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Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has recently been developed for endoscopic treatment of GI tumors, which enables us to resect even large tumors en bloc. However, a considerable frequency of perforation has become another problem. The best way to prevent perforation is to create a sufficient submucosal fluid cushion (SFC). The aim of this study is to find out the feasibility of ESD by using a mixture of 1900 KDa hyaluronic acid (Suvenyl) and a 10% glycerin plus 5% fructose solution (Glyceol)., Methods: Sixty-seven consecutive GI tumors in 54 patients who met indication criteria of ESD were enrolled. The mixing ratios of Suvenyl and Glyceol were 1:3 for esophageal/colorectal tumors and stomach tumors with scar, and 1:7 for stomach tumors without scar. After creation of SFCs, mucosal incision around the tumors and submucosal dissection under the tumors were made by cutting devices. The clinical outcomes were investigated., Results: Mean resected and tumor sizes were 38.6 and 25.6 mm, respectively. Perforation occurred in one colon tumor with severe fibrosis (1.5%), which was managed by endoscopic clipping without salvage surgery. No blood transfusion was performed. In one stomach and in one rectal tumor (3%), endoscopic hemostasis was necessary because of postoperative bleeding. Overall endoscopic and histologic en bloc resection rates were 94% (63/67) and 78% (52/67), respectively, and there was no recurrence after follow-up of 1 year., Conclusions: ESD when using a mixture of Suvenyl and Glyceol results in excellent outcomes, and this injection solution should be used for ESD.

Background: When choosing submucosal injection solutions for EMR, tissue damage should be considered, as well as the lesion-lifting ability. The objective of the study was to find out the potential tissue damage of submucosal injection solutions., Methods: The submucosal injection solutions examined were the following: normal saline solution (NS), 3.75% NaCl, 20% and 50% dextrose water (DW), a glycerin solution (Glyceol; 10% glycerin with 0.9% NaCl plus 5% fructose), and two hyaluronic acid (HA) solutions (0.25% 1900 kDa/NS solution and 0.125% 1900 kDa/ Glyceol solution). Furthermore, DW with different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 30%, 40%) also was examined to find out the tolerable concentration without tissue damage. A total of 2 mL of each solution per stomach were injected by endoscopy into the submucosal layer at the separate sites of 4 living minipigs. Two minipigs were euthanized after 30 minutes of endoscopic observations, and the others were euthanized after additional endoscopic observations a week after injection., Results: There was no apparent tissue damage in NS, 5% and 10% DW, Glyceol, or two solutions of HA, whereas, hypertonic solutions, except Glyceol and 10% DW, have more or less potency of tissue damage. In 3.75% NaCl and DW with concentrations of >or=20%, considerable tissue damage was observed, which might affect resected EMR specimens and ulcer healing., Conclusions: Use of hypertonic solutions except Glyceol is not recommended with respect to tissue damage. A combination of HA and Glyceol is the most favorable submucosal injection solution, considering tissue damage and lesion-lifting ability.

A combination of genetic and environmental factors can cause autoimmune disease in animals. SKG mice, which are genetically prone to develop autoimmune arthritis, fail to develop the disease under a microbially clean condition, despite active thymic production of arthritogenic autoimmune T cells and their persistence in the periphery. However, in the clean environment, a single intraperitoneal injection of zymosan, a crude fungal beta-glucan, or purified beta-glucans such as curdlan and laminarin can trigger severe chronic arthritis in SKG mice, but only transient arthritis in normal mice. Blockade of Dectin-1, a major beta-glucan receptor, can prevent SKG arthritis triggered by beta-glucans, which strongly activate dendritic cells in vitro in a Dectin-1-dependent but Toll-like receptor-independent manner. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment against fungi can prevent SKG arthritis in an arthritis-prone microbial environment. Multiple injections of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid double-stranded RNA also elicit mild arthritis in SKG mice. Thus, specific microbes, including fungi and viruses, may evoke autoimmune arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis by stimulating innate immunity in individuals who harbor potentially arthritogenic autoimmune T cells as a result of genetic anomalies or variations.