Search

The aim of the present review was to evaluate the effect of waterpipe smoking (WS) on clinical peri‐implant inflammatory parameters compared to non‐smokers (NS) with dental implants. Literature searches were performed using bibliographic databases up to May 2018. Primary outcomes included peri‐implant bone loss (PIBL), while secondary outcomes were probing depth (PD), plaque index, and bleeding on probing. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each PIBL and PD were estimated by a random‐effect model. Four retrospective case‐control studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative syntheses. All of the included studies showed statistically‐significantly worse peri‐implant outcomes in WS compared to NS. Considering the effects of WS on peri‐implant parameters, significant heterogeneity for PIBL (Q‐value = 34.21, P < 0.0001, I2 = 94.16%) and PD (Q‐value = 51.97, P < 0.0001, I2 = 96.15%) was observed between both groups. The overall RR for PIBL (RR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.01‐3.97, P = 0.001) and PD (RR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.91‐7.17, P = 0.001) were significant between WS and NS groups. WS has detrimental effect on peri‐implant health. Clinicians should instruct and advise patients about poor prognosis and peri‐implant diseases caused by WS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The pathological role of human herpesviruses (HHVs) (Epstein‐Barr virus [EBV], Human cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Herpes simplex virus [HSV]) in peri‐implant health needs clarification quantitatively. To determine the weight of evidence for HHVs in patients with peri‐implantitis (PI) and substantiate the significance of HHVs in peri‐implant inflammation, electronic databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from 1964 up to and including November 2018. Meta‐analyses were conducted for prevalence of HHVs in PI and healthy controls. Forest plots were generated that recorded risk difference (RD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Five clinical studies were considered and included. Four clinical studies reported data on EBV while three clinical studies reported data on CMV. Considering the risk of these viruses in PI, significant heterogeneity for CMV (χ2 = 53.37, p < 0.0001, I2 = 96.25%) and EBV (χ2 = 14.14, p = 0.002, I2 = 78.79%) prevalence was noticed between PI and healthy control sites. The overall RD for only EBV (RD = 0.20, 95% CI, 0.01‐0.40, p = 0.03) was statistically significant between both groups. Frequencies of the viruses were increased in patients with PI compared with healthy nondiseased sites. However, the findings of the present study should be interpreted with caution because of significant heterogeneity and small number of included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to comprehensively review the influence of psychological stress exposure (PSE) on orthodontic therapy (OT). Original clinical and experimental studies were assessed. Quality assessment of experimental studies was performed using the Animal Research Reporting In Vivo Experiment (ARRIVE) guidelines. Six studies (2 clinical and 4 experimental) were included. One clinical study showed that PSE during OT significantly increases nickel release from orthodontic appliances into the saliva. In another study, maternal support was found to be an important predictor of the outcome of OT. In one experimental study, chronic PSE increased orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), and in two experimental studies, PSE decreased OTM. One study on rats reported that PSE is not a risk factor for orthodontically‐induced root resorption during OTM. One experimental study showed a significantly higher number of osteoclasts in the bone on the side of OTM in restrained rats compared with unrestrained rats. One study showed decreased osteoclast counts in the bone during OTM under PSE. The lowest, highest, and mean ARRIVE scores (out of 20) for the experimental studies were 16, 18, and 16.75 ± 0.96, respectively. The role of PSE in clinical orthodontics remains unclear, most likely due to a lack of studies in humans. Further power‐adjusted, well‐designed, and randomized studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this evidence-based review was to assess the antinociceptive efficacy of shamanic healing (SH) for management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The addressed focused question was "Is SH effective for the management of TMD?" Indexed databases were searched without time and language restrictions up to and including January 2023 using the following keywords: "disc displacement disorders"; "healing"; "inflammation"; "pain"; "shamanic"; "therapy"; "temporomandibular joint"; "temporomandibular disorders" and "temporomandibular joint disorders". Clinical studies were considered eligible for inclusion. Editorials, case-reports, case-series and commentaries were excluded. Literature search was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis. Pattern of this evidence-based review was customized to summarize the pertinent information. In the present review, three studies were included and processed for data extraction. All participants were females with a mean age of 38.3 ± 8.3 years (range 25–55 years). Self-rated pain was assessed before application of SH (baseline) and after 9 months of follow-up. In one study, SH significantly reduced self-rated TMD pain scores (P < 0.001) at 9-months' follow-up interview. In all studies patients reported that management of TMD via SH helped improve their quality of life. In one study patients perceived improvements in sleep, energy levels, digestion, and back pain at follow-up. In another study patients reported that they felt "calmer" and "at peace" at follow-up interview. The possible contribution of SH for managing pain among TMD patients warrants additional research. There is a dire need for well-designed and power-adjusted randomized clinical trials with adequate groups and long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A response from the authors of the article "Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Periodontal Status Between Habitual Water-Pipe Smokers and Cigarette Smokers" which was published in a previous issue is presented.

Copyright of Implant Dentistry is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Implant Dentistry is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Implant Dentistry is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of low level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct to connective tissue graft (CTG) procedure for the treatment of gingival recession (GR). Materials and Methods: The addressed PICO question was; "In patients with Miller Class I or II recession defects (Population), what is the effect of LLLT as adjunct to CTG (Intervention) in comparison to CTG alone (Comparison) on gingival recession depth (Outcome)" Electronic databases were searched up to December 2017. Primary outcomes included gingival recession depth (GRD), whereas secondary outcomes were width of keratinized tissue (WKT) and relative clinical attachment level gain (RCAL). The weighted mean differences (WMD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each variable were calculated using random effect model. Results: Four randomized clinical studies were included. Two studies showed significantly greater improvements with LLLT whereas, 2 studies showed comparable outcomes between LLLT and CTG group. Considering the effects of adjunctive LLLT as compared to CTG, a high degree of heterogeneity for GRD (Q value = 9.40, P = .02, I2 =68.11%) and WKT ((Q value = 16.04, P = .001, I2 =81.31%) was noticed among both the groups. Meta‐analysis showed a statistically significant GRD (WMD= −0.61, 95% CI= −1.23 to 0.004, P = .05) for LLLT + CTG treatment versus CTG alone only. Conclusions: LLLT improves clinical and patient‐centered outcomes of CTG procedures for the treatment of GR remains debatable. However, due to the small number of included studies and high heterogeneity in the laser parameters, precautions must be exercised when interpreting the results of the present systematic review. Clinical Significance: Gingival recessions in dentistry are of major esthetic concern. Minimal gingival recessions can be treated by flap operations, but the predictability and stability of the outcomes is debatable. In the present review, low level laser therapy (LLLT) adjunct to connective tissue graft (CTG) depicted a significant improvement in the predictability and stability of root coverage outcomes compared with CTG alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present review was to assess randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on bone grafting procedures that included religious belief as an eligibility criterion. Indexed databases were searched up to and including February 2019 using different search strategies. In strategy 1, the following terms were used: (a) belief; (b) bone graft; (c) faith; (d) inclusion; (e) exclusion; (f) eligibility; (g) criteria; (h) randomized clinical trial; (i) religion; and (j) xenograft. In strategy 2, the following terms were used in addition to those used in strategy 1: Xenografts AND oral surgery OR xenografts AND maxillofacial OR xenografts AND dental implants. These searches were filtered using the terms "Randomized clinical trial" and "human studies". The initial search yielded 3932 studies. Filtration of results using the terms "Randomized clinical trial" and "human studies" showed 0 studies. Evaluation of patients' religious beliefs seems to be undervalued in RCTs related to the placement of xenografts. This is an essential and ethical criterion that should be taken into consideration prior to inclusion of participants and signing the informed consent form for RCTs related to the placement of bone grafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is hypothesized that the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of cigarette‐smokers than nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis. Purpose The purpose was to compare the levels of AGEs in the PISF among moderate cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis. Materials and methods: Cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis and nonsmokers without peri‐implantitis were included. A questionnaire was used to gather information related to smoking habit, duration of implants in function and demographic traits. In all groups, peri‐implant plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), crestal bone loss (CBL) and probing depth (PD). The PISF was collected and levels of AGEs were measured. Group comparisons were performed and P <.01 was nominated as pointer of statistical significance. Results: Fourteen smokers with peri‐implantitis (12 males and 2 females), 15 nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis (14 males and 1 female) and 15 nonsmokers without peri‐implantitis (13 males and 2 females) were included. Smokers with peri‐implantitis had a smoking history of 22.7 ± 0.3 pack years. The mesial and distal CBL, PI, and PD were significantly higher in smokers with peri‐implantitis than nonsmokers with (P <.01) and without peri‐implantitis (P <.01). The GI was significantly higher in smokers (P <.01) and nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis (P <.01) compared with nonsmokers without peri‐implantitis. The levels of AGEs were significantly higher among smokers with peri‐implantitis (552.8 ± 87.2 pg/mL) (P <.01) compared with nonsmokers with (141.6 ± 64.9 pg/mL) and without (88.1 ± 27.3 pg/mL) peri‐implantitis. The levels of AGEs were significantly higher among nonsmokers with (141.6 ± 64.9 pg/mL) (P <.01) than without (88.1 ± 27.3 pg/mL) peri‐implantitis. Conclusion: The levels of AGEs expressed in the PISF are higher among moderate cigarette‐smokers than nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The authors hypothesized that there is no difference in the primary stability (PS) of multiple condensing thread design (MCTD) implants placed in simulated type‐IV bone with and without using osteotomes. Purpose This in vitro study assessed the PS of narrow‐diameter dental implants with MCTD placed in simulated soft (type‐IV) bone with and without using osteotomes. Materials and Methods: Sixty MCT‐designed implants (diameter: 3.0 mm; length: 11.5 mm) were placed using 800 rpm drilling speed in cellular rigid polyurethane foam bone‐blocks that simulated type‐IV bone. Prior to placement, the implants were divided into three groups (20 implants per group) depending upon the protocol used for osteotomy preparation—Group‐1: Conventional drilling (CD); Group‐2: CD followed by osseous condensation using a chisel‐shaped tapered osteotome with maximum diameter of 3 mm; and Group‐3: CD followed by osseous condensation using a cylindrical osteotome with maximum diameter of 3 mm. Abutments were connected to all implants and PS was recorded using resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and the periotest (PTV). Group comparisons were performed using analysis and Bonferroni post‐hoc adjustment tests. Level of significance was set at P <.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the RFA values for the MCT‐designed implants placed in groups 1, 2, and 3 (59.85 ± 0.72, 59.67 ± 0.76 and 59.42 ± 0.92, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the PTV values for MCT‐designed implants in groups 1, 2, and 3 (1.655 ± 0.82, 1.405 ± 0.57, and 1.078 ± 0.63, respectively). Conclusion: The MCTD implants with narrow diameters have a high PS in artificial soft bone in vitro. Due to the condensation effect of the thread design, there is no need for additional condensation of the peri‐osteotomy bone in order to improve implant stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no studies that have evaluated the correlation between self‐rated pain, peri‐implant clinical and radiographic parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], and crestal bone loss [CBL]) and whole salivary interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) levels among patients with and without peri‐implantitis. Purpose: The objective was to evaluate the correlation between self‐evaluated pain, peri‐implant clinical and radiographic parameters and whole salivary IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α levels among patients with and without peri‐implantitis. Materials and Methods: Included in this study were patients with and without peri‐implantitis. Data regarding age, gender, duration of implants in function, and self‐perceived pain were recorded using a question. Self‐rated pain was assessed using the numeric pain rating scale. Peri‐implant PD, PI, BOP, and CBL were recorded and samples of unstimulated whole saliva samples were obtained. Whole salivary IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were measured. Sample‐size was approximated and group comparisons were completed. P‐values <.05 were regarded as statistically significant. Results: Forty‐six male individuals (21 with and 25 without peri‐implantitis) were included. The mean age of individuals with and without PiD was 53.71 ± 5.45 and 50.92 ± 6.26 years, respectively. The mean self‐rated pain score in patients with and without PiD was 3 ± 2 and zero, respectively. There was no significant difference in the SFR among patients with and without peri‐implantitis. Levels of IL‐1β (P <.01), IL‐6 (P <.01), and TNF‐α (P <.01) were significantly elevated in subjects with than without peri‐implantitis. Regression analysis‐based results reflected no significant association between increasing self‐rated pain and whole salivary IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α levels. Conclusion: Proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) are more often expressed in the UWS of patients with than without peri‐implantitis. However, the correlation between self‐rated pain and whole salivary proinflammatory cytokine profile in patients with peri‐implantitis remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a controversy over the influence of psychostimulant medications on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) among children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD). The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the influence of psychostimulant medications on BMD and BMC among children with ADHD. A comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library, was conducted to identify relevant studies published up until July 2023. Clinical studies that addressed the focused question "Do psychostimulant medications affect bone mineral density and content in children with ADHD?" were included. Letters to the Editor, studies on animal-models, ex-vivo and in-vitro studies, commentaries and reviews were excluded. The primary outcome measures were changes in BMD and BMC. Study quality was assessed using the risk of bias for non-randomized studies-exposure tool. Five non-randomized clinical studies were included. The number of participants ranged from 18 to 6489 with mean ages ranging from 7.3 to 13.75 years. The study durations ranged between five and seven years. In all studies osseous evaluation was done using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The bone locations examined included total body, lumbar-spine, femur, femoral-neck, femoral body, and pelvis. Two studies reported that psychostimulant medications reduce BMC and BMD. In one study, bone turnover, serum leptin and fat levels were reduced in children using psychostimulant medications but no unusual reduction recorded among controls. In general, 80 % of the studies concluded that psychostimulant medications compromise BMC and BMD. Power analysis was done in one study. One study had a low RoB and the remaining demonstrated some concerns. Given the methodological concerns observed in the included studies, arriving at a definitive conclusion regarding the effects of psychostimulant medications on BMC, BMD, and bone turnover in children with ADHD is challenging. However, it is important to acknowledge that an association between psychostimulant medications and these bone-related parameters cannot be disregarded. • Five studies were included in this systematic review. • Four studies showed that psychostimulants compromise bone. • One study was based on power adjusted data. • One study had a low risk of bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no studies that have assessed the implant stability quotient (ISQ) values of narrow diameter implants placed in artificial dense bone blocks at varying drilling speeds (DSs). Purpose: The aim of the present in vitro experiment was to compare the performance of OSSTELL and Penguin devices to evaluate implant stability at DSs of 800 and 2000 rpm. Materials and Methods: A total of 360 osteotomies were created in dense artificial bone blocks at DSs of 800 and 2000 rpm. Dental implants from three manufacturers (group‐1: NobelActive implants, Nobel Biocare, Yorba Linda, California; group‐2: Zimmer, Eztetic‐Zimmer implants, Zimmer Biomet Dental, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida; and group‐3: Astra Tech implant system, Dentsply Sirona, York, Pennsylvania) were randomly placed in these osteotomies using an insertion torque of 15 Ncm (60 implants/group). Implant stability in all bone blocks immediately following implant placement was evaluated using the OSSTELL and Penguin devices. ISQ values were presented as means ± SD. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. Results: There was no significant difference in the ISQ values obtained from the OSSTELL and Penguin devices for implants in groups 1, 2, and 3. There was no significant difference when ISQ values obtained from the OSSTELL device were compared with the Penguin device for narrow diameter dental implants placed in dense bone blocks with osteotomies performed at 800 and 2000 rpm. ISQ values showed statistically significant higher values for OSSTELL compared to Penguin device. Conclusion: The OSSTELL and Penguin devices are reliable for the assessment of implant stability in dense artificial bone. Implant design and site‐DS does not seem to have a significant impact of implant stability in artificial dense bone blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Assessment of cotinine levels in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) may serve as a valuable biomarker of peri‐implant diseases in nicotine‐product users. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare cotinine levels in the PISF among cigarette smokers, waterpipe users, electronic‐cigarette users, and nonsmokers. Materials and Methods: Cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, electronic‐cigarette users, and nonsmokers were included. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, duration of smoking and vaping, family history of smoking, duration of smoking/vaping, and daily frequency of smoking/vaping. Implant‐related data including implant dimensions and duration of implants in function were also recorded. In all groups, peri‐implant probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), and plaque index (PI) were assessed. Using standard techniques, PISF was collected and levels of cotinine in the PISF were measured. Sample‐size estimation was performed, and statistical comparisons were done using one‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc adjustment tests. P values below.05 were categorized as statistically significant. Results: One hundred two male individuals (35 cigarette smokers, 33 waterpipe smokers, 34 electronic‐cigarette users, and 35 nonsmokers) were included. Scores of peri‐implant PI (P < .05) and PD (P < .05) were significantly higher among cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers, and electronic‐cigarette users compared with nonsmokers. Peri‐implant BoP was more often manifested in nonsmokers compared with cigarette smokers (P < .05), waterpipe smokers (P < .05), and electronic‐cigarette users (P < .05). The volume of collected PISF was significantly higher among cigarette (P < .05) and waterpipe smokers (P < .05) and electronic‐cigarette users (P < .05) than nonsmokers. Cotinine levels were significantly higher in the PISF of cigarette (P < .05) and waterpipe smokers (P < .05) and electronic‐cigarette users (P < .05) than nonsmokers. Conclusions: Habitual use of nicotinic products enhances the expression of cotinine in the PISF. Cotinine levels in the PISF of cigarette and waterpipe smokers and electronic‐cigarette users are comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Efficacy of mechanical debridement (MD) with adjunctive probiotic therapy (PT) in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis (PiM) in cigarette‐smoking and never‐smoking subjects remains uninvestigated. Purpose: The aim was to assess the efficacy of MD with adjunctive PT in the treatment of PiM in cigarette‐smoking and never‐smoking individuals. Materials and Methods: Patients with (group I) and without PiM (group II) were included. Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Treatment‐wise, patients in groups I and II were subdivided into: (a) Patients that underwent MD with adjunct PT (using Lactobacillus reuteri); and (b) MD alone. In all groups, probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured at baseline and compared after 3‐ and 6‐months. Baseline peri‐implant crestal bone levels were also measured. Sample‐size estimation was performed, and statistical comparisons were done using one‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post‐hoc adjustment tests. P values under.05 were deemed significant. Results: Eighty individuals (group I: 40 cigarette‐smokers and group II: 40 never‐smokers) with PiM participated in this study. At all‐time intervals, no significant difference in PD, PI, and BOP were observed in all patients in group I. At 3‐months' follow‐up, the differences in BOP (P < .05), and PI (P < .05) were significantly higher in group II that underwent MD + PT than MD alone. At 6‐months' follow‐up, there was no difference in the changes in BOP and PI among subjects that underwent MD with and without adjunct PT. Conclusion: On a short‐term basis, MD with adjunct PT is more effectual in the treatment of PiM than MD alone in never‐smokers. Cigarette‐smoking compromises peri‐implant soft tissue healing following MD with or without adjunct PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no studies that have investigated the presence of Candida species in the subgingival oral biofilm (OB) of patients with peri‐implantitis. Purpose: The aim was to assess the presence of Candida species in the subgingival OB of patients with peri‐implantitis. Materials and Methods: Individuals with (group A) and without (group B) peri‐implantitis were included. Life style related and demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. In both groups, peri‐implant plaque‐index (PI), bleeding‐on‐probing (BOP), and probing‐depth (PD) were evaluated and crestal bone loss (CBL) were measured on digital bitewing radiographs. In both groups, subgingival OB samples were collected using sterile paper points. Identification of Candida species was performed using ChromAgar medium and colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) were determined. Statistical analysis was performed, and level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of individuals in groups A (n = 43) and B (n = 41) were 52.2 ± 4.4 and 55.1 ± 2.3 years, respectively. All participants were male. In groups A and B, implants were in function for 7.4 ± 1.3 and 6.8 ± 0.6 years, respectively. Scores of peri‐implant PI (P < 0.001), BOP (P < 0.001), PD (P < 0.001), and CBL (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in group A than group B. Subgingival Candida was isolated from the OB of 33 (76.7%) patients in group A and 5 (12.2%) individuals in group B. The most common yeast species was Candida albicans, which was isolated from 67.4% to 60% individuals in groups A and B, respectively. The number of subgingival oral yeasts CFU/mL were significantly higher in group A (3147.54 ± 1052.6 CFU/mL) compared with group B (496.68 ± 100.2 CFU/mL; P < 0.01). Conclusion: Candida species (predominantly C. albicans) are present in the subgingival OB of patients with peri‐implantitis. Community‐based efforts toward routine oral hygiene maintenance are needed to improve oral health and minimize the risks of peri‐implant diseases in populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Diode lasers have been used for implant decontamination. However, the use of initiated ornoninitiated tips remains unevaluated to verify potential photothermal risks.Objective:To assess the photothermal effects of defocused initiated versus noninitiated irradiation.Materials and methods:A dental implant (3.5·11 mm) was placed into an artificial bone, an infrabony defectwas created to simulate a four-wall peri-implant defect. Irradiation was performed using pulsed diode lasers of940, 975, and 980 nm. The laser tips were positioned parallel to the implant (maximum 2W pulsed mode). Theimplant was irradiated for 30 sec using noninitiated, cork-, and blue paper-initiated tips. Temperature differ ences were observed at the apical and coronal regions of the implant. The data were statistically evaluated andcompared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests.Results:The average temperature increase and the amount of time that it took to yield the critical temperaturewere comparable at the coronal level for the 940 and 975 nm diode lasers (p>0.05). For the 980 nm laser, blue initiated tip had the highest temperature increase (22.4°C), followed by cork (18.8°C) and noninitiated tip(17.3°C). The critical threshold at the coronal portion for the 980 nm laser was reached in 11.5, 8.79, and6.46 sec for the blue paper-, cork-, and noninitiated tips, respectively. The 975 and 980 nm lasers had averagetemperature increases, comparable among the blue paper-, cork-, and noninitiated tips at the apical level(p>0.05). Apically, for the 940 nm, the noninitiated tip had the highest temperature increase (5.57°C), followedby the cork- (4.96°C) and blue paper-initiated tip (4.54°C).Conclusions:The initiator does not affect the temperatures produced during implant decontamination althoughnoninitiated diode lasers may overheat (within 30 sec) than initiated tips. There is minimal risk of overheating atthe apical portion. It seems that the 940 nm diode is the safest of the evaluated laser systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Periodontal status and GCF cytokines among cigarette-smokers, e-cigarette users and never-smokers were compared. • 46 cigarette-smokers, 44 e-cigarette users and 45 never-smokers were included. • Periodontal status is poorer in cigarette-smokers compared with other groups. • GCF cytokines are higher in cigarette-smokers compared with other groups. There are no studies that have compared the clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL] and number of missing teeth [MT]) and radiographic (marginal bone loss [MBL]) periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of proinflammatory cytokines among cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic-cigarettes. The aim was to compare the clinical periodontal status and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokine profile among cigarette-smokers (Group-1), electronic-cigarette users (Group-2) and never-smokers (Group-3). Demographic data including age, gender, duration and reason for smoking and vaping and daily frequency and duration of smoking and vaping was collected using a questionnaire. Clinical (PI, BOP, PD and clinical AL) and radiographic (MBL) periodontal parameters were recorded. The volume of collected GCF was determined and levels of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were investigated. Forty-six cigarette-smokers, 44 electronic-cigarette users and 45 never-smokers were included in groups 1–3, respectively. Mean scores of PI (P < 0.05), PD (P < 0.05) and clinical AL (P < 0.05) were significantly higher among individuals in Group-1 than Group-3. Compared with groups 1 (P < 0.05) and 2 (P < 0.05), BOP was more often manifested among patients in Group-3. Compared with Group-3, MBL was significantly higher in groups 1 (P < 0.01) and 2 (P < 0.01). GCF volume was significantly higher in Group-1 compared with groups 2 and 3. The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and MMP-8 were significantly higher in the GCF samples of individuals in Group-1 (P < 0.05) than groups 2 and 3. Periodontal status is poorer and GCF levels of proinflammatory cytokines are higher in cigarette-smokers compared with electronic-cigarette smokers and never-smokers. However, the probability of increased periodontal inflammation and GCF proinflammatory cytokine levels in electronic-cigarette users than never-smokers cannot be annulled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Relationship between Porphyromonas gingivalis and nociception not fully understood. • Lipopolysaccharide may possess anti-nociceptive properties. • The anti-nociceptive effect in part is mediated by an increase in IL-10 levels. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PG LPS) on acute pain-related behaviour induced in rats and to measure its impact on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. The Brennan model was used to induce acute pain like signs in rats' hind paw. Twenty-four hours following the surgery the rats were divided into 5 groups and the affected paws were injected with 0.2 m l of one of three commercialized forms PG LPS doses (high - 1 mg/ml, medium - 0.6 mg/m l and low - 0.2 mg/m l), diclofenac sodium (1 mg/kg) or saline. Tactile allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, body temperature and paw swelling were assessed at baseline, 24 h postoperatively and 2 h after the paw injection. The affected and contra-lateral paw tissue was assessed for the mentioned above cytokines levels employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study may suggest that PG LPS can reduce pain like behaviour via increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (5900 ± 748, p < 0.05). The high PG LPS dose and diclofenac reduced the tactile allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia significantly (42.2 ± 4 and1.6 ± 0.3, p < 0.05). PG LPS high dose increase IL-10 levels while diclofenac reduces IL-1β levels significantly (5900 ± 748 and 1760 ± 271.2). The LPS administration had no effect on paw swelling and did not increase rat's body temperature. The results demonstrated that PG LPS local application could possess anti- nociceptive properties, which at least in part is mediated by an increase in IL-10 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There are no studies that have assessed the oral soft tissue response to full-mouth ultrasonic scaling (FMUS) among cigarette-smokers (CS) (group 1), individuals vaping electronic-cigarettes (E-cigs) (group 2), and never-smokers (NS) (group 3). The aim was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking and vaping on periodontal tissues following FMUS. Materials and methods: In a clinical prospective study, 89 male individuals were divided into three groups: CS (group 1), E-cig users (group 2), and NS (group 3). A questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and information regarding duration and daily frequency of CS and vaping. Full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (AL), and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and 3 and 6 months after FMUS (without root surface debridement). Numbers of missing teeth (MT) were also recorded. Results: In groups 1, 2, and 3, 30, 28, and 31 individuals, respectively were included. In group 1, there was no statistically significant difference in mean PI and PD and numbers of sites with PD ≥ 4 mm at 6 months' follow-up compared with baseline and 3 months' follow-up. In groups 2 and 3, there was no significant difference in PI, BOP, and PD at 3 months' (P > 0.05) and 6-months' (P > 0.05) follow-up. There were no pockets with PD ≥ 4 mm at 3 and 6 months' follow-up in groups 2 and 3. There was no difference in the numbers of MT and none of the individuals exhibited clinical AL in all groups. Conclusion: Following FMUS, gingival inflammation is worse in CS compared with individuals vaping E-cigs and NS. Clinical relevance: Periodontal inflammatory parameters are worse in cigarette-smokers than individuals vaping electronic cigarettes and never-smokers following FMUS. However, these findings should be interpreted with extreme caution as a number of factors may have influenced the present results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The aim was to assess the influence of LLLT on OIIRR. • A systematic search of indexed literature was performed. • Nine studies with inconsistent results were included for data extraction. • The influence of LLLT on OIIRR remains debatable. Abstract Objective The aim was to assess the influence of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on orthodontically-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). Methods A systematic search was conducted in indexed databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The eligibility criteria were as follows: (a) original clinical and animal/experimental studies; (b) prospective studies; (c) intervention: effect of LLLT on OIIRR; (d) control group (OIIRR without LLLT); (e) statistical analysis; and (f) tomographic or histologic assessment of OIIRR. Quality assessment of the experimental and clinical studies was performed following the Animal Research Reporting In-vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) and Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines, respectively. The risk of bias of the included studies was also determined. Results Nine (7 experimental and 2 clinical) of the initially identified 39 studies were included. One clinical and 2 experimental studies showed that LLLT during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) significantly reduces OIIRR. One experimental study reported that LLLT during OTM in sockets treated with alloplastic materials significantly reduces OIIRR. One experimental study found that LLLT after OTM significantly repairs OIIRR, whereas one clinical study did not report a significant reparative affect. Three experimental studies showed that LLLT increases OIIRR during OTM, corticotomized-OTM, and OTM into grafted defects, respectively. The minimum, median and highest ARRIVE scores (out of 20) of the included experimental studies were 15, 17 and 19, respectively. The mean CONSORT score of the included clinical studies was 23 (out of 25). Conclusions In conclusion, the influence of LLLT on OIIRR remains debatable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to compare oral Candida carriage among cigarette‐ and waterpipe‐smokers, electronic cigarette (E‐Cig) users, and never‐smokers. Methods: Demographic data and information regarding smoking and vaping were collected using a questionnaire. Number of missing teeth and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) were recorded. Oral Candida samples were collected and identified using concentrated oral rinse culture technique and PCR, respectively. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Thirty‐four cigarette‐smokers (Group‐1), 33 waterpipe‐smokers (Group‐2), 30 E‐Cig users (Group‐3), and 32 never‐smokers (Group‐4) were included. All were male participants with comparable mean ages. In groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, oral Candida carriage rate was 100%, 100%, 83.3% and 50%, respectively. The most commonly isolated oral yeast species in all groups was C. albicans. C. albicans carriage was significantly higher in groups 1 (p < 0.05), 2 (p < 0.05), and 3 (p < 0.05) than Group‐4. Data stratification for age, missing teeth, and UWSFR showed no significant difference in oral yeasts carriage in groups 1, 2, and 3. Conclusions: Oral C. albicans carriage was significantly higher among cigarette‐ and waterpipe‐smokers and E‐Cig users than never‐smokers. No significant differences were identified among groups in the oral carriage of other Candida species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this systematic review was to assess the impact of nicotine administration on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE (OVID) and Web of Knowledge databases and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Studies evaluating the influence of nicotine on OTM, and with the presence of a control group (OTM without nicotine administration), were included. Quality assessment of the selected studies was performed following the Animal Research Reporting in Vivo Experiment (ARRIVE) guidelines. Results Six of the initially identified 108 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected. All included studies were performed in male rats, which underwent OTM with or without nicotine administration. Since there was a variation among the included studies regarding nicotine dosage and the duration and magnitude of force application during OTM only a qualitative analysis could be performed. The studies reported that nicotine administration accelerated OTM by inducing alveolar bone resorption around the moving teeth. It was also found that nicotine increased root resorption during experimental OTM. More standardized animal research or clinical studies are warranted to further evaluate the impact of nicotine on OTM. Conclusions On an experimental level, nicotine exposure in rats jeopardizes OTM by increasing alveolar bone loss and root resorption. From a clinical perspective, further studies are needed to assess the impact of habitual use of tobacco products on OTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim was to determine the effect of various initiators on the thermal changes that occur during incisions performed in soft tissues using a diode laser. Background data: There are no studies that have assessed the effect of various initiators on the thermal changes that occur during incisions performed in soft tissues using a diode laser. Materials and methods: Thermal changes were observed during standardized incisions in chicken breast (without skin) via thermoelements over a 10-sec irradiation period. Incisions were created using a 975 nm diode laser with a 320 μ fiber tip diameter. Incisions (10 in each group) were performed with and without an initiator (control group). Red/blue articulating paper, cork, and SureStep® were used as initiators. The tissue was irradiated in a continuous wave mode at 3 and 6 W in room temperature (21°C). Results: At 3 and 6 W without any initiator, the mean temperature increased by 5.7°C versus 12.4°C, respectively. Cork initiator at 3 and 6 W resulted in temperature increase by 4.88°C versus 6.21°C, respectively. Incisions made using the blue/red articulating paper-initiated tip resulted in temperature increase by 2.9/5.8°C versus 8.2/7.6°C at 3 and 6 W power settings, respectively. Initiation with SureStep resulted in temperature increase by 2.3°C and at 6 W by 4.1°C. No significant differences were recorded between the different groups, but higher temperatures were associated with higher power settings. Conclusions: The power settings of the diode laser and type of initiator used, both effect the degree to which the temperature of the soft tissue increases during incisions and have to be considered for the safety in soft tissue applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to compare the clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing pocket depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]) and radiographic (marginal bone loss [MBL]) periodontal parameters and whole salivary cotinine, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels among cigarette-smokers, waterpipe-smokers, E-cig users and never-smokers. In total, 154 male individuals (39 cigarette-smokers, 40 waterpipe-smokers, 37 E-cig users and 38 never-smokers) were included. Full mouth PI, BOP, PPD and CAL were measured on all teeth (excluding third molars); and MBL was measured in digital intra-oral radiographs. Unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) and whole salivary cotinine, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were measured. Group comparisons were performed using one way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. There was no difference in UWSFR among the groups. Cotinine levels were significantly higher among cigarette- (P < 0.001) and waterpipe-smokers (P < 0.001) and E-cig users (P < 0.001) than never-smokers. IL-1β (P < 0.01) and IL-6 (P < 0.01) levels were significantly higher among cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers. There was no difference in PPD, CAL, mesial and distal MBL and whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels among E-cig users and never-smokers. In conclusion, clinical and radiographic parameters of periodontal inflammation were poorer in cigarette and waterpipe smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers; and whole salivary cotinine levels were similar in all groups. Whole salivary IL-1β and IL-6 levels were higher in cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers than E-cig users and never-smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate marginal bone loss over 5 years around microthreaded implants placed in the maxillary anterior/esthetic zone and immediate restored with non‐occlusal loading. Materials and methods: Seventy‐one implants (with microthreads up to the platform‐rough surface body and neck, internal connection and platform switching) were placed in healed bone in the maxillary arches of 30 men and 23 women (mean age 37.85 ± 7.09 years, range 27–60). All subjects had at least 3 mm of soft tissue to allow the establishment of adequate biologic width and to reduce bone resorption. Each patient received a provisional restoration immediately after implant placement with slight occlusal contact. Mesial and distal bone height was evaluated using digital radiography on the day following implant placement (baseline) and after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years. Primary stability was measured with resonance frequency analysis. Results: No implants failed, resulting in a cumulative survival rate of 100% after 3 years. Marginal bone loss from implant collar to bone crest measured at baseline (peri‐implant bone defect at the fresh extraction socket) and after 5 years was 0.90 mm ± 0.26 mm. Mesial and distal site crestal bone loss ranged from 3.42 ± 1.2 mm at baseline to 3.51 ± 1.5 mm after 5 years and from 3.38 ± 0.9 mm at baseline to 3.49 ± 0.9 mm after 5 years, respectively (P = 0.086). Conclusions: The results of this study showed limited implant crestal bone loss 0.90 mm ± 0.26 mm and 100% of implant survival rate at 5‐year follow‐up of immediate restored implants with rough surface neck and microthreads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this comprehensive review was to assess the effectiveness of erbium lasers in the removal of all ceramic fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Overview: Indexed databases were searched without language or time restriction up to and including December 2017 using different combinations of the following keywords: “lasers”; “phototherapy”; “crowns”; “prostheses and implants”; “inlays”; “ceramics”; “dental porcelain”; “zirconium”; “removal”; “debonding”; “fixed dental prostheses”; “veneers”; “laminates”; and “fixed bridge.” All levels of available evidence including experimental studies, case reports and case series were included. Six clinical studies reporting a total of 13 cases and 6 experimental studies were included. Results from all studies showed that erbium lasers are effective reducing the shear bond strengths of all ceramic FDPs, in terms of easy removal of the restorations with none or minimal damage to teeth or ceramic surfaces. Conclusion: Laser‐assisted removal of all ceramic FDPs is a promising treatment protocol. Further well‐designed controlled clinical trials and longitudinal prospective studies are needed to determine the precise laser parameters and duration of irradiation that could be used for removal of ceramic restorations with varying thicknesses. Clinical significance: Benefits of lasers over mechanical instrumentation for crown removal encompass efficient restoration retrievability without restoration or teeth surfaces damages; and relatively easier and time effective procedure with no prerequisite for anesthetic agents. It is however imperative for clinicians to be well‐trained and exhibit adequate knowledge regarding recommended power settings and laser‐safety parameters with reference to interactions between light and different tissues and ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: It is hypothesized that levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α are significantly higher in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of waterpipe‐smokers (WS) compared with never‐smokers with peri‐implantitis. Purpose: The aim of the present convenience sample case‐control study was to compare the levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α in the PISF of WS and never‐smokers with peri‐implantitis. Materials and Methods: Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Peri‐implant probing depth (PPD) was measured and crestal bone loss (CBL) was measured on digital bitewing radiographs. PISF samples were collected using paper strips and the collected PISF volume was determined. levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Study sample‐size was estimated and statistical analysis was performed. P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Sixty‐six individuals (33 individuals in group‐1 and 33 in group‐2) were included. In groups 1 and 2, 41 and 44 implants, respectively were placed. The mean total PPD (P < .001) and peri‐implant CBL (P < .001) was statistically significantly higher around implants affected by peri‐implantitis in group‐1 compared with group‐2. The PISF volume (P < .05) collected and levels of IL‐1β (P < .01), IL‐6 (P < .01), and TNF‐α (P < .01) were statistically significantly higher among individuals in group‐1 compared with group‐2. Conclusion: WS with peri‐implantitis present increased expression of local proinflammatory cytokines in the PISF than never‐smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: It is hypothesized that peri‐implant conditions are worse with increasing severity of obesity, because systemic low‐grade inflammatory marker (C‐reactive protein [CRP]) is higher in severe form of obese individuals. Purpose: The aim of the cross‐sectional retrospective study was to compare clinical and radiographic peri‐implant inflammatory parameters in patients with different levels of obesity and correlate these parameters with CRP levels. Materials and Methods: Eighty‐four patients who participated in this study were divided into 4 groups: class I obese (group 1), class II obese (group 2), class III obese (group 3), and nonobese individuals (group 4) were included. Clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD]) and radiographic (marginal bone loss [MBL]) peri‐implant parameters were recorded. Serum CRP were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical peri‐implant parameters and serum CRP concentrations were analyzed using 1‐way analysis of variance. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze correlations of CRP levels with any of the clinical and radiographic parameters assessed. Results: Peri‐implant PI, BOP, PD, and MBL were significantly higher in group‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 patients as compared to nonobese individuals (P < .05). Peri‐implant PI, BOP, PD, and MBL were significantly higher in obese patients of group‐2 and group‐3 as compared to obese patients in group‐1 (P < .01). Mean PI, BOP, PD, and MBL were comparable between group‐2 and group‐3 patients (P > .05). A significant positive correlations were found between CRP levels and BOP (P = .0148) and PD (P = .0425); and significant negative correlation was found for MBL in group 3, respectively (P = .0212). Conclusion: Clinical and radiographic peri‐implant inflammatory parameters and serum CRP were significantly high in patients with severe form of obesity. Serum CRP levels correlated with peri‐implant bleeding in obese patients. These findings are preliminary and long‐term controlled trials are recommended to support these outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present split-mouth retrospective study was to compare the clinical periodontal parameters among gutka-chewers and naswar-dippers.Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to record demographic information. Jaw quadrant in which, gutka or naswar were placed were defined as "test-sites". The remaining jaw quadrants were designated as "control-sites". Clinical [plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL)] and radiographic [alveolar bone loss (ABL)] parameters were compared among gutka-chewers and naswar-dippers in the test- and control sites. Data were analysed using non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test followed by post hoc analyses with the Bonferroni correction. p < .05 were considered statistically significant.Results: Seventy-five gutka-chewers and 72 naswar-dippers with mean ages of 45.2 ± 0.8 years and 47.3 ± 2.8 years, respectively were included. Gutka-chewers and naswar-dippers were consuming their respective smokeless tobacco product 10.2 times and 8.5 times daily for 15.1 ± 2.7 and 12.3 ± 3.4 years, respectively. Among gutka-chewers and naswar-dippers, scores of PI, BOP, PPD ≥4 mm, CAL and ABL were significantly higher in the test-sites compared with their respective control-sites (p < .01).Conclusions: Periodontal inflammatory parameters were poorer in the test-sites among gutka-chewers and naswar-dippers compared with the control-sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It is hypothesized that levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and MMP-9 are significantly higher in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of waterpipe-smokers (WS) compared with never-smokers with peri-implantitis. The aim of the present convenience sample case-control study was to compare the levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in the PISF of WS and never-smokers with peri-implantitis. Material and Methods: Individuals smoking waterpipe (Group 1) and never-smokers (Group 2) were included. Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Peri-implant probing depth (PPD) was measured and crestal bone loss (CBL) was measured on digital bitewing radiographs. PISF samples were collected using paper strips and the collected PISF volume was determined. Levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Study sample-size was estimated and statistical analysis was performed. p values < .05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Sixty-six individuals (33 individuals in Group 1 and 33 in Group 2) were included. In Groups 1 and 2, 41 and 44 implants, respectively were placed. The mean total PPD (p < .001) and peri-implant CBL (p < .001) was statistically significantly higher around implants affected by peri-implantitis in Group 1 compared with Group 2. The PISF volume (p < .05) collected and levels of MMP-8 (p < .01) and MMP-9 (p < .01) were statistically significantly higher among individuals in Group 1 compared with Group 2. Conclusion: PISF levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 are significantly higher among WS compared with never-smokers with peri-implantitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: It is postulated that clinical and radiographic peri‐implant parameters are worse and levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) are higher in cigarette‐smokers (CS) and smokeless‐tobacco users (STU) compared with nontobacco user (NTU). Purpose: The present study aimed to compare clinical and radiographic peri‐implant inflammatory parameters and levels of IL‐1β and MMP‐9 levels among CS, STU, and NTU. Materials and Methods: Forty‐five CS (Group‐1), 42 STU (Group‐2), and 44 NTU (Group‐3) were included. Demographic data was collected using a structured baseline questionnaire. Peri‐implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were recorded and crestal bone loss (CBL) were assessed using standardized digital radiographs. PISF volume and levels of IL‐1β and MMP‐9 in PISF were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical peri‐implant parameters and PISF IL‐1β and MMP‐9 concentrations were analyzed with Kruskal‐Wallis test. Bonferroni post hoc adjustment test was used for multiple comparisons. P‐value was set at .05. Results: Peri‐implant PI and PD were significantly worse in group‐1 and group‐2 patients as compared to group‐3 individuals (P < .05). Peri‐implant CBL was also significantly higher in group‐1 and group‐2 compared with group‐3 (P < .05). Peri‐implant BOP was significantly higher in group‐2 and group‐3 as compared to group‐1 individuals (P < .05). The PISF volume (P < .05) collected and levels of IL‐1β and MMP‐9 were statistically significantly elevated among individuals in group‐1 and group‐2 compared with group‐3 (P < .01). There was no significant difference in PI, PD, CBL, and PISF levels of IL‐1β and MMP‐9 among participants in groups 1 and 2. Conclusion: Clinical and radiographic peri‐implant parameters were compromised among CS and STU as compared to NTU. Increased expression of local proinflammatory cytokines may explain greater susceptibility of CS and STU to peri‐implant breakdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: It is hypothesized that peri‐implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters (probing depth [PD], bleeding on probing [BOP] and plaque index [PI]; and radiographic (crestal bone loss [CBL]) are worse among cigarette‐smokers (CS) compared with never‐smokers (NS) with short implants. Purpose: The present 6‐year follow‐up retrospective study compared the peri‐implant clinical and radiographic parameters in CS and NS with short dental implants (6 mm in length). Materials and methods: Fifty‐six male individuals were included. These individuals divided into 2 groups as follows: (a) Group‐1: 29 self‐reported systemically healthy CS with 48 short‐implants; and (b) Group‐2: 27 self‐reported systemically healthy NS with 43 short implants. Peri‐implant PD, PI, BOP, and CBL were measured. Group comparisons were done using the Kruskal‐Wallis test and sample size was estimated. Level of significance was set at P values < .05. Results: In groups 1 and 2, the follow‐up durations were 6.2 ± 0.1 years and 6.1 ± 0.3 years, respectively. A cigarette smoking history of 8.9 ± 3.6 pack years was reported by individuals in Group‐1. At follow‐up, scores of peri‐implant PD, BOP, PI, and mesial and distal CBL were comparable around short implants in both groups. Conclusion: Under strict oral hygiene maintenance protocols, short dental implants can remain functionally stable in CS in a manner similar to NS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been proposed as a potential treatment strategy for the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP). The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of LLLT, in comparison with corticosteroid therapy, in the treatment of OLP.Materials and Methods: This systematic review aimed to address the following focused question: "Does LLLT yield better clinical outcomes than corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of OLP?" Indexed databases were searched up to and including April 2017. Clinical trials in humans diagnosed clinically and/or histologically with OLP allocated to test (LLLT) versus control (steroid therapy) groups were included.Results: Five clinical studies were included. The risk of bias was considered high in four studies and moderate in one study. Laser wavelengths, power, spot size, and duration of laser exposure ranged between 630 and 970 nm, 10-3000 mW, 0.2-1.0 cm2 , and 6-480 seconds, respectively. The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 48 weeks. All included studies reporting clinical scores showed that LLLT was effective in the treatment of OLP in adult patients at follow-up. Three studies showed significantly higher improvements with topical use of corticosteroids compared to LLLT, while one study showed significant improvement with LLLT. One study showed comparable outcomes between LLLT and corticosteroid application.Conclusion: It remains debatable whether LLLT is more effective as compared to corticosteroids in the treatment of OLP, given that the scientific evidence is weak. These findings are preliminary and further randomized clinical trials are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the effect of local zoledronate (ZOL) delivery (topical or as implant surface coatings) on osseointegration. Materials and methods:In this systematic review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. To address the focused question, ‘Does local zoledronate delivery enhance osseointegration?’ indexed databases were searched without time or language restrictions up to and including April 2017 using various combination of the following keywords: ‘zoledronate’, ‘bisphosphonates’, ‘osseointegration’ and ‘topical administration’. Letters to the Editor, historic reviews, commentaries, case-series and case-reports were excluded. Results:Initially, 383 articles were identified out of which, 23 experimental studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In 18 studies, ZOL was incorporated into implants surfaces as a coating and in five studies ZOL was applied topically (bone graft or irrigation) into the bone cavities. Results from 87% studies reported that local delivery of ZOL (coating or topical) is effective in enhancing osseointegration or new bone formation around implants. Conclusions:Local ZOL delivery (coating or topical) seems to enhance osseointegration in animals; however, from a clinical perspective, further randomized control trials with long-term follow-up are needed in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background Oral pigmentation, especially in the gingiva poses esthetic problems. Laser therapy has been widely used for cosmetic therapy in dentistry. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the efficacy of surgical laser therapy (SLT) in the management of oral pigmented lesions (OPL). Materials and Methods The addressed focused question was “Is SLT effective in the management of OPL?” Databases (MEDLINE via PubMed; EMBASE; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register databases) were searched from 1970 up to and including February 2017. Results Ten studies were included. The reported number of OPL ranged between 8 and 140. Oral pigmented sites included, gingiva, buccal and labial mucosa, alveolar mucosa and lips. Lasers used in the studies included Q-switched alexandrite, Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet, diode, Erbium: yttrium aluminium garnet and carbon dioxide laser. Laser wavelength, power output and number of irradiations were 635–10,600 nm, 1–10 W and 1 to 9 times, respectively. The follow up period ranged from 6 to 24 months. All studies reported SLT to be effective in the treatment of OPL. In five studies, recurrence of OPL occurred which ranged from 21.4% to 45%. Conclusions Lasers are effective in the management of OPL including physiologic gingival pigmentation, smokers' melanosis and pigmentation in Laugier–Hunziker syndrome. Different laser types (CO 2, Er:YAG and Diode) showed comparable outcomes in the treatment of OPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim Limited evidence exists regarding the role of scaling and root planning (SRP) with adjunct neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser therapy in reducing periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP] and probing pocket depth [PPD]) and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among patients with periodontal disease (PD). The aim was to assess the effect of SRP with and without adjunct Nd:YAG laser therapy on clinical periodontal parameters and GCF interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels among patients with PD. Methods Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Mandibular right and left quadrants were randomly divided into test- (SRP + Nd:YAG laser) and control-sites (SRP alone). PI, BOP and PPD were assessed and GCF IL-1β and TNF-α levels were measured at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Twenty-eight male patients with PD were included. At 3- and 6-month follow-up, PI (P < 0.01), BOP (P < 0.01) and PPD (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the control-sites than test-sites. In the test-sites, PI, BOP and PPD and GCF IL-1β and TNF-α levels were comparable at 3- and 6-month follow-up. At 6-month follow-up, IL-1β (P < 0.05) and TNF-α (P < 0.05) levels were significantly higher in control-sites than test-sites at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Conclusion At 3- and 6-month follow-up, SRP + Nd:YAG therapy was more effective in reducing periodontal inflammatory parameters and GCF IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared with SRP alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of bisphosphonate therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the management of periodontitis. Methods Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register databases) were searched up to and including July 2016. The primary outcome was probing depth (PD), and the secondary outcomes were changes in clinical attachment level (CAL) and bone defect (BD) fill. The mean differences (MD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each variable were calculated using random effect model. Results Eight clinical studies were included. Seven studies used alendronate as an adjunct to SRP; of these, four studies used topical application and three used oral alendronate. Considering the effects of adjunctive bisphosphonates as compared to SRP alone, a high degree of heterogeneity for PD (Q value = 39.6, P < 0.0001, I2 = 87.38%), CAL (Q value = 13.65, P = 0.008, I2 = 70.71%), and BD fill (Q value = 53.26, P < 0.0001, I2 = 92.49%) was noticed among both the groups. Meta-analysis showed a statistically significant PD reduction (MD = -1.18, 95% CI = -1.91 to -0.44, P = 0.002), CAL gain (MD = -0.69, 95% CI = -1.20 to -0.18, P = 0.008) and BD fill (MD = -2.36, 95% CI = -3.64 to -1.08, P < 0.001) for SRP + bisphosphonate treatment vs. SRP alone. Conclusions Adjunctive bisphosphonate therapy appears to be effective in managing periodontitis, however, due to the potential risk of osteonecrosis of the jaws and short-term follow-up of the studies, their clinical application is debatable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We hypothesized that peri-implant soft tissue inflammation is worse and peri-implant marginal bone loss ( MBL) is higher around dental implants placed in patients with prediabetes compared to healthy subjects. The aim of the present 12-month follow-up study was to compare the clinical and radiographic status around dental implants placed in patients with and without prediabetes. Material and methods Twelve patients with medically diagnosed prediabetes (Group-1) and 12 controls (Group-2) were included. All patients were indicated for single tooth maxillary or mandibular premolar replacement with the adjacent teeth intact. Success of the restored implants was assessed by comparing clinical (peri-implant bleeding on probing [ BOP], and probing pocket depth [ PPD]) and radiographic (peri-implant MBL) parameters at baseline and at 12-months follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance, and P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results At 12 months of follow-up, there was no clinical evidence for the presence of plaque, BOP and peri-implant pockets with PPD ≥ 4 mm in both groups. At 12-month follow-up, the mean MBL among implants placed in groups 1 and 2 were 0.2 ± 0.1 mm and 0.1 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Overall, the periodontal status ( PI, BOP and PPD ≥ 4 mm) at 12-month follow-up was comparable among patients in both groups. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, it is concluded that dental implants inserted in prediabetic and healthy patients have similar success rates and remain clinically and radiographically stable after 1-year follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present cross-sectional retrospective study was to compare the peri-implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters and whole salivary destructive inflammatory cytokine profile among obese and non-obese men. Thirty-five obese and 37 non-obese men were included. Information regarding age, obesity, systemic health status, and habits was collected using a questionnaire. Clinical examination to evaluate peri-implant parameters and radiographic examination to assess marginal bone loss were conducted. Levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in collected un-stimulated whole saliva were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was statistically analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test. The mean scores of peri-implant bleeding on probing (P < 0.05) and peri-implant probing depth (P < 0.05) were significantly higher among obese compared with non-obese individuals. The mean marginal bone loss was also statistically significantly higher among individuals in the test-group compared with the control-group (P < 0.05). Whole salivary IL-1β (P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P < 0.001) levels were significantly higher among individuals in the test-group compared with the control-group. Clinical and radiographic peri-implant inflammatory parameters were worse, and whole salivary IL-6 and IL-1β were higher in obese than non-obese subjects. Obese patients are at greater risk of peri-implant inflammation than non-obese healthy subjects. It is highly recommended that clinicians should educate obese patients seeking implant treatment regarding the association between obesity and peri-implant inflammation. In addition, obese patients with osseointegrated implants must follow strict oral hygiene regimen to prevent inflammation and maintain optimum peri-implant tissue health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy is rapidly moving from an experimental technique for the analysis of biological molecules to a tool for the real-time clinical diagnosis andin situevaluation of the oral tissue in medical and dental research. The purpose of this study is to identify various applications of Raman spectroscopy, to evaluate the contemporary status, and to explore future directions in the field of dentistry. Several in-depth applications are presented to illustrate Raman spectroscopy in early diagnosis of soft tissue abnormalities. Raman spectroscopy allows researchers to analyze histological and biochemical composition of biological tissues. The technique not only demonstrates its role in the disclosure of dysplasia and malignancy, but also in performing guided biopsies, diagnosing sialoliths, and assessment of surgical margins. Raman spectroscopy is used to identify the molecular structures and their components to give substantial information about the chemical structure properties of these molecules. In this article, we acquaint the utilization of Raman spectroscopy in analyzing the soft tissues in relation to dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of the present 2-year follow-up study was to assess the effect of oral hygiene maintenance on hemoglobin Alc (HbA1c) levels and peri-implant parameters around immediately-loaded dental implants placed in type-2 diabetic patients with varying glycemic levels. Material and methods Ninety-one individuals were divided into three groups. In group 1, 30 systemically healthy individuals were included (HbA1c < 6%). Patients in group 2 and 3, comprised of 30 patients with T2 DM (HbA1c 6.1-8%); and 31 patients with T2 DM (HbA1c 8.1-10%) respectively. In all groups, patients received immediately loaded bone level implants. All participants were enrolled in a 6 monthly periodontal/peri-implant maintenance program. Peri-implant bleeding on probing ( BOP), probing depth ( PD), and marginal bone loss ( MBL) were measured at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up. Results Mean preoperative HbA1c levels in patients in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 4.5%, 6.8%, and 8.7% respectively. In group-1, there was no significant difference in HbA1c levels at all follow-up durations. Among patients in groups 2 and 3, there was a significant decrease in HbA1c levels at 24-months follow-up than 6-months follow-up. At 6 months follow-up, BOP, PD, and MBL were significantly higher among patients in group-3 than group-1. At 12 and 24 months follow-up, there was no significant difference in BOP, PD, and MBL in all groups. Conclusions Oral hygiene maintenance reduces hyperglycemia and peri-implant inflammatory parameters around immediately loaded dental implants placed in type 2 diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]