Search

Laser beam welding (LBW) is used for high productivity at a lower cost. Problems during conventional welding process are prevailed over by LBW process. IRSM 41-97 steel is used for building railway coaches and construction of bridges. In this research Autogenous GTAW welding and high-power density and lower energy input CO2 laser beam is used for preparing AGTAW and LBW weld joints. Laser welding produces only a narrow heat affected zone (HAZ) which improves the properties and the quality of the weld. This is due to the high heating and rapid cooling rate of the weld zone. The FEA analysis of both Autogenous GTAW and LBW weld IRSM 41-97 steel joints are made using ANSYS Work bench software. The weld is characterized by studying its micro hardness and microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern day traffic has led to more pollution causing harm to the environment, thus more emphasis is given on electric vertical take-off and landing aerial vehicle which will have dual mode of transportation both in terrain and air, commonly known as flying cars. Previous concepts of flying cars are taking up lots of space to take off and land. This paper presents a detailed design, fabrication and testing of a prototype of a flying car completely based on green fuel and compact in size. Newly developed flying car will have vertical takeoff and landing capabilities with optimized aerodynamic design for minimum drag at cruise condition. The flying car is incorporated with retractable rotor arms. The aerodynamic optimization and the endurance test of the proposed flying car is carried out under varying cruise velocities in both ground and air. This novel flying car expected to be a potential future technology for green transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at the potential recovery of heat from the biomass taken from our university kitchen in a novel incinerator plant. The incineration block in turn comprises of a chamber equipped with a blower, U shaped copper tubes and catalytic converter. The selected vegetables such as carrot (Daucus carota subsp.sativus), radish (Raphanus satibus) and banana (Musa) gave about 15-20% dry matter by sun drying for four days. The dried mass of the vegetables was converted into a pulverized form by grinding and subsequently into briquettes with using starch as binding agent. These briquettes were dried by means of sun drying for 2-3 days and its moisture content is decreased to 15-20%. Once ignited, the formed briquettes are incinerated in the chamber while all exhaust gases are directed to the filtration unit. The filtration unit consists of a catalytic converter for purification of all flue gases. The flue gases are produced during incineration are passed through a catalytic converter and then further released to the atmosphere. The flue gas released to the atmosphere consists of Nitrogen (0.04%), Sulphur (0.07%), and Oxygen (42.06%). The water passed through the copper tube during incineration is processed in the form of steam due to the high temperature produced in the chamber. The residue is left behind in the ashtray which can be further used for construction or landfill based on the waste. The moisture content of biomass was almost reduced to 5.17% of dry matter. The calorific value of the three combinations of vegetables used in this study obtained is 15.27 Mj/Kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ever-increasing reliance on electronic gadgets and equipment, the technology has reached its peak but with the increase in features and functions of the gadgets, the complexity of the user interface also increases. As such are the problems faced by drones that have almost unlimited untapped potential but due to the complex interfacing between conventional controls and the use of a lot of the drones are still limited. This paper puts light on the steps to create an aerial vehicle capable of being controlled by easy gestures, to reduce complications in controls, more instantaneous and instinctive control of the aerial vehicle. This technology can be currently used in flying drones and can further be applied to military, rescue, and relief operations in times of distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvement of reactive power in the transmission line is analyzed by FACTS. UPFC is a FACTS technology to increase the reactive power in a grid. In this work open loop and Closed loop comparison of STATCOM and UPFC is observed. PI &FLC closed loop controller with UPFC systems are analyzed. The UPFC with FLC is observed to be faster than PI controlled system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional sources of energy are exhausting. Considering this fact, the Government is firmly set on making India a primarily electric car driven nation by 2030 to reduce the petroleum import bills and the running costs of vehicles. Thus, the automobile sector is going to be dependent on the power grids and on the power transmission firms. The sudden increase in electricity requirement would put extra load on the power supply chain which completely depend on the depleting natural resources such as coal and nuclear power plants. Thus, there is a need of an alternative electricity generation technique for the Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure in the country. Our approach of solving this problem is by installing an array of vertical axis wind turbines [VAWT] in the existing infrastructure of the cities such as bridges, flyovers, highways etc. For the implementation of the wind turbines in cities on a large scale VAWTs have considerable advantages over the conventional wind turbines (horizontal axis), as these cover a less rotational area and being easy to install and maintain. Also, vertical axis turbines are more efficient in cities as there is not a constant flow direction. The goal of this project is to design and fabricate a model of a VAWT, along with an array of the same which would be efficient and viable for application on a large scale. The design process involves analyzing the various parameters affecting the working and efficiency of a vertical axis wind turbine using computational fluid dynamics and verifying the analysis through a working model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to design and develop a helmet for safety and human comfort. It combined the design requirements of the helmet structure with analysis to showcase the advantages and disadvantages. The study provides a solution to improve comfort. The detailed parameters for guiding structure were confirmed. Using the finite element method, the rationality of the solutions was simulated and tested. The model was subjected to loading and boundary conditions, then analyzed using the FEA techniques. The analysis is done for five different types of material which are PEEK-Plastic, Polycarbonate, Polyethylene, S-Glass and Carbon fiber with the same loading condition. The results obtained from the analysis were studied to check safety and the analytical solutions of different materials were compared with each other. It was concluded from the study that the improvements on the design enhanced the lifetime of the Helmet. This ensured heightened stability and impact resistance of the whole system. This study provides various applications for design and development in the field of design, and also contributes as a valuable tool in analyzing and simulating the Helmet systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landmines are still a never-ending problem. Due to the conflicts and war in the previous centuries, a lot of landmines have been buried which are active still today and de-mining them is a difficult, dangerous and time consuming task. As in the regular manner if the solution is expected it involves loss of human life which is not acceptable. Technology paves way to solve this problem in a scientific manner using robots which can solve the problem without loss of human lives. A robot has been developed to detect these landmines and find their locations with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Further the feedback is sent about the findings of the latitude and longitude location to the server through Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology to help target the exact position of the landmines. The feedback can be received on mobile phones using the same GSM technology so to alert the bomb squad member. The robot contains a camera for navigation purposes to spot out its path of movement and problematic locations by capturing the image and use it for its effective functioning. This robot can be used to deal with both the types of anti-personnel landmines which includes Blast Mines and Fragmentation Mines. This robot is effective for defence applications during war times and post war periods where it is preferred to nullify the threat of landmines and bring happiness among the people residing in the locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant feature of removal of moisture from food products is to prevent the growth of microorganisms and Bacteria. Drying is a process of removing the excess humidity from the vegetable. Solar or air drying are not feasible methods due to increase in relative humidity in specified regions. The portable method is the use of Dehydrator for the removal of water content from the food. In this present experimental investigation, the product to be dried was brought down to room temperature. In drying process the vegetable was dehumidified by the isothermal process. Specific sensors were used in the system to control the temperature for the vegetables and optimum temperature was provided to dry the product without burning the vegetable. Motors were used to move the device from one place to another and move the fruit to the heating element. The main advantage of the process is that it has lower power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sheet metal cutting machine is the heart of small scale sheet metal industries. Basically the sheet metal cutting machine is hand operated one for medium and small scale industries. The objective is to design and development of automatic sheet metal cutting machine to reduce the manpower and cost. Automation in sheet metal cutting machine has been incorporated with the help of solenoid valve, control timing unit, proximity sensor and microcontroller. The pneumatic double acting cylinder is also incorporated in the sheet metal cutting machine, which helps to cut the sheet metal precisely. The piston is connected to the cutting tool which in its motion. It is used to cut the small size sheet metal. The machine is portable and can be transported anywhere easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an approach based on a fitting technique to detect faulty bearings by employing artificial neural networks (ANNs). At present, many companies follow very expensive, scheduled maintenance procedures for checking the bearing condition of the electric drives. Therefore, there is considerable demand to reduce the maintenance costs and to prevent unscheduled downtime of electrical drives in company. To overcome the above crisis, online monitoring of vibrations in electric motors at running condition can be implemented. Most of the vibration measuring equipment measure the total vibration of the electric motor. Deducing the bearing fault from the total vibration value of the motor is not accurate. Hence it is quintessential to split the total vibration value of the motor into its sub-components namely bearing vibration and the vibration due to loading. This splitting could visualize the exact occurrence of fault in the machine. For the known loading conditions of the motor, the total vibration, bearing vibration and the vibration due to loading are tabulated. Some tabulated data are used to train the ANNs for the known machine conditions. Once trained, the ANNs are examined using the remaining data. The final evaluated ANNs can readily split the total vibration value into its sub-components enabling the computation of component value. These sub-component vibration values are analyzed individually for abnormalities to find the bearing fault accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the time bicycles were first created, individuals have been searching for options in contrast to the traditional methodology of accelerating in circular motion. A chainless bicycle is a bike that transmits capacity to the determined wheel through a system other than a metal chain, for example, shaft driven, belt-driven, pressure driven, pedaling cycles and so on. Despite the fact that various strategies have been embraced for chainless bicycle, there are a few downsides in utilizing it. The idea of the present work plans to set another standard in proficiency by wiping out the requirement for derailleurs and chains, supplanting them with a vertical pedaling for getting high unwavering quality framework, and progressively safe framework on bicycles. This "vertical pedaling" drive framework gives smooth, very safe and proficient exchange of energy from the pedals to the back wheel. The pedals simply move vertically, riders can all the more viably utilize the power of gravity to help push them down. It looks attractive when contrast to chain driven bicycle and furthermore with different sorts of chainless bicycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrically powered skateboard including two-foot pedals for braking and acceleration is driven by a geared motor. The power drawn from the motor is supplied to the motor by mean of a potentiometer which is controlled by mean of the pedal and motor speed controller. The skateboard is steered by employing a cam operated steering mechanism. The cam is attached to the base plate which is directly attached to the skateboard. The cam also contained inside the hanger which has cam following profile carved into it. The relative motion between the cam and the following profile of the hanger enables the steering of the skateboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A leaf spring is a suspension spring, commonly used to absorb the vibrationsbrought during themotion ofa vehicle due to load or road condition. The automobile sector has shown an improved concern in the replacement of metal leaf spring with composite materials due to extraordinary strength to weight ratio. This article is based on the performance comparison of leaf spring prepared from composite material which can be suitable for automobiles. By using composite fibers determinations have been made to reduce the cost and mass of the leaf spring. The composite material used here is an aramid fiber which known for its high tensile strength, high heat resistance, less abrasive and reduced weight ratio. The leaf spring is designed and analyzed. The specimens were fabricated as per the ASTM standards and testing was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In farming, life cycle of any crop involves various steps like crop selection, field preparation, seed selection, sowing, irrigation etc. Our objective is to incorporate the farming tools required to plough, sow and level the field by providing a multipurpose equipment which performs three main farming operations and its specification is suitable for all kinds of cultivation crops with minimum cost as possible. Our work is concentrated on the planning, development and fabrication of multipurpose agricultural machine that is battery powered and used for land preparation, seed sowing and surface levelling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years there has been an increasing concern over the emission of toxic gases from the engines like NOX, CO, CO2, and hydrocarbon into environment. In the present work Aqua silencer is designed and the exhaust pipe is fitted to an engine. The gases like HC, CO from the engine are absorbed through the exhaust. Automobile gas analyzer is used to analyze the final emission and the reduction of gases HC, CO is measured. Hence, the primary concern is selected as removal of these pollutants. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to reduce emission noise from engine and test the ability of an Aqua Silencer in removing air pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an attempt has been made to use the double-acting reciprocating hydraulic pump to get increased water supply. For water supply output a mathematical calculation has been done. Dual side double-acting reciprocating water pump setup using the scotch yoke mechanism consists of two reciprocating pumps in which a plunger is provided for the pumping action. Here a cam plate is used to guide the plunger to move in a reciprocating motion and a specified motor is separately operated to run the cam plate. Due to this motion of the plunger, high pressure is attained inside the pump, and water is pumped out. Here, the reciprocating motion of the plunger is the key function for the operation of the pump and as a result of this repeated action, thrust is developed inside the pump. Due to this thrust, the delivery of the water from the cylinder is carried out. The delivery action takes place by the movement of the plunger as the flow of water is constant. So the water delivered will be at high pressure. With our setup, this happens to both the pumps simultaneously. Hence we achieve double the discharge rate of water with a single input from the motor. This setup can be applied to various applications in agriculture, domestic use, and industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In metal melting process, melting fumes are generated and heavy pollution all around. These fumes are statutorily required to be controlled before spreading into the environment. Fumes causes various short terms and long-term health issues like bronchitis, irritation in eyes, lung cancer etc. Dust and fume emission can be controlled by providing various techniques like enclosure plant system, air blower, local and dilution ventilation system, by using capture hoods etc. This research paper presents parametric optimization approach with extraction system with the help of single response data analysis method. Experimental trials are conducted by varying the four parameters up to three levels. In this study, parameters namely volumetric flow rate, velocity of fume, inlet dust concentration and temperature are optimized with considerations of single response of outlet dust concentration. L9 orthogonal array was used to conduct the experimental trials with the range 23934-36000 m3/hr for volumetric flow rate, 1-2.5 m/s for velocity, 1.2-3.8 mg/m3 for inlet dust concentration and temperature varying from 135-165 °C. The single response method shows best convergences with optimum process parameters where the minimum outlet dust concentration results are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A muffler is a device used to reduce noise emission by the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. The exhaust muffler is subjected to shear and tensile stresses during the operation. These stresses have led to an increase in the vibration of the material in terms of noise. At the end of the combustion process, the engine releases high pressure and a high amount of gases due to the vibration. Also, it decreases the fatigue life of the system. Due to high pressure in the muffler mantel, the crack and holes are developed and the noise level is increased significantly. This problem could eliminated by choosing the proper material for the muffler. SUH409L steel is widely used as a existing material for muffler. In this project, an alternate material SS304 has been chosen for the reduction of frequency. The frequency response function (FRF) is used to determine the frequency level by the FFT analyzer (SENDIG 903S). The comparison is made with already existing and the proposed material SS304. The evaluation shows that the natural frequency obtained by SS304 had lesser frequency than the standard SUS409L material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rocker bogie mechanism is a mechanism mainly employed within the mars rovers to conquer the basic terrains while keeping balance. It's NASA's preferred mechanism for room automobiles and rovers. It contains 2 arms with steering wheel mounted to each and every. Each arm is attached by way of a movable joint. This allows to employ a suspension-based mechanism which distributes the automobile ton as consistently as you possibly can actually on protrusions as well as unusual surfaces. The look involves a springtime totally free suspension dependent differential drive process which enables the bogie to go more than rubble, pebbles easily. The cameras and sensors installed on a rover should be healthy to function also and properly to increase the life spam of theirs. Additional vibrations as well as jerks result in quicker damage within receptors, circuit boards as well as digital cameras. The rocker bogie mechanism was created trying to keep this particular of brain by offering optimum stableness in all of the terrains. As a result, we examine the layout and also fabrication on the rocker bogie mechanism by fabrication of this particular basic surfaces automobile making use of ideas of the bogie mechanism. All-terrain movable robots are totally different from some other standard movable robots, since they think about the impact of unstructured surface and the environment of its. Thus, the robots are created to work efficiently on all-natural terrains which could be sloped, difficult, as well as deformable and therefore are utilized within these kinds of areas as serious room exploration brilliance as well as recovery as well as army. The rocker bogie suspension product is a passive spring less as well as symmetric mechanism. Each and every edge on the rocker bogie carries a bogie and a rocker: the rocker is attached to the back-steering wheel, and also the center steering wheel as well as the forward steering wheel are linked with the bogie. The 2 sides of the paper of rocker bogie are linked through the differential bar linked to the primary body, and this guarantees the 6 wheels will be in exposure to the soil constantly giving a steady wedge just for the systematic tools & receptors. The rocker arm as well as bogie are built by using various PVC and PVC pipes perspective pipe as well as for interconnecting all of the arms, we're consuming SHM strip with appropriate fastened. For linking the steering wheel, we're planning to utilize cross match jigs to repair rigidly as well as within of the steering wheel DC motor' are repaired as well as since it is equipped within the steering wheel it is able to bring down the winter perturbation also additionally, it bring down the vibration within the body. Digital camera, ultra-sonic sensor, Barometric sensor, Temperature sensor are managed by Arduino UNO (uno board and microcontroller) is in touch with 12v battery power. Plus, most 6 engines are linked through the exact same 12v electric battery, along with overall rover are managed through telephone or maybe pleasure stick that is attached through WIFI component. The rocker bogie style comprising of absolutely no springs as well as stub axles within every steering wheel that enables the chassis to get more than virtually any hurdles, like rubble, ditches, sand, and so on. Which are further up to increase the wheel's diameter of dimension while trying to keep many wheels along the floor optimum period. As when compared with any kind of suspension process, the tilt balance is restricted through the level on the middle of gravity and also the recommended structure has the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution caused by Automobiles is classified as exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. While emissions control regulation has led to a substantial reduction in exhaust emissions from road traffic, currently non-exhaust emissions from road vehicles are unabated. Micro particles from brakes are emitted into the air as fine particles, lingering over busy roadways. These particles are well known to have harmful impacts on health due to their chemical compositions and size. Fine particles (PM2.5) are the main cause of reduced visibility (haze) in our treasured national parks and wilderness areas. Particles can be carried over long distances by wind and then settle on ground or water. Depending on their chemical composition, the effects of this settling may include making lakes and streams acidic changing the nutrient balance in coastal waters and large river basins depleting the nutrients in soil, damaging sensitive forests and farm crops. PM can stain and damage stone and other materials, including culturally important objects such as statues and monuments. PM emissions from electric and supposedly clean vehicles are likely to end up being a greater contributor to this type of pollution than fumes from diesel exhausts. In this project a novel design was developed to capture brake emissions from automobiles using activated bamboo charcoal. A charcoal adsorbent has been prepared by treatment with Sulfuric acid(H2SO4), Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Phosphoric acid(H3PO4). The optimal conditions for preparation were: 12moldm3 at a ratio of 1:9 (weight of charcoal: volume acids), 25-30min reaction time at 150-160°C. Characterization includes SEM and EDX was used to identify the size, shape and element compositions of these particles on prepared sample. Comparing three samples, activated carbon by Hydrochloric acid (HCl) has greater adsorbent and it contained elements such as Carbon, Oxygen, Aluminum, Sulfur, Calcium and Barium. Hence emission particles get adsorbed by charcoal. Thus, charcoal is used to capture brake emissions from automobiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanuts are prevalent food item used in oil and chocolate manufacturing industries, but we have to extract the peanut from the groundnut, since it cannot be used in the cultivated form. For the extraction of the peanut from shell, in industries the groundnut shell extraction machine used which are very big in sizes and not affordable for the small-scale farmer, to make the machine cheaper and portable in size for the benefit of small and medium scale farmers. The fabricated portable groundnut shell extraction machine will be beneficial for the farmers and for small-scale industries. The groundnut shell extraction capacity of the fabricated portable groundnut shell extraction machine is 49.95 kg/hr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In industry, most of the productive time consumed in material handling and storage, it is necessary to optimize the material handling and storage system. Automated Vertical Storage System (AVSS) is one of the technologies used to store and retrieve the material, tools, and consumable products. This paper summarizes, design of the Automated Vertical Storage System, its advantages and disadvantages. Automated Vertical Storage System has many benefits, including savings in production time, labour costs, improved material flow, and inventory control, improved throughput, high floor-space utilization, safety for workers, and stock rotation. Trays used to store the materials inside the storage system and delivery the materials without any human resources. Automated technologies and vertical storage system will save time and optimizes picking operations. It Saves 90% of floor space; also, it increases accuracy, product security, and ergonomic functions. It uses warehouse management software associate with the system, which will allow easy control and manage material handling and storage trays with inventory management software and all the information of the materials stored in the software for easy usage at a convenient location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an Internal combustion engine muffler or a silencer (muffler is an American word whereas silencer is used in British English; both meaning the same) is used for decreasing noise. The exhaust gas at high temperature produces high sound, a part of automotive system which acts as a noise deadening device. Today no Exhaust systems in an automobile come without a muffler. The loudness of sound is reduced by this acoustic device. These devices were invented to reduce the level of noise pollution that was increasing with the increase in number of vehicles on the road and with increase in the industrial demand the noise pollution was on very high note. These devices were introduced as strict emission regulations were brought in at all parts of the world regarding these noise pollutions. Presently review has focused on different types of mufflers, defects without mufflers; noise pollution and how numerical analysis is covered. By the research it has been analyzed the uses and the way of analysis done on a muffler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing industry is facing problem with selection of proper materials for automotive applications. In this review, a new material geopolymer introduced and compared with other materials. This material had few advantages like lightweight material, which has capacity to replace materials like Ordinary Portland Cements (OPC). Geopolymer material can withstand heavy impact loads and high compression strength. In this review an overview of sandwich materials over the composite materials has been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred years following the first powered ground-breaking flight of the Wright Brother in Kitty Hawk, Carolina, on 17 December 1903, aerospace engineers countenance defy within sympathetic along with controlling flight path and physics. While human space and space flight started in the 20th century, this may mark the start of autonomous uninhabited, computer-controlled flight in the 21st century. Uninhabited air vehicles (UAVs), which were inspired by a variety of civilian, national security and military goals, have evolved as the choice of platform for war fighters conducting surveillance and identification maneuver in hostile upbringing. Due to their comparatively low-down expenditure and tendency to provide perfect monitoring in sequence, plentiful UAV expansion programs cover been launched around the world. As specified in Figure 1, characteristic UAVs encompass a wingspan of more than 1 meter and a "GTOW" of more than five kg. Nonetheless, a novel rank of UAV has arisen in the past decade, which is at least a smaller order of magnitude and two lighter order of magnitude than earlier urbanized airplane. This novel UAV rank call a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) or is also called a micro UAV. The size of these vehicles is no longer of about six feet, amid unpleasant starting weights of about two hundred g or less. These systems, a novel rank of aircraft, face many unique challenges which are difficult to design and design. In a very sensitive regime for Reynolds numbers, for example, micro air vehicles work. Many complex flow phenomena occur in the boundary layer under this regime. Separation, transition, and reattachment may take place within a short distance along a wing or rotor chord line and may have a significant impact on lifting surface performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the toughest challenges faced by a human are increasing pollution which leads to global warming. This global warming is occurred due to environmental pollution which leads to a tremendous change in the climatic conditions. This paper is based on the pollution control method in the 4-stroke S.I. Engine which runs on Petrol and CNG by using a catalytic converter. This catalytic converter is fabricated by using stainless steel wire mesh (SS-304) which is economically low cost compared with contemporary catalyst such as Rhodium, Platinum and Palladium.(SS-304) The stainless-steel wire meshcoated copper (which is the metal catalyst agent)by using electroplating which provides high conductivity, withstand to higher temperatures (thermal resistance) and flexible.This coated SS-304 wire mesh is reduced the emissions such as CO2, HC, NOx, CO from the bike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we would discuss the possible other methods of propulsion system i.e. detonation wave engines. After some extensive research and experiments in the initial proceedings of the combustion system the researchers have concluded that there is a significant rise in the pressure which in turn increases the overall efficiency in comparison to deflagrative combustion. The types of detonative combustion engines i.e. Pulsed Detonation Engine (PDE) and Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE) are also discussed here. As, Rotating Detonation Engine provides more advantages over Pulsed Detonation Engine there is more emphasis on the rotating detonation engines. They are mostly applied for all kind of jet engines like ramjet, scramjet, turbine and rocket engines. Researches have been conducted with different combination of fuels like Hydrogen- Air, Hydrogen-oxygen etc to find the most efficient combination under laboratory conditions. Finally, the possible combination of engines is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design optimization of the vehicle has been an integral part of Vehicle Aerodynamics. The reason so much heed is given to this research area is due to the ever-growing concern of detrimental effects of fuel on the environment. This paper aims to optimize the shape of auto-rickshaw which is one of the most widely used vehicles in India. Being the developing nation, people use auto-rickshaw because it is economical which makes it essential to modify the design to reduce drag. This, in turn, improves the fuel efficiency of the auto-rickshaw. The impact of the addition of diffuser at the underbody along with varying slant angle at the rear side to provide boot area is studied. The modifications are done on CATIA V5 followed by investigating the coefficient of drag on ANSYS Fluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After long periods of entrancing over hatchbacks and sedan-type vehicles, automakers in one of the fastest developing economies are currently moving towards compact sports utility vehicles and multi-utility vehicles. Its sales have blown-up over the past five years, accounting for one in four-passenger vehicles sold by India's 74-billion-dollar automotive industry. This project work is about the variation in coefficient of drag for different prospects of opening of doors, boot, and bonnet using a subsonic cascade tunnel. The setup used to determine the drag value is a low-cost force balance setup. In the later phase of the project, the flow field was studied for all possible configurations using smoke-based visualization to have a concise idea about the behavior of the flow when any of the doors or the boot is left open during the motion of the vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows the analysis of differentaerodynamicsetups like wing with different shapes of aero foil employed to increase the braking performance of a car. The aerodynamic co-efficient force and air flow over the car body were studied with rear wing and different angles were studied by CFD analysisand wind tunnel. The rear wing was designed based on NACA air foil profiles 6412, 4414 and 2414 for better braking performance for increase of downward force of car body. The vehicle speed and driving conditions can be varied to show aerodynamics is utilized in braking and also improves the safety and stability of the vehicle. By studying the drag co-efficient, lift co-efficient, braking distance depends on the drives to prove that dynamic aerodynamics used in braking mode can improve of driving safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the engineering technologies that can be used to reduce air pollution is the use of catalytic convertor mounted on vehicle gas exhaust duct. Unfortunately, these tools are very expensive in the market, because the catalyst was made from expensive metals and rarely available in the market, such as Palladium, Platinum and Rhodium. Carbon-Monoxide and NOx emission from diesel engine is the major cause of natural calamities and climatic condition of all source of emission the amount of carbon dioxide content in atmosphere is causing global warming which is evolved from greenhouse gases To reduce the emission and control of carbon dioxide Catalytic converter design and modification of catalytic materials can be an alternative to overcome the high air pollution problem from the automotive transportation sector especially particular carbon Monoxide and NOx exhaust emission from diesel engine. The use of zirconium and alumina coated as catalyst in the catalytic converter was significantly able to increase the reduction of carbon Monoxide and NOx exhaust emissions. The increase of catalyst cell amount decreased the concentration of carbon Monoxide and NOx exhaust emission. Optimum design of catalytic converter was able to reduce exhaust emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cellular structure made up of solid metal is significantly termed as Metal Foam. It consists of gas-filled pores in large volumes. These gas-filled pores are sometimes closely packed termed to be closed-cell foam and sometimes it is a network with interconnected termed to be open cell foam. The closed-cell foam is mainly contributed to weight saving and impact-absorbing structural application in automotive vehicles. The open-cell foam is contributed to vibration and sound absorption and catalysis to withstand high temperature for heat exchanger. The attractive method for fabricating metallic foam production is Powder metallurgy because it allows for the processing of a wide range of integral sandwich structures. This work explains the fabrication of Magnesium reinforced with Aluminum, copper, and zinc with yttrium metal foam with titanium hydride as foaming agents and calcium stearate as a binding agent. The pellets are prepared by the powder metallurgy method at the dimension of 20mm diameter and 16mm thickness. The sintered samples are tested for the characteristics of corrosion by using a salt spray test. The sample of the first series which has the composition of Mg-70% Al-30% gave the best result in corrosion resistance results in mpy unit but in mm/yr. samples 1.3 and 2.1 which has the composition of Mg-70% Al-30% and Mg-50% Al-25% Cu-25% respectively gave the best corrosion resistance results in mm/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explains about the fabrication of Magnesium reinforced with aluminum, copper, zinc with yttrium metal foam with titanium hydride as foaming agents and calcium stearate as binding agent. The pellets are prepared by powder metallurgy method at a dimension of 20mm diameter and16mm thickness. The sintered samples are tested for mechanical characteristics. The results of mechanical characteristics for the composition Mg-Al-Cu-Re has the highest load bearing capacity of 52.24kN. The composition Mg-Al-Cu-Re has the highest Compressive strength capability of 163.82Mpa. Hardness value with the composition Mg-Al-Re has the highest hardness value of 204.88VHN. Energy absorption for the composition Mg-Al-Cu-Zn-Re has the highest energy absorption characteristics of 186.944KJ because energy absorption is directly proportional to the porosity of the sample. This work explains about the fabrication of Magnesium as parent metal reinforced with aluminum, copper, zinc with yttrium metal foam with titanium hydride as foaming agents and calcium stearate as binding agent. The pellets are prepared by powder metallurgy method at a dimension of 20mm diameter and 16mm thickness. The sintered samples are tested for their mechanical characteristics by compression and hardness tests. The results of mechanical characteristics for load vs displacement with the composition Mg-Al-Cu-Re has the highest load bearing capacity of 52.24kN. Stress vs strain the composition Mg-Al-Cu-Re has the highest stress bearing capability of 163.82Mpa. Hardness value with the composition Mg-Al-Re has the highest hardness value of 204.88VHN. Energy absorption for the composition Mg-Al-Cu-Zn-Re has the highest energy absorption characteristics of 186.944KJ because energy absorption is directly proportional to the porosity of the sample [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, Pollution is the maximum influencing hazard to environment wherein it is increasing exponentially every day and could result in extinct of living organism. The primary reason for pollution is Automobiles, wherein two-wheelers performs an essential function in that. There are two techniques to control pollutants specifically Pre-emission treatment and Post-emission treatment. This paper is totally based on a Post-emission treatment approach in two-wheelers using nano-fragment as a catalyst. The emanation hydrocarbon, Carbon monoxide and oxide of nitrogen from the car vehicles catalytic converter oxidize hazardous fumes gasses into innocuous gasses in the fumes gadget and therefore the emanation is governed. The contemporary work is planned for utilizing zeolite nano-fragment as a catalyst agent for catalytic converter and the test is accomplished on two wheeler SI engine. The most invaluable estimations of fumes emanations decided at full load are HC (900 ppm), CO (1.65 % vol) and NOx (2850 ppm).The utilization of zeolite packed catalytic converter it's resolved that the fuel efficiency is been increased by 10 %, HC is diminished by 38%, CO decreased by 12 % and NOx decreased by 65% at full load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact to this day remains true and the same for over a hundred years the Automobile industry and vehicles, in general, have become the pivoting point in our day to day lives. We might as well call it a necessary evil. Although it is very true that they have made our lives more convenient when we speak in terms of transportation; the pollution that conventional IC engine vehicles produce hasn't done much to create a cleaner environment especially with Global warming on the rise as we speak. The simplest remedy would be is to replace IC engine vehicles with Electric one, EV. A Problem common to both conventional IC engine vehicles and EV's alike is the accidents occurring due to collision caused by human error on-road. While safety measures have greatly been taken in order to reduce the damage done to the driver and passengers in the event of a collision it would be far better to avoid the collision altogether. Thus having at least, a Level-1 Autonomous Vehicles capability where the system alerts the driver in the event of a crash or collision and deploy full braking capability. Thanks to increasing urbanization and the advent of modern technology the need of the hour of the 21st century has given rise to high demands for employment in the motorized transport sectors. The authors were successfully able to design, analyze and fabricate an EV with Level-1 Autonomous Vehicles capability. The successful implementation of this project will help in reducing not only pollution and accidents occurring on-road due to vehicle collision but also pave paths in alimenting Level-1 Autonomous Vehicles capability in EV's inexpensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In brake pad application, natural fiber composites are used to reduce the toxic and harmful effects caused by the asbestos-based brake pads. Because it leads to respiratory problem and lung cancer. In this, natural fiber properties are used to boost the mechanical properties towards the replacement for asbestos brake pad. The natural fiber of Banana fiber (5 & 10%), Coconut fiber (2 & 5%), Rice husk (3 & 5%) with additives like graphite powder(30% & 35%)and Aluminium oxide(15%) to improve the abrasiveness, Epoxy resin (35% & 40%) which is used as binder material. The rice husk is used in order to reduce rate of wear. The wear properties and hardness of the composite material were investigated further and thus, the proposed composite can be used as an effective replacement of asbestos in the brake pad production. The Hardness of the composite sample B is comparatively higher than the Sample A. The Wear Rate of Both Sample A and Sample B is lesser than the commercial brake pads when speed is set to 350 rpm. The Friction coefficient of the Sample B composite Higher than the Sample A composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal Combustion Engines are the world's leading users of fossil fuels. In this, Compression ignition Engines are among the most frequently used power generation units because of their increased thermal efficiency. Nearly 34 to 42% of the heat energy is wasted through exhaust gas and only 13 to 16% of the heat energy is transformed into convenient mechanical output. The few number of waste heat recovery (WHR) mechanism and procedures comprise of Rankine cycle, Turbo-charging and thermoelectric generators which are used to increase the thermal efficiency of devices and to minimize pollutions. Shell-and - tube style heat exchangers often used by the IC engines for WHR because of their efficient heat transfer rate. For effective recovery of waste heat the heat exchanger its performance is improved by adding fins, hardening, improving the swirl motion by baffle orientation and by adding additives in the heat transfer fluid. In this present study is to analyze the heat transfer behavior, velocity rates and pressure drops in shell and tube heat exchanger by modifying the baffles geometry. A computational model of the shell and tube heat exchanger was developed with ANSYS and the developed model is modified to 3 different models by varying baffle design constraints for the optimization drives for investigation. The rectangular shell is prepared by mild steel and tubes are made of copper. The maximum temperature of exhaust gas is 145˚C and maximum recovered temperature of 112˚C. The results of this work indicate that CFD modelling is hopeful for a heat exchanger design and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scramjet is an air-breathing engine that uses the oblique or conical shock waves generated during the hypersonic/supersonic flight, to promote compression and deceleration of free stream atmospheric air at the inlet of the scramjet. The combustion includes turbulent mixing, shock interaction and heat release in supersonic flow. The problem associated with combustion is mixing of fuel with air. The scramjet engine can be operating at Mach no. 3.4 to 5 in order to eliminate other propulsive engine. Here the number of ramps and the ramp angle is changed and the thickness and length of combustion chamber is changed. If the length and thickness of the combustion chamber is changed then the fuel will get enough time to mix with air to achieve the desirable thrust. The main objective of this project is to design a scramjet inlet and combustion chamber for efficient fuel combustion by flow analysis. This includes the variation of flow from inlet and combustion chamber by considering the boundary conditions of scramjet engine design. The flow analysis is carried out here by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the modelling of engine's inlet and combustion chamber is done using CATIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work is effort to replace the existing spring in master cylinder of automobile by means compliant approach. Spring details of three wheeled vehicle master cylinder were obtained and then simulation of spring was done for static and overall deflection. Initial Topology of complaint mechanism was obtained throughout topology optimization on ANSYS, finished topology with optimization of dimension and design of members was gained via optimality criteria evaluation method. using the obtained design mechanisms, analysis have been done. From the above analysis, deformation curve is formed and these obtained complaint flexible mechanism is compared with novel product. Reverse engineering procedure is conceded out with design data and shape compliant component have been changed from previous one and it is optimized by ANSYS to get better compliant design. This leads a conclusion that primary spring in master cylinder be replaced with obtain compliant design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety factor of a vehicle is the most important aspect other than its design and comfort. In recent times, most of the automotive manufactures have shown a great amount of interest towards the safety of automobiles as it is directly relevant to the safety of its passengers. Even though many automotive firms come up with many new and improved methods to reduce the rate of accidents, it is still at large. The present work deals with an alternative method that can be used to prevent the major impact on the vehicle during the accident in order to reduce injury to the passengers. In the present- day passenger vehicles bumpers are of hallow section which causes severe damage to the passengers and the vehicle. Hence, to reduce this damage an impact damper has been developed. The present work deals with the design and analysis of an impact damper which is used to reduce the impact, which consists of two concentric helical springs that recerts back the absorbed energy developed during impact. The impact dampers help to prevent accidents and keeps the passengers safely. It also helps to reduce the detrimental cost to a great extent. The analysis has been carried out using LS-DYNA and the results obtained were quite satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The satellite launch vehicle, GSLV has a cryogenic upper stage, which uses the cryogenic engine. In order to test and qualify the upper stage engine, used in a high-altitude Test Facility is used. The HAT facility is configured with a vacuum chamber, a second throat diffuser, a gas cooler, and an ejector and the diffuser system. Each subsystem has to be analyzed numerically and optimized for its better performance. This report deals with the Ejector system. In the first step, the basic dimensions of the ejector are derived from the one-dimensional gas dynamic equation. This report describes the performance of Ejector (designed by ID), the need for optimization, optimization of the Ejector system using CFD. A 2 – dimensional axis-symmetric geometry with nozzle and mixer system is considered for the analysis. A two – dimensional structured mesh, standard k-ε modeling for turbulence and species transport (not reacting) equations for species transport is considered for the analysis. The effect of varying the Nozzle exit diameter was studied to optimize the ejector for both no-load and full load conditions using CFD fluent software. It is found that the suction pressure at no load and full load for area ratio 4.6 is the lowest and it is matching with the one-dimensional value as per the design document of Cryo- rocket engine HAT facility Based on the result the optional area of 4.6 is arrived for the desired no load and full load pressure. The tangential shear mixing of passive and active fluid is achieved as the area ratio 4.6. It is found that the suction pressure at No load and full load for the distance of 925 mm and it is matching with the one-dimensional value as per the design document of the Cryo-rocket engine HAT facility. In general, no-load pressure parallel the small spacing from mixture throat at the minimum and full load pressure parallel be higher. Based on the above result the spacing of 925 mm is suitable for the no-load and full load pressure requirement. It is found that the suction pressure at No load and Full Load for pressure 25 bar is the lowest and it is matching with the one-dimensional value as per the design document of Cryo-rocket engine HAT facility. The ejector mixer throat is designed for the chocking condition of the desired flow rate. Based on the above, the optimum of the GN2 supply rate of 60 kg/s is best suitable for the desired no load and full load condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper includes the study on analysis, fabrication and testing of a lightweight sandwich composite made by balsa wood core and fiber-glass/polyester resin for an UAV wing. The analysis for von mises stress distribution is done using COMSOL software. The materials play an important role in the design of any engineering process and therefore must have the ideal properties required for a particular function. It is more important for the airframe designers as weight is a major criterion in aircraft design. The sandwich structure exhibits high flexural strength which is the primary necessity of a wing to counter bending loads. The balsa wood core structure exhibits better structural strength properties than that of polyurethane foam-based cores. The sandwich composite developed exhibits satisfactory mechanical properties for the required application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]