadic cases (42.8% vs 11.6%; p

Objective Mutations of the genes encoding transcription factors which play important roles in pituitary morphogenesis, differentiation and maturation may lead to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). PROP1 gene mutations are reported as the most frequent genetic aetiology of CHPD. The aim of this study was to describe the phenotypes of Turkish CPHD patients and define the frequency of PROP1 mutations. Methods Fifty-seven CPHD patients from 50 families were screened for PROP1 mutations. The patients were affected by growth hormone (GH) and additional anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies. Results All patients had GH deficiency. In addition, 98.2% had central hypothyroidism, 45.6% had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 43.8% had adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency and 7.1% had prolactin deficiency. Parental consanguinity rate was 50.9% and 14 cases were familial. Mean height standard deviation score (SDS) and weight SDS were -3.8±1.4 and -3.1±2.0, respectively. Of 53 patients with available pituitary imaging, 32 (60.4%) showed abnormalities. None had extra-pituitary abnormalities. Eight index patients had PROP1 gene mutations. Five sporadic patients were homozygous for c.301_302delAG (p.Leu102CysfsTer8) mutation, two siblings had exon 2 deletion, two siblings had complete gene deletion and two siblings were homozygous for the novel c.353A>G (p.Q118R) mutation. The frequency of the PROP1 mutations was 16% in our cohort. Mutation rate was significantly higher in familial cases compared to sporadic cases (42.8% vs 11.6%; p Conclusion Phenotype of patients regarding hormonal deficiencies, pituitary morphology, presence of extra-pituitary findings, family history of CPHD and parental consanguinity are important for deciding which pituitary transcription factor deficiency should be investigated. PROP1 mutation frequencies vary in different populations and its prevalence is high in Turkish CPHD patients.

In general, three different types of wall products commonly used in the building sector, namely traditional clay brick, lightweight concrete blocks and aerated concrete, are produced with pumice and perlite. We have created alternative block walls with Bayburt stone (BS) containing zeolite, namely lightweight concrete masonry blocks (LCMBs). BS was an aggregate, cement dosages ranging from 150 to 250 kg/m3 were a binder, 3 different type of superplasticizers were selected as a chemical additive. Compressive strength, water absorption, unit weight, elevated heat effect, freeze-thaw resistance, capillary water absorption and thermal conductivity tests were performed.

Bu makale, klasik Kur’an tefsiri modellerine karşılık varoluşsal hermenöti-ğin üzerine oturduğu bazı temelleri inceleyerek, Kur’an tefsiri için ye-ni/farklı imkanlar üzerinde durmaktadır. Bu temeller, tefsirin öznesi olarak müfessirin, başka bir ifadeyle yorumcunun, nesnesi olarak ta metnin ve yo-rumcuyla metnin diyaloğunda ortaya çıkan yorum hadisesinin mahiyeti ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Buna karşılık klasik tefsir disiplininin, tarihsel, dilsel ve sanatsal açıdan metnin üzerinde derinlemesine yoğunlaşmış olmasına rağmen anlayan/yorumlayan özne olarak insanın mahiyetine dair kayda de-ğer bir soruşturma yapmadığı gözlenmektedir. Bu durum tarihsel, dilsel ve sanatsal açılardan elde ettiği başarısına rağmen klasik tefsir faaliyetinin zayıf tarafı olarak düşünülebilir. Çünkü yorum hadisesinin bir tarafında yorumcu vardır. Yorum hadisesi ise, yorumcunun metni anlama konusun-daki çabasının bir hasılası olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu bakımdan her-menötik, metinden daha çok yorumcunun mahiyetini soruşturarak onu öne çıkaran bir yaklaşımdır ve yorum ile yorumcu arasındaki varoluşsal ilişkiyi güçlü şekilde vurgulamaktadır

Temel İslam İlimlerinden hadis ilmi, kadınların dikkate değer oranda katkıda bulundukları bir ilim dalıdır. Sahabe dönemi ise kadınların hadis ilmine katkısının en görünür olduğu dönemdir. Hâlbuki rivayet külliyatı içinde kadın sahabîlerin rivayetlerinin ne oranda yer tuttuğu, hangi konuları içerdiği, kadın sahabîlerden kimlerin rivayet sayısının arttığı ve bu artışın sebepleri gibi konular ayrıntılı çalışılmamıştır. Oysaki Hz. Peygamber'in (s) kadınlarla iletişiminde davranış şekli nasıldı, sosyal hayatta onlara nasıl imkânlar sunmaya çalışmıştı, ne gibi uyarılar yapmış, hangi konularda teşvik etmişti vb. soruların doğru cevaplarını bulmakta kadın sahabîlerin rivayetleri birincil kaynaktır. Ayrıca hadis ilmi genelinde kadın sahabîlerin rolünü görebilmek, bu rolü kısıtlayan veya kolaylaştıran etkenleri bulabilmekte onların rivayetlerini incelemekle mümkündür. Sened ve lafızlarında farklılık bulunan rivayetlerin, farklı rivayet sayılması ile kabaran rivayet sayılarının, gerçekte kaç rivayete tekabül ettiğinin bulunması içinse tekrarsız rivayet sayıları tespit edilmelidir. Kadın sahabîlerin rivayetlerinin tanınmasına, tekrarlarının tespitine, bir arada değerlendirilmesine katkıda bulunmak amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada, seçilen iki kaynakta rivayeti bulunan 105 kadın sahabînin rivayetleri incelenmekte, tekrarsız rivayet sayıları tespit edilmektedir, The science of hadith, one of the basic Islamic sciences, is a branch in which women contribute significantly. Women's contribution to the hadith science is most visible in the companions period. However, the subjects such as the ratio of the narrations of women companions in the corpus of narrations, which topics they contain, which of the women companions' number of narrations increased, and the reasons for this increase have not been studied in detail. Yet, the narrations of women companions are the primary source in finding the correct answers to questions like what the Prophet's (pbuh) conduct was like while communicating with women, what kind of opportunities he tried to offer to them in social life, what kind of warnings he made, and in which topics he encouraged them, etc. Besides, it is possible to see the role of women companions throughout the hadith science, to find factors that restrict or facilitate this role, by examining their narrations. The number of non-repetitive narrations must be determined to find out the number of narrations that differ in terms of sanad and statements, the increased number of narrations as a result of counting them as different narrations, and how many narrations it adds up to in reality. In this study, which was carried out to contribute to the recognition of the narrations of women companions, to determine the repetitions, and to evaluate them together; the narrations of 105 women companions who have narrations in the two selected sources are examined and the numbers of repetitions are determined.

Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1878 (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) is an important pest that inhibits the plant growth and development by sap sucking of the plants, and causes sooty mold in more than 200 plant species, especially in citrus plantation. The present study investigated the biological control of the nymphs and adult I. purchasi, which densely populates the mimosa plants (Acacia dealbata) in Artvin, Turkey. For this purpose, one fungal isolate [Beauveria bassiana (ET 10)] and eight bacterial strains [Brevibacillus brevis (CP-1), Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae (FDP-8, FDP-42), B. thuringiensis (FDP-1), B. sphaericus (FD-49), B. pumilus (TV-67C), Pseudomonas fluorescens (RK-1773) and B. atrophaeus (RK-1774)] were assessed against the nymphs and adult of I. purchasi under controlled conditions. Fungal and bacterial suspensions were sprayed onto 20 nymphs and 20 adults of I. purchasi in plastic boxes. The death rates of the nymphs and adults were recorded. The B. bassiana (ET 10) caused a death up to 100% and 80% in nymphs and adults, respectively. Moreover, P. flourescens (RK 1773) caused 90.5% death of nymphs and B. thuringiensis subsp. kenyae (FDP-42) presented 88.5% death to the nymphs of I. purchase. However, the use of the bacterial strains was not much successful against the adults, as compared to the nymphs.

Gündelik yaşamda önemli bir yere sahip olan haz unsuru, kitle iletişim araçlarından biri olan televizyonda eğlence söylemiyle yaygınlaşmaktadır. Özel televizyon yayıncılığının gelişmesi ve içeriklerin çeşitlenmesiyle birlikte televizyonun eğlence işlevi, bilgilendirme işlevinin önüne geçmiştir. Bu amaçla üretilen çeşitli medya içerikleri güldürü öğesini de içerisinde barındırarak izleyicileri eğlendirmektedir. Cinsellikte bu anlamda televizyondaki eğlence programları aracılığıyla izleyicilere sunulan bir içeriktir. Geleneksel anlamda tabu olarak kabul edilen ve özel alanın sınırlarıyla çizilmiş cinselliğin sunumu televizyonda dönüşerek ve yeniden tanımlanarak kendisine alternatif alanlar oluşturmaktadır. Böylece insanlığın doğal olma durumlarıyla ilintili olarak cinsellik eğlence içerikli programlarda yine doğal insanlık hali olan güldürü öğesiyle birleştirilerek sunulmaktadır. Bu bakımdan çalışma, “Güldür Güldür Show” programı örneğinden hareketle cinselliğin güldürü öğesiyle birleştirilerek nasıl sunulduğunu içerik analizi yöntemiyle ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada cinsellikle ilgili tartışmalar Foucault’un yapmış olduğu açıklamalar ışığında ortaya konulmuştur. Burada Foucault’a göre özne, iktidarın kendi ekseninde biçimlendirmesi sonucu bedenin tahrip edilmesiyle kurulup biçimlendirilmektedir. Dolayısıyla Foucault’un iktidar ilişkilerinin batı üzerinden beden pratiğine dayandırılması noktasındaki eleştirileri çalışmanın temel dayanağını oluşturmaktadır. Cinselliğin denetlendiği kültürde onun söyleme dökülerek aslında sorunsallaştırılması ise çalışma açısından önemlidir.

GNRH1, gonadotropin salgılatıcı hormon ailesinin üyesi olan bir preprohormonu kodlamaktadır ve idiyopatik hipogonadotropik hipogonadizm (IHH) hastalık modeli için nedensel genler arasındadır. Bugüne kadar hastalıkla ilişkili olarak GNRH1’de oldukça sınırlı sayıda mutasyon bildirilmesine rağmen, homozigot c.99delA delesyonu farklı etnik kökenlere sahip IHH’li ailelerde tekrarlayan şekilde raporlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, GNRH1 c.99delA mutasyonu taşıyan IHH tanılı üç bağımsız aileden toplam dört hastada ayrıntılı genetik ve klinik inceleme amaçlanmıştır. Bu ailelerdeki her üç proband da IHH’nin klinik olarak en ağır manifestasyonu sayılan inmemiş testis/mikropenis ile başvurmuştur. GNRH1 mutasyonunu komşulayan homozigot segmentlerin her üç ailede de farklı olması mutasyonun ortak bir atadan kalıtılmış (founder mutation) olmak yerine, mutasyona eğilimli bir bölge (mutational hotspot) nedeniyle oluşmuş olduğunu düşündürmektedir. GNRH1 homozigot mutasyonları IHH için halen nadir görülen nedenlerden biri olmasına rağmen hastalarda nedensel GNRH1 taraması yapılırken c.99delA mutasyonu öncelikli bakılması gereken noktaların başında gelmektedir.

This study provides insight into the development and validation of the simple, rapid and sensitive method of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for determining the residues of dexamethasone in bovine milk. The maximum residue limit for dexamethasone in bovine milk is 0.3 ng/ml−1. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Proshell 120 SB:C18 (2.7µm 100x3.0 mm) column. The bovine milk was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the evaporated elution was dissolved with hexane, water and methanol, and analyzed by the LC-MS/MS method. The mobile phase A was a solution of 5 Mm ammonium formate in water, while the mobile phase B was 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The calibration graphics were prepared within the range of 0.15–0.6 ng/ml−1, and a successful linearity was achieved (r ≥0.999). The limit of detection was 0.016 ng/ml−1. The decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) were 0.34 and 0.38 ng/ml−1, respectively.

In the present work, the effects of orange fibre (OF) supplementation at four different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) on some quality properties of probiotic set yogurt produced with ABT-2 culture (containing Streptococcus thermophilus ST-20Y, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12) were evaluated, during 21 days of storage. The in vitro angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity and antoxidant capacity as well as some physicochemical and microbiological analyses of probiotic yogurts were analysed and compared with plain yogurt. At the beginning of storage, yogurt samples had high survivability for probiotic bacteria leading to viable counts (> 10(7) CFU/g) higher than the minimum therapeutic threshold (10(6) CFU/g). A significant influence (p

Coniella granati Saccardo (Synonym Pilidiella granati) is a fungal pathogen that causes fruit brown rot, cankers on shoots and crown rot of pomegranate trees. Although cultural and chemical control is recommended against C. granati; cultural control is not enough and limited number of advisable fungicides used in chemical control against this pathogen. Therefore, alternative strategies are needed for this pathogen control. In this context, it was aimed to investigate the effect of some bacterial biocontrol agents against C. granati under in vitro conditions. Dual culture of eleven bacterial biocontrol agents [1 Bacillus megaterium (TV 3D), 3 Bacillus substilis (TV 6F, TV 17C, CP1), 1 Bacillus cereus (TV 85D), 1 Paenibacillus polymxa (TV 12E), 2 Pseudomonas fluorescens (MF 3, AR 9), 1 Burkholderia cepacia (BA 7) 1 Pantoea agglomerans (MF 1) and 1 Bacillus thuringiensis (BAB 420)] were tested for antagonistic properties against C. granati. Percent inhibition rate values changed from 11.90% to 66.67% in dual culture. B. cereus (TV 85D, 66.67%) was the most effective strains against C. granati respectively by B. substilis (TV 17C, 64.29%; TV 6F, 60.71%) in in vitro. As a result, promising results were obtained from these isolates in in vitro conditions. These isolates should be tested in vivo conditions for controlling the post-harvest decay of pomegranate fruits caused by C. granati.

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second common neurodegenerative disease following Alzheimer’s disease. Multifactorial risk factors including environmental, nutritional and genetic factors may affect the frequency, risks, and genetic features of PD in different geographic and ethnic regions. Background: Our aim was to investigate the sociodemographic and disease characteristics, cognitive performances of patients with PD in Nusaybin, a southeastern city, and Hendek a northwestern city which have different geographical-cultural status, and to investigate the possible effects of regional differences on disease characteristics. Method: This retrospective study includes the data of patients with the diagnosis of PD who presented to outpatient Neurology clinics of Hendek State Hospital which is a city in the northwestern region of Turkey between April 2017 and June 2018 and patients who presented to the outpatient Neurology clinics of Nusaybin State Hospital, which is a city in the southeastern region of Turkey between October 2015 and January 2017. SPSS.23c (Statistical package for Windows) database was used for statistical analysis. Results: Our study included 114 cases with Parkinson’s disease in Hendek and 96 cases in Nusaybin.The majority of patients had idiopathic PD (IPD) in both provinces (96.9% in Hendek, and 92.1% in Nusaybin). Educational status of female patients was significantly lower in Nusaybin when compared with Hendek (9.3% and 63.3%, respectively). Family history for IPD was significantly higher in Hendek than Nusaybin (31.7% and 9.9%, respectively). There was a positive correlation between educational status and cognitive performances of the patients in both groups. Negative correlation was found between standardized mini mental test (s-mmt) scores and stage, severity of IPD in both groups. Conclusion: The socio-cultural status of our country decreases by going from west to east. Thus knowledge about PD, accessibility to the hospitals and health centers with the opportunity to get optimum treatments may show variabilities in between the regions. We believe that our study provides a comparison of patients with PD in two different regions of our country with different geographic, genetic characteristics, and development levels.

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) comprises a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by pubertal failure caused by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. Genetic factors involved in semaphorin/plexin signaling have been identified in patients with IHH. PlexinB1, a member of the plexin family receptors, serves as the receptor for semaphorin 4D (Sema4D). In mice, perturbations in Sema4D/PlexinB1 signaling leads to improper GnRH development, highlighting the importance of investigating PlexinB1 mutations in IHH families. In total, 336 IHH patients (normosmic IHH, n = 293 and Kallmann syndrome, n = 43) from 290 independent families were included in the present study. Six PLXNB1 rare sequence variants (p.N361S, p.V608A, p.R636C, p.V672A, p.R1031H, and p.C1318R) are described in eight normosmic IHH patients from seven independent families. These variants were examined using bioinformatic modeling and compared to mutants reported in PLXNA1. Based on these analyses, the variant p.R1031H was assayed for alterations in cell morphology, PlexinB1 expression, and migration using a GnRH cell line and Boyden chambers. Experiments showed reduced membrane expression and impaired migration in cells expressing this variant compared to the wild-type. Our results provide clinical, genetic, molecular/cellular, and modeling evidence to implicate variants in PLXNB1 in the etiology of IHH.

Introduction: Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is caused by dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. DLG2 was recently implicated as a gene associated with delayed puberty and which may also contribute to IHH. The confirmation of the candidate puberty genes in independent IHH cohorts has become crucial due to the lack of proper genotype-phenotype segregations in reported pedigrees. Therefore, we aimed to screen DLG2 in patient variants in a large cohort of IHH patients. Methods: The present study included a total of 336 IHH patients from 290 independent families. The coding and flanking regions of DLG2 were screened for potentially important variants in the WES data. Candidate variants were evaluated in the -gnomAD and GME databases according to their allele frequencies, and only those with a frequency Results: We found 1 homozygous and 2 heterozygous missense variants in 3 independent pedigrees. Identified variants were found extremely rare or not reported in gnomAD. Two variants were categorized as "uncertain significance," and the other one was "likely pathogenic" according to the ACMG criteria. All patients were normosmic, and in 2 of the 3 families, there were no causal variants in other IHH-related genes. Conclusion: We detected 3 rare sequencing variants in DLG2 in 5 patients with IHH or delayed puberty in a large IHH cohort. Our results support the contention that the DLG2 mutations are associated with IHH in human puberty.

Metabolism has a role in determining the time of pubertal development and fertility. Nonetheless, molecular/cellular pathways linking metabolism/body weight to puberty/reproduction are unknown. The KNDy (Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin) neurons in the arcuate (ARC) nucleus of the hypothalamus constitute the GnRH (Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone) pulse generator. We previously created a mouse model with a whole-body targeted deletion of nescient helix-loop-helix 2 (Nhlh2; N2KO), a class II member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. As this mouse model features pubertal failure and late-onset obesity, we wanted to study whether NHLH2 represents a candidate molecule to link metabolism and puberty in the hypothalamus. Exome sequencing of a large Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (IHH) cohort revealed obese patients with rare sequence variants in NHLH2, which were characterized by in silico protein analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays. In vitro heterologous expression studies demonstrated that the variant p.R79C impairs Nhlh2 binding to the Mc4r promoter. Furthermore, p.R79C and other variants show impaired transactivation of the human KISS1 promoter. These are the first inactivating human variants that support NHLH2’s critical role in human puberty and body weight control. Failure to carry out this function results in the absence of pubertal development and late-onset obesity in humans.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease. Fibrinogen/Albumin ratio (FAR) has been studied as an inflammatory marker in the past, and its significant relationship with inflammation has been shown. In our study, we examined serum levels of albumin, fibrinogen and FAR in patients presenting with MS attack. We investigated its usability in the diagnosis and management of MS attacks.This retrospective study included 40 patients admitted to hospital with MS attack and 40 control patients. All patients' demographics, medical history, the mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), imaging findings and laboratory tests were extracted from medical records. Patients' fibrinogen, albumin levels were recorded in the blood tests performed before steroid administration, and FAR values were calculated. The patients' and controls' results were compared.Fibrinogen and FAR values were significantly higher in the patient group (p0.001 in both). There was no difference between the patient and control groups in terms of albumin (p = 0,16). No significant relationship was found between parameters such as EDSS, disease duration, smoking status and FAR value (p0.05 in all).Serum fibrinogen and FAR levels in the patients presenting with an attack were significantly higher than the control group. FAR value did not vary with disease duration and EDSS score. Based on this information, FAR may be a useful indicator for MS attack regardless of EDSS and disease duration.

Bu çalışmada, Kuzey Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan Erzurum ili Şenkaya ilçesine bağlı Bardız Çayı Vadi florasının incelenmesi sonucunda alanda farklı familyalara ait farklı bitki taksonları belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanı Sarıkamış Allahuekber Dağları Milli Parkı'nın sınırları içerisinde yer almaktadır. Yükselti 1300-2850 m arasında olup Avrupa-Sibirya ile İran-Turan floristik bölgelerinin kesişiminde yer almakta ve Avrupa-Sibirya floristik alanın etkileşimi altındadır. P. H. Davis'in grid sistemine göre A9 karesi içerisinde yer almaktadır. 2019-2021 yılları arasında yapılan 18 arazi çalışmasında toplam 517 bitki örneği toplanmıştır. Yapılan bitki teşhisleri sonucunda 48 familyaya ait 195 cins ve bu cinslere ait toplam 337 takson tespit edilmiştir. Bu taksonlardan 19'u endemik, 3'ü ise nadir bitki kategorisindedir. Endemizm oranı %5,63 olarak hesaplanmıştır. In this study, endemic and rare plant taxa were determined as a result of the examination of the Bardız Stream Valley flora of the Şenkaya district of Erzurum province in the North East Anatolian Region. The study area is located within the borders of Sarıkamış Allahuekber Mountains National Park. The altitude is between 1300-2850 m and it is located in the Euro-Siberian and Iran-Turanian floristic regions and is under the influence of the Euro-Siberian floristic area. According to the Grid system of P. H. Davis, it is located in the A9 square. A total of 517 plant samples were collected in 18 field studies conducted between 2019-2021. As a result of the plant identifications, 195 genera belonging to 48 families and a total of 337 taxa belonging to these genera were determined. Of these taxa, 19 are endemic and 3 are in the rare plant category. The endemism rate was calculated as 5.63%.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of shear wave elastography (SWE) in the differentiation of benign-malignant thyroid nodules diagnosed with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) and to compare with the American College of Radiology (ACR)-thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS).

İnsanlığın tarihi kadar eski olan oyun, çocuklar için ayrı bir anlam ve öneme sahiptir. Oyun, çocuk için hem bir eğlenme hem de bir öğrenme aracıdır. Çocuklar değişen teknolojinin sağladığı imkânlarla çok çeşitli ortamlarda (bilgisayar, oyun konsolu, cep telefonu vb.) oyun oynayabilmektedir. Çocuğun vazgeçemediği bir eğelenme aracı olan oyunların günümüzde etkin bir eğitim aracı olarak kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Özellikle bilgisayar oyunları eğitimde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çocukların öğrenmesi için oyun temelli öğrenme ortamları olarak bilinen ve günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan bu ortamlar bu çalışmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, ortaokul 8.sınıf Türkçe dilbilgisi öğretiminde dijital eğitsel oyunların kullanımının öğrencilerin akademik başarılarına etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırmada çalışma grubunu, 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılı, Ağrı ilinin Eleşkirt ilçesinde bulunan ve Milli Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı bir ortaokulda eğitimine devam eden 32 sekizinci sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Genel ortalamaları birbirine yakın olan iki farklı sınıftan biri deney grubu, diğeri de kontrol grubu olarak rastgele seçilmiştir. Deney grubu öğrencileri 16 kişiden, kontrol grubu öğrencileri de 16 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada ön test-son test kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. 12 hafta boyunca kontrol grubunda geleneksel öğrenme yöntemleriyle müfredata yönelik Türkçe dilbilgisi dersi öğretimi yapılırken deney grubunda ise eğitsel dijital oyunlarla desteklenmiş Türkçe dilbilgisi dersi öğretimi yapılmıştır. Deney ve kontrol gruplarına uygulama öncesi ve sonrası TEOG sınavında çıkmış 20'şer sorudan oluşan iki adet "Başarı Testi", uygulanmış ve sınav sonrası veriler toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS 22 (The Statistical Packet for the Social Sciences) istatistik programı kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda gruplar arası ön test sonuçları karşılaştırmalarında anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Fakat deney ve kontrol gruplarına uygulanan son test sonuçları arasında deney grubunun lehine anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Bu bulgulardan elde edilen sonuçlara göre hem eğitsel dijital oyunlarla hem de geleneksel öğrenme yöntemleriyle yapılan öğretimlerin Türkçe dersi sözcükte yapı konusunun öğrenilmesinde etkili oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.

Aim: Fibrinogen and albumin are proteins that play a role in inflammation. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the role of fibrinogen, albumin, and fibrinogen/albumin ratio (FAR) levels as markers of disease severity and prognosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Material and Methods: Seventy-one patients aged between 19 and 84 years diagnosed with COVID-19 who were hospitalized in Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Neurology Department between March and May 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. Fibrinogen, albumin, FAR, D-dimer, platelet, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of the patients were compared according to the length of hospitalization duration, survival, and clinical severity of COVID-19. Results: Twenty-eight (%39.4) of the patients were male and 43 (%60.6) were female, and the mean age was 55.7±20.7 years. There was a significant difference between the groups of COVID-19 clinical severity in terms of age, fibrinogen, albumin, FAR, D-dimer, and CRP values (all p values were

Çalışmamız COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Ameliyat Olan Hastaların Bireyselleştirilmiş Bakım Algılarının Konfor Düzeylerine Etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla Ekim 2021-Şubat 2022 tarihleri arasında T.C. SBÜ Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi’nde 300 hasta ile gerçekleştirildi. Araştırma verileri ‘Hasta Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu’, Bireyselleştirilmiş Bakım Skalası_B (BBS_B) ve Genel Konfor Ölçeği (GKÖ) ile ameliyattan minimum 2 gün sonra hastalarla yüz yüze görüşme ile toplandı. Araştırma kapsamında, anket veri setlerinin analizinde IBM SPSS 23,0 paket program kullanıldı. Kolmogorov-Smirnov normallik analizi sonuçlarına göre normal dağılış görülmedi. Bu durumda ikili ve üçlü karşılaştırmalar Kruskall-Wallis ve Mann Whitney U gibi parametrik olmayan test yöntemleri ile hipotezler test edildi. Araştırma verilerinin betimsel analiz tablolarında frekans ve yüzdelikler üzerinden yorumlamalar yapıldı. Araştırma kapsamında kullanılan BBS_B ve GKÖ ile açıklayıcı faktör analizi yapıldı. Burada, Güvenilirlik, KMO ve Bartlett testleri yapılarak verilen faktör analizine uygun olduğu belirlendi. Ölçek boyutlar, alt boyutlar ve düzeyler arasındaki ilişki ayrıca Pearson Korelasyon Analiziyle incelendi ve sonuçları aktarıldı. Hastaların BBS_B puan ortalaması 3.53, GKÖ puan ortalaması ise 3.22 olarak belirlenmiştir. BBS_B karar verme kontrolü bireysellik puan ortalama 3.54, GKÖ fiziksel konfor düzeyi puan ortalaması 3.31, rahatlama boyut puan ortalaması 3.32 olarak bulundu. GKÖ ile BBS_B ve Klinik Durum Bireysellik_B, Karar Verme Kontrolünde Bireysellik_B alt boyutları pozitif yönde ve zayıf seviyede istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulunmaktadır. Genel Konfor Ölçeği ile Kişisel Yaşam Durumu Bireysellik_B pozitif yönde ve orta seviyede istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulunmaktadır. Hastaların bireyselleştirilmiş bakım algısı arttıkça konfor düzeyleri de artmaktadır., Our study was carried out with 300 patients at Turkiye Republic University of Health Sciences, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital between October 2021 and February 2022 in order to determine the Effect of Individualized Care Perceptions on Comfort Levels of Patients Who Had Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic Process. Research data were collected using the 'Patient Descriptive Information Form', 'Individualized Care Scale' (ICS) and 'General Comfort Scale' (GCS) minimum 2 days after the operation, using face-to-face interview technique with the patients who were hospitalized in their own room. Independent sample t-test and one- way analysis of variance were used to evaluate the data. Within the scope of the research, IBM SPSS 23.0 package program was used in the analysis of the survey data sets. According to the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality analysis, normal distribution was not observed. In this case, hypotheses were tested with non-parametric test methods such as double and triple comparisons, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U. In the descriptive analysis tables of the research data, interpretations were made on the basis of frequencies and percentages. Explanatory factor analysis was performed with ICS_B and GCS used in the research. Here, Reliability, KMO and Bartlett tests were performed and it was determined that it was suitable for the given factor analysis. The relationship among scale dimensions, sub-dimensions and levels was also examined by Pearson Correlation Analysis and the results were presented. The mean ICS_B score of the patients was 3.53, and the mean GCS score was 3.22. The mean ICS_B decision-making control individuality score was 3.54, the mean GCS physical comfort level score was 3.31, and the relaxation dimension mean score was determined as 3.32. There is a positive and weak statistically significant relationship among the GCS and ICS_B and Clinical Status Individuality_B, Decision Making Control Individuality_B sub-dimensions. There is a statistically significant relationship between General Comfort Scale and Personal Life Situation Individuality_B at a positive and moderate level. As patients' perception of individualized care increases, their comfort level also increases.

Background Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood) is a type of plant that has economic and cultural significance, danger of extinction due to various factors. Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), an invasive species, has an important role as a boxwood pest. The inadequacy of the pheromone trap methods recommended to control the pest or the negative effects of chemical insecticides on the environment have led to seeking alternative approaches in this regard. In this study, it was conducted to determine whether entomopathogens can be applied in pest control, the insecticidal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae (FDP-8), Bacillus cereus (FD-63), Brevibacillus brevis (FD-1) and Vibrio hollisae (FD-70) bacterial strains at the concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/ml and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Cordycipitaceae) (ET 10) fungal isolate at the concentrations of 1 × 106, 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia/ml were tested under controlled conditions. Results As compared the results of the bacterial strains and fungal tested, it was determined that the best results were obtained from in the fungal isolate at the concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. After 192 and 216 h. of observation, the 1 × 108 CFU/ml of bacterial strains: B. cereus FD-63, B. brevis FD-1 and V. hollisae FD-70; also, 1 × 108 conidia/ml concentration of ET 10 fungal isolate of B. bassiana control C. perspectalis caused mortality rate of 100% under laboratory conditions. Conclusion Future studies of these microorganisms against this pest in the field, may be an important alternative method to control this pest.

3-Fenil-5-(4-pridil)-1,2,4-triazol bilesiginin molekuler geometrik optimizasyonu 6-311G(d,p) ve 3-21G temel setinde DFT(B3LYP, B3PW91 )/ HF metodlari kullanilarak elde edilmistir. Boylece, bilesigin en kararli geometrik sekli cesitli metod ve setlerle bulunmustur. Deneysel spektral incelenmeler FT-IR degerleri ve 1 H/ 13 C-NMR kimyasal kaymalari kullanilarak gerceklestirilmistir. Geometrik yapi analizleri (bag acilari, bag uzunluklari), Proton/ Karbon NMR kimyasal kaymalari, termodinamik parametreler, HOMO-LUMO analizleri, elektronik ozellikler, mulliken yukleri, titresimsel dalgalanmalar, dipol momenti, baslica molekulunun toplam enerjisi "Gaussian 09W" paket programi kullanilarak hesaplanmistir. Sonuclar, GaussView5.0 programinda degerlendirilmistir. Hesaplamali IR verileri Veda4f programinda belirlenmis ve bu hormonik titresim frekanslari belirli faktorler ile olceklendirilmistir. Deneysel degerler literaturden alinmistir. Deneysel spektral degerler hesaplanan IR verileri ile karsilastirilmistir. Proton Nukleer Manyetik Rezonans ( 1 H-NMR) ve Karbon-13 Nukleer Manyetik Rezonans ( 13 C-NMR) spektral degerleri, gaz fazinda ve DMSO cozucusunde GIAO yontemine gore hesaplanmistir. Bu degerler deneysel proton / karbon nmr verileriyle karsilastirilmis ve sonuclara gore regresyon analizi yapilmistir. Ayrica farkli yontemlerle elde edilen ve fonksiyonel olan teorik sonuclar birbiriyle karsilastirilmistir. Bundan baska, HOMO-LUMO enerji hesaplamalari ile kimyasal sertlik (η), elektronegatiflik (χ), iyonlasma potansiyeli (I), kimyasal yumusaklik (σ), elektron ilgisi (A) gibi parametreler belirlenmistir. Elektron yogunlugu molekuler yuzeyler, elektron spin potansiyeli (ESP), molekuler elektrostatik potansiyel (MEP), toplam yogunluk ve kontur haritalari belirlenmistir. Boylece farkli metodlar, fonksiyonlar ve setler ile molekulun tum teorik parametreleri hesaplanmistir. Sonucta bu veriler karsilastirilmis ve en uygun yontem ve set bulunmustur.

Bu makale, yeni bir olgu olarak modern dönemde ortaya çıkan “tarihselci İslam”ı, temel söylemleri, felsefi ve dini mensubiyeti itibarıyla inceleyecek-tir. Tez olarak da “tarihselci İslam”ın felsefi bakımdan ontolojik tarihselliğe ve dini bakımdan da İslam ilim geleneğine mensubiyetinin ancak dolaylı olduğunu, zira bu düşünce eğiliminin felsefi bakımdan pozitivist rasyonalizme ve dini bakımdan da reformist söylemlere, dolayısıyla da İslam modernizmine mensup olduğunu savunacaktır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada, “tarihselci İslam”ın modern dönemde ortaya çıkan diğer İslami düşünce akımları gibi bir kurtuluş söylemi olduğu üzerinde durularak “tarihselci İslam” bir çağdaş dönem ‘kurtuluş teolojisi’ olarak vasıflandırılacak ve kurtuluş söylemi karakterinin onu yorumda bilimsel olmaktan uzaklaştırdığı vurgulanacaktır.

Fungal hastalıklar tarlada ve hasat sonrası meyvelerde önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olur. İnsan sağlığı açısından ve ekonomik anlamda büyük öneme sahip olan domates, zengin besin maddesi ve su içeriğinden dolayı fungal hastalıklara karşı hassas bir üründür. Alternaria alternata’da, domates meyvesinde ekonomik açıdan en önemli nekrotrofik patojenlerden biri olarak tanımlanmıştır. Etmen ile mücadelede yetersiz kalındığından ve fungisit kullanımının dezavantajlarından dolayı depolama ve raf ömrü sırasında meyve ve sebzeleri korumak için alternatif yöntem olan biyolojik mücadele yönteminden faydalanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da toplamda 33 adet biyoajan bakteri [Agrobacterium radiobacter (A 16), Bacillus atrophaeus (TV 15B, FD 1), 2 adet Bacillus cereus (TV 30D, TV 85D), Bacillus megaterium (TV 3D, TV 6D, TV 13C, TV 20E, TV 49A, TV 87A, M3, KBA 10), Bacillus subtilis (TV 6F, TV12 H, TV 13B, TV 17C, OSU 142, TV 16F), Bacillus pumilus (TV 67C, TV 73A, IK 39), Brevibacillus choshinensis (TV 53D), Kyluverea cryocrescens (TV 113C), Kocuria rosea (TV 14C), Paenibacllus macerans (T 26), Pantoea agglomerans (RK 92, RK 84), Pseudomonas chlororaphis (IK 37, PM 18), Pseudomonas flourescens (FDG 37, TV 11D), Pseudomonas putida (TV 42A)] A. alternata’ya karşı in vitro’da test edilmiştir. İkili kültür test sonucuna göre patojen fungusun gelişimini engelleyen en etkili izolat TV 53D (%83.33) olurken, onu sırasıyla RK 84 (%79.76) ve TV 6F (%78.57) takip etmiştir. Etkili olan 3 ümitvar biyoajan bakterinin farklı çevre koşullarında in vivo şartlarda patojene karşı test edilmesi biyopestisit olarak kullanılabilirliğinin belirlenmesi açısından önemlidir.

The key requirement to consolidate high-energy mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline powders is to achieve densification and particle bonding without impairment in the mechanical properties. Recent demonstrations of consolidation methods involving high shear, pressure and temperature have shown promising results for bonding high strength particulate materials produced by mechanical alloying. In this study, we report the ability of multi-pass high temperature equal channel angular extrusion to produce bulk ferritic alloys from nanocrystalline Fe–Ni–Zr powders. Subsequent microstructural characterizations indicate limited grain growth as the average grain sizes remain smaller than 100 nm after processing temperatures of 600 °C and 700 °C, above which grains reach micron sizes. The compression test results reveal that the alloys exhibit high mechanical strength at room and moderately high temperatures compared to the pure Fe and Fe–Ni alloys without Zr addition.

Demokrasi teorisi açısından muhalefet olgusu, bir toplumda siyaset kurumunun demokratik değerinin anlaşılmasının önemli göstergelerinden kabul edilir. Demokratik teorinin birçok temel ilkesiyle birlikte muhalefet olgusu, çoğulcu ve katılımcı bir siyasi ortamın inşa edilmesinin en önemli koşullarından biridir. Söz konusu çoğulcu siyasi ortam, şüphesiz farklı siyasi görüşlerin kendilerini ifade edebilmelerine imkân verecektir. Bu durum hoşgörü ve uzlaşıya dayalı politik ortamın inşasını ve demokratik siyasetin kurumsallaşmasını sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışma, muhalefet olgusunu Türk siyasi tarihi özelinde ele almaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacını; Türk siyasi hayatında muhalefet olgusunu demokrasi teorisi çerçevesinde anlamak ve yorumlamak şeklinde ifade edebiliriz. Türk demokrasi tarihindeki en önemli sorun alanlarından birisi şüphesiz iktidar ile muhalefet arasındaki sorunlu ilişkilerdir. Çalışma bu sorunlu ilişkiyi, Türk demokrasisinin kurumsallaşmasının önündeki önemli engellerden biri olarak kabul etmektedir ve bu engeli aşmanın ise müzakereye dayalı bir siyasi söylem ve siyasi elitler arasındaki uzlaşıyla mümkün olabileceğini iddia etmektedir., In terms of democracy theory, the phenomenon of opposition is considered as one of the important indicators for understanding the democratic value of the political institution in a society. Along with many basic principles of democratic theory, the phenomenon of opposition is one of the most important conditions for building a pluralistic and participatory political environment. This pluralistic political environment will undoubtedly allow different political views to express themselves. This will ensure the construction of a political environment based on tolerance and consensus and the institutionalization of democratic politics. This study deals with the phenomenon of opposition in the context of Turkish political history. Therefore, the purpose of the study; We can express the phenomenon of opposition in Turkish political life as understanding and interpreting it within the framework of democracy theory. Undoubtedly, one of the most important problem areas in the history of Turkish democracy is the problematic relations between the government and the opposition. The study accepts this problematic relationship as one of the most important obstacles to the institutionalization of Turkish democracy, and argues that overcoming this obstacle is possible with a negotiated political discourse and consensus among political elites.

Nanocrystalline CoCrFeNi high entropy alloys (HEAs) with 1 and 4 wt% nanosized Y2O3 were synthesized by high energy mechanical alloying and subjected to annealing treatments at different temperatures up to 1100 degrees C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), focused ion beam microscopy (FIB), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the microstructures of as-milled and annealed HEAs as a function of annealing temperature and Y2O3 content. The results have shown that the as-milled HEAs were solid solutions with face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure, which remained stable even after annealing at 1100 degrees C. The as-milled nanocrystalline CoCrFeNi HEA revealed grain growth upon annealing, reaching 293 nm and 1.45 mu m after annealing at 900 and 1100 degrees C, respectively. This suggests that the nanocrystalline microstructure of CoCrFeNi is not thermally stable at high temperatures. The grain size stability was found to reach around 72 nm with nanosized Y2O3 particles after annealing at 1100 degrees C. Accordingly, 477 +/- 20 HV asmilled hardness of CoCrFeNi was dramatically reduced to 220 +/- 14 HV after annealing at 1100 degrees C due to severe grain coarsening but retained around 450 +/- 23 HV with 4 wt% Y2O3 addition. The correlation between microstructure and hardness was utilized to evaluate the mechanical properties. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study is to comparethe arc length deviation, arc length, Bolton analysis,overjet and overbite values obtained fromOrthoCAD software of plaster models, transferredto the three-dimensional environment with theiTero Element 2 intraoral scanner, withconventional methods. The study included plastermodel obtained from a total of 30 individuals aged18-25 years old, Angle Class I, Angle Class II andAngle Class III who obtained for orthodontictreatment. Models were digitized with iTeroElement 2 intraoral scanners. To determine the arclength deviation, arc length, Bolton analysis, overjetand overbite, measurements were carried out on themodels. The measurements were repeated 30 daysapart from each other. For the characteristicsconsidered, descriptive statistics are expressed asmean, standard deviation, minimum and maximumvalue. In terms of these characteristics, the pairedsample t-test was used to compare the first andsecond measurement differences. In terms of arclength deviation, overjet, and overbite values, therewas no statistically significant difference betweenthe groups. A statistically significant difference wasfound between the two methods for lower archlength measurements. A statistically significantdifference in the anterior ratio was found in theBolton analysis, while no statistically significantdifference in the overall ratio was observed. Whencompared to traditional approaches, the valuesobtained on the models obtained with the iTero 2Element 3D scanner and the OrthoCAD softwareare thought to be accurate and alternative

PubMed verilerine göre 19. yy’ın ikinciyarısından itibaren ortodonti alanındaki yıllıkortalama araştırma sayısı 625 iken 20. yy’danitibaren bu sayı dramatik bir şekilde artarak 2020yılında yaklaşık 5 bine ulaşmıştır. Güncel literatürütakip edebilmek için akademisyenlerin güniçerisinde ayırdıkları zamanı giderek arttırmalarıgerekmektedir. Bu noktada okunan araştırmalarınniceliğinden çok niteliği ön plana çıkmaktadır.1970’li yıllarda ‘Kanıta dayalı tıp’ teriminin dişhekimliğine girmesiyle birlikte araştırmalarınniteliklerine yönelik planlamalarında ciddideğişiklikler gözlenmektedir. Daha önceleri kliniktecrübeler ve bu deneyimlerin paylaşılmasınınönemi günümüzde yerini kanıt piramidinin üstseviye araştırmaların sonuçlarına bırakmıştır. Buderlemede günümüzde ortodonti alanında yapılmışaraştırmaların kanıt piramidinin neresinde yeraldığının belirlenmesi ve kanıt piramidinde üstseviyelerde yer alan randomize kontrollü klinikaraştırmaların nasıl planlandığına dair eleştirelbakış açısının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır According to PubMed data, whereasthe yearly average number of orthodonticsresearches was 625 in the second half of thenineteenth century, this number has increaseddramatically during the twentieth century, reachingalmost 5000 in 2020. Academicians must graduallyincrease the amount of time they dedicate duringthe day in order to keep up with current literature.At this stage, the quality of the researches read takesprecedence over the quantity. With the introductionof the term "evidence-based medicine" into dentistryin the 1970s, significant improvements in the designof quality research have been noticed. Previously,clinical experiences and the value of communicatingthese experiences have been replaced in thepyramid of evidence by the high-level researchresults. The goal of this review is to define whereorthodontic research falls on the evidence pyramid,as well as to assess the critical viewpoint on howrandomized controlled clinical trials, which are atthe top of the evidence pyramid, are planned.

Acute pancreatitis still means a serious challenge in clinical practice. Its pathomechanism is complex and has yet to be fully elucidated. Rheological properties of blood play an important role in tissue perfusion and show non-specific changes in acute pancreatitis. An increase in blood and plasma viscosity, impairment of red blood cell deformability, and enhanced red blood cell aggregation caused by metabolic, inflammatory, free radical-related changes and mechanical stress contribute to the deterioration of the blood flow in the large vessels and also in the microcirculation. Revealing the significance of these changes in acute pancreatitis may better explain the pathogenesis and optimize the therapy. In this review, we give an overview of the role of impaired microcirculation by changes in hemorheological properties in acute pancreatitis.