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Studies results of gravity unloading influence on spinal control system of muscle structure and functions are summarized. It was shown that demyelization of axons due to reduction of genes expression responsible for myelin proteins synthesis, decrease in one of the key enzymes of cholinergic system--cholineacetyltransferase activity, alteration of normal kinetics of quantal and non-quantal neurotransmitter secretion, impaired autoregulation of acetylcholine secretion from motor nerve endings through presynaptic cholinergic receptors, slowing of axonal transport of substances in motor neurons that innervate postural muscles played the important role in the development of hypogravitational motor symptoms. At the same time, the evidences of neuroprotective mechanisms enclosing (increase in heat shock proteins Hsp25 and Hsp70 expression), that hinder apoptosis development in motor neurons and glial cells in the spinal cord under conditions of model hypogravity, were revealed.

Background: Complete following existing guidelines for management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is known to be associated with better outcomes. Partly this is explained by lesser adherence to recommendations in high risk patients. Aim of our study was to assess relationship between degree of following current guidelines and in hospital outcomes independently from initial assessment of risk., Methods: Each key recommendation from guidelines issued between 2008 and 2011 (13 for STE ACS, 12 for NSTE ACS) was given weight of 1. Sum of these units constituted index of guideline adherence (IGA). IGA was retrospectively calculated for 1656 patients included in Russian independent ACS registry RECORD-2 (7 hospitals, duration 04.2009 to 04.2011). The patients were divided into 2 groups according to quartiles of IGA distribution: 1) low adherence group (quartiles I-II); 2) high adherence group (quartiles III-IV)., Results: In low adherence compared with high adherence group there were significantly more patients more or equal 65 years (=0.0007), with chronic heart failure [CHF] (<0.0001), previous stroke (<0.0001), atrial fibrillation [AF] (=0.0002), Killip class more or equal II (=0.0065), high risk of death by GRACE score (=0.035). Inhospital mortality was 9.3 and 2.4% in low and high adherence group, respectively (p<0.0001). The following independent predictors of inhospital death were identified: IGA quartiles I-II (odds ratio [OR] 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-7.1; <0.0001), high GRACE score (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.8-6.0; <0.0001), admission systolic BP less or equal 100 mm Hg (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.8-5.4; <0.0001), admission serum glucose more or equal 8 mmol/l (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.8-4.7; <0.0001), age more or equal 65 years (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.3-4.0; =0.005), ST elevation more or equal 1 mm on first ECG (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1-2.5; =0.013). From groups with low and high adherence to guidelines we selected pairs of patients (n=588) with similar (or close) age, type of ACS, GRACE score, Killip class, presence of other important risk factors (CHF, AF, previous stroke), and formed 2 equal subgroups without significant differences in important demographic, anamnestic, clinical and laboratory data. Hospital mortality was 7.8 and 2.7% in low and high adherence subgroup, respectively (p<0.0001)., Conclusions: In RECORD-2 ACS registry low adherence to guidelines was more frequent among high risk patients and was independent predictor of inhospital death. Association between degree of guidelines adherence and outcomes persisted after equalizing groups by some factors of risk of mortality.

Positive changes are declared to occur during recent years in management of hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in Russia. Most of these changes are related to availability of invasive treatment. But considerable portion of patients (pts) are still treated in hospitals without facilities for invasive myocardial revascularization (noninvasive hospitals - NIHs). Aim of this study was to compare some characteristics of management of ACS in NIHs which participated in ACS registries RECORD (2007-2008, 8 NIHs from 6 cities; n=381) and RECORD-2 (2009-2011, 3 NIHs from 3 cities, n=680). Results. Groups of pts recruited in these NIHs had similar mean age and portion of women (67.6 and 66.5 years, 51.1 and 53.1 % in RECORD-2 and RECORD, respectively, p=0.64). Time from symptoms onset to hospitalization was shorter in RECORD-2 (3.2 vs 4.1 hours for ST-elevation [STE], =0.03; 4.0 vs 6.5 hours for non ST elevation [NSTE] ACS, <0.0001). Among RECORD-2 NSTEACS pts more had ST depressions (50.6 vs 28.7%, <0.0001), high risk of death according to GRACE score (39.1 vs 20.9 %, <0.0001), but less Killip class >II (15.0 vs 21.6%, p=0.025). No such differences existed among STEACS pts. Thrombolysis was more often used in RECORD-2 (62.6 vs 34.1%, <0.0001). Both STEACS and NSTEACS RECORD-2 pts more often received clopidogrel (63.5 vs 18.8%, p<0.0001, and 41.6 vs 11.1%, <0.0001, respectively). More NSTEACS RECORD-2 pts were given parenteral anticoagulants (93.4 vs 80.4%, <0.0001), low molecular weight heparins (23.4 vs. 3.4%, <0.0001) and fondaparinux (10.4 vs 0.7%, <0.0001), but still in 20% of NSTEACS RECORD-2 pts unfractionated heparin was given subcutaneously. Twenty RECORD-2 pts (2.9%) were transferred to invasive hospital but none during first 24 hours. There were no significant differences between registers in hospital mortality (20.0 vs 21.2%, =0.84; 4.2 vs 2.7%, =0.24 in STE and NSTE ACS pts of RECORD-2 and RECORD, respectively). Conclusions. Despite some improvement in management of pts occurring in 2-3 years NIHs mortality in STEACS remained very high. Numerically higher mortality in NSTEACS could be partially attributed to higher risk of RECORD-2 pts.

When modeling effects of hypogravitation by the method of hindlimb unloading in rats the area of cross-section in lumbar part of a spinal cord was found to reduce. The analysis of spinal cord slides showed that these changes are associated with a decrease in the area of white substance of a spinal cord. Data obtained are consistent with our previous observation of a decrease in expression of the genes encoding myelin proteins. Results of our researches give the good reasons to believe that miyelinization failure in CNS is one of the factors that underlie the development of hypogravitational motor syndrome.

Due to the constant formation of the antibiotic resistance of pathogens the search for alternative and synergistic ways antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment of infectious complications of wounds becomes current. This article is devoted to various aspects of the use of bacteriophages. The historical background of these drugs, and the biological properties are given. The authors assessed the capabilities of phage preparations for treatment and prevention of infectious complications of wounds. It is noted that for these purposes most suitable preparations containing several phages active against major pathogens of surgical infections. The authors assessed the properties piobacteriofag polyvalent "Sekstafag" in vitro and its efficacy in clinical practice. Based on analysis of published data and own investigations we may conclude that the of using piobacteriofag for the prevention and treatment of infectious complications of wounds may be perspective.

The spontaneous quantum secretion of neurotransmitter and its regulation through the system of presynaptic acetylcholine receptors have been studied on a neuromuscular preparation of rat m. soleus of intact animals and animals in which the axonal transport was blocked via the application of colchicine to the sciatic nerve. It was shown that, after six days of colchicine application, the spontaneous quantum secretion, the reaction of presynaptic membrane, and the reaction of neurosecretory apparatus to the depolarization of nerve endings via increase of the content of potassium ions in the environment and to the activation of presynaptic receptors by carbachol are not disturbed. Keeping in mind a rather short half-life of proteins that take part in the exocytosis and its regulation, it may be concluded that their functioning does not depend on the state of the axonal transport. These data correspond to the hypothesis put forward earlier that the synthesis of some proteins performing their function in nerve terminals occurs directly at the site of their utilization but not in the perikaryon, as it has been traditionally assumed.

A trypsin inhibitor, isolated from whole-wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.) by the method of bio-specific chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose, was potent in inhibiting human salivary alpha-amylase. The bi-functional alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor was characterized by a narrow specificity for other alpha-amylases and proteinases. The high thermostability of the inhibitor was lost in the presence of SH group-reducing agents. The inhibitor-trypsin complex retained its activity against alpha-amylase. The inhibitor-alpha-amylase complex was active against trypsin. Studies of the enzyme kinetics demonstrated that the inhibition of alpha-amylase and trypsin was noncompetitive. Our results suggest the existence of two independent active sites responsible for the interaction with the enzymes.

Until now, in the world since literature, there has been no direct evidence indicating that RNA-interference controls local protein synthesis in the mammalian motor neuron axons. In the present review we have summarized the results on intraaxonal protein synthesis, its role in the axonal transport, and mechanisms regulating local protein synthesis in the axoplasm. The new mechanisms regulating axonal transport based on RNA-interference presented in the review let us discuss the questions about pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative diseases. The estimated role of the intraaxonal protein synthesis on axonal transport suggested applying short interfering RNA for degradation of the mutant gene RNA for blocking synthesis of the aberrant protein along the whole axon.

The results of axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves and of the modulating effect of estrogens on the posttraumatic plasticity of motor neurons through the classical and alternative genomic mechanisms involving the activation of estrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta and increased transcription of specific neuroprotective control genes. New mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect of estrogens related to the cross interaction of estrogens with intracellular signaling cascades of many other biologically active compounds, in particular, vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin, are proposed.

Expression of slow myosin in fast lumbrical muscle during unilateral damage to the sciatic nerve was studied in rats. Four weeks after unilateral excision of sciatic nerve segment or its crushing, the content of slow fiber in the lumbrical muscle of the contralateral leg tended to increase (detected using monoclonal antibodies against slow myosin). The extrapyramidal system seems to modulate the phenotype of muscle fibers via motoneurons of the spinal cord, while the compensatory activation of this system manifests in pronounced "deceleration" of both the fast and slow muscles in the hind legs.

According to one of the doctrines of neuroscience, protein synthesis in neuronal cells takes place only in the perikaryon and dendrites. The first indirect evidence on the possibility of protein synthesis in the axon appeared a long time ago, but convincing proof of protein synthesis in that compartment of the neuron was obtained only recently. Axoplasm contains numerous cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins which are carried by slow axonal transport. Axonal length may vary from several micrometers to one meter or more. Thus, the transport of protein molecules along the axon may take days, weeks and even months. In urgent response of the neuron to the changes in the conditions of its functioning, the local protein synthesis may save the time and energy required for transportation of newly synthesized proteins. Moreover, intraaxonal protein synthesis is essential in order to maintain the protein contents of the axoplasm, since all the proteins possess limited half-life and undergo biological degradation during their slow transport in the axon. This paper reviews these problems and examines the significance of the local protein synthesis in the axon for realization of specific functions of the neuron.

Immunohistochemical study with monoclonal antibodies against fast myosin heavy chains showed that excision of a fragment of sciatic nerve does not change, while compression of the nerve decreased the relative content of fast muscle fibers in rat soleus muscle. The content of fast fibers in the muscles of contralateral limbs decreased in both models of denervation. Hence, contralateral limbs cannot be used as the control in experiments with disturbed neurotrophic function. Possible mechanisms underlying changes in the immunohistochemical profiles of experimental and contralateral limbs are discussed.

On the model of allotransplantation of m. lumbricalis, previously subjected to acute total ischemia at temperature 37-38 degrees it was shown that morphological integrity and characteristic immunohistochemical properties of the muscle remain only during two hours of the thermic ischemia. A week later surviving muscular fibres (MF) and newly forming muscular tubules (MT) were found in the transplants of the muscle. Processing with antibodies of the fast twitch type myosin filaments revealed both fast- and slow-twitch types of fibres among MF, while B- and C-typed MF were identified at defining the activity of succinat dehydrogenase (SDG). High SDG activity, corresponding to C-type fibres was observed in MT. Staining with antibodies revealed fast-twitch type myosin. After 3-hour ischemia of the muscles, few surviving MF were found, while after the 4-6-hours one only MT appeared to be present in the transplants. Thus, refering to our data, obtained in the previous works and to the results of the research it is ascertained that there is a regularity, allowing to predict critical terms of development of irreversal ischemic disturbances in the muscle of severed extremity, depending on the ischemia duration and temperature.

Membrane potential (MP) of the diaphragm muscle fibers of the rats was registered in the different periods of ischemia in vitro. The ability to normalization of MP up to 6 h of ischemia and an irreversible decrease of MP after 6.5 h of ischemia was revealed. It is concluded that the ability of diaphragm muscle fibers to restore their MP lost beginning from 6 h of artificial ischemia.

After transferrin injection to the slow m. soleus of guinea pig no immunohistochemical changes in myosin composition with monoclonal antibodies (AB) against fast myosin heavy chain (HCf) have been found. All muscles fibers in intact and experimental animals were identified as slow ones (type I of muscle fibers). After colchicine treatment of nerve trunk innervating slow muscle, some muscle fibers reacting with monoclonal AB against myosin HCf have been found. However, after colchicine treatment of nerve trunk and transferrin injection also some muscle fibers in slow muscle reacting with monoclonal AB against myosin HCf have been found. In appears that transferrin probably can not be the factor of neurotrophic control for myosin composition in skeletal muscle.

Polyclonal antibodies (PCAB) to smooth muscle myosin (SMM), monoclonal antibodies (MCAB) to cytokeratin 8 (clon HI, IgGI) and H4 (IgM), as well as PCAB to carbonic anhydrase III were used for identification of the cell types in the vas deferens cell culture of guinea pig. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) are identified by intensive staining of PCAB to SMM. Fibroblast-like cells (FBL) are determined by the presence of the filament finest network, apparently responding to the myosin non-muscular forms, which are present in PCAB to SMM. The epithelial cells are stained by MCAB to cytokeratins. PCAB to carbonic anhydrase III interact with all three cell types. In the majority of SMC the enzyme is detected as solitary stripes, though there are diffuse ones across the whole cytoplasms, the nucleus remains clearly visible. Carbonic anhydrase III in epithelial cells is detected only in nucleoli and along nucleus membrane while in FBL--in nucleoli and cytoplasm as focal granulation. PCAB to carbonic anhydrase III may serve as a universal marker for identification of cell type in the guinea pig vas deferens cell culture.

The immunohistochemical profile of intact and denervated soleus muscle of guinea pigs after sensibilization was studied. It is shown, that intact soleus muscle consists of slow fibers, which have low ATP-ase activity and don't react with monoclonal antibodies against fast myosin heavy chain. No changes of immunohistochemical profile were found after denervation or sensibilization. At the same time, the fibers, reacting with monoclonal antibodies against fast myosin heavy chain and having low ATP-ase activity, were found in denervated muscles after sensibilization. It is concluded, that the synthesis of fast myosin is induced after sensibilization of denervated muscles. Validity of myosin ATP-ase histochemistry for muscle fibers typing is discussed.

The influence of hypothermia on the development of the ischemic disorders was studied using allotransplantation of the rat skeletal muscle (m. lumbricalis) to the anterior chamber of the eye after different period of ischemia. The morphological and immunohistochemical (monoclonal antibodies to heavy chain of the fast myosin, PAP-method) data were found confirming that hypothermia (2-4 degrees C) prolongs the period of the ischemic disorders first appearance by 5 h (from 6 to 11 h) if compared with development of ischemia in the muscle at 21-23 degrees C.

The ability of muscle fibers to survive the ischemic condition was examined. After 0 to 11 h of ischemia of the rat m. lumbricalis was transplanted to the anterior chamber of the rats eye. Using a morphological and immunohistochemical (monoclonal antibodies to heavy chain of the fast myosin, PAP-method) methods it was revealed that population of surviving muscle fibers reduced significantly beginning from 6 h of ischemia. After 9 h of ischemia there were no muscle fibers in the transplant but one could observe the new formed muscle tubules. It is concluded that up to 6 h the muscle fibers of m. lumbricalis ischemia still preserve the ability to recover.

Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) is the isoenzyme purified from the human skeletal slow muscle immunohistochemically revealed in smooth muscle cells of uterus, myoepithelial cells of salivary, lactiferous and prostatic glands of man. Immunohistochemical determination of CAIII is a useful approach to correct the identification of myoepithelial cells in human salivary glands.

After experimental cease of neurotrophic control of skeletal muscle by denervation no changes in myosin ATP-ase histochemistry and immunohistochemical profile in slow (m. soleus) muscle of guinea pig were found. All muscle fibers in intact muscle fibers). However after colchicine blockade of axoplasmic transport in this slow muscle some muscle fibers reacting with monoclonal antibodies against fast myosin heavy chain were found. At the same time no changes in histochemical ATP-ase profile were observed. Validity of myosin ATP-ase histochemistry for muscle fibers typing as well as possible influence of nerve activity and neurotrophic control itself were discussed.

The activity of succinic dehydrogenase, myosin ATPase, as well as lactic dehydrogenase (LDG) spectrum and cross-section area of different type of muscle fibers have been studied for 3 weeks after denervation (control) and after denervation and intraperitoneal injection of 10(-6) M FeCl3. Intraperitoneal injection of FeCl3 prevented the development of denervation phenomena (increase in cross-section area of muscle fibers, changes in LDG spectrum).